Browse Topic: Copper

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Life Cycle Assessment of Automotive Cables and GHG Emission Reduction Scenario in Indian Context2026-26-02401/16/2026
Globally, the emissions share of transport is 15%, out of which more than 2/3rd emissions are contributed by road transport as per 2014 report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The need of mitigation measures in transport sector has been realised however the study of life cycle emission needs to be done with the tailpipe emissions so that some holistic solution can be worked upon. Strikingly, in the life cycle studies of a passenger car, it was found that the share of raw materials related to copper is around 50% of the total amount of raw material used and the share of copper in the curb weight of vehicle is just 1%. Also, for an Internal Combustion Engine vehicle (ICE), mostly the copper is used in the wiring harness. In this paper, the life cycle assessment of wiring harness is done to understand the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle stages. The comparative study of aluminium alloy and copper has also been done to know the change in environmental
Kumar, Naman, Bawase, Moqtik, Thipse, Sukrut
Review on the flyback converter design for multi-output2026-26-02001/16/2026
With the increasing demand for DC loads, DC-DC converters have become indispensable in modern power electronic architectures. With high-voltage applications typical DC-DC converter topologies are required which include isolation for safety and voltage level conversion. Among various isolated converter topologies, the flyback converter is widely favored for low-power applications, typically under 100 W, due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Like other DC-DC topologies, the flyback converter can operate in either continuous conduction mode or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The work have focused on the design and performance analysis of a flyback converter operating in DCM, with a specific emphasis on magnetic component design and loss evaluation. A 55 W multi-winding flyback converter employing a passive snubber circuit is studied and implemented. The loss analysis is done with switch losses around 3.4W and the coupled inductor core losses around 1.5W and copper losses
S, Denis, Deshpande, Prathamesh Pravin, Deshpande, Rohan
Automated Gaseous Nitrocarburizing Controlled by PotentialsAMS2759/12C (Current)11/10/2025
This specification covers the requirements for producing a continuous white layer with controlled extent of porosity by means of a gaseous process, automatically controlled to maintain set values of the nitriding and carburizing potentials that determine properties of the nitrocarburized surface. Automatic control is intended to ensure repeatability of nitrogen and carbon content of the white layer which influences properties such as wear and corrosion resistance, ductility and fatigue strength.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
WIRE, ELECTRICAL, FLUOROPOLYMER-INSULATED CROSSLINKED MODIFIED ETFE, LOW FLUORIDE, NORMAL WEIGHT, 80 MICROINCH SILVER-COATED COPPER 200 °C, 600 VOLT, ROHSAS22759/50C (Current)11/10/2025
SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.
AE-8D Wire and Cable Committee
Grease, Aircraft, General Purpose, Low Temperature Range, Lithium ThickenedAMS3052B (Current)9/30/2025
Committee AMS-M is establishing an Industry Managed Qualification Program through the remit of the Performance Review Institute which requires this specification to be revised to reference the qualification process and controlling documentation.
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Effect of Busbar Design on the Thermal Performance of Battery Packs2024-26-01351/16/2024
Li-ion batteries face challenges which is not usually present with other chemistries is cell balancing. If a high imbalance occurs within a parallel circuit, possibly because of the poor cell -grading or due to temperature localization, the other cells will charge the unbalanced cell and it may be possible that the imbalance never completely fades away and the other cells also end up unbalanced, One of the key solutions to maintaining cell balance is to ensure that all cells within a battery pack are kept at a uniform temperature. This requires careful thermal management, which can be achieved through a combination of conduction and convection circuits. In this paper, a 1D-3D simulation study has been performed on a 12 V 4s4p pack by varying the thickness of HV busbars and temperature localization effects and temperature uniformity has been observed. The holder has 16 cells with a 4*4 grid pattern, each cell has a diameter of 18 mm and a length of 65mm. The cells are connected in
Jagtap, Aditya, Khan, Faiz, Shah, Harsh, Malani, Shekhar
LINK, TERMINAL, CONNECTINGAS25226C (Current)10/28/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.2Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.12Mo (0.07 - 0.13C) (9310) Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum RemeltedAMS6267K (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Low-Alloy Steel, Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock 0.95Cr - 0.55Mo - 0.30V (0.40 - 0.50C)AMS6304N (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy, heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C)AMS6407L (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Low-Alloy Steel, Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock 0.95Cr - 0.55Mo - 0.30V (0.40 - 0.50C)AMS6304N-TEST-REC (Historical)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy, heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C)AMS6407L-TEST-REC (Historical)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Thermomechanical Instabilities in Metal-Free Friction Materials Using a Nonlinear Transient Simulation Approach2021-01-128610/11/2021
