Browse Topic: Supply chain management

Items (3,172)

Impacts of Pulsating Flow on Topologically Optimized Porous Reactors in Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Systems

2024-32-007004/18/2025

Topology optimization (TO) in electrochemical systems has recently attracted many researchers. Previous studies suggested minimal performance differences between 2D and 3D designs, indicating that 2D models suffice to enhance performance, especially in unidirectional flow scenarios. A later study found that the concentration distribution in an optimized 2D flow system differed from that in a unidirectional flow system. We posited that pulsating flow could further enhance the performance of such systems. First, we initiated TO for a diffusion-reaction system in a steady state. The optimized structure obtained from this process served as the foundation for subsequent investigations involving a pulsating flow source in convection-diffusion-reaction systems. We introduced two different systems with distinct flow natures: one characterized by a flow nature of 1D and the other by a flow nature of 2D. The results demonstrated that the optimized structure with a heterogeneous distribution

Long, Mengly, Alizadeh, Mehrzad, Sun, Pengfei, Charoen-amornkitt, Patcharawat, Suzuki, Takahiro, Tsushima, Shohji

How Will TSN Ethernet Impact the Future of Embedded Computing for Aerospace and Defense Applications?

25AERP03_0603/01/2025

Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) Ethernet is a real-time networking capability that is being developed by a growing number of embedded computing companies for the earliest stages of adoption by aerospace and defense manufacturers and their suppliers. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TSN working group, it is a set of standards that provides deterministic connectivity within IEEE 802-aligned networks. Nigel Forrester is the Director of Product Strategy for Concurrent Technologies, a UK-based provider of high performance embedded computing solutions for aerospace, defense and many other industries. Check out our interview with Forrester about the potential impact of TSN Ethernet on new and legacy aerospace and defense applications, and how it is being adopted by manufacturers and system integrators below.

Investigating the Effect of Traffic Network Information on the Evolution of Traffic Flow in Intelligent Transportation Systems under Herd Effect

2025-01-721502/21/2025

Intelligent transportation has emerged as a critical paradigm in the transportation sector, underscoring the growing significance of digital information. The extent to which travelers comprehend transportation network information fundamentally influences the dynamics of traffic flow evolution. Traditional random user equilibrium models assume that travelers possess knowledge of segment flow information; however, they fail to account for route flow information. To date, research has yet to investigate how travelers’ decision-making behaviors are altered following the acquisition of route flow information. When endowed with such information, travelers frequently demonstrate behaviors influenced by the bandwagon effect, adjusting their routes to conform to the choices of the majority. This behavioral modification disrupts the existing equilibrium, resulting in a continued evolution of traffic flow until a new stable state is achieved. To examine the implications of transportation network

Zhou, Bojian, Yu, Yaofeng, Li, Shihao, Li, Kangjiao

Intelligent Courier Delivery Scheduling Based on XGBoost Feature Selection and Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study Using Chongqing Cainiao Express Data

2025-01-717602/21/2025

This study tackles the issue of order delays in logistics using XGBoost for feature analysis and reinforcement learning for intelligent courier scheduling. Pickup order data from May 1 to October 31, 2023, in Chongqing is analyzed using spatio-temporal statistical methods. Key findings include that order placement peaks at 9:00 a.m., delays peak at 10:00 a.m., and the delay rate is 8.6%. A significant imbalance exists between the regional daily average of dispatchable couriers and order volumes.XGBoost is employed to predict order delays, revealing that pickup location is the most influential factor (27%), followed by courier pickup location (22%). These factors and their relationships are identified as key drivers of delays.To address these issues, a reinforcement learning-based courier scheduling optimization model is developed. The model defines courier location, current time, and pending orders as state variables and adopts an epsilon-greedy strategy for action selection

Wang, Manjun, Yu, Xinlian

Aviation Safety Expert Unites Industry to Safeguard Aviation Supply Chain

TBMG-5212812/01/2024

In the summer of 2023, a receiving clerk in the procurement department of TAP Air Portugal, a Lisbon-based airline, made a curious discovery: A $65 engine part that should have appeared brandnew showed signs of significant wear. The clerk checked the documentation from the London-based parts supplier and noticed that the submitted documentation was also suspicious.

