Vacuum suction cups are used as transforming handles in stamping lines, which are essential in developing automation and mechanization. However, the vacuum suction cup will crack due to fatigue or long-term operation or installation angle, which directly affects production productivity and safety. The better design will help increase the cups' service life. If the location of stress concentration can be predicted, this can prevent the occurrence of cracks in advance and effectively increase the service life. However, the traditional strain measurement technology cannot meet the requirements of tracking large-field stains and precise point tracking simultaneously in the same area, especially for stacking or narrow parts of the suction cups. The application must allow multiple measurements of hidden component strain information in different fields of view, which would add cost. In this study, a unique multi-camera three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) system was designed

Guo, Bicheng, Zheng, Xiaowan, Fang, Siyuan, Yang, Lianxiang

PERFORMANCE OF FIVE-POINT SEAT BELT ON OCCUPANT SAFETY IN VEHICLE ON FRONTAL CRASH TEST

2022-28-049311/18/2022

In day-to-day life, accidents do occur frequently all-round the globe. It is difficult to prevent these accidents as they occur due to different reasons, which cannot be easily controlled. But the fatal injuries occurring to passengers can be reduced by installing safety systems in vehicles, which will help in saving the life of mankind. There are many safety systems being installed in vehicles such as seat belt restraints, air bags etc. Generally, three-point seat belts are installed in passenger vehicles for safety purposes. This type of seat belt doesn't arrest the entire motion of the occupant body during vehicle crashes, which can lead to fatal injuries and sometimes even death during vehicle crashes. In order to buckle passengers with seats, we can use five-point seat belts which will help in mitigating the injuries as compared to three-point seat belts. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of five-point seat belts on occupant safety during vehicle crash on flat rigid

Jeyakumar, P, CHANDRAN, DINESHKUMAR

Q&A

22AUTP10_1010/01/2022

In June 2022, Hyundai Motor America broke ground for its Safety Test and Investigation Laboratory (STIL), an industry-unique testing facility dedicated to root-cause crash investigations and electric vehicle/future-product analysis activities at its Michigan R&D campus west of Detroit. Not long after the $51.6-million STIL's inauguration, the company named Brian Latouf as its first-ever Global Chief Safety Officer to “integrate the engineering resources of Hyundai and HMNA by combining safety field investigations, safety data analysis and safety-engineering performance into a streamlined global technical function.” At the STIL groundbreaking, SAE Mobility Media editorial director Bill Visnic spoke with Latouf about Hyundai's crash-safety vision.

Model Based System Safety Analysis for the Actuator Control System (ACS)

2022-26-119605/26/2022

Safety is of primary importance in aviation industry. The designers of the aircraft systems must ensure that the system must provide intended function with required levels of safety to different stakeholders such as passengers, flight crew and maintenance personnel. The system design process needs to deal with the increasing complexity and size of systems, motivating the replacement of time consuming manual techniques with automated and semi-automated approaches. System safety analysis techniques are well established and are used extensively during the design of safety-critical systems. Despite this, most of the techniques are highly subjective and dependent on the system knowledge and skill of the practitioner. In the recent times, Model-Based Safety Assessment (MBSA), have been increasingly used to model systems to analyze the faults. Model-Based Safety Analysis (MBSA) is an approach in which the design and safety engineers share a common system model created using a model-based

Hariram, Sridhar, Maheve, Manju

Infrastructure-Based LiDAR Monitoring for Assessing Automated Driving Safety

2022-01-008603/29/2022

The successful deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) could include the use of off-board sensors for assessments to be made of AV operational safety. Many intersections and roadways have monocular cameras used primarily for traffic monitoring; however, monocular cameras may not be sufficient to allow for useful AV operational safety assessments to be made in all operational design domains (ODDs) such as low ambient light and inclement weather conditions. Additional sensor modalities such as Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) sensors allow for a wider range of scenarios to be accommodated, but may also provide improved measurements of the Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) metrics previously introduced by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM). Building on earlier work from the IAM in creating an infrastructure-based sensor system to evaluate the OSA metrics in real-world scenarios, this paper presents an approach for real-time localization and velocity estimation for AVs using a

Srinivasan, Anshuman, Mahartayasa, Yoga, Jammula, Varun Chandra, lu, Duo, Como, Steven, Wishart, Jeffrey, Elli, Maria, Yang, Yezhou, Yu, Hongbin

