The hippocampus plays a crucial role in brain function and is one of the important areas of concern in closed head injury. Hippocampal injury is related to a variety of factors including the strength of mechanical load, animal age, and helmet material. To investigate the order of these factors on hippocampal injury, a three-factor, three-level experimental protocol was established using the L(3) orthogonal table. A closed head injury experiment regarding impact strength (0.3MPa, 0.5MPa, 0.7MPa), rat age (eight- week-old, ten-week-old, twelve-week-old), and helmet material (steel, plastic, rubber) were achieved by striking the rat's head with a pneumatic-driven impactor. The number of hippocampal CA3 cells was used as an evaluation indicator. The contribution of factors to the indicators and the confidence level were obtained by analysis of variance. The results showed that impact strength was the main factor affecting hippocampal injury (contribution of 89.2%, confidence level 0.01

Wang, Peng, Song, Xuewei, Zhu, Xiyan, Qiu, Jinlong, Yang, Shuaijun, Zhao, Hui

PERFORMANCE OF FIVE-POINT SEAT BELT ON OCCUPANT SAFETY IN VEHICLE ON FRONTAL CRASH TEST

2022-28-049311/18/2022

In day-to-day life, accidents do occur frequently all-round the globe. It is difficult to prevent these accidents as they occur due to different reasons, which cannot be easily controlled. But the fatal injuries occurring to passengers can be reduced by installing safety systems in vehicles, which will help in saving the life of mankind. There are many safety systems being installed in vehicles such as seat belt restraints, air bags etc. Generally, three-point seat belts are installed in passenger vehicles for safety purposes. This type of seat belt doesn't arrest the entire motion of the occupant body during vehicle crashes, which can lead to fatal injuries and sometimes even death during vehicle crashes. In order to buckle passengers with seats, we can use five-point seat belts which will help in mitigating the injuries as compared to three-point seat belts. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of five-point seat belts on occupant safety during vehicle crash on flat rigid

Jeyakumar, P, CHANDRAN, DINESHKUMAR

Development of a Variable Stiffness Seatback

2022-01-103703/29/2022

A challenge faced by the automotive industry is to optimize the stiffness of seat structures such that in rear-impact collisions, seatback deflection is compliant enough to adequately absorb impact energy, yet stiff enough to prevent excess deformation. While comprising a smaller percentage of all automotive accidents, severe and fatal injuries occur in rear impact crashes. Injuries to front seat passengers can be mitigated in some crashes with stiffer seatbacks, and in other crashes with more yielding seatbacks, depending on the accident severity and other factors. In rare cases, injuries to rear seat passengers occur when front seats deform and intrude into rear occupant spaces. There has existed a debate for years regarding whether seats should be manufactured increasingly stiffer, or more yielding. Compounding the problem are additional factors including widely varying crash severities, impact angles, out-of-position occupants, intermittent use of rear seating areas, etc

Warner, Mark H., Warner, Wyatt

Composite Dash Panel Insulation Characterization and Modelling Methodology for Virtual Simulations

2022-01-032503/29/2022

Felt-based dash panel insulation materials have traditionally been used as a sound barrier between the engine and passenger compartments in a vehicle to reduce the transmission of engine noise to the occupant space. Their structural performance has been mainly ignored due to the typically low stiffness and strength characteristics. Consequently, studies of the acoustic properties of these materials have been found in literature while no information was found on their mechanical behavior especially in dynamic loading conditions. More stringent requirements for occupant and pedestrian safety imposed by government regulations and the position of these materials in the impact zones of pedestrian head impact have brought attention to the material contribution to the energy absorption during the impact and the need to assess the mechanical properties of these materials. This paper presents tensile, compressive, and multiaxial impact results from tests conducted on two multi-layered felt

V S, Rajamanickam, Kavi, Swaroop, Savic, Vesna

An animal experimental study of the repetitive traumatic brain injury cumulative effect for better pedestrain protection

2022-01-105303/29/2022

Acute repetitive brain injury (rTBI) can occur in a pedestrian collision when the head hits the vehicle and the ground twice in a short period of time. In this paper, an animal model of acute rTBI was established to investigate the cumulative effects of repetitive brain injury under different combinations of impact levels. 117 adult male SD rats (190±20g) were divided into control, single impact and repeated impact groups, with the single impact group divided into three subgroups of mild, moderate and severe, and the repeated impact group divided into nine subgroups by combining mild, moderate and severe, and kinematic response parameters of the rat's head were obtained by high-speed camera and acceleration sensor. Modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was performed at 1h, 3h and 6h after injury; brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was detected at 6h after injury. Brain tissue was assessed macroscopically and the severity of injury was quantified using the abbreviated injury