The invention of metal-free friction materials is gaining popularity in the manufacturing of brake pads and clutch friction discs because of the negative factors associated with metals such as copper. To gain more insight into the failure mechanism of the recent invention during brake or clutch applications, a nonlinear transient thermomechanical model is established using Finite Element Code. The model is based on a two-dimensional configuration for an investigation on the onset of TMI (Thermo-Mechanical Instability) during sliding contact in such material. The model is validated by comparing the transient simulation results for a full-contact regime to the result from the existing eigenvalue method. A parametric study is carried out to examine how the thermal conductivities and the elastic moduli influence TMI. The simulation results show that the thermal conductivities in the transverse direction and elastic moduli in the longitudinal direction can stabilize the system. Conversely
Koranteng, Kingsford, Shaahu, Joseph-shaahu, Yi, Yun-Bo
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.1Si - 1.45Cr - 1.0Mo - 0.08Al (0.16 - 0.22C) Double Vacuum MeltedAMS6255G (Current)8/26/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, 90 DEGREE, SELF LOCKING AND NON-SELF LOCKING, PRE-ATTACHED SHIELD TERMINATION (RFI/EMI), BOOT ACCOMODATION, CATEGORY 3B FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES III AND IV CONNECTORSAS85049/117D (Current)7/30/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, STRAIGHT, NON-SELF LOCKING AND SELF LOCKING, PRE-ATTACHED SHIELD TERMINATION (RFI/EMI), BOOT ACCOMMODATION, CATEGORY 3B (FOR MIL-DTL-83723 SERIES III, AS50151 CRIMP, AS95234, AS81703 SERIES III, AND MIL-DTL-26482 SERIES II CONNECTORS)AS85049/109D (Current)7/30/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, 90 DEGREE, SELF-LOCKING AND NON-SELF LOCKING, PRE-ATTACHED SHIELD TERMINATION (RFI/EMI), BOOT ACCOMMODATION, CATEGORY 3B (FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES I AND II CONNECTORS)AS85049/114D (Current)7/30/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620)AMS6274S (Current)7/23/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Product Analysis - Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of SteelJ409_202107 (Current)7/15/2021
Supplementary to the heat or cast analysis, a product analysis may be made on steel in the semifinished or finished form. For definitions and methods of sampling steel for product chemical analysis, refer to SAE J408. A product analysis is a chemical analysis of the semifinished or finished steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally expanded to take into account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. Individual determinations may vary from the specified heat or cast analysis ranges or limits to the extent shown in Tables 1 through 5. The several determinations of any element in a heat or cast may not vary both above and below the specified range except for lead. Tables 1 through 5 provide permissible limits for various steel forms and composition types. For rephosphorized and resulfurized steels, the product analysis tolerance limits are not applicable
Metals Technical Committee
Product Analysis - Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of SteelJ409_202107-TEST-REC (Historical)7/15/2021
Supplementary to the heat or cast analysis, a product analysis may be made on steel in the semifinished or finished form. For definitions and methods of sampling steel for product chemical analysis, refer to SAE J408. A product analysis is a chemical analysis of the semifinished or finished steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally expanded to take into account deviations associated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. Individual determinations may vary from the specified heat or cast analysis ranges or limits to the extent shown in Tables 1 through 5. The several determinations of any element in a heat or cast may not vary both above and below the specified range except for lead. Tables 1 through 5 provide permissible limits for various steel forms and composition types. For rephosphorized and resulfurized steels, the product analysis tolerance limits are not applicable
Metals Technical Committee
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 87Cu - 9Al - 3Fe Stress RelievedAMS4635H (Current)7/7/2021
This specification covers one type of aluminum bronze in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, STRAIGHT, SELF LOCKING AND NON-SELF LOCKING, PRE-ATTACHED SHIELD TERMINATION (RFI/EMI), BOOT ACCOMMODATION, CATEGORY 3B (FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES III AND IV CONNECTORS)AS85049/115D (Current)6/22/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, STRAIGHT, SELF LOCKING AND NON-SELF LOCKING, PRE-ATTACHED SHIELD TERMINATION (RFI/EMI), BOOT ACCOMMODATION, CATEGORY 3B (FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES I AND II CONNECTORS)AS85049/112D (Current)6/22/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, 90 DEGREE, SELF LOCKING AND NON-SELF LOCKING, PRE-ATTACHED SHIELD TERMINATION (RFI/EMI), BOOT ACCOMMODATION, CATEGORY 3B (FOR MIL-DTL-83723 SERIES III, AS50151 CRIMP, AS95234, AS81703 SERIES III, AND MIL-DTL-26482 SERIES II CONNECTORS)AS85049/111D (Current)6/22/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Recommended Practice for Processing and Handling Wire and Cable with Silver Plated Conductors and ShieldsARP6400 (Current)6/7/2021
This ARP specifies the recommended methods of handling silver coated conductors and shield, by the conductor fabricator, wireinsulator, distributors, harness or assembly houses, and OEM’s. Red Plague mitigation depends upon each link in the chain of supply handling the wire and cable properly.
