Browse Topic: Emissions certification

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Data driven decisions to calculate CO2 emission for materials derived from estimated vehicle weight2024-26-015901/16/2024
Change in the gross weight of the car due to change in Special Accessories (SA)/parts/different materials can drastically alter the overall CO2 emission readings. Each carline has multiple variants offered to the customers. Each variant additionally has different code rules associated with them further increasing the customizability. This requires a system to predict the estimated gross weight of the cars to calculate the CO2 emission accurately. Carlines, which are already in production phase, have certified weights associated with them. For each variant of the car, there is a specific weight threshold, which governs the emission certification of it. However, carlines, which are in development phase, have yet to certify for CO2 emission. This makes it very difficult to identify customizability options for development variants. Any change in the part/accessory can make the variant exceed the weight threshold, thus, making it difficult to offer alternatives. The idea is to help the
Majumder, Kuntal, Pundir, Manish, Pathak, Arindam, Kumar, Rahul
Effect of Driving Cycles on Emissions from On-Road Motorcycles2020-01-037704/14/2020
Chassis dynamometer testing was conducted with three on-highway motorcycles produced for the North American market with engine displacements of 296 cc, 749 cc and 1198 cc to better inform criteria pollutant emissions inventories. The motorcycles were tested using US Tier 2 certification fuel over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) and a cycle based on a sample of real-world motorcycle driving, informally referred to as the ‘Real World Driving Cycle’ (RWDC). Emissions characterization includes composite, individual test phase and 1Hz cumulative results for various criteria pollutants for each test cycle. Overall, it was found that the higher peak speed rates and peak torque levels observed during the RWDC are more fully represented in the WMTC than the FTP. The use of the WMTC and RWDC cycles generally translated into higher emissions rates compared to the FTP and in particular for nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. As well, the three test drive
Rosenblatt, Debbie, Stokes, Jonathan, Caffrey, Cheryl, Brown, Kevin F.
Design of Experiments for Effects and Interactions during Brake Emissions Testing Using High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics2019-01-213909/15/2019
The investigation and measurement of particle emissions from foundation brakes require the use of a special adaptation of inertia dynamometer test systems. To have proper measurements for particle mass and particle number, the sampling system needs to minimize transport losses and reduce residence times inside the brake enclosure. Existing models and spreadsheets estimate key transport losses (diffusion, turbophoretic, contractions, gravitational, bends, and sampling isokinetics). A significant limitation of such models is that they cannot assess the turbulent flow and associated particle dynamics inside the brake enclosure; which are anticipated to be important. This paper presents a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict the flow within a dynamometer enclosure under relevant operating conditions. The systematic approach allows the quantification of turbulence intensity, mean velocity profiles, and residence times. The factors of the
Agudelo, Carlos, Vedula, Ravi Teja, Capecelatro, Jesse, Wang, Qingquan
Moving the goalposts of emission compliance18AUTP11_0311/01/2018
This industry has worked hard to reduce or at least control several critical risks. The effort has been key for all constituents, impacting strategic direction, the allocation of valuable human and financial capital, and enterprise profitability. Risk reduction takes many forms. It ranges from aligning fluctuating commodities to an economic/commodity index, and aligning with labor constituents on long-term contracts. It even includes reducing currency risk through co-locating sourcing of a component or system to the same region in which it's sold. Such risk elements, among many, are quantifiable and thus can be controlled and minimized.
Robinet, Michael
Engine Accelerated Aging Method Developed to Study the Effect of Lubricant Formulations on Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter Durability2018-01-180409/10/2018
Catalyzed gasoline particulate filter (cGPF) is the prime technology to meet future stringent regulations for particulates from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. One of the technical concerns is the ultimate durability of cGPF in regards to engine lubricant formulations. This study investigated two tailored lubricant formulations on catalyzed GPFs which were aged on engine followed by emission testing on vehicle. An engine accelerated aging protocol was developed for cGPFs to simulate thermal aging, ash and soot loading that is at least equivalent to 200,000 km durability requirement. Evaluations include tailpipe emission levels, backpressure, catalytic performance, and post-mortem analysis. Both formulations have demonstrated a high level of cGPF performance retention; performance being assessed in terms of emission level at the end of durability demonstration testing. These formulations provide flexibility in selecting robust lubricant to meet various system requirements.
Shao, Huifang, Carpentier, Guillaume, Yin, Danhua, Wang, Yinhui, Remias, Joesph, Roos, Joseph, Xia, Wenzheng, Zheng, Yi, Yuan, Xinbo, Yang, Dongxia, He, Xiaokun, Yin, Zenghui
Emission Reduction during Cold Start by Combustion Controlled Increase of In-Cylinder Temperatures2018-01-174009/10/2018
A significant share of the emissions of a vehicle with internal combustion engine originates from the cold start. In addition to the more stringent limits for particulate emissions due the introduction of the Euro 6c standard for gasoline engines with direct injection (GDI), exhaust gas emission testing is currently performed applying the real driving emission test procedure (RDE) required by the Euro 6d TEMP standard. The RDE test procedure is not clearly defined, potentially allowing high loads immediately after the engine start. Under such circumstances the combustion chamber features low surface temperatures impairing emission performance and in particular provoking the excessive generation of hydrocarbon and particulate emissions. It is therefore important not only to examine the heating of the catalytic converter during the cold start, but also the preconditioning of the combustion chamber itself. This paper describes the influence of different catalytic converter heating
Titus, Fabian, Berlet, Peter, Sobek, Florian, Wessling, Justus
Feasibility of Virtual Environments to Develop Future Driving Cycles2018-01-181609/10/2018
The current procedure for testing emissions from new vehicles, the World Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP), was introduced in September 2017. The WLTP was developed by collecting over 765,000 kilometres worth of data in order to isolate driver behaviour from other real world variables. However, this is a very time consuming and costly process. This paper discusses the suitability of a cheaper and more time efficient alternative. Driver behaviour has a significant impact on the emissions produced from the same vehicle. This study explores the feasibility of utilising virtual environments as an alternative to real world testing to isolate driver behaviour to develop future drive cycles. The use of virtual environments have some significant advantages over real world testing: they can be strictly controlled in terms of the weather, topography and vehicle characteristics, thereby aiding the isolation of driver behaviour from other variables. A driving simulator facility based
Kay, Peter
SAE Eye on Engineering: Bosch's New Diesel Tech1235105/17/2018
Diesel engines got an undeserved bad rap when Volkswagen was caught cheating on its emissions certification. In this episode of SAE Eye on Engineering, Editor-in-Chief Lindsay Brooke looks at Bosch's technology solution to reduce NOx emissions. SAE Eye on Engineering also airs Monday mornings on WJR 760 AM Detroit's Paul W. Smith Show.
