Browse Topic: Regulations

Items (283)
This specification establishes the requirements for brush plating of cadmium by electrodeposition.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
In the last years, new rotorcraft configurations have increased the attention among industries, through which the tiltrotor one due to its capability of combining both rotorcraft and aircraft advantages. However, there are situations where the vertical take-off mode could be enhanced in hard environmental and flight conditions. Therefore, to address this challenge, this work aims to develop a methodology to characterize a roll take-off model for a general tiltrotor configuration in such situations. By combining the integration of the equation of motion and geometrical assumptions, the runway distance is determined for an acceptable range of nacelle tilting angles. The process is developed by meeting the requirements defined by the regulations, combining the aircraft certification standards (CS23 and CS25) with the available tiltrotor certification basis from the FAA project #TC3419RC-R. Following the Nominal application, a sensitivity analysis is carried out, which studies the main effects on the results by varying one variable at a time in terms of weight, wing-loading, and disk-loading.
Passarelli D'Onofrio, Anna SofiaPecoraro, Matteo
This specification covers one type of aluminum bronze in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aircraft development efforts are rapidly shifting toward the use of distributed electric propulsion. As the industry moves along a path to full electrification, hybrid propulsion systems will be increasingly employed where battery technology does not support a fully electric design. The fuel systems in new aircraft designs can be challenging, and the existing regulatory framework may not be capable of dealing with unique aircraft designs that do not neatly fit within existing categories. This presents a challenge to aircraft designers. Fuel remains essential to the propulsion system, and an optimal, yet simple fuel system will be necessary to leave room in the design trade space for more challenging and risky functions. Understanding the certification requirements and having a basic knowledge of the tradeoffs in fuel measurement accuracy are the key elements necessary to support a systems approach to optimizing a fuel measurement subsystem.
Connors, Mark
A “STEP” Forward for Product Lifecycle Management19AERP10_0210/1/2019
The existence of countless proprietary file formats and the exchange of 3D CAD data has been a significant problem since the beginning of 3D CAD modeling. CAD applications and methods using digital data are constantly changing, which predicates the need for a solution to share validated and accurately translated data. Thus the birth of STEP242. Companies who are adopting model-based processes and tools within their organizations are using ISO 10303 STEP Application Protocols AP242 and AP239 for both exchanging data as well as maintaining data for archival and retrieval. Long Term Data Archival and Retrieval (LOTAR) (http://www.lotar-international.org) is an International project sponsored by multiple consortiums for the standardization of the archival and retrieval of digital product and technical data. This project is ISO compliant and works across multi-CAD environments enabling stake holders to share 3D data within a Model-Based Environment (MBE) or a digital enterprise. To ensure the preservation of design intent, validation properties that include geometric shape representation, assembly features, saved views, user-defined attributes, color, visibility, and Product & Manufacturing Information (PMI) 3D data need to be verified and validated for compliance. The culmination of these standards is allowing companies around the globe to manage interoperability with fewer challenges.
Uncertainty of the Ice Particles Median Mass Diameters Retrieved from the HAIC-HIWC Dataset: A Study of the Influence of the Mass Retrieval Method2019-01-19836/10/2019
In response to the ice crystal icing hazard identified twenty years ago, aviation industry, regulation authorities, and research centers joined forces into the HAIC-HIWC international collaboration launched in 2012. Two flight campaigns were conducted in the high ice water content areas of tropical mesoscale convective systems in order to characterize this environment conducive to ice crystal icing. Statistics on cloud microphysical properties, such as Ice Water Content (IWC) or Mass Median Diameter (MMD), derived from the dataset of in situ measurements are now being used to support icing certification rulemaking and anti-icing systems design (engine and air data probe) activities. This technical paper focuses on methodological aspects of the derivation of MMD. MMD are estimated from PSD and IWC using a multistep process in which the mass retrieval method is a critical step. Complementary to previous studies reporting on MMD values calculated from the HAIC-HIWC dataset, this paper deals with the uncertainty in MMD by comparing two different approaches for the retrieval of the mass-size (m-D) relationship. The analysis encompasses the data collected in the high IWC areas (IWC > 1g.m-3) sampled during the two HAIC-HIWC field campaigns. MMD series are computed using three different mass-size relationships and statistical values are compared. Overall, MMD values are in good agreement, at least for two methods although they imply quite different assumptions. On the variability in MMD values at a given temperature level, results show that MMD may vary significantly from one flight to the other, even though MMD series produced with the different mass retrieval methods follow a similar pattern. A strong temperature dependence is observed regardless the assumption on the m-D relationship, making MMD to increase by more than a factor of 2 as temperature increases from -50°C to -10°C. Finally, the influence on calculated MMD of two different definitions for particle size (Deq and Dmax) is demonstrated. Generally, MMD computed with Dmax are a few percent larger as compared to MMD calculated from Deq definition, supporting the conclusions from previous studies.
