Browse Topic: Regulations

Items (381)

Regulatory Framework for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India

2024-26-008901/16/2024

The Construction & Mining field is continuously upgrading, reshaping under the stimulus of technical enhancement. India is considered one of fastest growing country in the word. Requirement for Construction Equipment Vehicles in India is continuously growing due increased rate infrastructure development. To promote development of the Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV's) manufacturing sector it was also necessary to build a new governance architecture. Every vehicle plying on road has to comply with Central Motor Vehicle Regulatory requirements as per CMVR act 1989. Earlier 2021 CEV's were required to go through performance trials like brake, steering effort, turning circle measurement, speedometer calibration as dynamic tests as per regulations. It was need of the time to come with stringent norms or for better safety of operators & take CEV compatible international regulation. this paper puts forward the basic principles & safety requirements improved for CEV's over the time

Babar, Sagar, Akbar Badusha, A

A Novel approach to define and validate market representative routes for IUPRm development in India.

2024-26-036101/16/2024

To promote real time monitoring, IUPRm checks has been enforced in India from Apr’23 as a part of BS6-2 regulation. Since IUPRm monitoring is representative of diagnostic frequency in real driving conditions and usage pattern therefore, for achieving IUPRm targets, understanding of real-world driving patterns is needed. This paper shares methodology and Validation steps for defining IUPR routes for Indian market. Methodology objective is to standardize the market operating conditions over a particular region. Selected Methodology consist of three steps: First step is to have a pre-market survey to know current IUPR status and improvement areas in existing market vehicles (BS6-1). Second step is to define market representative localized on road routes based on the finding of Pre-market survey. Third step is to validate defined IUPR routes and correlate the output in reference to coverage of market operating conditions. Routes definition starts with organizing customer survey to capture

Sharma, Prashant, Singh, Dilbagh, kumar, Amit, Gautam, Amit, Khanna, Vikram

Identifying Cybersecurity Focus Areas in Connected Cars Based on United Nations Regulation No. 155 Attack Vectors and Beyond

2022-01-014103/29/2022

The arrival of 5G will enable vehicles to become better connected. In order to allow this evolution to manifest safely, the UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) introduced the United Nations Regulation No. 155(UN-R155) this January, with expectations that at least 54 countries will mandate it starting July 2022. This regulation provides 69 attack vectors manufacturers are required to secure against, although it does not include specific countermeasures. Security methods and corresponding technologies change with time and are influenced by evolving connected car technologies as well as the threat landscape. Implementing effective cybersecurity means conducting a thorough risk analysis and prioritizing what needs to be achieved. Trend Micro Research conducted a risk analysis on each of the 69 attack vectors from a current and future perspective. In addition, we went beyond the attack vectors listed in UN-R155. Using our own analysis and insights, we brought

Huq, Numaan, Vosseler, Rainer

Investigations on Visibility of Digital Road Projections

2022-01-095903/29/2022

With the arrival of Digital Projectors in Automotive Applications the possibilities of communication have drastically increased. Since there was no regulation in advance, the discussion about how to assess digital projections is now very active. Concerns are communicated, but with rare research base. This paper will investigate, if and in which geometrical space road projections are visible to other road traffic participants like oncoming, passing drivers or pedestrians. The research will investigate where projections are recognizable and assignable to the original intention of the projection. Test persons will be placed around the digital projections in a street scenery in night time driving condition. A grid will be created to identify the areas where digital projections could be understood and where the digital projections are not assignable to any interpretation. A questionnaire on safety evaluation will be added. The paper will present the geometrical “readability map” of digital

Hamm, Michael, Kobbert, Jonas, Hinterwaelder, Christian

Modular HD Transmission Family for Fuel Consumption Reduction Tailored for Indian Market Needs.