Benefits of Pd Doped Zeolites for Cold Start HC/NOx Emission Reductions for Gasoline and E85 Fueled Vehicles2018-01-094804/03/2018
In the development of HC traps (HCT) for reducing vehicle cold start hydrocarbon (HC)/nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, zeolite-based adsorbent materials were studied as key components for the capture and release of the main gasoline-type HC/NOx species in the vehicle exhaust gas. Typical zeolite materials capture and release certain HC and NOx species at low temperatures (<200°C), which is lower than the light-off temperature of a typical three-way catalyst (TWC) (≥250°C). Therefore, a zeolite alone is not effective in enhancing cold start HC/NOx emission control. We have found that a small amount of Pd (<0.5 wt%) dispersed in the zeolite (i.e., BEA) can significantly increase the conversion efficiency of certain HC/NOx species by increasing their release temperature. Pd was also found to modify the adsorption process from pure physisorption to chemisorption and may have played a role in the transformation of the adsorbed HCs to higher molecular weight species. Both these processes led
Xu, Lifeng, Lupescu, Jason, Ura, Justin, Harwell, Amy, Paxton, William A., Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad
Tier 2 Test Fuel Impact to Tier 3 Aftertreatment Systems and Calibration Countermeasures2018-01-094104/03/2018
During the course of emissions and fuel economy (FE) testing, vehicles that are calibrated to meet Tier 3 emissions requirements currently must demonstrate compliance on Tier 3 E10 fuel while maintaining emissions capability with Tier 2 E0 fuel used for FE label determination. Tier 3 emissions regulations prescribe lower sulfur E10 gasoline blends for the U.S. market. Tier 3 emissions test fuels specified by EPA are required to contain 9.54 volume % ethanol and 8-11 ppm sulfur content. EPA Tier 2 E0 test fuel has no ethanol and has nominal 30 ppm sulfur content. Under Tier 3 rules, Tier 2 E0 test fuel is still used to determine FE. Tier 3 calibrations can have difficulty meeting low Tier 3 emissions targets while testing with Tier 2 E0 fuel. Research has revealed that the primary cause of the high emissions is deactivation of the aftertreatment system due to sulfur accumulation on the catalysts. The emissions drive cycles used in the test sequence play a significant role in catalyst
White, Eugene D., Anderson, Bruce, Ranspach, Paul
Passive Hydrocarbon Trap to Enable SULEV-30 Tailpipe Emissions from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle on E85 Fuel2018-01-094404/03/2018
Future LEV-III tailpipe (TP) emission regulations pose an enormous challenge forcing the fleet average of light-duty vehicles produced in the 2025 model year to perform at the super ultralow emission vehicle (SULEV-30) certification levels (versus less than 20% produced today). To achieve SULEV-30, regulated TP emissions of non-methane organic gas (NMOG) hydrocarbons (HCs) and oxygenates plus oxides of nitrogen (NOx) must be below a combined 30 mg/mi (18.6 mg/km) standard as measured on the federal emissions certification cycle (FTP-75). However, when flex-fuel vehicles use E85 fuel instead of gasoline, NMOG emissions at cold start are nearly doubled, before the catalytic converter is active. Passive HC traps (HCTs) are a potential solution to reduce TP NMOG emissions. The conventional HCT design was modified by changing the zeolite chemistry so as to improve HC retention coupled with more efficient combustion during the desorption phase. Increased trapping efficiently was achieved by
Lupescu, Jason, Xu, Lifeng, Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad
Characterization of Gaseous Emissions from Blended Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles during High-Power Cold-Starts2018-01-042804/03/2018
There is a distinct difference between plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the market today. One key distinction that can be made is to classify a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) according to its operational behavior in charge depleting (CD) mode. Some PHEVs are capable of using the electric-only propulsion system to achieve all-electric operation for all driving conditions in CD mode, including full power performance. In contrast, some PHEVs, henceforth termed “blended PHEVs”, cannot satisfy the power requirements of all driving conditions with the electric-only propulsion system and occasionally utilize blended CD operation whereby it is necessary to blend the use of the internal combustion (IC) engine with the use of the electric motor(s) to help power the vehicle. This characteristic can result in a unique phenomenon where it is possible for a blended PHEV to drive for miles in electric-only mode at the start of a trip before encountering a rapid acceleration that generates
Pham, Allen, Jeftic, Marko
Diesel Engine Cylinder Deactivation for Improved System Performance over Transient Real-World Drive Cycles2018-01-088004/03/2018
Effective control of exhaust emissions from modern diesel engines requires the use of aftertreatment systems. Elevated aftertreatment component temperatures are required for engine-out emissions reductions to acceptable tailpipe limits. Maintaining elevated aftertreatment components temperatures is particularly problematic during prolonged low speed, low load operation of the engine (i.e. idle, creep, stop and go traffic), on account of low engine-outlet temperatures during these operating conditions. Conventional techniques to achieve elevated aftertreatment component temperatures include delayed fuel injections and over-squeezing the turbocharger, both of which result in a significant fuel consumption penalty. Cylinder deactivation (CDA) has been studied as a candidate strategy to maintain favorable aftertreatment temperatures, in a fuel efficient manner, via reduced airflow through the engine. This work focuses on prediction and demonstration of fuel economy benefits of CDA when
Joshi, Mrunal, Gosala, Dheeraj, Allen, Cody, Srinivasan, Sirish, Ramesh, Aswin, VanVoorhis, Matthew, Taylor, Alexander, Vos, Kalen, Shaver, Gregory, McCarthy Jr, James, Farrell, Lisa, Koeberlein, Edward D.