Coutris, PierreSchwarzenboeck, AlfonsLeroy, DelphineGrandin, AliceDezitter, FabienStrapp, J. Walter
Broadband Membrane-Type Acoustic Metamaterial Structures with Polymorphic Anti-Resonance Modes2019-01-15746/5/2019
The researches indicate that rational design of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial (MAM) can make it have a high sound transmission loss (STL) at the anti-resonant frequency. Based on the principle of local resonance of acoustic metamaterials, this paper studied the coupling interactions between sound field and vibration modes, and designed four lightweight MAM structural units with different distributed harmonic oscillators, and then the anti-resonant behaviors of different units within the low frequency were gradually analyzed. The regulation mechanism of continuous polymorphic anti-resonance modes on broadening STL bandwidth was further revealed, and the STL characteristics have been verified within the low-frequency range by numerical simulation and experiments. The results show that the design of a single cross-shaped resonator can increase the diversity of anti-resonance modes and eliminate the node-circular-type resonance mode, then ensure the wider STL bandwidth. Furthermore, four metal platelets set symmetrically between the swing arms based on the unit above increase the local anti-resonance modes of the new unit, which greatly expand the STL bandwidth by shifting its upper limit to the right. In addition, the distributed oscillators in the unit have strong anti-resonant behaviors simultaneously, and the incident sound energy is limited to the unit region, thus the STL peak is high.
Zhang, QianqianZhou, GuojianTian, XiujieJiang, YuyingWu, Jiu HuiHuang, WeiZhu, Keda
U.S. Army Aviation has extensively managed critical aircraft components based on the technical requirements and methods outlined in AMCOM Regulation 702-7 Flight Safety Parts/New Source Testing Program Management. This paper provides an overview of the newly revised AMCOM Regulation 702-7, previously published in October 2000. This update was necessary to keep up with the updated requirements of high tier documents, such Public Law 108-136, DA Pam 95-9, and other related regulations. This effort has produced a new AMCOM Regulation 702-7 Critical Safety Items (CSI), Critical Application Items (CAI), and New Source Testing (NST) Program Management, officially released in June 2017. The revised document addresses the complete quality oversight controls for CSIs and includes newly defined oversight and control requirements for CAIs. Furthermore, the new revision has been clarified by incorporating lessons learned while eliminating confusion and ambiguity from the previous document. The appendices have been revised to better describe technical and quality requirements for manufacturers and overhaul sources for CSIs, and also detail the Army programs in place to provide confidence that items inducted into the Army supply system are safe and conforming. In this paper, various technical aspects of CSI, CAI, and NST that have been established for US Army rotary wing aircrafts are presented and discussed in detail.
Rhee, MyungGray, Christopher
Evaluation of After-Market Light Emitting Diode Headlight Bulbs2019-01-08504/2/2019
Taking advantage of growing consumer interest in light emitting diode (LED) headlights, an increasing number of after-market LED replacement bulbs is available on the market. They are designed to have similar socket shapes and sizes as halogen bulbs, in order to fit into existing headlight housings. Although none of these LED replacement bulbs conform to present federal headlighting regulations, and some are labeled for "off road use" only, others claim to meet current regulations. Regardless, many different LED bulbs can be easily purchased and installed by vehicle owners, who may or may not be aware of their regulatory status. Several different LED replacement bulb kits, each designed to replace a conventional 55-W H11 halogen bulb, were purchased and tested in three different low-beam headlight units. Photometric measurements at several critical test points for headlight performance revealed that none of the resulting distributions met all of the test point photometric requirements. Some intensity values were lower than allowed minima while others exceeded allowed maxima. Photographs of the resulting beam patterns for each combination of LED bulb and headlight unit, when compared to the patterns with the halogen bulb, revealed stark differences in performance between the halogen and LED bulbs. Even though some bulbs more closely matched halogen performance, performance for different headlights using the same LED bulb could vary widely. These findings suggest that using after-market LEDs to replace halogen bulbs can compromise headlighting performance.