2021-26-004909/22/2021

Global warming is the driver for the introduction of CO2 and Fuel Consumption legislation worldwide. Indian Truck manufacturers are facing the introduction of Indian Fuel Efficiency Phase 2. In the European Union the CO2 emission monitoring phase of the most relevant truck classes will be completed in June 2020 by usage of the Vehicle Energy Calculation Tool VECTO. Indian rulemaking is currently also considering an adaptation of VECTO for the usage in the India Indian truck market used always to be very cost sensitive. Introduction of Bharat Stage VI Phase I already led to a significant increase of product costs, which not directly manifest benefits to the end users. Therefore, it will be of vital importance to keep the additional product costs for achievement of future fuel consumption legislation as low as possible as long as they don’t refund them in real world operation. So far, confirmation of Indian Fuel consumption requirement fulfillment takes place under constant driving

Raser, Bernhard

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Online Criminal Underground: Cybersecurity and Corporate Threats

1316209/09/2021

There are constant news blasts highlighting ransomware incidents, company data hacks, and online theft. These threats are real and growing more present by the day - ultimately, increased connectivity, untraceable cryptocurrency, and bad international actors all but ensure that online data is at risk. What is it that causes company risk? Who are the actors at fault? And, perhaps most importantly, what can be done to mitigate these risks? Greg Otto, Chief Cybercrime Reporter at Intel 471 discusses prevention methods as well as how international agencies, businesses, the federal government, and insurance companies are working diligently to protect their own interests as well as our data. As hacking prevention methods become simpler and more convenient, the field of cybersecurity will become more secure. Learn more about the current challenges, relevance and importance of cybersecurity with SAE's Automotive Cybersecurity Certification course. The program teaches the context and

Hineman, Marcie

Aluminum Bronze Bars, Rods, and Forgings 87Cu - 9Al - 3Fe Stress Relieved

AMS4635H (Current)

07/07/2021

This specification covers one type of aluminum bronze in the form of bars, rods, forgings, and forging stock.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

The Increasing Importance of Particles, Volatile Organic Compounds and Ammonia in Future Air Quality Policy

2021-01-060704/06/2021

Ensuring continuing environmental and health improvements, it is important regularly to reassess what pollutants from vehicles are targeted. Are the right compounds being regulated? The Emissions Analytics’ presentation looks at a range of pollutant sources that may need to be considered to give a holistic view of the environmental impact of vehicles, supported by data from its independent, real-world EQUA test programme. Post-Euro-6 emissions regulation in Europe is an opportunity to simplify and refocus on emerging environment threats. Certain unregulated tailpipe pollutants, such as ammonia, which contributes to secondary particle formation, are candidates for future regulation. Volatile organic compounds are of interest from several angles: vehicle interior air quality and the off-gassing from materials; tailpipe speciation of hydrocarbons including formaldehyde; and off-gassing from tyres. Tyre wear emissions are currently unregulated but are believed to be a growing contributor

Hobday, Nick Molden

Development and Characterization of Aerosol Conditioning Devices for Solid Ultrafine Particle Measurement from Diesel Engines: A Review

2021-01-061504/06/2021

Emission regulations mandate the measurement of solid particles of size greater than 23 nm according to UNECE informal working group particle measurement protocol (PMP). The volatile particles from the engine exhaust are removed by heating and dilution in a device according to the UNECE PMP program. The analysis of solid particles from diesel engines requires aerosol conditioning systems, which can effectively remove volatile particles/species with minimum solid particle losses. Currently, the regulations only allow using an evaporation tube for the measurement of solid particles. Different laboratories have also demonstrated other alternatives such as thermodenuder and catalytic stripper for measuring the solid ultrafine particles emitted from the diesel engine. This paper reviews the recent literature related to the thermodenuder and catalytic striper’s design and operating characteristics. The performance parameters, such as penetration efficiency and volatile removal efficiency

Rana, Sahil, Saxena, Mohit Raj, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Vehicle Safety Communications Landscape Clarifies with Controversial FCC Ruling

21AVEP01_0601/01/2021

The vehicle-to-everything communications-technology debate is “solved” by federal regulators - and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) appears to be the winner. After years of transportation-industry tussle over competing technologies to enable communications between vehicles and a “connected” environment, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has decided the matter. On Nov.18, 2020, the FCC ruled it will allow a portion of the 5.9-GHz “Safety Spectrum” long reserved for the transportation sector to be allocated to unlicensed private usage such as Wi-Fi internet connectivity. The ruling effectively eliminates the future for Wi-Fi-based Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and locks in the advancing alternative, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). Despite many experts' opinion that the decision to now limit transportation communications to just the upper 30 MHz of the 75-MHz spread within the 5.9-GHz (5.850-5.925 GHz) Safety Spectrum has not been sufficiently