Influence of Vehicle Operators and Fuel Grades on Particulate Emissions of an SI Engine in Dynamic Cycles2018-01-035004/03/2018
With the implementation of the “Worldwide harmonized Light duty Test Procedure” (WLTP) and the highly dynamic “Real Driving Emissions” (RDE) tests in Europe, different engineering methodologies from virtual calibration approaches to Engine-in-the-loop (EiL) methods have to be considered to define and calibrate efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment technologies without the availability of prototype vehicles in early project phases. Since different types of testing facilities can be used, the effects of test benches as well as real and virtual vehicle operators have to be determined. Moreover, in order to effectively reduce harmful emissions, the reproducibility of test cycles is essential for an accurate and efficient application of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems and the calibration of internal combustion engines. In this paper, the influence of different human drivers on the particle count of a passenger car with a small turbocharged three-inline-cylinder gasoline engine with intake
Guse, Daniel, Roehrich, Henning, Lenz, Martin, Pischinger, Stefan
Experimental Investigation of Cold Start Emission using Dynamic Catalytic Converter with Pre-Catalyst and Hot Air Injector on a Multi Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine2017-01-236710/08/2017
Control of harmful emissions during cold start of the engine has become a challenging task over the years due to the ever increasing stringent emission norms. Positioning the catalytic converter closer to the exhaust manifold is an efficient way of achieving rapid light-off temperature. On the other hand, the resulting higher thermal loading under high-load engine operation may substantially cause thermal degradation and accelerate catalyst ageing. The objective of the present work is to reduce the light-off time of the catalyst and at the same time reduce the thermal degradation and ageing of the catalyst to the minimum possible extent by adopting an approach with Dynamic Catalytic Converter System (DCCS). The emission tests were conducted at the cold start of a 4 cylinder spark ignition engine with DCCS at different positions of the catalyst at no load conditions. Also emission tests were conducted with pre-catalysts of 20% volume and 40% volume of the main catalytic converter and
Mahadevan, Ganesan, Subramanian, Sendilvelan
Effect of Diesel Properties on Emissions and Fuel Consumption from Euro 4, 5 and 6 European Passenger Cars2016-01-224610/17/2016
Certain diesel fuel specification properties are considered to be environmental parameters according to the European Fuels Quality Directive (FQD, 2009/EC/30) and previous regulations. These limits included in the EN 590 specification were derived from the European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) which was carried out in the 1990’s on diesel vehicles meeting Euro 2 emissions standards. These limits could potentially constrain FAME blending levels higher than 7% v/v. In addition, no significant work has been conducted since to investigate whether relaxing these limits would give rise to performance or emissions debits or fuel consumption benefits in more modern vehicles. The objective of this test programme was to evaluate the impact of specific diesel properties on emissions and fuel consumption in Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 light-duty diesel vehicle technologies. The tests were conducted in two driving cycles, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the
Williams, Rod, Hamje, Heather, Rickeard, David J, Bartsch, Thomas, Fittavolini, Corrado, Van de Heijning, Paul, Lehto, Kalle, Gunter, Garry, Ariztegui Cortijo, Javier, Zemroch, Peter J, Samaras, Zissis, Dimaratos, Athanasios
A Simple Test Method to Monitor Emission Control Operating State Space (Emission Control Failure & Defeat Device Recognition)2016-01-232410/17/2016
Modern light-duty vehicles require well-controlled engine-out feed-gas and very high catalyst efficiencies to meet the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tier 2 & 3 standards. When a vehicle with either a gasoline or diesel engine is operating within its controlled state-space the exhaust emissions present at the tailpipe are extremely low. When it is not operating within its controlled state-space the combustion process and therefore its exhaust emissions characteristics will be different. This may occur when an emission control device fails or if a defeat device is employed. Moreover, different control technologies each have unique characteristics or signatures that could assist in identifying either emission control device failure or an existing defeat device. A simple exhaust extension apparatus equipped with a thermocouple for measuring exhaust temperature and a NOx / O2 sensor to measure tailpipe NOx and O2 concentrations can characterize this signature information for
Tang, Xiaoguo, McBryde, Dan
The Impact of Injector Deposits on Spray and Particulate Emission of Advanced Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle2016-01-228410/17/2016
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines have developed rapidly in recent years driven by fuel efficiency and consumption requirements, but face challenges such as injector deposits and particulate emissions compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines. While the mechanisms of GDI injector deposits formation and that of particulate emissions have been respectively revealed well, the impact of GDI injector deposits and their relation to particulate emissions have not yet been understood very well through systematic approach to investigate vehicle emissions together with injector spray analysis. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted on a GDI vehicle produced by a Chinese Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and an optical spray test bench to determine the impact of injector deposits on spray and particulate emissions. The vehicle, with the mileage over 13,000 km, was subject to emissions tests such as gaseous emissions, particulate mass (PM), and fuel economy on a chassis
Wen, Yuan, Wang, Yinhui, Fu, Chenling, Deng, Wei, Zhan, Zhangsong, Tang, Yuhang, Li, Xuefei, Ding, Haichun, Shuai, Shijin
Vehicle Level Brake Drag Target Setting for EPA Fuel Economy Certification2016-01-192509/18/2016
The strong focus on reducing brake drag, driven by a historic ramp-up in global fuel economy and carbon emissions standards, has led to renewed research on brake caliper drag behaviors and how to measure them. However, with the increased knowledge of the range of drag behaviors that a caliper can exhibit comes a particularly vexing problem - how should this complex range of behaviors be represented in the overall road load of the vehicle? What conditions are encountered during coastdown and fuel economy testing, and how should brake drag be measured and represented in these conditions? With the Environmental Protection Agency (amongst other regulating agencies around the world) conducting audit testing, and the requirement that published road load values be repeatable within a specified range during these audits, the importance of answering these questions accurately is elevated. This paper studies these questions, and even offers methodology for addressing them. It includes a review
Antanaitis, David B.