Contract Manufacturing: Accelerating Product Development

TBMG-5217212/01/2024

Design and material choices can have a long-term impact on an original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) production costs and product quality. When an OEM works together with an experienced contract design manufacturer (CDM) from the start of a project, many negative impacts to cost and quality can be avoided.

Maximizing the Potential of TPU Extrusion in Medical Tubing Applications

TBMG-5216412/01/2024

Whether for vascular catheters or implantable devices, medical tubing must meet tough standards for flexibility, strength, and biocompatibility. That’s why more manufacturers are turning to thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) that strike the ideal balance between these key properties, making them an excellent choice for high-performance medical tubing. Unlocking the best that TPUs have to offer means optimizing the extrusion process. This article looks at why TPUs are a top pick, the common obstacles in extrusion, and the ways manufacturers can fine-tune their process to get the most out of different grades.

OMNI-DIRECTIONAL AUTONOMOUS GUIDED VEHICLE (AGV) WITH WIRELESS NAVIGATION

2024-01-343611/15/2024

ABSTRACT Automatic guided vehicles (AGV) have made big inroads in the automation of assembly plants and warehouse operations. There are thousands of AGV units in operation at OEM supplier and service facilities worldwide in virtually every major manufacturing and distribution sector. Although today’s AGV systems can be reconfigured and adapted to meet changes in operation and need, their adaptability is often limited because of inadequacies in current systems. This paper describes a wireless navigated (WN) omni-directional (OD) autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) that incorporates three technical innovations that address the shortfalls. The AGV features consist of: 1) A newly developed integrated wireless navigation technology to allow rapid rerouting of navigation pathways; 2) Omnidirectional wheels to move independently in different directions; 3) Modular space frame construction to conveniently resize and reshape the AGV platform. It includes an overview of the AGVs technical features

Cheok, Ka C, Radovnikovich, Micho, Fleck, Paul, Hallenbeck, Kevin, Grzebyk, Steve, Vanneste, Jerry, Ludwig, Wolfgang, Garner, Robert

Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (Enhanced License)

AS6969_DA (Current)07/29/2024

Enhanced License for Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (AS6969) allowing for greater usage as outlined in the terms of the Enhanced License. Terms can be reviewed prior to purchase once item is added to the cart. Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (AS6969) This data dictionary provides a mathematically coherent set of definitions for quantity types used in data models for unmanned systems. In this data dictionary, a quantity is defined as a property of a phenomenon, substance, or body whose value has magnitude.

AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: The Supplier's Role in Achieving Sustainability

1346607/10/2024

When people think of sustainability in the automotive world, they typically focus on the automaker. But the reality is that sustainability goals cannot be met without suppliers. GKN Automotive is a Tier 1 supplier of driveline components, all-wheel drive systems, and plug-in hybrid solutions. Listen in as Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Tom Salisbury, Director of Sustainability, GKN Automotive, to discuss the company's sustainability goals, working toward a net zero supply chain, and responsible sourcing practices. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can learn about the adoption of SAE standard J3400 (also known as NACS or the Tesla port) and what it means for the future of charging EVs.

Hineman, Marcie

What Do Consumers Really Think About EVs?

1345806/05/2024

Consumers are complex -- and so is the EV market. From high expectations to sobering market realities, the EV landscape is hard to gauge without expert insight on consumer behavior. That's why we sat down with Jessica Caldwell, AVP and Head of Insights, Edmunds, to discuss consumer sentiment and the overall trends affecting EV adoption. By leveraging millions of vehicle transactions and web behavioral data, Edmunds helps make sense of the EV landscape for consumers, sellers, and the industry at large. Listen in as Jessica breaks down consumer perceptions and behavior, as well as the effect of interest rates, affordability, and inventory. It's an interesting conversation on what consumers really want -- and what it will take to turn the tide on EV adoption.

