Browse Topic: Homologation

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LEAN Techniques for Effective, Efficient and Secure Information Processing in Automotive Homologation2019-26-03351/9/2019
It is an established fact that virtual knowledge based engineering has revolutionized R & D activities by streamlining processes, ensuring productivity and accuracy. This has resulted in freeing up time for quality interpretational work and decision making for engineering the best of products. Subsequently, homologation is a mandatory requisite activity for product signoff. It certifies the quality of the product and is an important factor in giving the product an authenticity for sale in the market. Homologation entails compliance to regulations existing in form of well-established standards which elaborate systematic and detailed guidelines on conducting physical testing for automotive systems, sub-systems or components for specific vehicle types. The contemporary homologation scenario encompasses heavy usage of virtual platform tasks like data acquisition, application of heuristics from the standards, post processing, classification, test output report and type approval certificate generation. It is highly desirable that the homologation procedure needs to be streamlined and of high fidelity through seamless integration of all steps involved in the information processing as well as effective capture of homologation knowledge in a virtual form. This can be achieved by LEAN knowledge based techniques. The author hereby elucidates such a LEAN knowledge based framework that captures the heuristics outlined in the homologation standards in a form comprising of a structured taxonomy to address each of the compliance requirements, and seamlessly integrates them with all the upstream and downstream information processing tasks involved in the certification. Two sample tools are showcased for expounding the efficacy of this framework. These tools are integrated into the daily test procedures followed by the testing personnel, ensuring phenomenal productivity and accuracy. In addition, these tools leverage frugal automation platforms available right on the desktop, rendering them highly cost effective. Thus both tacit and explicit regulatory and process knowledge is captured and secured effectively which also conforms to requirements of system standards such as IS0 9001 and IS0 27001.
Thipse, Yogesh
Experimental Analysis of Fuel and Injector Body Temperature Effect on the Hydraulic Behavior of Latest Generation Common Rail Injection Systems2018-01-02824/3/2018
The present paper describes the effect of thermal conditions on the hydraulic behavior of Diesel common rail injectors, with a particular focus on low temperatures for fuel and injector body. The actual injection system thermal state can significantly influence both the injected quantity and the injection shape, requiring proper amendments to the base engine calibration in order to preserve the combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions levels. In particular, the introduction of the RDE (Real Driving Emission) test cycle widens the effective ambient temperature range for the homologation cycle, this way stressing the importance of the thermal effects analysis. An experimental test bench was developed in order to characterize the injector in an engine-like configuration, i.e. fuel pump, piping, common rail, pressure control system and injectors. One of the injectors is used for the measurement of injection rate time profile by means of a Zeuch method-based injection analyzer, mean injected volume per shot and dynamic pressure time-history at pump outlet and injector inlet. The fuel temperature, measured at the fuel pump inlet, and the injector body temperature are independently conditioned in a range between −10 °C and 90 °C. Latest generation common rail injectors - featuring the first a pressure-balanced pilot stage, the other a three-way valve pilot stage respectively - were tested over a wide range of thermal conditions as combination of fuel and injector body temperatures, injection pressure level (up to 2000 bar), and injection strategies (solo-main, pilot-main and main-post injection patterns). The experimental results showed a strong effect of thermal conditions on the injector hydraulics. The injected volume can be varied up to 30% compared to the reference operating condition (Tfuel = 40 °C, Tbody = 90 °C). The injection rate analysis evidenced that the injector closure timing can be seriously affected by the system thermal state, while the nozzle steady flow is typically less influenced by the fuel and injector body temperature in the examined range. It was also evidenced a different temperature effect for different pilot stage architectures. In one case the temperature reduction led to an injection volume decrease and in the other case, comparable differences where observed but with a completely opposite trend.
Cavicchi, Andrea, Postrioti, Lucio, Pesce, Francesco Concetto, Ferrara, Umberto
Engine oil Thermal Management: Oil Sump Volume Modification and Heating by Exhaust Heat During ICE Warm Up2018-01-13664/3/2018
In the perspective of fuel saving and emissions reduction, engine oil thermal management has not yet received the attention it deserves. Lubricating oil, in fact, should be the focus of a specific warmup action: the expected benefits is on friction reduction – mechanical efficiency improvement – but also on a positive interaction with the cooling fluid thermal dynamics. The lower thermal capacity of the circulating oil (with respect to the cooling fluid) and the instantaneous reduction of the viscosity due to temperature increase produces a faster engine overall efficiency benefit: this invites to focus specific actions on its thermal management in the direction of speeding up the temperature rise during a cold engine starting. Being the mechanical engine efficiency strongly influenced by the friction losses and considering the important benefits on oil viscosity due to a temperature increase, important beneficial effects should be observed on fuel consumption: unfortunately, the big oil quantity inside the oil sump delays the oil warm-up which is continuously heated during the engine passage but also remixed inside the oil sump in which a great oil quantity is present. So, during a homologation cycle for passenger cars and light duty engines, the oil temperature rise is dominated by the mass inside the oil sump: considering that the oil flow rate is limited by the limited engine speed of rotation. In this paper, a modified oil sump has been designed and tested on an Iveco F1C 3 L engine test bench in order to temporarily reduce the oil quantity from which the oil pump aspirates it. In this way, the oil is remixed with a smaller oil quantity inside the sump, speeding up its temperature rise. When the engine reached a thermal stabilized state, the capacity of the oil sump is restored to its full capacity. The temporarily volume reduction of the oil inside the sump is realized by modifying it with a metal septum that divides the capacity into two parts: a thermo-controlled opening links the two parts together when the oil reaches the design temperature. Fuel consumption and CO2 emission reduction have been demonstrated and this further positive result has been added to another positive action in order to further speed up its temperature, using exhaust heat to warm the oil. Fuel consumption benefits has been demonstrated and pollutants reduction has been also reported, produced by the modified thermal behavior of the whole engine due to the positive interactions with the cooling fluid.
Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto, Fatigati, Fabio
Increasing Modern Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency: A Comprehension Study of High CR and Atkinson Cycle2016-01-217210/17/2016
Increasing global efficiency of direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine is nowadays one of the main concerns in automotive research. A conventional way to reduce DISI engine fuel consumption is through downsizing. This approach is well suited to the current homologation cycle as NEDC, but has the drawback to induce over-consumptions in customer real driving usage. Moreover, the driving cycles dedicated to EURO 6d and future regulations will evolve towards higher load operating conditions with higher particulate emissions. Therefore, efficiency of current DISI has to be strongly increased, for homologation cycle and real driving conditions. This implies to deeply understand and improve injection, mixing and flame propagation processes. This work proposes an alternative way to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of the combustion system, by coupling an increase of Compression Ratio (CR) with high levels of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and the setup of Miller/Atkinson cycle at intake. The study is focused on the understanding of the physical phenomena involved by high CR and Miller/Atkinson type cycle. Particularly, the impact on turbulence level, air-fuel mixture, combustion efficiency and final global efficiency is assessed. Several tools presented here are used to optimize an existing downsized DISI engine: optical diagnostics, 3D simulation, and single cylinder engine optimization. Then, the impacts of the different technological components (CR, Intake valve opening duration, Valve timing, EGR…) is detailed. Finally the obtained results are discussed to draw some perspectives on the best suited engine architecture.
Cordier, Matthieu, Laget, Olivier, Duffour, Florence, Gautrot, Xavier, De Francqueville, Loic
Mexico City Traffic and Los Angeles City Traffic Testing: An Approach to Test Route Development for Results Homologation2012-01-18089/17/2012
Vehicle testing on public roads is used by the automotive community in different locations to evaluate the noise characteristics of brake systems under typical customer usage conditions. These tests are generally carried out on different locations and show results with questionable compatibility as has been concluded on several investigations over the last years [1]. Global projects on the other hand mandate to have tests that can represent vehicle usage in several types of environments in order to have reliable indicators of performance on different conditions. This paper suggests a method to characterize roads on different sites and modify the route to match a specific target.
Menendez, Adrian
Simulation-based Certification of ESC Systems for Passenger Vehicles in Europe2012-01-02354/16/2012
In today's automotive climate, the tendency of an increasing number of vehicle model variants offered is coming to a head with the growing demands for safer vehicles. New legislation now ensures that the safety improvement by the fitment of stability control systems is certified for each new vehicle. Beginning year 2012, all new cars to be sold in the European Union have to be equipped with ESC, and as means to test performance, a new supplement to ECE R13 requires that the Sine-with-Dwell test be passed. As a result, OEMs have to handle the task of demonstrating that all their vehicles meet homologation requirements. With such a range of variants possible in each model, this can lead to an enormous quantity of testing. However, for the first time, ECE R13 allows homologation to be undertaken by test-supported simulation, and it is now possible to transfer more and more of this work into CAE. This paper describes the results of a project executed at General Motors Europe (GME) in cooperation with Applus IDIADA to prove, document and ensure that it is possible to simulate the Sine-with-Dwell test as the base for ESC certification. Based on extensive static and dynamic tests the validity of a vehicle model together with a brake controller and hydraulic model are demonstrated. With several steps of model correlation it is ensured that all model components are understood in detail, so that it is possible to vary model parameters maintaining the validity. Thus, it is possible to cover the complete range of vehicle variants.
Hahn, Karl Michael, Holzmann, Henning, Weyer, Florian, Roemer, Mathias, Webb, Jonathan, Boltshauser, Sandro
Agricultural Tractor Tire Dynamic IndicesJ1261_200908 (Current)8/17/2009
The purpose of this information report is to establish dynamic indices which are to be used only for calculating the travel speed of the agricultural tractor during worldwide homologation procedures.
ATSC Tire Subcommittee
Agricultural Tractor Tire Dynamic IndicesJ1261_198411 (Historical)11/1/1984
The purpose of this information report is to establish dynamic indices which are to be used only for calculating the travel speed of the agricultural tractor during worldwide homologation procedures.
ATSC Tire Subcommittee
Agricultural Tractor Tire Dynamic IndicesJ1261_197902 (Historical)2/1/1979
The purpose of this information report is to establish dynamic indices which are to be used only for calculating the travel speed of the agricultural tractor during worldwide homologation procedures.
ATSC Tire Subcommittee
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