Design Optimization of An Integrated SCR System for EU V Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2016-01-094504/05/2016
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) based on urea water solution (UWS) has become a promising technology to reduce Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions for mobile applications. However, urea may undergo incomplete evaporations, resulting in formation of solid deposits on the inner surfaces including walls and mixers, limiting the transformation of urea to ammonia and chemical reaction between NOx and ammonia. Numerous design parameters of SCR system affect the formation of urea deposits [1] ; they are: exhaust condition, injector type, injector mounting angle, geometrical configurations of mixer, injection rate and etc. Research has been available in urea deposits, mixers, urea injection rates and others [2,4,5,6]. In this paper, focus is placed on improving mixing structure design from baseline design of EU IV to EU V. On-road tests indicate that deposits are highly likely to occur near locations where spray and exhaust gas interact most. Analysis of test data shows that mixing structure
Zheng, Guanyu, Zhang, Suying, Wang, Fengshuang, Liu, Zhengrui, Tao, Jianzhong
Comparison of RCCI Operation with and without EGR over the Full Operating Map of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2016-01-079404/05/2016
Dual-fuel combustion using port-injection of low reactivity fuel combined with direct injection of a higher reactivity fuel, otherwise known as Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI), has been shown as a method to achieve high efficiency combustion with moderate peak pressure rise rates, low engine-out soot and NOx emissions. A key requirement for extending to high-load operation is reduce the reactivity of the premixed charge prior to the diesel injection. One way to accomplish this is to use a very low reactivity fuel such as natural gas. In this work, experimental testing was conducted on a 13L multi-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine modified to operate using RCCI combustion with port injection of natural gas and direct injection of diesel fuel. Natural gas/diesel RCCI engine operation is compared over the EPA Heavy-Duty 13 mode supplemental emissions test with and without EGR. Emissions and efficiency metrics were examined over the entire engine map for both operating
Hanson, Reed, Ickes, Andrew, Wallner, Thomas
Komatsu America adds to intelligent machine lineup15MEIP12_2912/01/2015
The long track, low ground pressure D65PXi-18 introduced recently by Komatsu America Corp. was designed specifically for functionality in soft or wet conditions, offering improved stability for finish grading applications. It is powered by a 217-hp (162-kW) SAA6D114E-6 Tier 4 Final emissions certified engine. Highlights of the crawler dozer include next-generation intelligent machine control. “The machine senses blade load, minimizes track slip, and ensures operators get the most from every push,” said Jason Anetsberger, Komatsu product manager. “We believe the difference in dozing efficiency between conventional machine operation and intelligent machine control technology is exceptional.”
Broge, Jean L.
Development of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) for Heavy- and Medium-Duty Vehicle Compliance2015-01-277109/29/2015
In designing a regulatory vehicle simulation program for determining greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel consumption, it is necessary to estimate the performance of technologies, verify compliance with the regulatory standards, and estimate the overall benefits of the program. The agencies (EPA/NHTSA) developed the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) to serve these purposes. GEM is currently being used to certify the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of the Phase 1 rulemaking for all heavy-duty vehicles in the United States except pickups and vans, which require a chassis dynamometer test for certification. While the version of the GEM used in Phase 1 contains most of the technical and mathematical features needed to run a vehicle simulation, the model lacks sophistication. For example, Phase 1 GEM only models manual transmissions and it does not include engine torque interruption during gear shifting. The engine control is simplified and does not include fuel cut-off during
Newman, Kevin A., Dekraker, Paul, Zhang, Houshun, Sanchez, James, Gururaja, Prashanth
Construction of Engine Emission Test Driving Cycle of City Transit Buses2015-01-280009/29/2015
The paper develops an engine emission test driving cycle of heavy duty city transit buses. A real-world emission test is performed by PEMS in Guangzhou, Foshan and Shenzhen which are the three big cities in the Pearl River delta in southern China. Sets of 107767 data were sampled, including vehicle speed, transmission gears, and exhaust emission, etc. Engine speed and torque were calculated based on the vehicle speed and transmission ratio, then normalized and standardized. The methods of principle component analysis and cluster analysis were used for developing a driving cycle. The real-world continuous run mode was separated into1625 micro-trips, and 12 basic characteristic parameters were used to describe the characteristic of continuous run mode and micro-trip modes. Dimension of characteristic matrix of micro-trips was reduced by principle component analysis, and 1625 micro-trip modes were clustered into 5 categories. Finally, an engine driving cycle W1900 of city transit buses
Peng, Meichun, Liu, Xuqi, Lin, Quanzhen
Spotlight on Design Insight: Fuel Efficiency: Fuel Economy TestingSOD-003/1S05/07/2015
“Spotlight on Design: Insight” features an in-depth look at the latest technology breakthroughs impacting mobility. Viewers are virtually taken to labs and research centers to learn how design engineers are enhancing product performance/reliability, reducing cost, improving quality, safety or environmental impact, and achieving regulatory compliance. As global concerns about the negative consequences of greenhouse gases on the environment increase, regulatory agencies around the world are taking serious steps to address the issue of tailpipe emissions In the episode “Fuel Efficiency: Fuel Economy Testing” (12:05), engineers at the EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory demonstrate how different vehicles are tested for emissions, and AVL’s technical team shows how accurate tailpipe emissions can be measured and reported. This episode highlights multiple areas of interest, including: • Exclusive interview with EPA officials on fuel economy regulations • A look at EPA’s
Development of a Miller Cycle Powersports Engine2014-32-009011/11/2014