Hineman, Marcie

Pre-print testing CSP-6572

SAE-PP-0915102/01/2024

Regression pre-print submission

Atash, Ganira

Enhancing Cargo Transportation using Intelligent systems for better Logistics Management

2024-26-018301/16/2024

Efficient cargo transportation plays a crucial role in logistics management and supply chain operations. Accurately detecting and utilizing cargo space within vehicles is vital for maximizing transport capacity, minimizing costs, and optimizing resource allocation and time management. This research paper focuses on enhancing cargo utilization using intelligent systems to improve logistics management. The major research is on developing a system that combines computer vision algorithms and intelligent systems to detect and implement a combination of features for efficient use of cargo space within vehicles and monitor cargo to reduce losses. The proposed approach will use and utilize image processing methods to get relevant features and identify cargo areas. Machine learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and object detection frameworks, will be trained and evaluated on a comprehensive dataset of cargo images to identify the most effective approach for cargo space

JAGTAP, Pramod Prakash, Kale, Shreeja, Mahali, Rakesh

Scientific Approach for Pickup Cargo Weight Reduction

2024-26-019201/16/2024

Due to increasing competitiveness, the arrival of industry giants, product pricing, etc., the automobile market in India is becoming more dynamic to adopt the changes. Apart from this, the product needs to be competitive to capture market by lowering the benefit margin. After launch and gaining of mass volume of the market, the Value Analysis and Value Engineering (VAVE) helps in minimizing the design and development costs through removal of non-value adding processes and activities by understanding the product's value, functions, features, customer demand, quality, and Real-World Usage Pattern (RWUP) without affecting the performance and eventually help in increasing the profit margin of organization. In this study, the benchmarked based statistical Light Weight Index (LWI) technique is developed for the predicting the world in class optimum weight. For these four statistical Light weight Index numbers is derived based on the geometrical dimensions. This strategy is used for the

Patel, Mayank, Balasubramani, Sritharkumar, Pandurangan, Raman, Cornelio, Ronald, Senrayaperumal, Sakthivel, ved, Kapil, Mohan, Aravind

Controlled Production Quantity Release Applicability Determination Method

2024-26-035501/16/2024

During product development or design change, the aim is to fully validate all potential issues. On programs with significant complexity, it is difficult or impossible to fully retire all combinations of risk factors even with comprehensive analysis and testing approaches. These complex projects have the highest risk to launching with hidden defects can result in high warranty costs and erosion of customer satisfaction. This paper discusses a conservative approach called Controlled Production Quantity Release (CPQR) to manage the risks of these complex releases or changes by presenting a decision framework executed by a cross-functional team to identify those complex releases that deserve the methodical and monitored approach necessary to manage risk. The purpose of this method is to gain early concurrence with the program team with documented decision criteria rather than relying on individual opinions. This paper focus on structured approach of determining the applicability criterion

Mohammed, Zubair, Freeland, James, Soma, Nagaraju, Quadri, Danishuddin S.F.

A novel approach for Combi Braking System design considering tire's nonlinear behavior

2024-26-005801/16/2024

The standard usage of Combined Braking System (CBS) in lower cc/power 2-wheeler vehicles serves to reduce stopping distance and improve braking stability. The CBS system achieves this by engaging both the front and rear wheel brakes, taking advantage of the high load transfer characteristic during 2-wheeler braking. However, the current design of the CBS system relies on linear system analysis, based on vehicle geometry, load distribution, and tire-road friction. This approach overlooks the non-linearities inherent in braking dynamics, such as tire behavior and dynamic Center of Gravity (CoG) location. Consequently, the current CBS design methodology exhibits limitations, particularly in extreme scenarios where wheel lock-up may occur, such as on low friction surfaces or during panic braking. This paper proposes the incorporation of tire non-linearities into the design of CBS systems using Pacejka's tire model. Initially, calculations are performed to optimize the braking

Khandekar, Piyush, Badiger, Kartik, Gautam, Ashish, Soni, Lokesh

A research work to develop an e-Axle generic DVP for the Indian Market complying with Indian and International standards