Visnic, Bill

Potentials and Challenges of a Brake Particle Emission Collecting System

2020-01-163510/05/2020

Brake particle emissions as a part of non-exhaust emissions are becoming more and more relevant, various international research activities can be stated. Also from the legislation side, first hints are given in regards of possible regulations. One possible approach for the reduction of brake particle emissions deals with the collection of those particles close to the foundation brake. The presented paper will follow such an approach and give some insights. In a first step, the technical layout is described for bench and vehicle testing. While for bench testing a PMP-like style of the setup could be chosen, the vehicle test setup is oriented on conventional wheel dust measurements. Hence, presented results of laboratory testing are dealing with PN and PM measurements. Also the impact on particle size distribution is discussed. It can be stated, that the particle collecting system is able to improve PN and PM emissions. Additionally, ultra-fine particles are almost eliminated. The

Gramstat, Sebastian, Hascoet, Matthieu, Rocca-Serra, Christophe, Adamczak, Loic

Comparison of Particulate Matter and Number Emissions from a Floating and a Fixed Caliper Brake System of the Same Lining Formulation

2020-01-163310/05/2020

The particulate emissions of two brake systems were characterized in a dilution tunnel optimized for PM10 measurements. The larger of them employed a fixed caliper (FXC) and the smaller one a floating caliper (FLC). Both used ECE brake pads of the same lining formulation. Measured properties included gravimetric PM2.5 and PM10, Particle Number (PN) concentrations of both untreated and thermally treated (according to exhaust PN regulation) particles using Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) having 23 and 10 nm cut-off sizes, and an Optical Particle Sizer (OPS). The brakes were tested over a section (trip-10) novel test cycle developed from the database of the Worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). A series of trip-10 tests were performed starting from unconditioned pads, to characterize the evolution of emissions until their stabilization. Selected tests were also performed over a short version of the Los Angeles City Cycle. PM2.5 emissions of burnished pads

Mamakos, Athanasios, Arndt, Michael, Hesse, David, Hamatschek, Christopher, Augsburg, Klaus

Development of Friction Materials Regulations for Four Latin American Countries

2020-01-161510/05/2020

Brakes are an essential safety device in a vehicle; however, there are few barriers to manufacture, import, or sell friction materials in most of the countries, including the USA. European countries, with the ECE R90 program, are a big exception. The International Transport Forum published in 2017 the “Benchmarking of road safety in Latin America” report [2], where it mentions that worldwide 17.5 people in every 100,000 die in road accidents. It is considerably higher in Andean countries and South America. In Andean countries (Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela) the mortality rate is 23.4. In all South American countries, the average rate is 21.0. Our study focuses on Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico because they are the most populated countries in Latin America and where more vehicles are sold, 3.5 Million in 2019 according to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) [7]. Government and professional organizations have developed over time

Casimiro Garcia, Maria Cristina, Ferro, Eduardo, Oliveira, Pedro, Galvis, Marlene

Medical Device Innovation: Three Keys to Success in the Face of COVID-19

TBMG-3785110/01/2020

There are no shortages of innovative ideas that advance medical technology. The challenge is how to bring great ideas to market within today’s regulatory environment, reimbursement structure, and within a reasonable timeline and budget. With the added challenges of dealing with the uncertainties and shelter-in-place requirements in response to COVID-19, it is especially difficult to keep up with the schedules, budgets, and project goals. What separates those organizations that consistently deliver innovation, maintain competitive advantages, and achieve commercial success?

A System and Method to Determine Soak Time

2020-01-201609/15/2020

In a competitive engineering business world, there is a constant demand to meet stringent emissions and on board diagnostic (OBD) regulations in a cost-effective manner. Engineers are tasked with the responsibility to innovate and design solutions around cost-cutting measures that involve reducing bill of material costs on the printed circuit board (PCB). Varied features in commercial application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) devices makes it more challenging to create consistent engineering design methods to provide critical inputs for controls and diagnostic strategies. In addition, continuous evolution of the emissions and OBD regulations in the different markets make it challenging for ASIC design manufacturers to evolve their hardware designs quickly. One such input is soak time. Soak time is typically defined as the amount of time the engine has been turned off. Emission controls and OBD algorithms use soak time to enable cold and hot start processing strategies. There are

Sundar, Bharath, Allen, William J.