Operation of snowmobiles in national parks is restricted to vehicles meeting the Best Available Technology standard for exhaust and noise emissions as established by the National Parks Service. An engine exceeding these standards while operating on a blend of gasoline and bio-isobutanol has been developed based on a production four-stroke snowmobile engine. Miller cycle operation was achieved via late intake valve closing and turbocharging. The production Rotax ACE 600cc 2 cylinder engine was modeled using Ricardo WAVE. After this model was validated with physical testing, different valve lift profiles were evaluated for brake specific fuel consumption and brake power. The results from this analysis were used to determine a camshaft profile for Miller cycle operation. This was done to reduce part load pumping losses and increase engine efficiency while maintaining production power density. A catalytic converter was added to reduce exhaust gas emissions, as measured by the EPA 40 CFR
Blair, Jeffrey, Bower, Glenn
High Power Discharge Combustion Effects on Fuel Consumption, Emissions, and Catalyst Heating2014-01-262610/13/2014
A key element to achieving vehicle emission certification for most light-duty vehicles using spark-ignition engine technology is prompt catalyst warming. Emission mitigation largely does not occur while the catalyst is below its “light-off temperature”, which takes a certain time to achieve when the engine starts from a cold condition. If the catalyst takes too long to light-off, the vehicle could fail its emission certification; it is necessary to minimize the catalyst warm up period to mitigate emissions as quickly as possible. One technique used to minimize catalyst warm up is to calibrate the engine in such a way that it delivers high temperature exhaust. At idle or low speed/low-load conditions, this can be done by retarding spark timing with a corresponding increase in fuel flow rate and / or leaning the mixture. Both approaches, however, encounter limits as combustion stability degrades and / or nitrogen oxide emissions rise excessively. Such limits are inevitable but also seem
Jacobs, Timothy J., Camilli, Louis, Neubauer, Matthias
The Influence of Some Synthetic Fuels on the Performance and Emissions in a Wankel Engine2014-01-261110/13/2014
Nowadays, there is a permanent need to develop alternative fuel production and combustion technologies. The general objective indicated in Directive 2009/28/EC for biofuels in Poland is application in transport 10% of renewable energy by 2020 and 20% by 2030. In Poland, it can be achieved by adding bio-components to liquid fuels. Flexible fuel vehicles are not as popular in Europe as in Brazil, so further ethanol processing is justified. The researched synthetic gasoline was obtained from bioethanol at the Ekobenz Company Ltd. in Poland. In 2008, Sasol launched its 100% synthetic jet fuel produced by CTL (Coal to Liquids). A variety of engine concepts was tested and evaluated in terms of the key criteria for use as a range extender developed by AVL Company. The Wankel engine has been selected for the vehicle prototype as the most compact and of excellent NVH behaviour. The use of this engine in light helicopters is also considered. The paper describes the combustion results of a
Siadkowska, Ksenia, Wendeker, Miroslaw, Majczak, Adam, Baranski, Grzegorz, Szlachetka, Marcin
Comprehensive Gasoline Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment, an Effective Measure to Minimize the Contribution of Modern Direct Injection Engines to Fine Dust and Soot Emissions?2014-01-151304/01/2014
With the growing awareness about the presence of fine/ultra fine particulates in the ambient air and their negative impact on climate and health, some regions of the world have started to look closer at the contribution of road traffic. Since Gasoline engines, in particular when injecting fuel directly into the combustion chamber, proved to emit relevant numbers of particulates, even hardly visible, the growing share of Gasoline DI engines and their small size of particulate emissions is a concern. To address the same, the EU has already set limits for the particulate number with EU6 from 2015 onwards. The US considers setting challenging limits by particulate mass. Since mass of ultra fine particulates is very low and difficult to measure, experts investigate if a measurement by number might better address the particular concern. The implementation of a coated Particulate Filter enables meeting not only basic demands during traditional emission test cycles. Also the particulate
Kern, Bernhard, Spiess, Stephanie, Richter, Joerg Michael
A DFSS Approach to Determine Automatic Transmission Gearing Content for Powertrain-Vehicle System Integration2014-01-177404/01/2014
This investigation utilizes a DFSS analysis approach to determine automatic transmission gear content required to minimize fuel consumption for various powertrain - vehicle systems. L18 and L27 inner arrays with automatic transmission design and shift pattern constraint parameters were varied to determine their relative influence on fuel consumption. An outer noise array consisting of two vehicles with various engines, final drive ratios and legislated emissions test cycles was used to make a robust transmission selection based on minimizing fuel consumption. The full details of the DFSS analysis method and assumptions are presented along with a detailed examination of the results. With respect to transmission design parameters, parasitic spinloss and gear mesh efficiency were found to be most important followed by the number of gears. The DFSS analysis further revealed that unique transmission design formulations are potentially required for widely varying engines. The shift pattern
Robinette, Darrell
Zone Length Optimization to Improve PGM Utility2014-01-150804/01/2014
“Zoning” a catalytic converter involves placing higher concentrations of platinum group metals (PGM) in the inlet portion of the substrate. This is done to optimize the cost-to-performance tradeoff by increasing the reaction rate at lower temperatures while minimizing PGM usage. A potentially useful application of catalyst zoning is to improve performance using a constant PGM mass. A study was performed to assess what the optimum ratio of front to rear palladium zone length is to achieve the highest performance in vehicle emission testing. Varying the zone ratio from 1:1 to 1:9 shows a clear hydrocarbon performance optimum at a 1:5.66 (15%/85%) split. This performance optimum shows as both a minimum in FTP75 non-methane organic gas (NMOG) emissions as well as a minimum in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide light-off temperature. Overall, an improvement of 18%, or 11 mg/mi of combined NMOG+NOx emissions was obtained without using additional PGM. This study shows how the
Johnson, Stephen, Croswell, Peter, Smith, Michael
Experimental Investigation of the Energy Efficiency of an Electric Vehicle in Different Driving Conditions2014-01-181704/01/2014