2024-26-011801/16/2024

The electric vehicle market of India has very high growth potential in the coming years, and several automotive manufacturers, including Tier-1 suppliers, are looking to take part in this growth phase. The electric powertrains used in e-cars on Indian roads comply with BIS and AIS standards, but these standards alone do not give much clarity on the complete list of tests required to develop an e-Axle through all stages of development. A major challenge for OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers is to develop the e-Axle in-house for the Indian market, which will play a significant role in overall profitability at high volumes in the long run. Compliance with BIS and AIS standards alone will not be enough to meet the development requirements of an e-axle because a comprehensive list of the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Traceable requirements of any e-Axle are fulfilled through Performance, Functional, Durability, and Robustness categories of tests. This paper presents a study of

Ray, Rakesh Kumar, Vaither, G V N Selvavindhan

PRE-print testing CSP-6572

SAE-PP-0905612/12/2023

regression preprint

Atash, Ganira

Pre-print testing CSP-6572

SAE-PP-0904512/08/2023

regression preprint submission

Atash, Ganira

This is a testing Title

SM-SESSION-12052023-907AM12/05/2023

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been an indispensable tool for design simulation for several decades but this wide spread use has been limited to simple types of analyses. Relatively recently, more advanced analyses have given easy-to-use interfaces enabling design engineers to simulate problems formerly reserved for analysts. FEA Beyond Basics targets the FEA users who wish to explore those advanced analysis capabilities. It will demonstrate how to move past the ubiquitous linear structural analysis and solve structural nonlinear problems characterized by nonlinear material, large displacements, buckling or nonlinear connectors. The discussion will help participants identify, set up and solve complex nonlinear problems and as well as use results of nonlinear analysis to support the product design process. All topics are illustrated using FEA software, SolidWorks® Simulation, for which participants will be provided a student license (compatible with 64-bit Windows 7 SP1, 8.1, 10; IE

Pre-print testing CSP-6572

SAE-PP-0903112/04/2023

regression preprint submission

Atash, Ganira

testing resources

SAE-PP-0896711/09/2023

yadda yadda

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

Print regression testing

SAE-PP-0896311/08/2023

regression preprint submission

Atash, Ganira

Preprint regression testing

SAE-PP-0896211/08/2023

regression preprint submission

Atash, Ganira

SM test 1

SAE-PP-0894911/06/2023

test abstr

Mutagaana, Festo

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0870009/12/2023

automation test jms - abstact

Admin, Super

This is a testing Title

SM-SESSION-11272023-353PM07/13/2023

This is a testing Title

SM-SESSION-11292023-107/13/2023

This is a testing Title

SM-SESSION-11282023-301PM07/13/2023

This is a testing Title

SM-SESSION-11282023-301PM-New07/13/2023

This is a testing Title

SM-TEST-11282023-302PM07/13/2023

automation test jms - titleauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0828307/05/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0826507/01/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Avant-Garde EV Company to Build in the US

1340106/22/2023

While you may not have heard of Polestar, its exceptional performance, unique buying experience, and commitment to sustainability enables this novel brand to "intercept" its customers. Headquartered in Sweden and built with Scandinavian minimalism in mind, Polestar offers a friction-free, primarily digital EV buying experience which includes boutique showrooms in areas with high foot traffic--a contrast to the traditional car lot. The company recently unveiled its first electric performance SUV, the Polestar 3, which is produced in United States. With a focus on supply chain traceability and sustainability labelling, Polestar assesses their vehicles' lifetime carbon footprint, covering emissions from materials production, manufacturing, and logistics, use phase, and end of life. As part of their commitment to an electrified future, Polestar also recently partnered with the SAE Foundation to spark STEM curiosity amongst students. To learn more about this burgeoning brand, we sat down

Hineman, Marcie

test 06/19/2023auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0816506/19/2023

test 06/19/2023

Mutagaana, Festo

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0812406/09/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

automation test jms - title

SAE-PP-0812306/09/2023

automation test jms - abstact

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

jeneane test 5/10

SAE-PP-0792005/10/2023

after rabbitmq issues

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

Test by SM- 2024-05-10

SAE-PP-0791605/10/2023

With the introduction of the 7th edition of the PMI Project Management Guide the focus has shifted more toward project outcomes than to deliverables which were outlined in the 10 Bodies of Knowledge present in the 6th Edition. Rather than prescribing particular techniques and methods the 7th edition allows for the application of many of the newer existing frameworks and methodologies that project managers and engineers can use to guide their projects. In line with this approach the 7th edition also discusses how to effectively tailor project management to your unique industry and customer.. \nThis course will present how Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP) is incorporated into project management framework. Both formal PM and APQP are critical techniques used in product development in the mobility industry today. This seminar will bring these techniques together in an easy to understand format that goes beyond the typical concept of constructing timelines and task assignments. The