Rear-End Impacts – Part 2: Sled Pulse Effect on Front-Seat Occupant Responses

2022-01-103903/29/2022

This study was conducted to assess the effects of differing rear impact pulse characteristics on restraint performance, front-seat occupant kinematics, biomechanical responses, and seat yielding. Five rear sled tests were conducted at 40 km/h using a modern seat. The sled buck was representative of a mid-sized driver environment in a generic sport utility vehicle. The peak acceleration, acceleration shape and duration were varied. Three of the pulses were selected based on published information and two were calculated to assess the effects of long and short initial acceleration rate using a trapezoidal characteristic shape. The angle at maximum seatback rearward deformation varied from 26 to 47 degrees. It was lowest in Pulse 1 which simulates an 80 km/h car-to-car rear impact. The seatback plastic deformation was greater in the pulse with a long initial acceleration rate, Pulse 4, than in the short acceleration rate, Pulse 5 (28 degrees v 22 degrees). Coincidingly, the longitudinal

Parenteau, Chantal, White, Samuel, Burnett, Roger

Attacking vehicles with ransomware: Watch the horizon

2022-01-044103/29/2022

Ransomware use is rampant throughout most industries. With the number of successful ransomware attacks through the industrial economy, this feels like a tsunami of attacks. These attacks seemingly originate from anywhere with an internet connection. There are vast numbers of bad actors creating these attacks, all focused on your systems. With the large number of attacks, it is granted there have been many breaches. While there have been a large number of successful attacks, each attack’s objectives have varied. These have historically been to generate revenue in the form of fees for the decrypt key or a promise not to publish exfiltrated data. The landscape has become saturated with ransomware attacks on consumers and the enterprise. There has been extensive training for staff in an effort to mitigate these issues. The next potential targets are vehicles and ground systems. These, as targets, have not been evaluated via a full risk assessment to the recommended extent. While not widely

Parker, Charles

Identifying Cybersecurity Focus Areas in Connected Cars Based on United Nations Regulation No. 155 Attack Vectors and Beyond

2022-01-014103/29/2022

The arrival of 5G will enable vehicles to become better connected. In order to allow this evolution to manifest safely, the UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) introduced the United Nations Regulation No. 155(UN-R155) this January, with expectations that at least 54 countries will mandate it starting July 2022. This regulation provides 69 attack vectors manufacturers are required to secure against, although it does not include specific countermeasures. Security methods and corresponding technologies change with time and are influenced by evolving connected car technologies as well as the threat landscape. Implementing effective cybersecurity means conducting a thorough risk analysis and prioritizing what needs to be achieved. Trend Micro Research conducted a risk analysis on each of the 69 attack vectors from a current and future perspective. In addition, we went beyond the attack vectors listed in UN-R155. Using our own analysis and insights, we brought

Huq, Numaan, Vosseler, Rainer

A Trust Establishment Mechanism of VANETs based on Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP)

2022-01-016603/29/2022

As the connectivity of vehicles increases rapidly, more vehicles have the capability to communicate with each other. Because Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) have the characteristics of solid mobility and decentralization, traditional security strategies such as authentication, firewall, and access control are difficult to play an influential role. As a soft security method, trust management can ensure the security attributes of VANETs. However, the rapid growth of newly encountered nodes of the trust management system also increases the requirements for trust establishing mechanisms. Without a proper trust establishment mechanism, the trust value of the newly encountered nodes will deviate significantly from its actual performance, and the trust management system will suffer from newcomer attacks. In this article, we propose a trust establishment mechanism based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), which takes into account the historical trust value of the encountered

Luo, Feng, Jiang, Yifan, Zhang, Zhaojing

Integrating Fuzz Testing into a CI Pipeline for Automotive Systems

2022-01-014603/29/2022

With the rapid development of connected and autonomous vehicles, more sophisticated automotive systems running large portions of software and implementing a variety of communication interfaces are being developed. The ever-expanding codebase increases the risk for software vulnerabilities, while at the same time the large number of communication interfaces make the systems more susceptible to be targeted by attackers. As such, it is of utmost importance for automotive organizations to identify potential vulnerabilities early and continuously in the development lifecycle in an automated manner. In this paper, we suggest a practical approach for integrating fuzz testing into a Continuous Integration (CI) pipeline for automotive systems. As a first step, we have performed a Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) of a general E/E architecture to identify high-risk interfaces and functions. Next, we discuss the strategies for continuous fuzz testing and the technical requirements for

Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vinzenz, Nico

AV/ADAS Safety Assessment Virtual-Scenario Criticality Assessment Using Model Based Design Approach

2022-01-006403/29/2022

Testing any new safety technology of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) requires simulation-based validation and verification. The specific scenarios used for testing, outline incidences of accidents or near-miss events. In order to simulate these scenarios, specific values for all the above parameters are required including ego vehicle model. The ‘criticality’ of a scenario is defined in terms of the difficulty level of safety maneuver. A scenario could be over-critical, critical, or under-critical. In over-critical scenarios it is impossible to avoid a crash whereas for under-critical scenarios, no action may be required to avoid crash. The criticality of the scenario depends on various parameters e.g. speeds, distances, road/tire parameters, etc. In this paper we propose a definition of criticality metric and identify the parameters such that a scenario becomes critical. The criticality of a scenario should be independent of the controller or the

Tulpule, Punit, Chen, Bo-Shian, Vaidya, Umesh

A Comparison of THOR 50M Anthropomorphic Test Devices in Frontal Sled Tests when equipped with and without On-Board Data Acquisition Systems.

2022-01-104803/29/2022

This paper summarizes a series of matched-pair frontal sled tests using the THOR 50th Percentile Male anthropomorphic test device (ATD). Testing was conducted to compare the response of an ATD equipped with an on-board data acquisition system (DAS) to that of one equipped with an off-board system. Sled testing was performed using a modified version of NHTSA’s Gold-Standard test method consisting of a generic buck with a ridged seat and a 3-point seatbelt system. Eight tests were conducted, all using a common generic 30 km/h crash pulse with a peak deceleration of 9 G’s, and a 2.5 kN load limiting 3-point seatbelt retractors without pretensioners. Four tests were conducted with each ATD, two tests with a left shoulder belt routing and two with a right shoulder belt routing to allow for evaluation of the ATD repeatability under each belt routing. Attention was given to the potential for a heating effect of the on-board DAS to influence the dummy response; particularly the chest

Ward, Josh, Dellicolli, Anthony, Dix, Jeff

Synthetic LiDAR Point Cloud Data Generation Tool and Deep Learning Validation

2022-01-017703/29/2022

LiDAR sensors are set to become common in automated driving due to their high accuracy. However, LiDAR processing algorithm development suffers from lack of training data, partly due to the sensors' high cost. The few public datasets (e.g. KITTI) offer poor coverage of edge case scenarios, whereas these are essential to address to support safe self-driving. We address the unmet need for abundant, high-quality LiDAR data with the development of an artificial LiDAR point cloud generation tool and validate this tool's performance against the PIXOR model, which was trained on the KITTI dataset. The tool makes use of a single camera raycasting process to generate synthetic data and is used in conjunction with filtering techniques to create segmented and filtered object class-specific datasets . The tool has the potential to support the low-cost generation of accurate bulk data in support of training advanced self-driving algorithms, with configurability to simulate commercial and yet-to-be

Karur, Karthik, Pappas, Georgios, Siegel, Joshua, Zhang, Mi

AV/ADAS Safety Critical Testing Scenario Generation from Vehicle Crash Data

2022-01-010403/29/2022

This research leverages publicly available crash data to construct safety critical scenarios focusing primarily on level 3 autonomous driving systems (ADS) safety assessment under highway driving conditions. NHTSA’s Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) has a rich dataset of a representative crashes of varying fatalities randomly sampled from across the country. Each of these datasets includes the storyline, road geometry information, detailed description of actors involved in the crash, weather information, scene diagrams, crash images and a myriad of other crash specific details. The methodology adopted aims to generate critical scenarios from real-world driving to complement the existent regulatory tests for validation of L3 ADS. For this work, a four-step approach was adopted to extract safety critical scenarios from crash data. Firstly, development of a methodology to filter crash cases relevant to the scope and download pdf files, and numerical crash data from the CDS website. Then

Kibalama, Dennis, Tulpule, Punit, Chen, Bo-Shian

Stiffness Coefficients of Heavy Trailer Rear Structures

2022-01-099503/29/2022

Post-crash deformation is often relied upon to determine impact severity, force of impact and the resultant change in velocity of the impact phase. Understanding how the vehicle’s structure absorbs crash energy allows a reconstructionist to utilize the post-crash deformation in these calculations. For light-duty passenger vehicles, there are many publicly available crash test databases that allow for vehicle specific and vehicle class specific energy absorption characteristics to be analyzed. Traditionally, commercial vehicles are not part of the publicly available crash test databases. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) conducted a series of tests with many different box trailers and seventh generation Chevrolet Malibu’s (2008 through 2012 model years). The box trailers were from different manufacturers (Wabash, Greatdane, Utility, Vanguard, Hyundai, Manac, Stoughton, and Struck) and different model years (2011-2018). The tests consisted of stationary box trailers

