Browse Topic: Titanium

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A Study on the Microstructural Changes and Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties in Stainless Steel Welds with Single Versus Double Stabilized Welding Wires2026-26-02881/16/2026
This research investigates the influence of stainless-steel stabilization, using single (titanium) and double (titanium and niobium) stabilized ferritic weld wires, on the metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion behaviors of weld seams and their heat-affected zones (HAZ). Two ferritic stainless-steel samples, one stabilized with titanium (Sample No. 1) and the other with titanium and niobium (Sample No. 2), were selected for this comparative study. The research involved comprehensive analysis, including fatigue testing of the welded joints produced by both types of wires (430LNb & 430LNbTi), correlated with detailed microstructural and mechanical characterization. Metallographic analysis via optical microscopy revealed distinct features of the HAZ and weld seam, focusing on grain size, shape, and weld geometry. Micro-hardness measurements were conducted to elucidate the mechanical properties of the weld seams. Tensile testing was performed using a Universal Testing Machine to assess
Gaware, Amol Chandrakant
Tolerances Titanium and Titanium Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, and Shapes AMS2245D (Current)12/9/2025
This specification covers established manufacturing tolerances applicable to titanium and titanium alloy extruded bars, rods, and shapes. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted. The term "excl" applies only to the higher figure of the specified range.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Test Publishing DocumentARP090824B (Current)10/13/2025
Test Publishing Document6667
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Elbow Assembly 45°, Flared Tube to Retained Nut, for Seal Ring** FK Test-2026-04-12 **AS4316A (Historical)9/29/2025
SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
TEE ASSEMBLY, FLARED TUBE, RETAINED NUT ON SIDE, FOR SEAL RINGAS4304A (Current)5/2/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
TEE ASSEMBLY, FLARED TUBE, ADJUSTABLE END ON RUN, FOR SEAL RINGAS4305A (Historical)5/2/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
TEE ASSEMBLY, FLARED TUBE, RETAINED NUT ON RUN, FOR SEAL RINGAS4302A (Historical)5/2/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
TEE ASSEMBLY, FLARED TUBE, ADJUSTABLE END ON SIDE, FOR SEAL RINGAS4306A (Current)5/2/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
ELBOW ASSEMBLY 90°, FLARED TUBE TO ADJUSTABLE END, FOR SEAL RINGAS4303A (Historical)5/2/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Influences of Martensite Morphology and Precipitation on Bendability in Press-Hardened Steels2022-01-02723/29/2022
Performance evaluation of martensitic press-hardened steels by VDA 238-100 three-point bend testing has become commonplace. Significant influences on bending performance exist from both surface considerations related to both decarburization and substrate-coating interaction and base martensitic steel considerations such as structural heterogeneity, i.e., banding, prior austenite grain size, titanium nitride (TiN) dispersion, mobile hydrogen, and the extent of martensite tempering as result auto-tempering upon quenching or paint baking during vehicle manufacturing. Deconvolution of such effects is challenging in practice, but it is increasingly accepted that surface considerations play an outsized role in bending performance. For specified surface conditions, however, the base steel microstructure can greatly influence bending performance and associated crash ductility to meet safety and mass-efficiency targets. This study reports and elucidates the positive effect of prior austenite
Enloe, Charles M., Mohrbacher, Hardy
LINK, TERMINAL, CONNECTINGAS25226C (Current)10/28/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Product Analysis - Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of SteelJ409_202107 (Current)7/15/2021
Supplementary to the heat or cast analysis, a product analysis may be made on steel in the semifinished or finished form. For definitions and methods of sampling steel for product chemical analysis, refer to SAE J408. A product analysis is a chemical analysis of the semifinished or finished steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally expanded to take into account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. Individual determinations may vary from the specified heat or cast analysis ranges or limits to the extent shown in Tables 1 through 5. The several determinations of any element in a heat or cast may not vary both above and below the specified range except for lead. Tables 1 through 5 provide permissible limits for various steel forms and composition types. For rephosphorized and resulfurized steels, the product analysis tolerance limits are not applicable
Metals Technical Committee
Product Analysis - Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of SteelJ409_202107-TEST-REC (Historical)7/15/2021
Supplementary to the heat or cast analysis, a product analysis may be made on steel in the semifinished or finished form. For definitions and methods of sampling steel for product chemical analysis, refer to SAE J408. A product analysis is a chemical analysis of the semifinished or finished steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally expanded to take into account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. Individual determinations may vary from the specified heat or cast analysis ranges or limits to the extent shown in Tables 1 through 5. The several determinations of any element in a heat or cast may not vary both above and below the specified range except for lead. Tables 1 through 5 provide permissible limits for various steel forms and composition types. For rephosphorized and resulfurized steels, the product analysis tolerance limits are not applicable
