Browse Topic: Regulations

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Analysis of Road Accident Statistics for Females in India and Gaps in Safety Regulations2026-26-0020To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper investigates the current state of road safety for female occupants in India, with a particular focus on road accident statistics and the gaps in safety regulations. According to the Road Accident in India 2022 report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), female occupants constitute 16% of passenger car fatalities. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 525 passenger car accidents involving at least one female occupant from the Road Accident Sampling System – India (RASSI), this study evaluates the severity and patterns of injuries sustained by female drivers and passengers. The analysis identifies critical shortcomings in existing safety measures, particularly in addressing anatomical disparities and male-centric safety designs. Gender-disaggregated injury trends reveal heightened vulnerabilities for women in crash scenarios, including disproportionate risks to the chest, neck, and pelvis. Current regulatory frameworks rely on crash test dummies developed on
Ayyagari, Chandrashekhar, G, Santhosh Kumar, Rao, Guruprakash
A Comprehensive Comparative Study of Battery Swapping Technology vs. Traditional Charging Systems: Evaluating Efficiency, Scalability, and Future Implications for E-Mobility.2026-26-0194To be published on 01/16/2026
As the Electric Vehicle market accelerates at an unprecedented pace, the demand for efficient, scalable, and user-centric charging solutions has become critical. This paper delivers a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two transformative charging paradigms, conventional charging & the innovative Battery swapping technology. While traditional charging methods remains the industry backbone but they grapple with inherent challenges like prolonged charging durations, high infrastructure requirements and substantial energy consumptions. In contrast, the Battery swapping emerging as a disruptive solution which offering near-instantaneous battery replacement that drastically reduces the downtime and mitigates range anxiety, thereby redefining the parameters of EV usability. The paper embarks on a structured exploration of electric vehicle recharging systems, & beginning with a historical review & Evolution of both types technologies to better understanding of their foundational
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Revolutionizing Urban Mobility in India: The Emergence of the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle and the L2-5 Regulatory Framework.2026-26-0187To be published on 01/16/2026
Urban mobility in India is evolving rapidly under the pressures of population growth, increasing congestion, and the demand for innovative transportation solutions. With infrastructure development and urbanization accelerating, there is a growing need for versatile vehicles that can adapt to both personal and commercial purposes while addressing urban vehicle density. To meet this demand, the 2-3 Wheel Combi Vehicle has emerged as a groundbreaking modular mobility solution, enabling seamless transitions between two-wheeled (2W) and three-wheeled (3W) configurations. This is world's 1st class changing vehicle, exemplified by Hero's SURGE. It offers a single, multi-functional platform that supports agile urban mobility, e-commerce deliveries, and income generation. This innovation is underpinned by India's pioneering and newly created L2-5 category, a unique regulatory framework established by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR
Ali Khan, Feroz, Gupta, Eshan
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-0613To be published on 01/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
chaudhary lng, VIKASH, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Navigating the Field of Automotive Cybersecurity Relevant Regulations2026-26-0623To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years many automotive cybersecurity relevant regulations have been released and some have already started to come into effect. Moreover, some other regulations will come into effect in the next few years. These regulations provide requirements and guidance to automotive organizations with different degree of specifics. In this paper, we review a number of different cybersecurity relevant regulations such as UNR 155, UNR 156, AIS 189, AIS 190, GB 44495, GB 44496, EU Cyber Resilience Act, 15 CFR Part 791. We break down and categorize these regulations based on their scope and highlight key areas relevant to different teams within the organizations. These key areas include cybersecurity management system (CSMS), software update management system (SUMS), secure software development and software supply chain security, continuous cybersecurity activities (monitoring, incident response), and vulnerability disclosure and management. We then map responsibilities from the regulations
Oka, Dennis Kengo, Vadamalu, Raja Sangili
Automotive Cybersecurity Regulatory Framework2026-26-0625To be published on 01/16/2026
During the last few years, cybersecurity has become one of the key aspects in the automotive industry to ensure the safety and security of vehicles throughout their lifecycle. The implementation of new technologies and the goal of deploying fully automated vehicles in the not-so-distant future have created new needs regarding vehicle safety. As the automotive industry shifts toward automated and connected vehicles, the possibility of cyberattacks emerges as a significant concern. To address these challenges, different regulatory bodies and governments worldwide have developed or are developing a new set of regulations and standards with varying approaches to legislate or standardize the minimum criteria that manufacturers must follow to ensure security against potential attacks, adding requirements to ensure the cybersecurity of the vehicles at all levels. At the United Nations level, UN Regulation 155 was introduced in 2021, establishing requirements for manufacturers' cybersecurity
Flix, Oriol, Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin
Real-Time Lane Change Risk Estimation Using Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI) and Fault Tree Analysis2026-26-0040To be published on 01/16/2026
Accidents during lane changes are increasingly becoming a problem due to various human based and environment-based factors. Reckless driving, fatigue, bad weather are just some of these factors. This research introduces an innovative algorithm for estimating crash risk during lane changes, including the Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI). Unlike existing studies and algorithms that mainly address rear-end collisions, this algorithm incorporates exposure time risk and anticipated crash severity risk using fault tree analysis (FTA). The risks are merged to find the ELCRI and used in real time applications for lane change assist to predict if lane change is safe or not. The algorithm defines zones of interest within the current and target lanes, monitored by sensors attached to the vehicle. These sensors dynamically detect relevant objects based on their trajectories, continuously and dynamically calculating the ELCRI to assess collision risk during lane changes. Additionally
Dharmadhikari, Mithil, S, Mrudula, Nair, Nikhil, Malagi, Gangadhar, Paun, Cristin, Brown, Lowell, Korsness, Thomas
From UN R79 to UN R171: NATM Multi-Pillar Framework in DCAS Regulation2026-26-0137To be published on 01/16/2026
The introduction of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) represents a paradigm shift in transportation, promising enhanced safety, efficiency, and accessibility. However, the deployment of these technologies requires a robust regulatory framework to ensure their safe integration into existing transportation systems. This paper examines the role of UN Regulation 171 on Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS) in shaping the future of CAVs. As the automotive industry progresses towards higher levels of automation, from the current SAE Level 2 vehicles to the aspired Level 5 fully autonomous cars, the importance of clear regulatory guidelines becomes mandatory. This regulation provides a standardized approach to DCAS, ensuring consistency across different manufacturers and countries, but also to Approval Authorities and Technical Services. UN R171 aims to cover the gap between current ADAS systems already covered by UN Regulations, and CAV systems, under development within the
Flix, Oriol, Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin
Regulatory Divergence in Autonomous Vehicle Deployment A Comparative Study of the US, EU, and China2026-26-0243To be published on 01/16/2026
Autonomous vehicle (AV) regulatory frameworks vary significantly across global regions, with the United States, European Union (EU), and China exemplifying distinct approaches. The US adopts a decentralized model, allowing state-level regulation with federal guidance, fostering testing and commercial deployment of Level 4 automation. The EU enforces a harmonized, safety-focused framework under legislation like Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 and (EU) 2022/1426, emphasizing structured validation within defined operational domains. China employs a centralized regulatory hierarchy, integrating national standards with localized pilot programs and connected infrastructure. While the US leads in commercial deployment and China advances through coordinated efforts, the EU’s cautious framework is often perceived as a barrier to rapid AV adoption. This paper critically analyzes these regulatory models, emphasizing the need for a robust, harmonized framework that ensures safety and public trust
Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin, Flix, Oriol
Overview of Indian Government Policies, Evolution of Indian Automotive Regulations and Striking balance approach for adoption2026-26-0242To be published on 01/16/2026
A well-regulated vehicle design and manufacturing instils driver and passengers' safety and comfort, and lays the foundation for safe and clean mobility. Evolution of Automotive regulation has a long legacy across the globe. India has been closely following the Automotive regulatory progress in the Europe as a cornerstone for technical harmonization, cross learning, gauge benefits and economic implications. Even though India being a developing country, it has not only shown its willingness to harmonize world's best practices but also been making right preparations towards safe and clean mobility. Adoption of BS-VI directly from BS-IV is a testament to India's commitment. While doing so, Government of India (GOI) has always been striking a balanced approach between harmonization of regulations and business implications (ground reality, TCO, business sustenance and growth). Given the above context, the paper explores about: i)Trajectory of evolution of Automotive regulations in India
Patil, Dharmarayagouda
Plating, Brush, Cadmium Corrosion Protective, Low Hydrogen EmbrittlementAMS2451/4E (Current)11/10/2025
This specification establishes the requirements for brush plating of cadmium by electrodeposition.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
A Novel approach to define and validate market representative routes for IUPRm development in India.2024-26-036101/16/2024
To promote real time monitoring, IUPRm checks has been enforced in India from Apr’23 as a part of BS6-2 regulation. Since IUPRm monitoring is representative of diagnostic frequency in real driving conditions and usage pattern therefore, for achieving IUPRm targets, understanding of real-world driving patterns is needed. This paper shares methodology and Validation steps for defining IUPR routes for Indian market. Methodology objective is to standardize the market operating conditions over a particular region. Selected Methodology consist of three steps: First step is to have a pre-market survey to know current IUPR status and improvement areas in existing market vehicles (BS6-1). Second step is to define market representative localized on road routes based on the finding of Pre-market survey. Third step is to validate defined IUPR routes and correlate the output in reference to coverage of market operating conditions. Routes definition starts with organizing customer survey to capture
Sharma, Prashant, Singh, Dilbagh, kumar, Amit, Gautam, Amit, Khanna, Vikram
Regulatory Framework for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India2024-26-008901/16/2024