Suway, Jeffrey, Desai, Elvis, Cornetto, Anthony

A Bayesian method for load identification of powertrain mounting system with interval uncertainty

2022-01-074603/29/2022

It is very important to accurately identify the load of the vehicle in the working state for the study of vehicle vibration and noise. At present, the identification technology of dynamic load mainly focuses on the deterministic model, but there are always structural model errors in practical engineering. Bayesian method and interval theory can deal with unknown-but-bounded uncertainties in measurement noise and structural systems. In this paper, a time domain load identification method based on Gibbs sampling and a hybrid dynamic load identification method based on Bayesian and interval analysis are proposed. Firstly, the structural model error is considered as the overall Markov parameter matrix error, and the measurement noise is calculated together; secondly, considering the structural model error as interval parameter, the upper and lower load boundaries are obtained by combining interval analysis with Gibbs sampling method based on Taylor expansion. It is shown that the Gibbs

gao, bo, Liu PhD, Xiaoang

Seat Belt Restraint Evidence Generated by Unrestrained Occupant Interaction in a Rollover

2022-01-102803/29/2022

Assessment of the physical evidence on a seat belt restraint system provides one source of data for determining an occupant’s seat belt use or non-use during a motor vehicle crash. The evidence typically associated with restrained occupant loading has been extensively researched and documented in the literature. However, evidence of loading to the restraint system can also be generated by other means, including the interaction of an unrestrained occupant with a stowed restraint system. The current study evaluates physical evidence generated on stowed restraint systems generated via interaction with multiple unrestrained occupants during a full-scale dolly rollover crash testing of a large multiple passenger van. Unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) were positioned in the driver, right front passenger, and all designated seating positions in the third, fourth, and fifth rows. Occupant kinematics during the dolly rollover were evaluated through on-board and off-board real-time

Miller, Bruce, Dibb, Alan, Allin, Leigh, Carhart, Michael, krishnaswami, ram

Development of Biomechanical Computational Models of Six-year-old Child Occupant with Different Sitting Postures and Application in the Study of Whiplash Injuries

2022-01-105203/29/2022

Whiplash injury is one of the main types of child occupant neck injuries in traffic accident. With the development of intelligent cockpit, child occupants will engage in traffic operation in various sitting positions. Therefore, studying the mechanism and risk of whiplash injury of child occupants with different sitting postures has important application value for the research and development of child restraint system. In this study, the 120° and 135° sitting postures of six-year-old child occupant were developed based on the validated 105° sitting posture finite element model with detailed anatomical structure. The whiplash test in Euro NCAP was reconstructed to evaluate the influence of sitting position angle on the risk of whiplash injury. In the three groups of simulation experiments, the Upper Neck Tension (Fz) was far less than the higher limit of Euro NCAP evaluation although the Fz value increased as the upper torso angle increases. However, the Upper Neck Shear (Fx) and Neck

Li, Haiyan, Wang, Yanxin, He, Lijuan, Lv, Wenle, Cui, Shihai, Ruan, Jesse Shijie

Integrated Wheel Assembly Designing and optimization for BAJA SAE ATV

2022-01-095203/29/2022

The conventional Wheel assembly is optimized using Stub and Hub integration by researching and evaluating new assembly designs, Material selection using Charpy impact test on different materials (EN24, 20MNR5, EN36) with different hardening processes (through hardening, Carburizing) are evaluated for the best combination of material and type of hardening which absorbs highest impact energy, which further evaluated for different types of brittle and ductile failure on those specimens, Component designing is performed considering various boundary condition evaluated for BAJA SAE ATV which includes Bump force due to hill fall down, Tension/Compression generation in case of improper landing on wheels, Torsion transfer through axle and Lateral forces due to centrifugal forces were used for design calculation and then FEA is used for Design validation. Finite model is generated in Hypermesh using various Meshing techniques considering rotating symmetry for achieving good quality criteria