Energy efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) and the representativeness of different driving cycles are important aspects to address EVs performance in real-world driving conditions. This paper presents the results of an explorative tests campaign carried out at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission to investigate the impact of different driving cycles on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle available on the market. The vehicle is a battery electric city-car which has been tested over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the current version of the World-wide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) and the World-wide Motorcycle emission Test Cycle (WMTC). The tests are performed at different ambient temperatures (namely +23 °C and −7 °C) with and without the use of the Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system (in cooling and heating mode, respectively). The NEDC test was chosen being the driving cycle prescribed by the legislative type
De Gennaro, Michele, Paffumi, Elena, Martini, Giorgio, Manfredi, Urbano, Scholz, Harald, Lacher, Hannes, Kuehnelt, Helmut, Simic, Dragan
Impact of Octane Number on Fuel Efficiency of Modern Vehicles2013-01-261410/14/2013
Fuel quality, including antiknock rating, plays a critical role in enabling optimal operation of advanced gasoline engines. As new designs introduced into the market implement technologies to improve fuel efficiency, the overall octane level of the gasoline pool may need to be increased to ensure optimal performance. Turbocharging, higher compression ratios and downsized displacement all lead to higher combustion pressures and temperatures that make engines more susceptible to knocking. All modern gasoline engines are equipped with knock sensors that detect abnormal combustion resulting from autoignition caused by insufficient octane quality. The ability of an engine to account for the use of lower octane fuel by retarding spark timing and enriching air-fuel ratio to reduce knock is limited, and engine efficiency is directly and adversely impacted when the use of lower octane gasoline is accommodated, resulting in higher fuel consumption. In this paper, the impact of gasoline octane
Shuai, Shi-Jin, Wang, Yinhui, Li, Xinyan, Fu, Haichao, Xiao, Jianhua
The Effect of Molecular Structure on Soot Emission of a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine2013-01-269310/14/2013
Numerous previous studies have reported that the reduction of emissions by adapting oxygenated bio-fuels chiefly depend on the overall oxygen percentage of the blended oxygenates. However, the effect of molecular structures of the fuels has sometimes only been attributed to differences in auto-ignition quality (i.e. cetane number). In this paper, fuels with two kinds of molecular structures, namely linear and cyclic, have been studied. It reports on emissions tests on a modified in-line 6-cylinder DAF HD Diesel engine with several selected oxygenates mixed with diesel. Fuels in question here are from the non-oxygenates group: n-hexane and cyclohexane, and the oxygenate group: 1-hexanol and cyclohexanol. In order to isolate the effect of molecular structure, the blend compositions are chosen such that the overall oxygen fraction of all blends is the same. In the conclusions, some suggestions for adoption of appropriate bio-fuels as alternatives of diesel for lower emissions have been
Zhou, Lei, Boot, M.D., de Goey, Philip
The Study on Catalyst Light-Off Time and Emission Reduction of Turbo Gasoline Direct Injection EU5 Exhaust System2013-01-260810/14/2013
The future powertrain development is characterized by better fuel economy. To meet this, using turbo system in the engine is becoming more frequent in the vehicle development. But using turbo in the engine is only good for power and fuel economy, and not good for emission. That is because the turbo equipped engine loses lots of heat energy at the cold start due to the turbo mass. And thus for turbo engine, it is required to apply the technologies to shorten the catalyst light-off time to reduce the exhaust emissions. Especially when the turbo equipped vehicle is tested on NEDC cycle which is tested on urban low speed cycle at the start of the cycle, its emission is too much to meet the Euro5 regulation. This paper investigates the successful ways to reduce the catalyst light-off time and exhaust emissions to meet the EU5 emission regulation in turbo gasoline direct injection(Turbo GDI) engine. So we do the comprehensive emission tests like increasing the precious metal and cell density
Jang, ChunSoon, Kim, Sangbeom, Park, Cheolho
Determining Soot Distribution in the Vehicle Exhaust Downstream of a Faulty Diesel Particulate Filter2013-01-156204/08/2013
New emissions certification requirements for medium duty vehicles (MDV) meeting chassis dynamometer regulations in the 8,500 lb to 14,000 lb weight classes as well as heavy duty (HD) engine dynamometer certified applications in both the under 14,000 lb and over 14,000 lb weight classes employing large diameter exhaust pipes (up to 4″) have created new exhaust stream sampling concerns. Current On-Board-Diagnostic (OBD) dyno certified particulate matter (PM) requirements were/are 7x the standard for 2010-2012 applications with a planned phase in down to 3x the standard by 2017. Chassis certified applications undergo a similar reduction down to 1.75x the standard for 2017 model year (MY) applications. Failure detection of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) at these low detection limits facilitates the need for a particulate matter sensor. With the active sensing elements of the particulate matter (PM) sensors extending less than ½″ into a 4″ ID exhaust pipe, the question arises of where to
Tennison, Paul, Szente, Joseph, Loos, Michael, Korniski, Thomas, Zhang, Xiaogang
On-Engine Investigation of SCR on Filters (SCRoF) for HDD Passive Applications2013-01-106604/08/2013
A 4-way Heavy-Duty Diesel (HDD) emissions control aftertreatment system typically consists of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), catalyzed soot filter (CSF), urea-based selective catalytic NOx reduction (SCR) and NH₃ slip control catalyst (AMOX). Incorporating the SCR functionality into the soot filter (SCRoF) has great potential to reduce system costs and package volume/weight. In this paper, we discuss some of the recent Cu-Zeolite-based SCR on filter (SCRoF) developments targeting Passive filter regeneration applications. The on-engine investigation of complete DOC+SCRoF+AMOX system focused on three major areas: 1) SCR performance of NOx conversion efficiency and NH₃ slip under both steady state and transient testing conditions; 2) SCRoF system response to sulfur exposure and subsequent sulfur removal for activity recovery; and 3) Characteristics of filter soot load, pressure drop, and passive soot oxidation in SCRoF. Overall, the SCRoF system showed comparable NOx conversion
Tang, Weiyong, Youngren, Dave, SantaMaria, Michael, Kumar, Sanath
PHEV Cold Start Emissions Management2013-01-035804/08/2013