AE-8D Wire and Cable Committee
Compound for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)TBMG-385122/1/2021
Researchers have gained insights into a promising material for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The substance enables high light yields and would be inexpensive to produce on a large scale. The newly generated understanding will facilitate the rapid and cost-efficient development of new lighting appliances in the future.
Metal-Ion Breakthrough Leads to New BiomaterialsTBMG-3806211/1/2020
Engineers have developed a new framework that makes elastomer design a modular process, allowing for the mixing and matching of different metals with a single polymer. They incorporated copper into a vascular graft because of its role in inducing angiogenesis — the process by which new blood vessels grow from existing ones.
Composite Material Increases Electrical Current Capacity of Copper WiresTBMG-3797111/1/2020
Researchers have created a composite material that increases the electrical current capacity of copper wires. The research is aimed at reducing barriers to wider electric vehicle adoption including cutting the cost of ownership and improving the performance and life of components such as electric motors and power electronics. The material can be deployed in any component that uses copper including more efficient bus bars and smaller connectors for electric vehicle traction inverters, as well as for applications such as wireless and wired charging systems.
Steel Bars and Forgings, 0.25Mo (0.35 - 0.40C) (SAE 4037)AMS6300H (Current)10/19/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars and Forgings, 0.25Mo (0.35 - 0.40C) (SAE 4037)AMS6300H-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Influence of Increasing Amount of Attapulgite on the Performance Properties of Cu-Free Brake-Pads2020-01-160110/5/2020
Copper is almost inevitable functional filler in the brake-material and efforts to replace it are continuing since it is now known as a hazard to the aquatic life. It is always desirable to search for ingredients for Cu-free brake-pads, which will be beneficial for friction-related properties and especially fade resistance. Attapulgite, is a mineral which was proven to be an excellent substitute for asbestos in brake-pads long back. However, hardly anything in details is reported on its exact role in controlling tribo-properties of friction materials (FMs). It was of interest, if it can be helpful in enhancing the performance of Cu-free FMs. Hence, in this work a series of brake-pads (five types) was formulated and developed with increasing amount of attapulgite (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt. %) by compensating with inert barite particles in Cu-free FMs. The parent composition was fixed and instead of Cu powder, 10 wt.% stainless steel powder was used. One more type of pads was also developed
Bhatt, Bhaskar, Kalel, Navnath, Abdel-Latif, May, Bijwe, Jayashree
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 90.5Cu - 7.5Al - 1.9Si Stress RelievedAMS4634D (Current)8/20/2020
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 90.5Cu - 7.5Al - 1.9Si Stress RelievedAMS4634D-TEST-REC (Historical)8/20/2020
This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Laser Treatment Turns Metal Surfaces into Bacteria KillersTBMG-374398/1/2020
A laser treatment method was developed that could potentially turn any metal surface into a rapid bacteria killer just by giving the metal’s surface a different texture. The technique allows the surface of copper to immediately kill off superbugs such as MRSA. Copper has been used as an antimicrobial material for centuries but it typically takes hours for native copper surfaces to kill off bacteria. The new one-step laser-texturing technique effectively enhances the bacteria-killing properties of copper’s surface.
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130)AMS6370R (Historical)7/7/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130)AMS6370R-TEST-REC (Historical)7/7/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
5 Ws of Bacteria-Killing Metal SurfacesTBMG-370416/1/2020
Anyone concerned with eliminating bacterial pathogens including superbugs like MRSA.