Bhardwaj, Vasu

Investigations on Visibility of Digital Road Projections

2022-01-095903/29/2022

With the arrival of Digital Projectors in Automotive Applications the possibilities of communication have drastically increased. Since there was no regulation in advance, the discussion about how to assess digital projections is now very active. Concerns are communicated, but with rare research base. This paper will investigate, if and in which geometrical space road projections are visible to other road traffic participants like oncoming, passing drivers or pedestrians. The research will investigate where projections are recognizable and assignable to the original intention of the projection. Test persons will be placed around the digital projections in a street scenery in night time driving condition. A grid will be created to identify the areas where digital projections could be understood and where the digital projections are not assignable to any interpretation. A questionnaire on safety evaluation will be added. The paper will present the geometrical “readability map” of digital

Hamm, Michael, Kobbert, Jonas, Hinterwaelder, Christian

The Optical Basis and Realization Conditions of High Recognizable & Glare-Free Chiaroscuro & Sfumato-Chiaroscuro Photonic Channel Illuminant

2022-01-096103/29/2022

A novel high recognizable & glare-free chiaroscuro & sfumato-chiaroscuro photonic channel illuminant, which is with a sense of depth & layering, stereo sense, large FOV (field of view), variable and/or gradient-based lighting to create a high safety and efficient lighting effect for the driver environment, overall vision and vehicle exterior lighting and all the target and the object surrounding the vehicle. It included 1) a superbright photonic channel system, which is used for a specific objective to get a high recognizable & identifiable visual perception; 2) a dark photonic channel system, which is used to form the non-illuminated area. The non-illuminated area is the ocular region of the humans, pets, animals & wildlife, drivers in the vehicle ahead and the oncoming traffic, etc. The entire head and face area is the most basic non-illuminated area for humans, pets, animals & wildlife, etc.; 3) a visual system, which is with the functions of dynamically targeted locking, visual

Xiong, XiangWen

Seatback Strength and its Effect on In Position and Out of Position ATD Loading in High-Speed Rear Impact Sled Tests

2022-01-103803/29/2022

Vehicle rear structure stiffness has increased as a result of the requirements in the FMVSS 301R, which has also corresponded to an increase in front-row seat strength. This study evaluates the structural behavior and occupant response associated with production-level seats equipped with body-mounted D-rings, and very stiff all-belt-to-seat (ABTS) in a group of 12 deceleration sled tests. A double-haversine approximately 100-msec duration pulse was used for all tests, with peak accelerations of approximately 19 g for the 40 km/h (25 mph) tests and peak accelerations of 28 g for the 56 km/h (35 mph) test. This pulse was designed to represent a severe rear impact crash involving modern vehicles. The tests compared occupant responses and resulting structural deformation of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) production-level driver seat from a pickup and a very stiff modified ABTS. Both seating systems were equipped with dual recliners. Various combinations of tests evaluated the

Croteau, Jeffrey, Toney-Bolger, Megan, Isaacs, Jessica L., Shurtz, Ben, Zolock, John

Investigations of Honeycomb and Foam structures of Automotive Front rails During Frontal crashes and its affinity with Optimum Energy Absorption

2022-01-104903/29/2022

Energy dissipation in frontal crash of the vehicles normally occurs through the deformation in the engine compartment zone and especially on longitudinal front rails. In this article, the details of the crash tests is presented which involves an interpretation of the damage profiles and understanding the origin of the stiffness coefficients in main particular member which is front rails of a passenger vehicle. Moreover, the present experimental work is used to estimate the energy dissipated during deformation based on crush measurements. Furthermore, it explains the implementation of experimental test to investigate the influence of design characteristics on the deformation behavior of the proposed front rails. The current experimental work deals with the influences of geometric shape modifications of conventional steel members with flange configurations compared to honeycomb structures and structural foam with the same members length. The observations in this work led to conclude the

Elhussieny, Sayed Abbas, Oraby, Walid

Rear-End Impacts – Part 1: Field and Test Data Analysis of Crash Characteristics

2022-01-104103/29/2022

Prior to developing or modifying the protocol of performance evaluation tests, it is important to identify field relevant conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of selected crash variables from rear crash field accidents involving modern vehicles. The exposure and serious-to-fatal injury of non-ejected occupants was determined in 2008+ model year (MY) vehicles using 2007-2015 NASS-CDS and 2017-2019 CISS. In addition, 15 EDRs were collected from 2017 to 2019 CISS cases with a rear delta V ranging from 32 to 48 km/h. Ten rear crash tests were also investigated to identifying pulse characteristics in rear crashes. The tests included five vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests and five FMVSS 301R barrier tests matching the struck vehicle. The analysis of NASS-CDS and CISS data indicates that more than 50% of exposed (MAIS 0+F) occupants were involved in a rear crash with a distributed impact and with no over-ride or under-ride. More than 93% were with a 6 o’clock