The Construction & Mining field is continuously upgrading, reshaping under the stimulus of technical enhancement. India is considered one of fastest growing country in the word. Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India is continuously growing due increased rate infrastructure development. To promote development of the Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV's) manufacturing sector it was also necessary to build a new governance architecture. Every vehicle plying on road has to comply with Central Motor Vehicle Regulatory requirements as per CMVR act 1989. Earlier 2021 CEV's were required to go through performance trials like brake, steering effort, turning circle measurement, speedometer calibration as dynamic tests as per regulations. It was need of the time to come with stringent norms or for better safety of operators & take CEV compatible international regulation. this paper puts forward the basic principles & safety requirements improved for CEV's over the time
Babar, Sagar, Akbar Badusha, A
The Scope of Autonomous Vehicle Mobility with an Indian Context2024-26-008701/16/2024
The advent of autonomous vehicles promises to revolutionize the transportation sector globally, and India, as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, stands at the forefront of this transformative technology. This abstract presents a brief overview of the current state and potential implications of autonomous vehicles in the Indian context. With its densely populated cities, diverse traffic conditions, and complex road infrastructure, India presents unique challenges and opportunities for the deployment of autonomous vehicles. This technology has the potential to address critical issues such as road safety, congestion, and pollution while transforming the mobility experience for millions of people. However, several hurdles must be overcome to fully harness its benefits. The abstract explores key considerations for the implementation of autonomous vehicles in India. These include adapting the technology to navigate chaotic traffic scenarios, addressing infrastructure limitations
Shetty, Sharan Harish
Numerical simulation of Vehicle Dynamics performance of a Formula 1 Car based on 2022 regulations with integrated Power Unit2022-01-044503/29/2022
The Formula One World Championship gathers the best of engineering to produce the safest and the fastest cars in straight lines and corners. The new FIA budget restrictions and the cost of testing push the teams to use numerical simulations for the development of their car, aiming to reproduce the behaviours of the vehicle on different racetracks. Current published models use a rigid body representation of the chassis to describe the motion of the car. This omits the influence of the powertrain, in particular by not fully representing the action of the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGUK) system acting on braking. The aim of this work is to predict the vehicle dynamics performance of a Formula One car from a powertrain perspective on three circuits of the Formula One Championship race Calendar. The vehicle model developed on GT-Suite and which complies with the FIA 2022 technical regulations, includes the main elements for predicting vehicle dynamics, such as the vehicle body, wheels
Praneuf, Valentin, Samuel, Stephen
Identifying Cybersecurity Focus Areas in Connected Cars Based on United Nations Regulation No. 155 Attack Vectors and Beyond2022-01-014103/29/2022
The arrival of 5G will enable vehicles to become better connected. In order to allow this evolution to manifest safely, the UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) introduced the United Nations Regulation No. 155(UN-R155) this January, with expectations that at least 54 countries will mandate it starting July 2022. This regulation provides 69 attack vectors manufacturers are required to secure against, although it does not include specific countermeasures. Security methods and corresponding technologies change with time and are influenced by evolving connected car technologies as well as the threat landscape. Implementing effective cybersecurity means conducting a thorough risk analysis and prioritizing what needs to be achieved. Trend Micro Research conducted a risk analysis on each of the 69 attack vectors from a current and future perspective. In addition, we went beyond the attack vectors listed in UN-R155. Using our own analysis and insights, we brought
Huq, Numaan, Vosseler, Rainer
Investigations on Visibility of Digital Road Projections2022-01-095903/29/2022
With the arrival of Digital Projectors in Automotive Applications the possibilities of communication have drastically increased. Since there was no regulation in advance, the discussion about how to assess digital projections is now very active. Concerns are communicated, but with rare research base. This paper will investigate, if and in which geometrical space road projections are visible to other road traffic participants like oncoming, passing drivers or pedestrians. The research will investigate where projections are recognizable and assignable to the original intention of the projection. Test persons will be placed around the digital projections in a street scenery in night time driving condition. A grid will be created to identify the areas where digital projections could be understood and where the digital projections are not assignable to any interpretation. A questionnaire on safety evaluation will be added. The paper will present the geometrical “readability map” of digital
Hamm, Michael, Kobbert, Jonas, Hinterwaelder, Christian
Modular HD Transmission Family for Fuel Consumption Reduction Tailored for Indian Market Needs.2021-26-004909/22/2021
Global warming is the driver for the introduction of CO2 and Fuel Consumption legislation worldwide. Indian Truck manufacturers are facing the introduction of Indian Fuel Efficiency Phase 2. In the European Union the CO2 emission monitoring phase of the most relevant truck classes will be completed in June 2020 by usage of the Vehicle Energy Calculation Tool VECTO. Indian rulemaking is currently also considering an adaptation of VECTO for the usage in the India Indian truck market used always to be very cost sensitive. Introduction of Bharat Stage VI Phase I already led to a significant increase of product costs, which not directly manifest benefits to the end users. Therefore, it will be of vital importance to keep the additional product costs for achievement of future fuel consumption legislation as low as possible as long as they don’t refund them in real world operation. So far, confirmation of Indian Fuel consumption requirement fulfillment takes place under constant driving