Mutagaana, Festo

Test SM 2024-05-09

SAE-PP-0904005/09/2023

This paper discusses Virtual Iteration Method (VIM) using Virtual Test Lab (VTL) to reproduce physical test to the proving ground. In general, VTL using Finite Element Model (FEM) and Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) Model is capable to describe nearly all physical behaviors of complex vehicles. However, MBD models often contain uncertain parameters such as a stiffness and damping of bushings that reduce accuracy. With the help of VIM it is possible to compensate for these imperfections and to improve the output quality for fatigue life prediction. A number of car makers are adopting CAE to obtain initial design guide line. It is still difficult to estimate durability performance using a fatigue analysis in initial stage of a vehicle development. This study proposes methods to evaluate durability in an early design stage. That is the suggestion of strength criterion to satisfy target life using the damages calculated from the load history only before the initial decision of design shapes

Mutagaana, Festo

Subjective development of EV propulsion noise to drive product differentiation

2025-01-006705/05/2023

The frequency and amplitude content of powertrain noise is motor torque and speed dependent and tends to influence the driver’s subjective perception of the vehicle. This provides manufacturers with an opportunity to drive product differentiation through consideration of powertrain noise in early stages of the development cycles for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on evaluation of customer perception to acoustic feedback of motor design options based on targeted motor orders and expected wind and road masking during high acceleration maneuvers. A jury study is used to explore the customer feedback response to a two-stage gearbox design with AC permanent magnet motor order combinations. The subjective influence of order spacing, dominant frequency content and the number of audible tones is studied to understand aural perspective product differentiation opportunities.

Joodi, Benjamin, Jayakumar, Vignesh, Conklin, Chris, Pilz, Fernando, Iyengar, Shashank, Weilnau, Kelby, Hodgkins, Jeffrey

Application of Hybrid SEA in Vehicle NV Package Optimization

2025-01-005005/05/2023

As India’s economy expands and road infrastructure improves, the number of car owners are expected to grow substantially in the coming years. This market potential has intensified competition among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to position their products with a focus on cost efficiency while delivering a premium user experience. Noise and Vibration (NV) performance is a critical differentiator in conveying a vehicle's premiumness, and as such, NV engineers must strategically balance the achievement of optimal acoustic performance with constraints on cost, mass, and development timelines. Traditionally, NV package optimization occurs at the prototype or advanced prototype stage, relying heavily on physical testing, which increases both cost and time to market. Furthermore, late-stage design changes amplify these challenges. To address these issues, this paper proposes the integration of Hybrid Statistical Energy Analysis (HSEA) into the early stages of vehicle development

Rai, Nitesh, Mehta, Makrand, Ravindran, Mugundaram

Identification and Evaluation of Passthroughs That Affect the Acoustic Performance of a Dash System

2025-01-012105/05/2023

This paper discusses a systematic process that was developed to evaluate the acoustic performance of a production electric vehicle dash system. The production dash panel was tested under different configurations to understand the importance of passthroughs in the acoustics of the dash system. Results show that often the performance of the passthroughs strongly affects the overall performance of the dash system and this may become the limiting factor to increase the system STL. The dash with passthroughs was then extensively tested to understand the acoustic strength of different passthroughs and to understand how these passthroughs affect the overall performance of the dash system. Subsequently a test procedure based on flat panel tests was developed so the OEM can develop target values and the suppliers can provide test results of their passthroughs that are meaningful and useful to the OEM to help build an acoustically competitive vehicle.