Liu, Yi-weiBullough, John
Risk Analysis of Blockchain Application for Aerospace Records Management2019-01-13443/19/2019
Blockchain as a technology has been successfully deployed in the financial industry. As the technology continues to mature, there are opportunities to use this to solve operational challenges in Aerospace. One of the common use cases is replacing paper records as a proof of compliance with a blockchain enabled distributed ledger. Commonly available open source blockchain frameworks have security ingrained in the components. However, replacing paper records with a blockchain based distributed ledger will require investigation of potential risks involved in the end to end usage of this technology for records management. The objective of this paper is to elucidate potential risks in an aviation record management workflow environment enabled by blockchain and suggest requirements to mitigate the risks. In addition requirements for Blockchain based systems will be proposed, which will guarantee minimum functional requirements like Protection of confidential information Integrity of the information in a record Safeguards against unauthorized access The potential gaps are understood using an illustrative end to end blockchain based process along with their conceptual high level intermediate steps. For example: Authenticated trusted digital identities of the participants whose transactions are recorded in distributed ledgers Trusted source which distributes these identities and has a mechanism to update, revoke and safely secure these identities Trusted methods to ensure detection if the digital identities are compromised Trusted method to demonstrate controlled authorization process for digital identities as per access control rules Trusted methods to demonstrate the generation of accounting logs
Kar, SatyanarayanKasimsetty, VinayBarlow, SusanRao, Sujay
Challenges in the Regulatory Framework of Automated Driving2019-26-00971/9/2019
Automated Driving (AD) is foreseen to be one of the major social and technological challenges in the coming years. Many manufacturers are developing new models with cutting-edge functionalities, which are not included in the scope of the current regulatory framework. Apart from demonstrating their know-how and expertise about AD, their willingness to sell their AD models in the European market is accelerating the rule-making system. However, which is the roadmap for the European regulatory framework? Policy makers and regulatory bodies are pushing their boundaries at all levels (national and international) in order to introduce modifications in existing regulations. These regulations will enable the introduction of these new functionalities into the market. Without decreasing the standards of safety and security, the implementation of a clear and harmonized regulatory framework and approval process is extremely needed. The last amendments of the UN Regulation n°79 related to steering equipment or the creation of new standards such as the ISO 21448 regarding Safety and Intended Functionality (SOTIF) are examples of recent efforts from the regulatory bodies to achieve this goal. The aim of this paper is to show the regulatory framework state of the art regarding automated driving. In order to provide a thorough understanding of the forthcoming amendments and new standards, the different challenges that the European Commission (EC) / United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) are facing will be analysed, as well as the different approaches to be considered by the international regulatory bodies. Finally, as a result of this research, the conclusions will be exposed as considerations and proposals for all players involved in this change of paradigm: users, manufacturers, authorities of approval and technical services.