Raser, Bernhard
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Online Criminal Underground: Cybersecurity and Corporate Threats1316209/09/2021
There are constant news blasts highlighting ransomware incidents, company data hacks, and online theft. These threats are real and growing more present by the day - ultimately, increased connectivity, untraceable cryptocurrency, and bad international actors all but ensure that online data is at risk. What is it that causes company risk? Who are the actors at fault? And, perhaps most importantly, what can be done to mitigate these risks? Greg Otto, Chief Cybercrime Reporter at Intel 471 discusses prevention methods as well as how international agencies, businesses, the federal government, and insurance companies are working diligently to protect their own interests as well as our data. As hacking prevention methods become simpler and more convenient, the field of cybersecurity will become more secure. Learn more about the current challenges, relevance and importance of cybersecurity with SAE's Automotive Cybersecurity Certification course. The program teaches the context and
Hineman, Marcie
Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 87Cu - 9Al - 3Fe Stress RelievedAMS4635H (Current)07/07/2021
This specification covers one type of aluminum bronze in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Development and Characterization of Aerosol Conditioning Devices for Solid Ultrafine Particle Measurement from Diesel Engines: A Review2021-01-061504/06/2021
Emission regulations mandate the measurement of solid particles of size greater than 23 nm according to UNECE informal working group particle measurement protocol (PMP). The volatile particles from the engine exhaust are removed by heating and dilution in a device according to the UNECE PMP program. The analysis of solid particles from diesel engines requires aerosol conditioning systems, which can effectively remove volatile particles/species with minimum solid particle losses. Currently, the regulations only allow using an evaporation tube for the measurement of solid particles. Different laboratories have also demonstrated other alternatives such as thermodenuder and catalytic stripper for measuring the solid ultrafine particles emitted from the diesel engine. This paper reviews the recent literature related to the thermodenuder and catalytic striper’s design and operating characteristics. The performance parameters, such as penetration efficiency and volatile removal efficiency
Rana, Sahil, Saxena, Mohit Raj, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar
The Increasing Importance of Particles, Volatile Organic Compounds and Ammonia in Future Air Quality Policy2021-01-060704/06/2021
Ensuring continuing environmental and health improvements, it is important regularly to reassess what pollutants from vehicles are targeted. Are the right compounds being regulated? The Emissions Analytics’ presentation looks at a range of pollutant sources that may need to be considered to give a holistic view of the environmental impact of vehicles, supported by data from its independent, real-world EQUA test programme. Post-Euro-6 emissions regulation in Europe is an opportunity to simplify and refocus on emerging environment threats. Certain unregulated tailpipe pollutants, such as ammonia, which contributes to secondary particle formation, are candidates for future regulation. Volatile organic compounds are of interest from several angles: vehicle interior air quality and the off-gassing from materials; tailpipe speciation of hydrocarbons including formaldehyde; and off-gassing from tyres. Tyre wear emissions are currently unregulated but are believed to be a growing contributor
Hobday, Nick Molden
Photoreceptor System for Melatonin Regulation and PhototherapyTBMG-3850002/01/2021
Light is the primary stimulus for regulating circadian rhythms, seasonal cycles, and neuroendocrine responses in many species including humans. During the past 20 years, studies have tested the use of light for treating fall and winter depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD), non-seasonal depression, sleep disorders, menstrual dysfunction, and eating disorders. In addition, investigators are exploring the use of light for reentraining human circadian physiology relative to the challenge of shift work or intercontinental air travel.
Vehicle Safety Communications Landscape Clarifies with Controversial FCC Ruling21AVEP01_0601/01/2021
The vehicle-to-everything communications-technology debate is “solved” by federal regulators - and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) appears to be the winner. After years of transportation-industry tussle over competing technologies to enable communications between vehicles and a “connected” environment, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has decided the matter. On Nov.18, 2020, the FCC ruled it will allow a portion of the 5.9-GHz “Safety Spectrum” long reserved for the transportation sector to be allocated to unlicensed private usage such as Wi-Fi internet connectivity. The ruling effectively eliminates the future for Wi-Fi-based Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and locks in the advancing alternative, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). Despite many experts' opinion that the decision to now limit transportation communications to just the upper 30 MHz of the 75-MHz spread within the 5.9-GHz (5.850-5.925 GHz) Safety Spectrum has not been sufficiently
Visnic, Bill
Comparison of Particulate Matter and Number Emissions from a Floating and a Fixed Caliper Brake System of the Same Lining Formulation2020-01-163310/05/2020