Li, Kui, Wang, Peng, Song, Xuewei, Qiu, Jinlong, Zhao, Hui

Determining Pedestrian Crash Impact Location from Video Using PhotoModeler

2022-01-099403/29/2022

With the increasing popularity of dash cams combined with the ever-growing presence of traffic and surveillance cameras, the chance that a pedestrian-involved collision being captured on some form of video evidence is high. Pedestrian-involved crashes are on the rise across the United States and now, more than ever, crash investigators need every available tool to properly document and reconstruct a pedestrian crash. With the question of “how fast was the driver going” looming in nearly every fatal crash, the investigator will need to accurately and reliably determine the location of impact to successfully determine reasonable speed estimates. When the impact of the crash is documented on video, the location of the pedestrian at, or near, the impact can be documented using photogrammetry. This paper serves to illustrate the process by which PhotoModeler ® Standard can be used to determine the pedestrian’s location at impact using the inverse camera feature and extracted still frames

Mullinax, Bobby Jason

Research on characteristics and simplified function of pedestrian head injury criterion (HIC) based on mathematical analysis

2022-01-103503/29/2022

As an important evaluation reference of head injury, head injury criterion (hereinafter referred to as HIC) has been applied for more than 50 years. It is often cited not only in the automotive industry, but also in the fields of sports injury and medical biomechanism. Derived from the aggregate data of pedestrian protection test, this paper modelized six representative acceleration waveform and cubic function. In accordance with the methodology of mathematical and theoretical analysis, the HIC function has been simplified into an expression only related to the coefficients of the cubic function and verified. In the process, two inherent characteristics of HIC have been summarized, and a new way for solving HIC has been established.

Pei, Yuanjin, Wang, Song, Hu, Yue

Car-based external airbag for bicyclist protection in side impacts

2022-01-103203/29/2022

Cyclist injuries and fatalities are a world-wide concern and often a consequence of interaction with cars. The MICA2 Project (Modelling of Interactions between Cyclists and Automobiles) is aimed at protecting bicyclists from getting hit by a passing car. This study addresses the need for new passive safety systems through the development and testing of a novel external car airbag. The airbag was designed to add protection to the center side part of the car, in the B-pillar area, to protect the head of a bicyclist impacting a car in this area. Two methods were used to evaluate performance of the system. For full system tests, a Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was seated on a city bike and projected into the side of a car at either 30º, 60º or 90º to the car side. In addition, component tests an adult pedestrian headform was launched towards the roof rail or B-pillar structure of the car. We found the highest injury risk in a perpendicular (90 degree) impact between the bicycle and

Carroll, Jolyon, Enanger, Mikael, Jeppsson, Hanna, Lubbe, Nils

Reconstruction of an auto-rickshaw frontal crash using FE simulation with validation using captured crash video from India

2021-28-025710/01/2021

The three wheeled “Auto-Rickshaws” [Auto] plays a significant role in road transportation, especially in India. The crash safety and reconstruction studies have been widely used in four wheelers, whereas the availability of such data for Auto was found to be limited. In recent times, accident data processing from available videos is being utilised to observe the crash scenario, from which the crash parameters can be given as inputs to the crash analysis. This paper focusses on process the real-world accident data and study crash characteristics. With limitation in availability of detailed injuries post-crash, the study was restricted to reconstruction of crash kinematics and estimations of indicative injuries to driver. The source of video data is videos of crash available in public domains like YouTube. PYTHON video processing tool has been used to process the set of real-world accident video data. The object detection, Pixel per meter computation and object tracking are the major

S, Ragul, Sankarasubramanian, Hariharan, Kondaveeti, N S V Nikas, Yadav, Pandugayala Nithin

Pedestrian Safety Performance Prediction Using Machine-Learning Techniques

2021-26-002609/22/2021

As per WHO 2018 report, pedestrian fatalities accounts for 23% of world road accident fatalities. Every day 850 pedestrians lose their lives in the world. As per MoRTH 2018 report, 16% of road accident fatalities are of pedestrians in India. Everyday 64 pedestrians lose their lives in India. Based on accident data, one of the most common reason for the pedestrian fatality is head injury due to primary contact from vehicle front-end structure. Pedestrian head injury performance is highly depended on front-end styling, bonnet stiffness, clearance with aggregates underneath the bonnet and hard contact points. During concept stage of vehicle development, safety recommendation on front-end design is provided based on geometric assessment of the class A surface, as the maturity of the geometry is insufficient to carryout CAE simulations. This paper presents the novel approach of using machine-learning algorithms to predict the head injury performance at the early stage of the vehicle design

Kaushik, Bharat, Daphal, Pratap, Khare, Pratyush, Koralla, Sivaprasad, Bera, Satadru

USE OF MACHINE LEARNING TO PREDICT THE INJURIES OF THE OCCUPANT OF A VEHICLE INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT

2021-26-000309/22/2021

As per the 2018 MoRTH accident report, there were 467,044 accidents, out of which 137,726 were fatal which resulted in 151,417 fatalities. In order to get an idea of the reasons for injuries and estimate the benefits of any intervention, a mathematical model should go a long way. This study is aimed at the development of such a model to predict the injuries sustained by the occupants of an M1 vehicle. We used a detailed accident database of 'Road Accident Sampling System India' (RASSI). RASSI, since 2011, has been collecting traffic accident data scientific across various locations in India. In the data, the occupant injuries are classified as No injury, Minor, Serious and Fatal We used the data of about 4700+ M1 occupants for the study & used almost 40 input parameters to determine the outcome. Based on the data, an algorithm was developed with an overall accuracy of about 67%. The parameters represented human, infrastructure, and environment. In 67% of the cases, the injuries were

Howlader, Ashim

Innovative method of Child injury performance Optimization using Sled tests

2021-26-000809/22/2021

¬¬¬Child injury performance evaluation is becoming critical part of almost all legal and consumer based vehicle safety evaluation protocols. Most of New CAR Assessment Protocols (NCAP) now have separate ratings exclusively to evaluate Child restraint system effectiveness and Child dummy performance under various crash testing modes. OEM’s have need and challenge of maximizing injury performance. Sled tests are conventionally used for tuning restraints like seat belts and airbags for driver and co driver under various frontal type test conditions. However second row seats are used for CRS/ Child injury performance evaluations. In the present study an attempt is made to simulate child injury performance of P3 dummy positioned on second row seat on defined child seat for 64 kmph frontal Offset deformed barrier type test confirming to Global NCAP. Sled pulses are carefully tuned to capture key injury patterns. Thence restraint parameters are tuned to improve child dummy injuries

Shanbhag, Ganesh

Estimation of Socio-Economic Loss due to Road Traffic Accident in India

2021-26-001209/22/2021

India witnessed 151 417 road deaths in the year 20181 and this alarming number is due to increased urbanization, motorization and per capita income. India is home to the 2nd largest road network in the world and accounts for the highest number of road deaths globally. Curbing the menace of road deaths requires tactical road safety policies and their effective implementation. The meagre availability of factual data regarding socio-economic loss due to road crashes is proving to be a hindrance to the ideation and implementation of the policies. The Planning Commission estimated the social costs of road accidents to be ₹ 55 000 crore in 1999-2000 which was roughly 3% of the country’s GDP and this value was revised to ₹ 100 000 crores in 2011. Absence of data regarding the loss in recent times due to road crashes have been a motivating factor to our study. Road deaths bring about a great deal of human suffering in terms of social, medical and economic costs. In our study, data from In

Kumaresh, Girikumar, Saldanha, Fiona, Lich, Thomas, Moennich, Joerg

Magnetic Brain Waves to Detect Injury and Disease

TBMG-3832501/01/2021

A new sensor measures weak magnetic signals in the brain, which has the potential to increase the understanding of connectivity in the brain and detect signs of traumatic brain injury, dementia, and schizophrenia. The optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) sensor uses polarized light to detect changes in the orientation of the spin of atoms when they are exposed to a magnetic field.

Recommendation for Acceptable Operating Parameters of Heated Automobile Seats in Order to Mitigate Occupant Injury

J3047_202012 (Current)

12/07/2020

This recommended practice will promote a temperature and duration guideline that mitigates the risk of thermal injuries to the heated seat user. In addition, recommendations are established to indicate to the user when the heater is operating, and warnings that should be included in the vehicle literature.

Heated Seats Standards Committee

Products of Tomorrow: December 2020

TBMG-3818912/01/2020

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

Upper Body Robotic Exoskeleton

TBMG-3817312/01/2020

A soft, wearable, robotic upper limb exoskeleton garment was designed to actively control the shoulder and elbow, both positioning the limb in specific orientations and commanding the limb through desired motions. The invention was developed to provide effective upper extremity motor rehabilitation for patients with neurological impairments (e.g., traumatic brain injury, stroke).

The Effect of Change in Assembly Sequence on Permanent Strain of Cab Suspension Console

02-13-02-0011

08/20/2020

Heavy commercial vehicles play an important role in creating the trade and economic balance of countries. Also, the durability and safety of heavy commercial vehicles come to the fore. Heavy commercial vehicles consist of two parts. These are the chassis area with the equipment that allows the vehicle to move and the cabin section where the driver is located. The cabin area is the most important area that ensures the highest level of driver safety. Considering that the production of trucks is increasing day by day, it is inevitable for companies to increase their R&D activities in the field of cabin and cabin suspension systems for much safer, durable, and comfortable trucks. This study aims to determine the safe torque value of the fasteners and their assembly sequence of the Cab Suspension Console, which is one of the most important connection parts in a truck and which can cause a fatal accident by breaking. In this study, the safe torque value of the fasteners of the cabin

Yildirim, Bariscan, Öztürk, Dogan