Lafuente, IgnacioTobar, MartaLuján, CarlesMartínez Rami, Estrella
Autonomous Vehicle Engineering: January 201919AVEP011/8/2019
Editorial Trust, testing and transition SAE Standards News SAE updates J3016 automated-driving graphic View from a Visionary Chris Urmson helped give birth to vehicle autonomy. His company, Aurora, is leading the technology to maturity and widespread adoption. Extending EV Range Using AV Programming Intelligent programming of autonomous electric vehicles offers potentially big energy savings, according to a study by IAV. Intel Study: Autonomous Vehicles Expected to be Common-in 50 Years New U.S. consumer survey sees most Americans "expect" AVs, though many currently fear the technology. Europe's Latest AV Testing Facilities Key for Swift Autonomous Adoption The need for data sharing and commonality in burgeoning AV technologies is bringing new meaning to the words 'proving grounds.' End Public 'Shadow' Driving! The best way to test and train AI for autonomous vehicles is through proper simulation, systems engineering, and an end-state scenario matrix. A veteran engineer explains why the current AV testing paradigm must change. StreetDrone Offers Cost-Effective 'Mule' for AV Developers Two mobility-minded entrepreneurs make development of autonomous technology easier and more affordable for anyone. Predicting the Road to Efficiency Leveraging the building blocks of automated driving, Delphi's Intelligent Driving technology is designed to improve the efficiency and driving range of any vehicle. AV Regulations: Feds Ready to Get Their Claws Back? The new AV 3.0 federal guidelines for autonomous-vehicle development drew criticism for having no legal teeth. But they may only be the beginning. Florida's Babcock Ranch and the Future of Autonomous Communities An 18,000-acre development in southwest Florida seeks to be the model for short-range autonomous mobility and sustainable power for it all. Eying Mobility's Next Phases At the 2018 Los Angeles Auto Show, automakers and mobility experts examine mobility's ongoing transformation.
Fuel Economy Regulations and Technology Roadmaps of China and the US: Comparison and Outlook2018-01-18269/10/2018
In order to address the increasing energy and environmental concerns, China and the US both launched the fuel economy regulations and aim to push the development of technology. In this study, the stringency of CAFC and CAFE regulations and the technology development of two countries are compared. Besides, the optimal technology pathways of America and automakers for the compliance of CAFE regulations are calculated based on the modified VOLPE model, and the results are used as reference for China. The results indicate that the annual regulation improvement rates of China is higher than America and the AIR of China 2015-2020 regulation reaches 6.2% and is the most stringent phase in 10 years from 2015 to 2025. From the perspective of technology, there are still big gaps between China and the US in the applications of advanced fuel saving technologies. For both countries, engine still will plays the biggest role in the technology roadmap through 2025 and the contribution rates of electrification and vehicle assembly technologies will increase quickly. The 2020 targets can be reached by the improvement and optimization of existing fuel saving technologies, and 70% hybridization technologies should be introduced for the compliance of the 2025 regulation. The penetration of PHEV/EVs will be 2-3% of the passenger car fleet in MY 2025 and FCV is not necessary for the compliance of US 2025 CAFE target. However, new energy products still need to be prepared in China because of the implementation of dual-credit regulations of CAFC and NEV.
Chen, KangdaZhao, FuquanLiu, ZongweiHao, Han
ABSTRACT The paper presents quantitively the range of challenges that attend the S-70i Black Hawk start production - from prototype building to serial production. This article focuses not only on engineering tasks however partially also describes challenges connected to the following areas: business, quality, logistic, manufacturing planning and organization, ground and flight testing, pilots and mechanics training and jobs, PR activity. The volume of presented information are regulated and limited by the ITC regulations and IP protections.
Gałaczyński, Tomasz
ABSTRACT The current certification requirements for multiengine rotorcrafts for takeoff and landing performance do not always provide a safe approach to the scenarios where the helicopters actually operate if compliance demonstration is achieved with the current accepted methods. Several critical aspects of these methods do not to produce "safe" flight envelopes and provide insufficient or inadequate operational information. The current regulations are long dated and not updated to reflect the advance in technology. The current accepted methods of compliance for the definition of the H-V envelope for multi-engine helicopters do not ensure the airworthiness required for all possible operations. For this reasons, the H-V envelope should not be considered a limitation for all CS29 multi-engine configurations and substituted by performance that would allow defining a safer envelope. Particular attention should also be given to operations over elevated helidecks and oilrigs where the environment is extremely demanding and not predictable. In order to get approval for these kinds of operations, specific testing methodology should be developed and approved. A detailed list of proposed changes for the Advisory Circular and applicable regulation is considered and new acceptable compliance methods for the following subjects are proposed for: Cat B Take Off; H-V envelope; Cat A performance for elevated/oilrig helidecks; Takeoff performance influential factors. The incorrect definition of the applicability of the H-V envelope has created an unsafe regulatory case also in the operational rules (AIR-OPS) for Operations in performance class 2 with exposure from helidecks.