Soot Load Monitoring in Gasoline Particulate Filter Applications with RF-Sensors

2020-01-217109/15/2020

With the start of Euro 6d regulations, gasoline particulate filters (GPF) have become standard equipment in European vehicles with gasoline-direct-injection engines. GPFs will also be broadly applied to meet the upcoming China 6 regulations. An existing challenge with GPFs is accurate soot load detection to manage the pressure loss across the exhaust system and to protect the GPFs from soot overload, which could potentially cause damage as result of uncontrolled soot oxidations. Systems with the GPF located in the under-floor position have a higher potential risk of soot overload due to lower temperatures, which can result in higher soot accumulation rates. The accuracy of existing soot estimation methods such as evaluation of the pressure drop of the soot-loaded GPF or model-based balancing of soot accumulation versus soot oxidation rates are sensitive to transient operating condition of a vehicle. Identifying an alternative method for accurate monitoring of the soot-loading state of

Nicolin, Per, Boger, Thorsten, Dietrich, Markus, Haft, Gerhard, Bachurina, Anastasiia

On-Road Emissions of Euro 6d-TEMP Vehicles: Consequences of the Entry into Force of the RDE Regulation in Europe

2020-01-221909/15/2020

Human health and the environment are heavily impacted by air pollution. Air quality standards for Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) are commonly exceeded in Europe, particularly in urban areas with high density of traffic. Road transport contributed to 39% of NOx emissions, and 11% of PM emissions in the European Union (EU) in 2017. Measurements with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) showed that most Euro 5 and Euro 6b diesel vehicles emitted significantly more NOx on the road than their permissible limit in the laboratory type-approval test. In that context, EU Real Driving Emissions (EU-RDE) regulation aims at securing low on-road emissions of light duty vehicles under normal conditions of use. This paper assesses the tailpipe emissions performance of Euro 6d-TEMP gasoline and diesel passenger cars, type-approved after the entry into force of the RDE regulation in September 2017. Vehicles were tested by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the in-house

Valverde Morales, Victor, Clairotte, Michael, Pavlovic, Jelica, Giechaskiel, Barouch, Bonnel, Pierre

Playing Defense

20AERP05_0205/01/2020

Uncertain Regulations Stall the Implementation of Counter-UAS Technology in The U.S. In early September 2019, a radical environmentalist group called “Heathrow Pause” threatened to shut down Heathrow Airport in the UK by flying drones within the airport's no-fly zone to call attention to climate change. Some Heathrow Pause members were arrested the day before their previously announced fly-date (9/13) and on the day itself their drones were unable to take off, electronically jammed by the authorities. The protest represents a new wrinkle in the fast-moving world of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) use and integration. As previous drone-induced airport disruptions at Heathrow and Gatwick in the UK and at Newark Airport, New Jersey in the U.S. demonstrate, society will need to prevent as well as facilitate drone use in daily life.

Data Sharing Glossary and Metrics for Shared Micromobility

MDC0000220200404/21/2020

As shared micromobility, such as dockless bikesharing and electric scooter sharing, has expanded around the world, so too have regulatory frameworks that define how these services use the public right of way. Many public agencies require operators of these services to provide access to data to support more data-driven approaches to monitoring and management. Despite the burgeoning data-sharing standards that describe the specific vehicle or trip data fields that shared micromobility operators are required to provide to public agencies, there are often inconsistent definitions and interpretations for the performance metrics that are used by public agencies and operators. Data Sharing Glossary and Metrics for Shared Micromobility provides a consensus-based set of definitions for terms and metrics that are commonly used. It outlines key vehicle, trip, and geospatial definitions and metrics to reduce discrepancies in the terminology used across jurisdictions and sectors and allow public

Mobility Data Collaborative

Motor Vehicle Emission Control Quality Monitoring for On-Road Driving: Dynamic Signature Recognition of NO _x & NH ₃ Emissions

2020-01-037204/14/2020

Motor vehicle emission testing during on-road driving is important to assess a vehicle’s exhaust emission control design, its compliance with Federal regulations and its impact on air quality. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been developing new approaches to screen the characteristics of vehicle dynamic emission control behaviors (its operating signature) while driving both on-road and on-dynamometer. The so-called “signature device” used for this testing is equipped with an O2/NOx sensor, thermocouple and GPS to record dynamic exhaust NOx concentration, air fuel ratio-controlled tailpipe lambda (λ), tailpipe temperature and vehicle speed (acceleration). In the early EPA research, signature screening was used to characterize a vehicle’s PCM control behaviors (cause/effect bijectivity), which help distinguish operation in normal control state-space and abnormal state-space. Currently, signature devices are being used to recognize when ammonia (NH3) has been emitted