Steel, Bars, and Forgings 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) Heat Treated, 105 ksi (724 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6325L (Current)4/10/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat treated bars and forgings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, and Forgings 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) Heat Treated, 105 ksi (724 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6325L-TEST-REC (Historical)4/10/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat treated bars and forgings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Copper Strengthens 3D-Printed TitaniumTBMG-361903/1/2020
Titanium alloys used in additive manufacturing often cool and bond together in column-shaped crystals during the 3D printing process, making them prone to cracking or distortion. And unlike aluminum or other commonly used metals, there is no commercial grain refiner for titanium that manufacturers can use to effectively refine the microstructure to avoid these issues.
DC Resistivity vs RF Impedance of EMI GasketsAIR1404 (Current)1/30/2020
This AIR discusses the DC resistivity property of EMI gaskets.
AE-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee
Design Treatment for Advanced Metals Enables Easier MachiningTBMG-358021/1/2020
Exotic and advanced metals are used in aircraft, orthopedic components, medical instruments, cars, solar panels, military equipment, and other applications. They are referred to as advanced or exotic because they are more difficult to find and more costly to use in manufacturing.
Aluminum Alloy, Alclad Sheet and Plate 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.18Zr - 0.10V - 0.06Ti Alclad 2219-T31; Sheet, Solution Heat Treated and Cold Worked Alclad 2219-T351; Plate, Solution Heat Treated and Stress RelievedAMS4095E (Current)10/1/2019
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.020 to 0.499 inch (0.51 to 12.67 mm) inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.4) alclad two sides.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
FITTING, ADAPTER, STRAIGHT PIPE TO FLAREDAS5194D (Historical)9/17/2019
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Influence of Amount of Phenolic Resin on the Tribological Performance of Environment-Friendly Friction Materials2019-01-21059/15/2019
The binder in friction materials (FMs) plays a very crucial role which binds all the ingredients firmly so that they can function the way they were supposed to do. The type and amount of binder, both are very critical for manipulating the desired performance properties, which mainly include friction and its sensitivity towards operating parameters, wear resistance, counter-face friendliness, noise, vibration etc. Although a lot is reported on the influence of types of resins on tribo-performance of FMs, hardly any paper pertains to paint this on a bigger canvas with more detailed understanding of the amount of resin in FMs on the performance properties. The present study addresses these aspects by developing brake-pads with identical composition but varying in amount (wt. %) of straight phenolic resins (6, 8, 10 and 12) by compensating the difference with barite, a space filler. The ingredients did not contain asbestos, Copper, Zinc, etc. and hence were environment friendly
Kalel, Navnath, Bijwe, Jayashree, Darpe, Ashish
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, Alclad 4.4Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.60Mn (2024, -T3 Sheet/-T351 Plate with 1-1/2% Alclad) Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally AgedAMS4041T (Current)9/3/2019
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate alclad two sides, over 0.187 to 1.000 inch (over 4.750 to 25.40 mm) in nominal thickness, supplied in the -T3/-T351 temper.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Temperature-Controlled MaterialsTBMG-344405/1/2019
Researchers have designed a temperature-controllable copper-based material for sieving or storing different kinds of gases. The rationale used to design the material could act as a blueprint for developing nano-porous materials with a wide variety of applications, including medical.
Rhombohedron Epitaxial Growth with Molten Target Sputtering (MTS) at 500 °C Substrate TemperatureTBMG-343805/1/2019
This invention applies to the field of sputtering, depositing SiGe thin films on sapphire substrates. It is a method of modifying the film growth front, enabling epitaxially grown heterostructure devices at lower temperatures and with higher purity, avoiding the conventional time required (2 hours) and high-energy-consumption thermal soaking at a high temperature (800 °C.) Less than 500 °C is enough to grow the single-crystal Si1-xGex (x=0.85) film because much higher-kinetic-energy molecules reach the substrate.
Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium and Titanium AlloysAMS2249J (Current)4/5/2019
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought titanium and titanium alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Artificial Skin Could Give Superhuman PerceptionTBMG-340003/1/2019
A new type of sensor could lead to artificial skin that someday helps burn victims ‘feel’ and safeguards the rest of us, University of Connecticut researchers suggest in a paper in Advanced Materials.
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