The particulate emissions of two brake systems were characterized in a dilution tunnel optimized for PM10 measurements. The larger of them employed a fixed caliper (FXC) and the smaller one a floating caliper (FLC). Both used ECE brake pads of the same lining formulation. Measured properties included gravimetric PM2.5 and PM10, Particle Number (PN) concentrations of both untreated and thermally treated (according to exhaust PN regulation) particles using Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) having 23 and 10 nm cut-off sizes, and an Optical Particle Sizer (OPS). The brakes were tested over a section (trip-10) novel test cycle developed from the database of the Worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). A series of trip-10 tests were performed starting from unconditioned pads, to characterize the evolution of emissions until their stabilization. Selected tests were also performed over a short version of the Los Angeles City Cycle. PM2.5 emissions of burnished pads
Mamakos, Athanasios, Arndt, Michael, Hesse, David, Hamatschek, Christopher, Augsburg, Klaus
Potentials and Challenges of a Brake Particle Emission Collecting System2020-01-163510/05/2020
Brake particle emissions as a part of non-exhaust emissions are becoming more and more relevant, various international research activities can be stated. Also from the legislation side, first hints are given in regards of possible regulations. One possible approach for the reduction of brake particle emissions deals with the collection of those particles close to the foundation brake. The presented paper will follow such an approach and give some insights. In a first step, the technical layout is described for bench and vehicle testing. While for bench testing a PMP-like style of the setup could be chosen, the vehicle test setup is oriented on conventional wheel dust measurements. Hence, presented results of laboratory testing are dealing with PN and PM measurements. Also the impact on particle size distribution is discussed. It can be stated, that the particle collecting system is able to improve PN and PM emissions. Additionally, ultra-fine particles are almost eliminated. The
Gramstat, Sebastian, Hascoet, Matthieu, Rocca-Serra, Christophe, Adamczak, Loic
Medical Device Innovation: Three Keys to Success in the Face of COVID-19TBMG-3785110/01/2020
There are no shortages of innovative ideas that advance medical technology. The challenge is how to bring great ideas to market within today’s regulatory environment, reimbursement structure, and within a reasonable timeline and budget. With the added challenges of dealing with the uncertainties and shelter-in-place requirements in response to COVID-19, it is especially difficult to keep up with the schedules, budgets, and project goals. What separates those organizations that consistently deliver innovation, maintain competitive advantages, and achieve commercial success?
Soot Load Monitoring in Gasoline Particulate Filter Applications with RF-Sensors2020-01-217109/15/2020
With the start of Euro 6d regulations, gasoline particulate filters (GPF) have become standard equipment in European vehicles with gasoline-direct-injection engines. GPFs will also be broadly applied to meet the upcoming China 6 regulations. An existing challenge with GPFs is accurate soot load detection to manage the pressure loss across the exhaust system and to protect the GPFs from soot overload, which could potentially cause damage as result of uncontrolled soot oxidations. Systems with the GPF located in the under-floor position have a higher potential risk of soot overload due to lower temperatures, which can result in higher soot accumulation rates. The accuracy of existing soot estimation methods such as evaluation of the pressure drop of the soot-loaded GPF or model-based balancing of soot accumulation versus soot oxidation rates are sensitive to transient operating condition of a vehicle. Identifying an alternative method for accurate monitoring of the soot-loading state of
Nicolin, Per, Boger, Thorsten, Dietrich, Markus, Haft, Gerhard, Bachurina, Anastasiia
On-Road Emissions of Euro 6d-TEMP Vehicles: Consequences of the Entry into Force of the RDE Regulation in Europe2020-01-221909/15/2020
Human health and the environment are heavily impacted by air pollution. Air quality standards for Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) are commonly exceeded in Europe, particularly in urban areas with high density of traffic. Road transport contributed to 39% of NOx emissions, and 11% of PM emissions in the European Union (EU) in 2017. Measurements with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) showed that most Euro 5 and Euro 6b diesel vehicles emitted significantly more NOx on the road than their permissible limit in the laboratory type-approval test. In that context, EU Real Driving Emissions (EU-RDE) regulation aims at securing low on-road emissions of light duty vehicles under normal conditions of use. This paper assesses the tailpipe emissions performance of Euro 6d-TEMP gasoline and diesel passenger cars, type-approved after the entry into force of the RDE regulation in September 2017. Vehicles were tested by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the in-house
Valverde Morales, Victor, Clairotte, Michael, Pavlovic, Jelica, Giechaskiel, Barouch, Bonnel, Pierre
A System and Method to Determine Soak Time2020-01-201609/15/2020
In a competitive engineering business world, there is a constant demand to meet stringent emissions and on board diagnostic (OBD) regulations in a cost-effective manner. Engineers are tasked with the responsibility to innovate and design solutions around cost-cutting measures that involve reducing bill of material costs on the printed circuit board (PCB). Varied features in commercial application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) devices makes it more challenging to create consistent engineering design methods to provide critical inputs for controls and diagnostic strategies. In addition, continuous evolution of the emissions and OBD regulations in the different markets make it challenging for ASIC design manufacturers to evolve their hardware designs quickly. One such input is soak time. Soak time is typically defined as the amount of time the engine has been turned off. Emission controls and OBD algorithms use soak time to enable cold and hot start processing strategies. There are
Sundar, Bharath, Allen, William J.