Tang, Xiaoguo, Kargul, John, McBryde, Dan

Simulation of Aftertreatment Thermal Management Strategies for Low-Load Operation

2020-01-035904/14/2020

The low-NOx regulation for heavy duty trucks proposed by California’s Air Resources Board (CARB) will present a significant challenge to truck, engine and aftertreatment system manufacturers. This regulation will include a new test cycle representative of low-load operation. With low-load cycles, NOx conversion by the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) system is limited primarily by the exhaust temperature; thus, thermal management will dominate development. Simulation can be used to examine different thermal management strategies, and to define high-level requirements for new components. In this study, modeling was used to investigate SCR performance on two different low-load cycles, including the one selected by CARB for the low-NOx regulation. First, the “thermal deficit” of the cycle was quantified using a constant heat input. Next, direct heating of the exhaust with a fuel mini-burner or an electric heater, using realistic controls, was simulated to determine their capability to

Harris, Thomas

Your MDR Strategy: Start with a Gap Analysis

TBMG-3640704/01/2020

The 566-page Medical Device Regulation (MDR), which replaces the EU’s Medical Device Directive (93/42/EEC) and the Directive on Active Implantable Medical Devices (90/385/EEC), has caused much discussion, training, debate, and stress in the medical device industry since its publication in May 2017. To say nothing of the changes in device regulation, the aggressive three-year implementation goal of May 26, 2020 has the industry as a whole — manufacturers, laboratories, and regulators — strategizing diligently as we step into 2020. This article briefly examines the current state of the MDR, including deadline extensions announced in the second corrigenda, a strategy to address material information, and what should be included in a gap analysis.

Q&A

20AUTP04_1504/01/2020

With a growing number of R&D activities centered on advanced mobility, defining and aligning the efforts are the goals of a newly created position at Toyota Motor North America: Group VP of Advanced Mobility R&D. In that role, Jeff Makarewicz is focused on technical, business and product strategy/planning. Makarewicz was previously the group VP of the Vehicle, Quality, & Safety Engineering function responsible for Vehicle Performance, Materials Engineering, Safety Research and Quality Promotion. He joined TMNA R&D in 1990 as an engineer in the Materials Engineering Department and has held various positions in the areas of product planning, research, design, development and evaluation.

Editorial

20AVEP03_0103/01/2020

Some may remember - from a time before “brands” were intricately managed corporate personalities - a stays-in-your-head advertising campaign for the soft drink 7 Up. Pushing for share in a largely one-dimensional market dominated by Coke and Pepsi, 7 Up billed itself as the “Uncola.” Nobody knew it when Argo AI was founded four years ago, but it was the Uncola of the autonomous-vehicle (AV) world. During our interview with him for this month's cover feature, CEO Bryan Salesky repeatedly stressed that AV development is in its early stages and SAE Level 4 autonomy is years away.

Visnic, Bill

A Fast, Simple Sampling Method for Characterizing Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Medical Devices

TBMG-3551211/01/2019

In 2018, an update on regulations for respiratory medical devices meant that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the devices must be addressed. ISO 10993-1 highlights the need for medical device engineers and manufacturers to characterize these chemicals, particularly plastics, because these often emit chemicals such as phthalates and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are thought to be a health concern.1,2

The 6 Most Important Parts of a Temperature Monitoring System

TBMG-3546211/01/2019

In the past few years, it has become increasingly common for hospitals, clinics, healthcare and life science organizations, and other businesses to use an electronic temperature monitoring system to safeguard their products and satisfy regulatory demands. You may know that you need a monitoring system, possibly with alarming capabilities, but aren't sure how to select the best one to meet your needs. To complicate matters, there are literally dozens of different types of temperature monitoring systems with different features and a wide range of prices.