Metals Technical Committee
Iron-Nickel Alloy, Strip 49Fe - 5.3Cr - 42Ni - 2.5Ti - 0.55Al Solution Heat Treated, Cold Rolled, 50% ReductionAMS5225G (Current)6/1/2021
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Chemical Process Test Specimen MaterialAS2390A (Current)2/1/2021
This standard establishes definitions, guidelines, and requirements governing materials (e.g., alloy and heat treat condition) allowed for use in chemical process test specimens when requirements call for a generic class of alloy.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Minimizing Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Wrought Titanium Alloy ProductsARP982D (Current)9/21/2020
Primarily to provide recommendations concerning minimizing stress-corrosion cracking in wrought titanium alloy products.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Influence of Butanol and Nano Titanium Oxide into Non Edible Cotton Seed Oil Biodiesel on the Performance of CI Engine2020-01-21349/15/2020
Nonedible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the available renewable resources (liquid fuels) to reduce the dependency of diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This experimental investigation is to study the performance of compression ignition engine fueled with blends of non-edible cottonseed oil biodiesel and butanol with the assistance of nano Titanium oxide in various proportions. Initially, a solubility and property testing of various proportions of biodiesel and butanol were performed to obtain an optimal blend possessing similar properties in comparison to that of diesel. This optimal blend was ultrasonicated with nano titanium oxide (0-100ppm). The addition of titanium oxide nano into biodiesel butanol blends was attractive and it improved the essential properties. Results of the property testing showed that 35% butanol can be blended with biodiesel to obtain blend possessing similar properties in comparison to that of diesel. In-cylinder peak pressure and thermal efficiency
B, Prabakaran
Vanadium: A Green Metal Critical to Aerospace and Clean EnergyTBMG-373768/1/2020
In the 1960s, the world’s leading aerospace engineers at Lockheed’s Skunk Works facility faced an extraordinarily difficult engineering challenge: how to design a successor to the U-2 spy aircraft, which had proven increasingly vulnerable to advanced Soviet anti-aircraft systems. Among other capabilities, the next-generation aircraft they were to design required an ability to cruise at a sustained speed of Mach 3+, operate at altitudes exceeding 80,000 feet, and feature as low a radar cross section as possible. Given the technologies of the day – slide rules were still used by engineers for most calculations – it was a daunting task.
Vanadium A Green Metal Critical to Aerospace and Clean Energy20AERP08_028/1/2020
In the 1960s, the world's leading aerospace engineers at Lockheed's Skunk Works facility faced an extraordinarily difficult engineering challenge: how to design a successor to the U-2 spy aircraft, which had proven increasingly vulnerable to advanced Soviet anti-aircraft systems. Among other capabilities, the next-generation aircraft they were to design required an ability to cruise at a sustained speed of Mach 3+, operate at altitudes exceeding 80,000 feet, and feature as low a radar cross section as possible. Given the technologies of the day - slide rules were still used by engineers for most calculations - it was a daunting task. One of the key hurdles was designing and machining components of the jet's outer skin such that it could handle temperatures from aerodynamic friction and continuous engine operation as high as 1,050 °F. The answer: titanium-based alloys that contained the metal vanadium. When added to titanium, vanadium helps to create alloys with the best strength-to
Terminology for Titanium MicrostructuresAS1814F (Current)7/16/2020
This list of terms, with accompanying photomicrographs where appropriate, is intended as a guide for use in the preparation of material specifications.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Standard Stock Removal Allowance Aircraft-Quality and Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Bars and Mechanical TubingAS1182D (Historical)4/23/2020
The purpose of this document is to provide the aerospace industry with standards for minimum stock removal allowances for bars and mechanical tubing to provide surfaces which are free from decarburization, seams, laps, tears, cracks, pits, and other injurious surface imperfections.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Copper Strengthens 3D-Printed TitaniumTBMG-361903/1/2020
Titanium alloys used in additive manufacturing often cool and bond together in column-shaped crystals during the 3D printing process, making them prone to cracking or distortion. And unlike aluminum or other commonly used metals, there is no commercial grain refiner for titanium that manufacturers can use to effectively refine the microstructure to avoid these issues.
Titanium Alloy, Round Bar and Wire 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated and Cold DrawnAMS4957G (Current)1/14/2020
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of round bar and wire, 0.625 inch (15.88 mm) and under in nominal diameter or thickness.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Reducing the High Cost Of TitaniumTBMG-3566712/1/2019
Titanium is neither a precious metal nor rare, yet among industrial metals it has the reputation for being very expensive. It's the fourth most abundant metallic element and the ninth most abundant of all the elements in the earth's crust. Its commercially useful oxide ore occurs in the minerals rutile and ilmenite and numerous iron ores, and exploitable ore deposits are liberally scattered around the world in Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, South Africa and the U.S. But due to its properties and high cost it has often been referred to as unobtanium.