New EU Patent System Could Unify and Simplify Process20AVEP05_0805/01/2020
Europe's new unitary patent system and a flurry of AV legislation could be a boon to innovators. To engineers who are developing autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies, the legal landscape around innovation can look increasingly complex. And the patent path may seem daunting. But advances to simplify the process are on the way, beginning with the introduction of a European unitary patent system that “promises to considerably simplify the current patent system,” says Stuart Latham, partner and patent attorney at Withers & Rogers, one of Europe's largest firms specializing in intellectual property. Under the new system, businesses will be able to apply for a single unitary patent spanning all EU member states that opt to introduce the new system without the need to validate the patent at jurisdictional level. Latham said this “could provide a cost-effective way to secure commercial protection across the EU, allowing time for markets and regulatory environments to continue to evolve.”
Birch, Stuart
Playing Defense20AERP05_0205/01/2020
Uncertain Regulations Stall the Implementation of Counter-UAS Technology in The U.S. In early September 2019, a radical environmentalist group called “Heathrow Pause” threatened to shut down Heathrow Airport in the UK by flying drones within the airport's no-fly zone to call attention to climate change. Some Heathrow Pause members were arrested the day before their previously announced fly-date (9/13) and on the day itself their drones were unable to take off, electronically jammed by the authorities. The protest represents a new wrinkle in the fast-moving world of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) use and integration. As previous drone-induced airport disruptions at Heathrow and Gatwick in the UK and at Newark Airport, New Jersey in the U.S. demonstrate, society will need to prevent as well as facilitate drone use in daily life.
Simulation of Aftertreatment Thermal Management Strategies for Low-Load Operation2020-01-035904/14/2020
The low-NOx regulation for heavy duty trucks proposed by California’s Air Resources Board (CARB) will present a significant challenge to truck, engine and aftertreatment system manufacturers. This regulation will include a new test cycle representative of low-load operation. With low-load cycles, NOx conversion by the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) system is limited primarily by the exhaust temperature; thus, thermal management will dominate development. Simulation can be used to examine different thermal management strategies, and to define high-level requirements for new components. In this study, modeling was used to investigate SCR performance on two different low-load cycles, including the one selected by CARB for the low-NOx regulation. First, the “thermal deficit” of the cycle was quantified using a constant heat input. Next, direct heating of the exhaust with a fuel mini-burner or an electric heater, using realistic controls, was simulated to determine their capability to
Harris, Thomas
Your MDR Strategy: Start with a Gap AnalysisTBMG-3640704/01/2020
The 566-page Medical Device Regulation (MDR), which replaces the EU’s Medical Device Directive (93/42/EEC) and the Directive on Active Implantable Medical Devices (90/385/EEC), has caused much discussion, training, debate, and stress in the medical device industry since its publication in May 2017. To say nothing of the changes in device regulation, the aggressive three-year implementation goal of May 26, 2020 has the industry as a whole — manufacturers, laboratories, and regulators — strategizing diligently as we step into 2020. This article briefly examines the current state of the MDR, including deadline extensions announced in the second corrigenda, a strategy to address material information, and what should be included in a gap analysis.
Q&A20AUTP04_1504/01/2020
With a growing number of R&D activities centered on advanced mobility, defining and aligning the efforts are the goals of a newly created position at Toyota Motor North America: Group VP of Advanced Mobility R&D. In that role, Jeff Makarewicz is focused on technical, business and product strategy/planning. Makarewicz was previously the group VP of the Vehicle, Quality, & Safety Engineering function responsible for Vehicle Performance, Materials Engineering, Safety Research and Quality Promotion. He joined TMNA R&D in 1990 as an engineer in the Materials Engineering Department and has held various positions in the areas of product planning, research, design, development and evaluation.
Editorial20AVEP03_0103/01/2020
Some may remember - from a time before “brands” were intricately managed corporate personalities - a stays-in-your-head advertising campaign for the soft drink 7 Up. Pushing for share in a largely one-dimensional market dominated by Coke and Pepsi, 7 Up billed itself as the “Uncola.” Nobody knew it when Argo AI was founded four years ago, but it was the Uncola of the autonomous-vehicle (AV) world. During our interview with him for this month's cover feature, CEO Bryan Salesky repeatedly stressed that AV development is in its early stages and SAE Level 4 autonomy is years away.
Visnic, Bill
SAE STANDARDS NEWS19AUTP11_0611/01/2019
SAE International's Global Ground Vehicle Standards group is planning a Legislation, Regulation, Enforcement Workshop in collaboration with the Washington Area New Automobile Dealers Association (WANADA) scheduled for January 21, 2020. This special event will be held just ahead of the 2020 SAE Government/Industry Meeting (GIM) in Washington, D.C., which is set for January 22-24. The new workshop will focus on how standards are used in regulation, enforcement and legislation at the U.S. federal and state level, as well as globally (United Nations Global Technical Regulations), according to SAE International's Bill Gouse, Federal Program Developer.