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) operate predominantly as electric vehicles (EV) with intermittent assist from the engine. As a consequence, the engine can be subjected to multiple cold start events. These cold start events have a significant impact on tailpipe emissions due to degraded catalyst performance and starting the engine under less than ideal conditions. On current conventional vehicles, the first cold start of the engine dictates whether or not the vehicle will pass federal emissions tests. PHEV operation compounds this problem due to infrequent, multiple engine cold starts. ORNL, in collaboration with the University of Tennessee, developed an Engine-In-the-Loop (EIL) test platform to investigate cold start emissions on a 2.0l Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) Ecotec engine coupled to a virtual series hybrid electric vehicle. The end-goal of this project is to demonstrate the benefits of coordinating engine and powertrain supervisory control strategies to
Chambon, Paul, Deter, Dean, Irick, David, Smith, David
Comparison of SCR Catalyst Performance on RMC SET Emission Cycle between an Engine and a High Flow Burner Rig2013-01-107004/08/2013
Government agencies like EPA play an important role through regulation to reduce emissions and fuel consumption and to drive technological developments to reduce the environmental impact of burning petroleum fuels. Emissions testing and control is one of the leading and growing fields in the development of modern vehicles. Recently, Cummins Emissions Solutions (CES) and Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) worked jointly in order to achieve a method to conduct emissions testing efficiently and effectively. The collaborative work between the two organizations led to the usage of FOCAS HGTR™ (a diesel-based burner test rig at SwRI) to simulate the exhaust conditions generated by a 2010 ISX Cummins production engine operating over an EPA standard Ramped Modal Cycle Supplemental Emissions Test (RMC SET) cycle. The diesel-fueled HGTR burner rig went through a series of developments and modifications to permit the system to run quasi-transient control and enable it to simulate RMC SET cycles
Nagar, Pranay, Szailer, Tamas, Webb, Cynthia
Fuel Effect on Particle Emissions of a Direct Injection Engine2013-01-155904/08/2013
PN emissions were measured using a 2012 1.6L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine vehicle. The measurements were performed over NEDC using domestic fuel from South Korea and Euro 5 certification fuel, also FTP-75 cycle using domestic fuel and Indolene (official emission test fuel in the US). Domestic fuel is the most volatile and has the least aromatics, Euro 5 certification fuel is the least volatile and has the most aromatics. Lower volatile gasoline generates more particle emissions due to diffusion combustion of fuel attached on the piston and fuel residues which are burned in its liquid form. Gasoline with more aromatic contents generates more particle emissions, too. Because aromatics have higher boiling point, lower vapor pressure and ring structures. Fuel specification difference resulted in PN emission difference. In NEDC tests, result using Euro 5 certification fuel was 77.0% higher than the result using domestic fuel. In FTP-75 cycle tests, Indolene resulted in 20.8
Kim, Yongha, Kim, Youngjae, Kang, Jiwon, Jun, SangYoul, Rew, SeungHyun, Lee, Donghyeon, Park, Simsoo
Design Optimization of an Emissions Sample Probe Using a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics Tool2013-01-157104/08/2013
Emissions sample probes are widely used in engine and vehicle emissions development testing. Tailpipe bag summary data is used for certification, but the time-resolved (or modal) emissions data at various points along the exhaust system is extremely important in the emission control technology development process. Exhaust gas samples need to be collected at various locations along the exhaust aftertreatment system. Typically, a tube with a small diameter is inserted inside the exhaust pipe to avoid any significant effect on flow distribution. The emissions test equipment draws a gas sample from the exhaust stream at a constant volumetric flow rate (typically around 10 SLPM). The sample probe tube delivers exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe to emissions test equipment through multiple holes on the surface of tube. There can be multiple rows of holes at different axial planes along the length of the sample probe as well as multiple holes on a given axial plane of the sample probe. In a
Zhang, Xiaogang, Tennison, Paul, Yi, Jianwen, William, Ruona
In-Use Performance Testing of Butanol-Extended Fuel in Recreational Marine Engines and Vessels2012-32-001110/23/2012
Isobutanol-extended fuel was tested in two recreational marine vessels placed in Annapolis, MD and operated for fifty hours on the Chesapeake Bay and surrounding tributaries. Field emissions testing was conducted using a unique portable marine bag sampling system (MPSS) which collected a weighted five mode composite emissions sample consisting of total hydrocarbons (THC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) while operating recreational boats on both a non-oxygenated baseline indolene certification fuel and a 16.1% isobutanol-extended gasoline. Engine and boat runability was also observed throughout the six month operational period. In addition, back-to-back sampling yielded excellent repeatability from the portable bag sampling equipment. Based on the results of this preliminary study, isobutanol-extended fuels look to be very promising for marine engine applications. An introduction to biofuels policy in the U.S. and characteristics and highlights of butanol-extended
Wasil, Jeff R., McKnight, John, Kolb, Richard, Munz, Dave, Adey, John, Goodwin, Brian
Hydrocarbon Permeation in Gasoline Vehicle Fuel Systems Using Isobutanol Blends2012-01-158209/10/2012
In the past decade, a significant market has emerged for automotive fuels produced from renewable sources. Blends containing low concentrations of ethanol have been the readily-available choice for providing renewable content in gasoline fuels. The simple addition of ethanol to gasoline significantly increases the mixture's vapor pressure, which can promote higher vehicle evaporative emissions. Gasoline specifications and blending practices have been updated to help offset the increase to vapor pressure and evaporative emissions. However, recent studies have shown that even at reduced vapor pressure, ethanol can increase gasoline evaporative emissions by enhancing the permeation of hydrocarbons through the elastomeric materials found in vehicle fuel systems. Technology is currently in development that will allow for the production of isobutanol from renewable sources. In addition to high energy density, high octane, and good material compatibility, isobutanol has low vapor pressure
Kimura, Ken, Wolf, Leslie, Baustian, James, Haskew, Harold
Emissions Certification Vehicle Cycles Based on Heavy Duty Engine Test Cycles2012-01-087804/16/2012