Saha, Pranab, Baack, Gregory, Geissler, Christian, Kaluvakota, Srikanth, Pilz, Fernando

Tonal noise investigation of automotive HVAC systems : a hybrid method

2025-01-002705/05/2023

There is no need to recall how the electrification trend of transport facilities has tightened the requirements around acoustic comfort. Within the automotive industry, these targets are more challenging for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems for which passengers are in the foreground of noise emissions. The complexity of the requirements and specifications set by car manufacturers and suppliers stems from a dual aspect. First is quantitative based on the sound pressure level, whether it's the overall level or 1/3 octave band spectra. The second is purely subjective based on the perceived noise quality by stakeholders and final customers worldwide. During development phases, low frequency tone noises are frequently encountered on these systems which might induce discomfort to the passengers. The experimental investigations usually point to an aerodynamic origin, which prompted this research activity. The purpose of this work is to analyze and understand the mechanism of

Bennouna, Saad, Alaoui, Mohamed

Experimental Investigation into Modulated Aeroacoustic Cabin Noise arising from Unsteady Flow Conditions

2025-01-002905/05/2023

The unsteady wind conditions experienced by a vehicle whilst driving on the road are different to those typically experienced in the steady-flow wind tunnel development environment, due to turbulence in the natural wind, moving through the unsteady wakes of other road vehicles and travelling through the stationary wakes generated by roadside obstacles. This paper presents the use of experimental approach using an SUV-shaped vehicle to assess the effect of unsteady wind on the modulated noise performance, commonly used to evaluate unsteady wind noise characteristics. The approach is extended to assess the pressure distribution on the front side glass of the vehicle, caused by the aerodynamic interactions of the turbulent inflow, to provide insight into the noise generation mechanisms and differences in behaviour between the two environments. The vehicle response to unsteady wind conditions was assessed using two approaches: a dynamic upstream unsteady flow the using active side wind

Jamaluddin, Nur Syafiqah, Oettle, Nicholas, Staron, Domenic

Evaluating Powertrain Mount Decoupling: Insights from Simulation, Experimental Results, and Analytical Calculations

2025-01-002205/05/2023

This study presents a thorough examination of engine mount decoupling by integrating virtual simulations, physical testing, and analytical calculations. Engine mounts are crucial for isolating vibrations and enhancing vehicle comfort and performance, making their dynamic behavior vital for effective design. In our approach, we employ multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations to model the interactions within engine mounts. By adjusting the bush stiffness parameters in the MBD framework, we can predict decoupling frequencies and analyze kinetic energy distribution. The bush stiffness values used in simulations are then applied in physical testing, ensuring consistency in the results for decoupling frequencies and kinetic energy distribution. This alignment between virtual and empirical data significantly enhances the reliability of our findings. Moreover, we conduct analytical calculations that correspond with the results from both the simulations and physical tests. This comprehensive

Shende, Kalyani, Shingavi, Shreyas, Rane, Vishesh, Hingade, Nikhil

Tire simulation to optimize road noise

2025-01-011105/05/2023

Tires have a significant impact on vehicle road noise. In the past, tire development has been driven by testing that is costly and time-consuming. Simulation approaches are becoming more important as the need for NVH performance requirements rises and vehicle development cycles get shorter. Therefore, simulation techniques should be used to tires at an early stage. Among various road noise, the noise of 80~160 Hz is easily felt when driving on the rough road, and this noise has a great relationship with the tire structural design. How to improve the road noise problem through tire simulation has become an important issue, so this paper puts forward the concept of virtual tire design and clarifies the responsibility of automotive enterprises and tire suppliers. In virtual tire design or tuning, an appropriate tire model is crucial for road noise performance. The CDtire model can meet the requirements, so in this article, CDtire is used to improve road noise at 80-120Hz. To obtain an

zhang, Ben, Yu Sr, Jing, Chen, Qimiao, Liu, Xianchen, Gu, Perry

testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0784304/19/2023

test

SintzADMIn, Jeneane

angular upgrade test

SAE-PP-0782804/11/2023

testing upgrade

Rickard, Christopher

test 2023/03/03 3:32 pmauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0782503/03/2023

test 2023/03/03 3:32 pmtest 2023/03/03 3:32 pmtest 2023/03/03 3:32 pmtest 2023/03/03 3:32 pmtest 2023/03/03 3:32 pmtest 2023/03/03 3:32 pmtest 2023/03/03 3:32 pm

Mutagaana, Festo

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