The 6 Most Important Parts of a Temperature Monitoring SystemTBMG-3546211/01/2019
In the past few years, it has become increasingly common for hospitals, clinics, healthcare and life science organizations, and other businesses to use an electronic temperature monitoring system to safeguard their products and satisfy regulatory demands. You may know that you need a monitoring system, possibly with alarming capabilities, but aren't sure how to select the best one to meet your needs. To complicate matters, there are literally dozens of different types of temperature monitoring systems with different features and a wide range of prices.
A Fast, Simple Sampling Method for Characterizing Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Medical DevicesTBMG-3551211/01/2019
In 2018, an update on regulations for respiratory medical devices meant that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the devices must be addressed. ISO 10993-1 highlights the need for medical device engineers and manufacturers to characterize these chemicals, particularly plastics, because these often emit chemicals such as phthalates and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are thought to be a health concern.1,2
A “STEP” Forward for Product Lifecycle Management19AERP10_0210/01/2019
The existence of countless proprietary file formats and the exchange of 3D CAD data has been a significant problem since the beginning of 3D CAD modeling. CAD applications and methods using digital data are constantly changing, which predicates the need for a solution to share validated and accurately translated data. Thus the birth of STEP242. Companies who are adopting model-based processes and tools within their organizations are using ISO 10303 STEP Application Protocols AP242 and AP239 for both exchanging data as well as maintaining data for archival and retrieval. Long Term Data Archival and Retrieval (LOTAR) (http://www.lotar-international.org) is an International project sponsored by multiple consortiums for the standardization of the archival and retrieval of digital product and technical data. This project is ISO compliant and works across multi-CAD environments enabling stake holders to share 3D data within a Model-Based Environment (MBE) or a digital enterprise. To ensure
CONTI SUITS UP19AUTP10_0110/01/2019
A team of young innovators aims to transform a critical piece of safety equipment - and create new business - through collaboration. Few colors shock the human brain into attention more than high-visibility Yellow. “Hi-viz” as it's known in the safety-apparel industry, is an on-the-job requirement for first responders, road workers, tow-truck drivers, linesmen, loggers, couriers, coast guard deck crews - any all-weather vocation for which being seen in low-visibility situations can make the difference between life and death. Included are overnight package-delivery drivers who must sprint across busy city streets - at night, in the fog and rain - to deliver the goods. But hi-viz, even when combined with reflective fabrics, is often not sufficient for wearers to be seen.
Brooke, Lindsay
Why Cloud QMS Better Supports Regulatory ComplianceTBMG-3480607/01/2019
Companies regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug administration (FDA) need to establish current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) as part of Title 21 CFR part 820 requirements. This includes creation of quality systems to ensure development of safe and effective devices. More specifically, medical device manufacturers must establish methods and procedures to design, produce, and deliver devices that meet the quality system standard.1
Uncertainty of the Ice Particles Median Mass Diameters Retrieved from the HAIC-HIWC Dataset: A Study of the Influence of the Mass Retrieval Method2019-01-198306/10/2019
In response to the ice crystal icing hazard identified twenty years ago, aviation industry, regulation authorities, and research centers joined forces into the HAIC-HIWC international collaboration launched in 2012. Two flight campaigns were conducted in the high ice water content areas of tropical mesoscale convective systems in order to characterize this environment conducive to ice crystal icing. Statistics on cloud microphysical properties, such as Ice Water Content (IWC) or Mass Median Diameter (MMD), derived from the dataset of in situ measurements are now being used to support icing certification rulemaking and anti-icing systems design (engine and air data probe) activities. This technical paper focuses on methodological aspects of the derivation of MMD. MMD are estimated from PSD and IWC using a multistep process in which the mass retrieval method is a critical step. Complementary to previous studies reporting on MMD values calculated from the HAIC-HIWC dataset, this paper
Coutris, Pierre, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Leroy, Delphine, Grandin, Alice, Dezitter, Fabien, Strapp, J. Walter
Broadband Membrane-Type Acoustic Metamaterial Structures with Polymorphic Anti-Resonance Modes2019-01-157406/05/2019
The researches indicate that rational design of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial (MAM) can make it have a high sound transmission loss (STL) at the anti-resonant frequency. Based on the principle of local resonance of acoustic metamaterials, this paper studied the coupling interactions between sound field and vibration modes, and designed four lightweight MAM structural units with different distributed harmonic oscillators, and then the anti-resonant behaviors of different units within the low frequency were gradually analyzed. The regulation mechanism of continuous polymorphic anti-resonance modes on broadening STL bandwidth was further revealed, and the STL characteristics have been verified within the low-frequency range by numerical simulation and experiments. The results show that the design of a single cross-shaped resonator can increase the diversity of anti-resonance modes and eliminate the node-circular-type resonance mode, then ensure the wider STL bandwidth. Furthermore