Reducing the High Cost Of Titanium19AERP12_0312/1/2019
Titanium is neither a precious metal nor rare, yet among industrial metals it has the reputation for being very expensive. It's the fourth most abundant metallic element and the ninth most abundant of all the elements in the earth's crust. Its commercially useful oxide ore occurs in the minerals rutile and ilmenite and numerous iron ores, and exploitable ore deposits are liberally scattered around the world in Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, South Africa and the U.S. But due to its properties and high cost it has often been referred to as unobtanium. With such great abundance why is titanium so expensive?
Aluminum Alloy, Alclad Sheet and Plate 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.18Zr - 0.10V - 0.06Ti Alclad 2219-T31; Sheet, Solution Heat Treated and Cold Worked Alclad 2219-T351; Plate, Solution Heat Treated and Stress RelievedAMS4095E (Current)10/1/2019
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.020 to 0.499 inch (0.51 to 12.67 mm) inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.4) alclad two sides.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024, -T3 Sheet/-T351 Plate with 1-1/2% Alclad) Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4041T (Current)9/3/2019
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate alclad two sides, over 0.187 to 1.000 inch (over 4.750 to 25.40 mm) in nominal thickness, supplied in the -T3/-T351 temper.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Method Uses Ultraviolet Light to Control Fluid Flow and Organize ParticlesTBMG-349078/1/2019
A new method uses ultraviolet light to control the flow of fluids by encouraging particles — from plastic microbeads, to bacterial spores, to pollutants — to gather and organize at a specific location within a liquid and, if desired, move to new locations.
Calculation of Electron Vacancy Number in SuperalloysAS5491D (Current)7/24/2019
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes a uniform procedure for calculation of electron vacancy numbers in superalloys. It is intended for use by suppliers of raw materials and parts, typically castings, for which control of electron vacancy number is required by the raw material specification.
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Titanium Alloy, Extrusions and Flash Welded Rings 6Al - 4V Solution Heat Treated and AgedAMS4934H (Historical)6/3/2019
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of extruded bars, and shapes, flash welded rings up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock for flash welded rings of any size.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Titanium Alloy, Extrusions and Flash Welded Rings 6Al - 4V Solution Heat Treated and AgedAMS4934H-TEST-REC (Historical)6/3/2019
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of extruded bars, and shapes, flash welded rings up through 3.000 inches (76.20 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock for flash welded rings of any size.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys by cold spraying onto Al7075F-0075-2019-146295/13/2019
The aluminum alloy Al7075 is commonly used in aircraft industry due to its high mechanical resistance to weight ratio. Nevertheless when the structure is being serviced upon the severe environmental conditions or loads degradation mechanisms could often been found in the material. To improve its behavior the cold spray process with various titanium powders (e.g. CP Ti, Ti-64) deposited onto Al7075 was investigated. The spraying of angular titanium powder was performed in the presence of nitrogen and helium supplied at process parameters (temperature, pressure), which were the maximum values attainable by the CS system used. The deposits were sprayed while maintaining a standoff distance in the range from 20 to 100 mm increased by 10 mm. The experimental data indicated that the deposition efficiency had increased significantly with increasing standoff distance. The coating porosity first decreased to minimum 0.6% and then increased significantly to 9.8%. The mechanical properties of the
Sienicki, Jaroslaw, Żórawski, Wojciech
Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium and Titanium AlloysAMS2249J (Current)4/5/2019
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought titanium and titanium alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Nickel with Nanoscale Pores Has the Strength of Titanium and Density of WaterTBMG-341794/1/2019
Titanium is as strong as steel but about twice as light. These properties depend on the way a metal’s atoms are stacked but random defects that arise in the manufacturing process mean that these materials are only a fraction as strong as they could be theoretically.
“Metallic Wood” Has the Strength of Titanium and the Density of WaterTBMG-339283/1/2019
Titanium is as strong as steel but about twice as light. These properties depend on the way a metal's atoms are stacked, but random defects that arise in the manufacturing process mean that these materials are only a fraction as strong as they theoretically could be. An architect, working on the scale of individual atoms, could design and build new materials that have even better strength-to-weight ratios.