Parenteau, Chantal, White, Samuel, Burnett, Roger, Stephens, Gregory, Michalski, David

Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment based on Electric Power Steering according to ISO 26262

2022-01-106203/29/2022

ISO 26262 is a functional safety standard for automotive electrical and electronic system . Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) is a sub-phase of the ISO26262 concept phase, which is one of most important safety activities of the ISO 26262 safety lifecycle. This paper details application of HARA for Electric Power Steering (EPS) system. First, item definition for EPS System is sketched out，which is prerequisite for the HARA. Item definition includes system description, its function, boundary, and interfaces to external systems. Then analysis procedure HARA of EPS System is detailed out ,including identifying potential hazards, developing a set of specific hazardous events, and assessing the risk of each hazardous event to determine the Automotive Safety Integration Levels (ASIL). In the end，according to analysis procedure of HARA, a set of safety goals and safety states for EPS System is proposed. The design of safety goals and safety states is applied to provide guidance to

Li, Lingyang, Du, Jia, Ye, Xiaoming, Liu, Xin, Wen, Tao

A Study on the Robust Crash Performance Structure of Continuous Fiber Thermoplastic Composite Cowl Crossbar

2022-01-105603/29/2022

Since the 1990s, an increasing amount of research has been done in the automotive industry, not only to improve vehicle production efficiency and performance but also for environmental preservation and enhanced recycling. For this reason, recently, keen interest has been focused on the reduction of fuel consumption through the development of eco-friendly and weight-effective vehicles. This is due in part to the strengthening of regulatory standards for fuel efficiency in each country. This study will focus on the high crash safety performance and the optimization of the IP module, in particular, the cowl crossbar, which in most vehicles, can account for more than 33% of the total weight. In fact, the cowl crossbar is the main part of the vehicle that must support the duct system, steering column module as well as the entire IP module. Therefore, it requires a high stiffness to meet the performance requirements for NVH, durability, and crash protection. For example, during a frontal

Kim, Heeseok, KIM, IL SANG, JAE HYUN, AN, IN SOO, HAN, CHOI, IKKEUN, Park, Sanghyeon

Injury Detection and Risk Analysis on Collision for Advanced ACN and Effective EMS

2022-01-101903/29/2022

The automotive industry is driving its technological advancements towards the concept of vision zero (zero deaths, zero injuries, zero accidents) to maximize road safety. The major research and innovation are pertaining to V2X and Autonomous Driving focus area to realize the concept of Vision Zero. An important aspect to realize vision zero is minimizing the fatalities due to injuries on an event of collision. With growing trend of driver and in-cabin monitoring for Autonomous Driving, possibilities to utilize the sensors within car cabin for injury detection and severity estimation are examined in this paper. The occupant state and health monitoring applications widen the potential for an effective approach which detects occupant injury and trauma state post-crash in real time. With modified Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) that includes the occupant injury and trauma details along with life-criticality estimate, the Emergency call will then ensure timely and suitable assistance

Damodharan, Suchitra, R N, Sreelakshmi, Muralidharan, Vishal, Srinivasa, Praveen, CK, Umesh

Validation of Utilizing a Self-Propelled Crash Sled to Simulate Occupant Accelerations in Minor Rear-End Impacts

2022-01-104003/29/2022

A novel, electrically self-propelled, mobile, free-standing crash sled was constructed with a relatively minimal budget (i.e., ≤ $10,000). The crash sled was designed to simulate occupant driver or passenger seat movement in minor impacts at varying angles with minimal, if any, component replacement necessary between tests. Validation of the crash sled in a rear-end only configuration for determination of occupant accelerations was performed. Minor rear-end crash tests involving human occupants were conducted utilizing a 2007 Toyota Camry target vehicle and a 2005 Toyota Camry bullet vehicle with changes in velocity for the target vehicle ranging between 2.8 km/h and 7.7 km/h. Vehicle instrumentation consisted of tri-axial accelerometers affixed to the center tunnels near their respective center of gravities. Human occupant instrumentation occurred only in the target vehicle and involved tri-axial accelerometers at the head, thorax, and lumbar spine. Peak longitudinal head and lumbar