Zhang, Qianqian, Zhou, Guojian, Tian, Xiujie, Jiang, Yuying, Wu, Jiu Hui, Huang, Wei, Zhu, Keda
Mitigation of Community Noise from a Vacuum Excavator Using Simulations2019-01-148006/05/2019
Off-highway equipment operates in residential communities and must meet their radiated noise targets to be compliant with noise regulations and to be competitive in the marketplace. Traditional find and fix noise testing of late-stage prototype designs may cause launch delays, with intense time pressures that often result in missed opportunities to create excellent products with good value. Accurate simulation of noise from these machines allows noise targets to be assessed at each stage of product development, giving engineers time to develop low noise products without adding excessive manufacturing cost. Simulation of an early prototype of a new vacuum excavator showed excessive levels of radiated noise in two different frequency ranges. Further investigation of the simulation results of these two spectrum ranges indicated different noise mechanisms producing the excessive noise levels. An acoustic resonance was excited in the exhaust flow downstream of a silencer by highly vortical
Sanal, Rahul, Muthuraman, Karthik Mahadevan, Powell, Robert, Stellman, Vernon, Clevenger, Craig, Smith, Jeff
Study of Energy Absorbing Front Cabin Mount, Its Stiffness Balance with Chassis and Test Correlation in Frontal Impact of Commercial Vehicle Cabin2019-01-103404/02/2019
During design and development of a cabin for any commercial vehicle, meeting the strength requirements of front impact as per Indian regulation (AIS-029) is a very critical milestone. AIS-029 regulation consists of three destructive tests, i.e. Front Impact Test (Test A), Roof Strength (Test B) and Rear Wall Strength (Test C). Study of energy absorbing front cabin mount, its stiffness balance with chassis and CAE correlation with physical test is demonstrated in this study. [1]
Dhole, Avinash, Shrivastava, Rishi, Raval, Chetan
Evaluation of After-Market Light Emitting Diode Headlight Bulbs2019-01-085004/02/2019
Taking advantage of growing consumer interest in light emitting diode (LED) headlights, an increasing number of after-market LED replacement bulbs is available on the market. They are designed to have similar socket shapes and sizes as halogen bulbs, in order to fit into existing headlight housings. Although none of these LED replacement bulbs conform to present federal headlighting regulations, and some are labeled for "off road use" only, others claim to meet current regulations. Regardless, many different LED bulbs can be easily purchased and installed by vehicle owners, who may or may not be aware of their regulatory status. Several different LED replacement bulb kits, each designed to replace a conventional 55-W H11 halogen bulb, were purchased and tested in three different low-beam headlight units. Photometric measurements at several critical test points for headlight performance revealed that none of the resulting distributions met all of the test point photometric requirements
Liu, Yi-wei, Bullough, John
Risk Analysis of Blockchain Application for Aerospace Records Management2019-01-134403/19/2019
Blockchain as a technology has been successfully deployed in the financial industry. As the technology continues to mature, there are opportunities to use this to solve operational challenges in Aerospace. One of the common use cases is replacing paper records as a proof of compliance with a blockchain enabled distributed ledger. Commonly available open source blockchain frameworks have security ingrained in the components. However, replacing paper records with a blockchain based distributed ledger will require investigation of potential risks involved in the end to end usage of this technology for records management. The objective of this paper is to elucidate potential risks in an aviation record management workflow environment enabled by blockchain and suggest requirements to mitigate the risks. In addition requirements for Blockchain based systems will be proposed, which will guarantee minimum functional requirements like Protection of confidential information Integrity of the
Kar, Satyanarayan, Kasimsetty, Vinay, Barlow, Susan, Rao, Sujay
Proactive Cybersecurity Saves Healthcare Organizations from Data BreachesTBMG-3399303/01/2019
Over the past few years, healthcare organizations have increasingly become one of the leading targets for cyber criminals with data breaches exposing personal patient data, medical records, and financial information, resulting in millions of dollars of added cost to these institutions. As the healthcare organizations become savvier with their cybersecurity, the criminals just get more creative.
Model-Based Approaches in Developing an Advanced Aftertreatment System: An Overview2019-01-002601/15/2019
Cummins has recently launched next-generation aftertreatment technology, the Single ModuleTM aftertreatment system, for medium-duty and heavy-duty engines used in on-highway and off-highway applications. Besides meeting EPA 2010+ and Euro VI regulations, the Single ModuleTM aftertreatment system offers 60% volume and 40% weight reductions compared to current aftertreatment systems. In this work, we present model-based approaches that were systematically adopted in the design and development of the Cummins Single ModuleTM aftertreatment system. Particularly, a variety of analytical and experimental component-level and system-level validation tools have been used to optimize DOC, DPF, SCR/ASC, as well as the DEF decomposition device. The highlights of this work can be summarized as follows: a). internal dosing is more efficient than external dosing to control HC slip; High CPSI DOCs show better HC oxidation performance at high SV due to enhanced mass transfer; b). the adopted advanced
Su, Changsheng, Brault, Joseph, Munnannur, Achuth, Liu, Z. Gerald, Milloy, Sean, Harinath, Arvind, Dunnuck, David, Federle, Ken
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