LINK, TERMINAL, CONNECTINGAS25226B (Historical)1/14/2019
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Special Metals Make Unparalleled Medical Devices PossibleTBMG-335721/1/2019
Around the world, people are living longer with more active lifestyles thanks to continuing advancements in medical technology. This evolution in technology stems from the development of sophisticated metals and alloys that are finding new uses in internal and external medical applications. From improvements in diagnostic guide wires to new alloys for permanent implants in the body, metals continue to find new uses.
Titanium Alloy Cold Rolled Sheet and Strip 15V - 3Al - 3Cr - 3Sn Solution Heat TreatedAMS4914G (Historical)12/27/2018
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet and strip up to and including 0.125 inch (3.18 mm) in thickness.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Titanium Alloy Cold Rolled Sheet and Strip 15V - 3Al - 3Cr - 3Sn Solution Heat TreatedAMS4914G-TEST-REC (Historical)12/27/2018
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet and strip up to and including 0.125 inch (3.18 mm) in thickness.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, PD SHANK, TITANIUM AMS4967 (UNS R56400), .500-20 UNJF-3AAS9638A (Historical)8/23/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
INSERT - THIN WALL, METRIC SHORT AND LONG HOLE PREPARATION FORMA4812 (Historical)8/23/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Molybdenum Alloy Bars 0.48Ti - 0.09Zr - 0.02C Arc Cast, Stress RelievedAMS7819E (Current)8/14/2018
This specification covers an arc-cast molybdenum alloy in the form of round bars 0.125 to 4.5 inches (3.00 to 112.50 mm), inclusive.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Molybdenum Alloy Bars 0.48Ti - 0.09Zr - 0.02C Arc Cast, Stress RelievedAMS7819E-TEST-REC (Historical)8/14/2018
This specification covers an arc-cast molybdenum alloy in the form of round bars 0.125 to 4.5 inches (3.00 to 112.50 mm), inclusive.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Titanium Alloy, Sheet 6Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 2Mo - 2Cr - 0.15Si AnnealedAMS4898E (Historical)8/8/2018
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet in nominal thicknesses 0.016 through 0.1874 inch (0.41 through 4.760 mm).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Titanium Alloy, Sheet 6Al - 2Sn - 2Zr - 2Mo - 2Cr - 0.15Si AnnealedAMS4898E-TEST-REC (Historical)8/8/2018
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of sheet in nominal thicknesses 0.016 through 0.1874 inch (0.41 through 4.760 mm).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
LINK, TERMINAL, CONNECTINGAS25226A (Historical)7/10/2018
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Additive Manufacturing of Titanium AlloysF-0074-2018-128125/14/2018
ABSTRACT The most common additive manufacturing technologies are Electron Beam Melting and Selective Laser Sintering. It can be used with various materials including Titanium. Titanium alloys are also widely used in aircraft production. It is strong and stiff material however its processing using ordinary technology is generally complicated, time consuming and expensive. Oppositely for additive manufacturing, titanium is one of the most convenient to process. This opens new possibilities in aircraft production. This paper compares EBM and SLM technologies with the use of two titanium alloys (6-4 and 5-5-5-1). Titanium 6-4 is popular both in AM and conventional technics of production however its compression to 5-5-5-1 (which is not common in AM industry) broaden the range of AM available materials in terms of aircraft manufacturing. First part of the paper covers fundamental knowledge about AM industry, technology basics and general description, second covers list of materials which can
Wojtuszewski, Radoslaw, Banas, Aleksander, Oliwa, Mateusz
Scientists Develop Elastic Metal Rods to Treat ScoliosisTBMG-290655/1/2018
National University of Science and Technology MISIS Moscow, Russia
The Development of Low Temperature Three-Way Catalysts for High Efficiency Gasoline Engines of the Future: Part II2018-01-09394/3/2018
It is anticipated that future gasoline engines will have improved mechanical efficiency and consequently lower exhaust temperatures at low load conditions, although the exhaust temperatures at high load conditions are expected to remain the same or even increase due to the increasing use of downsized turbocharged engines. In 2014, a collaborative project was initiated at Ford Motor Company, Oak Ridge National Lab, and the University of Michigan to develop three-way catalysts with improved performance at low temperatures while maintaining the durability of current TWCs. This project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and is intended to show progress toward the USDRIVE target of 90% conversion of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at 150 °C after high mileage aging. The testing protocols specified by the USDRIVE ACEC team for stoichiometric S-GDI engines were utilized during the evaluation of experimental catalysts at all three facilities. This
Theis, Joseph R., Getsoian, Andrew (Bean), Lambert, Christine K.
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024, -T3 Sheet/-T351 Plate with 1½% Alclad) Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4041S (Historical)4/3/2018
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate alclad two sides, over 0.187 to 1.000 inch (over 4.750 to 25.40 mm) in nominal thickness, supplied in the -T3/-T351 temper.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
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