Vigil, Cole Mackenzie, Salboro, Conrad, Jones, Brian, Brink, Justin, Jorgensen, Michael, Swinford, Scott

Crash Test Methodology for Electric Scooters with Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) Riders

2022-01-103303/29/2022

As micromobility devices (i.e., e-bikes, scooters, skateboards, etc.) continue to increase in popularity, there is a growing need to test these devices for purposes ranging from use in crash reconstruction to design of new products. Although tests have been conducted across the industry for electric scooters (e-scooters), this paper describes a novel method for crash testing e-scooters with anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) “riding” them, providing new sources for data collection and research. A sled fixture was designed utilizing a pneumatic crash rail to propel the scooters with an overhead gantry used for stabilization of the ATD until release just prior to impact. The designed test series included impacts with a 6-inch curb at varying incident angles, a stationary vehicle, and a pedestrian ATD. Test parameter permutations included changing wheel sizes, impact speeds, and safety equipment. One of the primary focuses of this testing was to establish a methodology which provided

Como, Steven Gerard, Paradiso, Marc, Campbell, Ian C., Garman, Christina, Werner, Stephen, Wishart, Jeffrey

Effect of Decoration on Windshield Impact Resistance and Novel Decoration Solution Compatible with Chemical Strengthening

2022-01-030403/29/2022

Ball bearing impact tests were performed to evaluate impact resistance of laminates with different decoration configurations. Test results showed that laminates made with enamel decorative frit only on Surface 4, significantly outperformed laminates that had enamel on Surface 2. Furthermore, it was found that hybrid laminates, consisting of a standard annealed outer-ply and a thin, chemically strengthened inner-ply with a specially formulated decorative frit which is compatible with the ion-exchange chemical strengthening process, resulted in impact resistance levels that were three times greater than conventional laminates. Details follow.

Cleary, Thomas, Huten, Timothy, Lehuede, Philippe, Joubaud, Laurent, Friske, Mark

Large-angle full-field strain measurement of small-sized objects based on the multi-camera DIC test system

2022-01-031603/29/2022

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology is a powerful tool in the field of experimental mechanics to obtain the full-field deformation of the surface of an object. It has been rapidly developed and applied in recent years. However, for the large-angle full-field strain measurement of small-sized cylindrical objects, it’s still a challenge to the DIC accurate measurement due to its small size and curved surface. In this paper, in order to study the compressive performance of small-sized cylindrical materials, a measurement method based on the multi-camera DIC system is proposed. Three cameras form two DIC measurement systems, each of which measures a part of the object. By calibrating three cameras at the same time, two independent DIC system coordinate systems can be unified to a coordinate system. Then match the two sets of DIC measurement data together to achieve 120-degree measurement of the cylindrical surface. For improving the spatial resolution of small-sized objects in the

Fang, Siyuan, Fang, Yue, Zeng, Danielle, Li, Ziang, Yang, Lianxiang

The Role of Three-Point Restraints for Occupants in Moderate and Higher Severity Frontal Impact Collisions

2022-01-102603/29/2022

Field accident data and vehicle crash testing have shown that kinematics, occupant loading, , and associated injury risk generally increase with crash severity. Further, these data demonstrate that the use of restraints, such as three-point belts, provides mitigation of kinematics and reduction in loading and injury rates. This study evaluated the role of seat belts in controlling occupant kinematics and reducing occupant loading in moderate and higher severity frontal collisions. Frontal tests with belted and unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in the driver and right front passenger seats were performed at delta-Vs of approximately 19 kph and 32 kph with no airbag deployment. At the lower severity, the belted ATDs’ motion was primarily arrested by seat belt engagement, mitigating contact with forward vehicle structures, while the unbelted ATDs’ motion was largely arrested by interaction with forward vehicle structures. Injury metrics were generally lower with belt use than

Isaacs, Jessica L., George, Juff, Campolettano, Eamon, Cutcliffe, Hattie, Miller, Bruce

Steering Control Systems - Heavy Trucks

J2425_202111 (Current)

11/09/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a laboratory test procedure and requirements for evaluating the characteristics of heavy-truck steering control systems under simulated driver impact conditions, as well as driver entry/egress conditions. The test procedure employs a torso-shaped body block that is impacted against the steering wheel.

Truck Crashworthiness Committee