Paggi, BernardinoFeller, Marco
A Proposal to Re-architect Automotive OBD Freeze Frame Storage Requirements and the Associated Service-Oriented Freeze Frame Storage Algorithm Design2018-01-08724/3/2018
Automotive OBD freeze frame storage is mandated by regulations since the creation of OBD-II in 1994. The main purpose is to help service engineers to identify the cause of the associated fault. Although OBD regulations [1] have gone through multiple updates and major changes since 1994, the regulations requirements on freeze frame storage, however, remain almost the same. The flexibility to comply with the mandated requirements allows OEMs to come up with very different designs, and potentially would confuse the service engineers when repairing different powertrains and could compromise the main purpose of helping identify the root cause of faults. In 2015, GM fellows [2], together with SAE J1979 committee members, proposed a set of future requirements on the OBD freeze frame storage with the intention to standardize the requirements by mandating the rules what to store and when to store, the minimum number of frames, and the numbering of the frames. The proposal is better than the current requirements in terms of standardization and modernization, but it has several obvious shortcomings. For example, the minimum of four freeze frame storage will dramatically increase OEM’s costs and could potentially force OEMs to update their powertrain control units to have more storage capacity, and the downward compatibility with the current requirements is questionable. In addition, the prohibition of non-emission related faults in the freeze frames is not a service-friendly solution. Finally, the GM’s proposal gives no priority boarding for misfire or fuel system faults, which does not comply with the ARB CCR 1968.2 requirements. This paper proposes to re-architect the OBD freeze frame storage requirements with low cost to OEMs and downward compatibility to current requirements. In addition, a service-oriented freeze frame storage algorithm design is proposed based on the new requirements. This preliminary work offers OEMs an opportunity to extensively review theirs needs from service and designs and potentially will influence CARB to update the associated freeze frame requirements in the next version.
Guo, YichaoLU, WeiTerauchi, Kazumichi
Route Selection Strategy for Hybrid Vehicles Based on Energy Management and Real Time Drive Cycles2018-01-09954/3/2018
Air pollution levels in an urban environment is a major concern for developed and developing countries alike. Governments around the world are constantly trying to control and reduce air pollution levels through regulations. Low emission zones are being designated in cities worldwide in order to reduce the level of pollutants in big cities. The automotive industry is affected by those regulations and they are becoming more demanding over the years. Present work is aimed at developing a control strategy for a hybrid vehicle in order to optimize the fuel economy and emission levels based on GPS information, driver specific driving characteristics and weather forecast data for a given route. It uses powertrain model of a hybrid vehicle for developing route and driver specific control strategy. The full vehicle model has two sub-models: a route selector and a powertrain optimization model. The route selector selects the optimum route for the vehicle based on energy consumption considering possible routes for reaching the destination. Then the performance is optimized for the selected route using a cost function, which considers route segments which include low emission zone and available data for the headwind during the journey. The results identified the option for choosing strategy for improving both fuel economy and emission levels for a given route.
Garcia Pimentel, HectorSamuel, Stephen
Development of Improved SCRonDPF Design for Future Tighter Regulations and Reduced System Packaging2018-01-03444/3/2018
With the push towards more stringent on-road US heavy duty diesel regulations (i.e. HD GHG Phase 2 and the proposed ARB 20 mg/bhp-hr NOx), emission system packaging has grown critical while improving fuel economy and NOx emissions. The ARB regulations are expected to be implemented post 2023 while regulation for EU off-road segment will begin from 2019. The regulation, called Stage V, will introduce particle number (PN) regulation requiring EU OEMs to introduce a diesel particulate filter (DPF) while customer demands will require the OEMs to maintain current emission system packaging. A viable market solution to meet these requirements, especially for EU Stage V being implemented first, is a DPF coated with a selective catalyst reduction (SCR) washcoat (i.e. SCRonDPF). With SCRonDPF, a NOx reduction benefit is achieved while maintaining system packaging but, there is an increase in pressure drop due to the higher washcoat loading (WCL) for the SCRonDPF compared to a catalyzed soot filter (CSF). This paper first focuses on a parameter study to develop an improved Cordierite SCRonDPF design to reduce pressure drop while maintaining other key performances. A high porosity material (65%), 12 mil wall thickness (WT), 300 cells per square inch (cpsi) cell density, with a square shaped cell structure (12/300SQ) was used as the baseline. The design parameters evaluated include the pore size distribution (PSD), mean pore size (MPS), cell shape, cell density (CPSI), WT, and washcoat technology. Engine tests conducted were soot loaded pressure drop up to 6 g/L soot loading, active regeneration conducted at 600 °C, passive regeneration conducted at 350 °C, and PN filtration and NOx conversion efficiency performed on the Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC). Results from the parameter study show 12 mil/300 cpsi asymmetric (ASY) cell structure with a lower MPS and sharper PSD material, in combination with an improved catalyst, is the optimal SCRonDPF filter design achieving a pressure drop approximately 55% compared to the baseline SCRonDPF filter. The optimized SCRonDPF system pressure drop achieved closer to the production CSF system but still approximately 10% higher.