This paper describes the development vehicle cycles based on heavy duty engine test cycles for emissions certification. In the commercial vehicle and industrial equipment markets, emissions are evaluated using engine test cycles. For the on-highway market in the United States, these cycles include the transient heavy duty engine FTP test, and the steady state heavy duty engine SET test. Evaluation of engine only emissions is a practical approach given the diversity of applications, small volumes, and lack of vertical integration in the commercial vehicle market. However certain vehicle and powertrain characteristics can contribute significantly to fuel consumption and emissions. A number of approaches have been proposed to evaluate vehicle performance, and all of these vehicle evaluation methodologies require the selection of a vehicle cycle. If the engine test cycles and vehicle test cycles are not aligned, a technology evaluation will give different results depending on whether an
Andreae, Morgan, Salemme, Gary, Kumar, Mahesh, Sun, Zhen
Investigations on a Catalyst Heating Strategy by Variable Valve Train for SI Engines2012-01-114204/16/2012
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of a variable intake and exhaust valve timing in terms of opening, closing, opening duration, lift curve and number of active valves per pair on a four cylinder direct-injecting SI engine for the catalyst heating idling phase at the beginning of an NEDC emission test procedure. The first step evaluated the engine behavior at a reference point of operation. Its parameters in valve timing were adjusted to match the valve timing of the base production engine. The second step investigated the effects of an earlier exhaust valve opening while the exhaust valve closing time was kept and the exhaust valve opening duration was extended. The third step was to answer the question for the optimum number of exhaust valves in order to minimize the wall heat losses inside the cylinder head. The optimum 3V exhaust valve timing has been defined as the basis for exhaust valve timing for steps four and five. The fourth step contained the
Gottschalk, Wolfram, Kirstein, Gunnar, Magnor, Olaf, Schultalbers, Matthias, Wetten, Robert
Laboratory Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Car Fuelled with Biodiesel Blends2012-01-106304/16/2012
Based on pure diesel, pure biodiesel, and two biodiesel blends at volumetric mixture ratio of 10% and 20%, NEDC emission tests were carried out on a Euro 3-compliant diesel car. Results showed that pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends had decreasing effects on CO and HC emissions under warm-up situations, but deteriorations of CO and HC emissions were observed under cold start-up and low vehicle speed operating conditions, and this caused increasing results of CO and HC emission factors in NEDC tests when substituting pure diesel with both of pure biodiesel and biodiesel blend of 20%. Pure biodiesel aroused an increase in NOX emissions compared with pure diesel, but the two low mixture ratio biodiesel blends were observed in different increasing effects and even decreasing effects on NOX emissions. Only pure biodiesel had limited increasing effects on CO₂ emissions. In the purpose of reducing vehicle emissions by fuelling alternative fuels, 10% is recommended volumetric mixture ratio of
Yao, Di, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Tan, Piqiang, Shen, Hangquan
Measurement of Automobile Exhaust N 2 O in Continuous Dilute and in Sample Storage Bag by a Mid-IR Laser Spectroscopic Motor Exhaust Gas Analyzer2012-01-087504/16/2012
Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission reduction has gained large prominence recently due to its contribution to the climate change as a greenhouse gas. The United States Environment Protection Agency (US-EPA) together with the United States Department of Transport (DOT) has already regulated the N₂O emissions from light-duty vehicles (LDV) to 0.010 g/mile. For LDV, N₂O measurement should be done from sample storage bags over the light-duty FTP drive cycles. N₂O emission standard of 0.10 g/bhp-hr for heavy-duty engines (HDE) is also finalized. The final N₂O standard becomes effective in 2014 model year for diesel engines. Usually raw or diluted exhaust is measured for HDE emission testing. Therefore, an analyzer capable of measuring N₂O from bag and from diluted sample continuously is required to support both LDV and HDE regulations. Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer, Laser infrared analyzer, Photoacoustic analyzer (PAS), and Gas chromatograph (GC
Rahman, Montajir, Hara, Kenji, Nakatani, Shigeru
Motor Vehicle Inspection/DecentralizedRS-BNA-00610/28/2011
Proposed rule of the Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Air Quality Control Board amends regulations under 20.11.100 NMAC regarding decentralized motor vehicle emissions inspections. The rule clarifies the new motor vehicle exemption period as four years rather than two registration cycles, exempts vehicles 35 years or older, allows for the limited use of mobile test units for the onsite testing of 1996 and newer fleet and dealer lot vehicles, and returns 1975 through 1985 model year vehicles from annual to biennial testing. The rule also requires testing of hybrid vehicles if purchased after the effective date of the amended regulation or upon change of ownership, provides for the testing of diesel vehicles beginning Jan. 1 of the year following the adoption of a more stringent federal ozone standard, and removes the $300 repair cost threshold for time extensions for individuals on public assistance. In addition, the rule moves the enforcement and appeals sections from the Procedures
On-board Exhaust Emission Measurement on Heavy Duty Vehicles at Different Driving Conditions.2011-01-220909/13/2011
The present wording on implementing regulation on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy-duty vehicles in Europe (e.g., Euro VI requirements) describes the procedure to determine gaseous emissions from on-road measurements using Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS). The gaseous emissions to be measured according to the PEMS protocol includes carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for diesel engines and with the addition of methane (CH₄) for gas engines. Measurement methods of particles are at this stage under development. Emission data from on-road testing can be used for calculation of In-service Conformity (IsC) pass/fail criteria but also for establishing local emission factors for specific routes. The procedure for the measurement is described in detail in the regulation. During on-board measurement, emission sampling, measurement of the exhaust parameters and recording of the engine parameters as
Almén, Jacob, Erlandsson, Lennart
Medical Device Packaging Validation Testing 101TBMG-1104009/01/2011
Package validation testing has always been an important aspect of many medical device development processes. Today, it isn’t just new packaging that manufacturers need to worry about — economic and environmental conditions are also driving manufacturers to revalidate their packaging.
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