Taylor, MychalKaneda, AtsushiKai, RyujiAsako, TsuyoshiMiyahara, YudaiVogt, ClausMakino, MikioToyoshima, TetsuoHonda, Takahiro
Autonomous Vehicle Engineering: November 201717AVEP1111/2/2017
Introduction: Welcome to the Revolution Autonomy: the New Age of Automobility The self-driving future brings profound implications for the auto industry-and unprecedented mobility to a lot more people. The Building Blocks of Autonomous Tech Sensors, processors, architecture and communications trends for the self-driving future. Artificial Intelligence Becomes a Reality Automakers could be among the leaders in deploying AI in free-standing, high-reliability environments. But developers must determine how to mitigate undesirable side-effects. Standards Play a Vital Role Developing safe, reliable AVs and their infrastructure requires a robust foundation of standards. SAE's expert explains. A Revolution for Testing The new American Center for Mobility is the ultimate proving ground for real-world testing and validation of autonomous vehicles. Integration, Communication Hurdles to Truck Automation Combining sensors, inter-vehicle communications and controllers poses major challenges in the effort to bring autonomy to commercial trucking. Suppliers Take the Tech Lead Tier 1s and their partners are driving autonomy's technology bus. Six execs talk about their roles. Embracing the Challenge of Smart Cities "Smarter" cities will be better, more-productive places. But development challenges abound. Why America Needs a National Autonomous-Vehicle Development Policy A set of standardized autonomous-vehicle regulations, applicable nationwide, is the best policy structure to encourage AV-specific innovation. Automated Driving: Who Should Regulate What? Traditional state and federal roles in transportation regulation are being tested by autonomy's new vistas. Special Advertising Section: Leaders in Autonomy
Hydraulic Pressure Control and Parameter Optimization of Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake System2017-01-25169/17/2017
A general principle scheme of IEHB (Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake system) is proposed, and the working principle of the system is simply introduced in this paper. Considering the structure characteristics of the hydraulic control unit of the system, a kind of time-sharing control strategy is adopted to realize the purpose of independent and precise hydraulic pressure regulation of each wheel brake cylinder in various brake conditions of a vehicle. Because of the strong nonlinear and time varying characteristics of the dynamic brake pressure regulation processes of IEHB, its comprehensive brake performance is mainly affected by temperature, humidity, load change, the structure and control parameters of IEHB, and so on. Under certain temperature, humidity and load conditions, whether the matching of the structure and the control parameters of IEHB is appropriate or not, the brake performance of a vehicle would be affected directly and severely, and then the safe driving of a vehicle could not be guaranteed effectively. In order to enhance the adaptability of the pressure regulating performance of IEHB to external influence factors and improve the comprehensive performance index of IEHB, using the software and hardware test platform of IEHB, combining the robustness optimization design method based on the application of GA (Genetic Algorithm) and modern generalized experiments, the structure and the control parameters of IEHB are matched and optimized. Finally, by comparing the results before and after optimization, it is verified that the pressure regulation of optimized IEHB is more rapid, more accurate and more robust, the comprehensive brake performance is significantly improved, and the new type of brake system could well meet the application requirements of an advanced vehicle chassis control system in the future.
Yang, XiongLi, JingMiao, HuiShi, Zheng Tang
ABSTRACT Hybrid Unmanned Aerial/Underwater Vehicles (HUA/UV's) have the challenge of robustly operating within and transitioning between two vastly different environments. To meet this challenge, an amphibious quadrotor was constructed and its transition performance quantified using motion capture under manual control. The approach is novel in that it performs transition without active buoyancy control or increasing the number of rotors. The loads across air-water transition were quantified using a controlled single motor-propeller pod and a six-axis load cell. Experimental results were compared against blade element momentum theory (BEMT). The BEMT model correlated well with experimental thrust data when the propeller was in 'fully in air' or 'fully in water' environments. A simplifying dimensional analysis of the model predicted first order relations between electronic speed controller measurable parameter of revolutions per minute against the variation in fluid density. Derived parameters of effective density, entry offset depth, and critical depth were introduced and discussed. The first order relations showed agreement with experimentally derived data, suggesting that "effective density" may have a role in enabling attitude regulation across the air-water interface.
Crane, JasonFaruque, Imraan
Avoiding Safety Scandals by Controlling the Risk of Material Changes2017-01-03733/28/2017
Achieving functional safety in mechatronic systems with growing product functionality is a major challenge in systems engineering. Following the current discussion, this challenge is mostly allocated to electronics and software development. For most of the scenarios this focus is feasible. Product design - the construction of the product - defines the properties and the appearance of the product by shape, material and assembly. So, the product design is often not under control of the safety management system. A hazardous deviation of part shape can be easily identified after the parts product or at least at its mounting. A wrong assembly is controlled by assembly documentation or data (e.g. screw torques) and identified at end of assembly line checks. The identification of a hazardous material choice depends on the product material class. Product materials can be separated into two classes: passive or active materials. Passive materials (e.g. car body) can be distinguished in as passive materials with constant shape (stiff) and variable shape (flexible) (e.g. damper, spring). The liability of those materials regarding their usage in the product is tested in labs in prototypes in prior. Active materials (e.g. fluids, gases), or functional materials fulfill, trigger or directly influence the functionality of the product. The choice of a functional material is not always made by the electronics engineering. Therefore, it is not under control of safety management processes. Never the less functional material, especially with radical behavior, underlie other safety regulation. Explosives for example, can be integrated in a product or system and are restricted by specific standards. This technology report reflects the verification methods of functional materials today. The responsibility of the product design engineer is discussed as well as the relevant standards. The challenge of achieving complete product compliance with functional materials is shown by the technology analysis of the Takata airbag recall. The required and available methods to control risks of functional materials choice and change are listed and rated. Gaps in existing engineering processes and regulations are identified. A strategy to close those gaps is explained.
Koark, Fabian Jorg UweBeul, Christian
Opportunity and Challenges for SiC-Based HEV Traction Inverter Systems2017-01-12483/28/2017
Due to global trends and government regulations for CO2 emission reduction, the automotive industry is actively working toward vehicle electrification to improve fuel efficiency and minimize tail-pipe pollutions. Silicon IGBTs and power diodes used in today’s HEV inverter systems are mature and reliable components, but have their limitation on energy losses. SiC, on the other hand, has potential to offer additional boost of efficiency for the HEV drive system. In recent years, commercial SiC MOSFETs have improved significantly in performance. However, reliability concerns and high prices still limit their overall competitiveness against silicon. Ford Motor Company has partnered with semiconductor manufacturers to evaluate SiC products for automotive applications. In this study, 900V SiC MOSFET modules from Wolfspeed are tested and compared with an 800V silicon IGBT module of similar power handling capability. SiC devices were found to have lower power losses during light-load conditions. Furthermore, faster switching speed with optimized packaging and gate driver configuration resulted in substantial reduction of switching losses, although the implications on module manufacturability and cost should be further evaluated. Potential fuel economy benefits on the vehicle level are predicted by simulation over designated drive cycles. In light of the opportunity for next-generation power devices, new challenges need to be addressed, such as system compatibility, switching oscillation, protection methods, component cost, and reliability verification. Should these issues be successfully mitigated, SiC MOSFETs will be attractive for the automotive electric drive system application.
Su, MingChen, ChingchiBhat, Krishna PrasadKikuchi, JunSharma, ShrivatsalLei, Thomas
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