CONTI SUITS UP

19AUTP10_0110/01/2019

A team of young innovators aims to transform a critical piece of safety equipment - and create new business - through collaboration. Few colors shock the human brain into attention more than high-visibility Yellow. “Hi-viz” as it's known in the safety-apparel industry, is an on-the-job requirement for first responders, road workers, tow-truck drivers, linesmen, loggers, couriers, coast guard deck crews - any all-weather vocation for which being seen in low-visibility situations can make the difference between life and death. Included are overnight package-delivery drivers who must sprint across busy city streets - at night, in the fog and rain - to deliver the goods. But hi-viz, even when combined with reflective fabrics, is often not sufficient for wearers to be seen.

Brooke, Lindsay

Why Cloud QMS Better Supports Regulatory Compliance

TBMG-3480607/01/2019

Companies regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug administration (FDA) need to establish current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) as part of Title 21 CFR part 820 requirements. This includes creation of quality systems to ensure development of safe and effective devices. More specifically, medical device manufacturers must establish methods and procedures to design, produce, and deliver devices that meet the quality system standard.1

Uncertainty of the Ice Particles Median Mass Diameters Retrieved from the HAIC-HIWC Dataset: A Study of the Influence of the Mass Retrieval Method

2019-01-198306/10/2019

In response to the ice crystal icing hazard identified twenty years ago, aviation industry, regulation authorities, and research centers joined forces into the HAIC-HIWC international collaboration launched in 2012. Two flight campaigns were conducted in the high ice water content areas of tropical mesoscale convective systems in order to characterize this environment conducive to ice crystal icing. Statistics on cloud microphysical properties, such as Ice Water Content (IWC) or Mass Median Diameter (MMD), derived from the dataset of in situ measurements are now being used to support icing certification rulemaking and anti-icing systems design (engine and air data probe) activities. This technical paper focuses on methodological aspects of the derivation of MMD. MMD are estimated from PSD and IWC using a multistep process in which the mass retrieval method is a critical step. Complementary to previous studies reporting on MMD values calculated from the HAIC-HIWC dataset, this paper

Coutris, Pierre, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Leroy, Delphine, Grandin, Alice, Dezitter, Fabien, Strapp, J. Walter

Broadband Membrane-Type Acoustic Metamaterial Structures with Polymorphic Anti-Resonance Modes

2019-01-157406/05/2019

The researches indicate that rational design of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial (MAM) can make it have a high sound transmission loss (STL) at the anti-resonant frequency. Based on the principle of local resonance of acoustic metamaterials, this paper studied the coupling interactions between sound field and vibration modes, and designed four lightweight MAM structural units with different distributed harmonic oscillators, and then the anti-resonant behaviors of different units within the low frequency were gradually analyzed. The regulation mechanism of continuous polymorphic anti-resonance modes on broadening STL bandwidth was further revealed, and the STL characteristics have been verified within the low-frequency range by numerical simulation and experiments. The results show that the design of a single cross-shaped resonator can increase the diversity of anti-resonance modes and eliminate the node-circular-type resonance mode, then ensure the wider STL bandwidth. Furthermore

Zhang, Qianqian, Zhou, Guojian, Tian, Xiujie, Jiang, Yuying, Wu, Jiu Hui, Huang, Wei, Zhu, Keda

Mitigation of Community Noise from a Vacuum Excavator Using Simulations

2019-01-148006/05/2019

Off-highway equipment operates in residential communities and must meet their radiated noise targets to be compliant with noise regulations and to be competitive in the marketplace. Traditional find and fix noise testing of late-stage prototype designs may cause launch delays, with intense time pressures that often result in missed opportunities to create excellent products with good value. Accurate simulation of noise from these machines allows noise targets to be assessed at each stage of product development, giving engineers time to develop low noise products without adding excessive manufacturing cost. Simulation of an early prototype of a new vacuum excavator showed excessive levels of radiated noise in two different frequency ranges. Further investigation of the simulation results of these two spectrum ranges indicated different noise mechanisms producing the excessive noise levels. An acoustic resonance was excited in the exhaust flow downstream of a silencer by highly vortical

Sanal, Rahul, Muthuraman, Karthik Mahadevan, Powell, Robert, Stellman, Vernon, Clevenger, Craig, Smith, Jeff

Study of Energy Absorbing Front Cabin Mount, Its Stiffness Balance with Chassis and Test Correlation in Frontal Impact of Commercial Vehicle Cabin

2019-01-103404/02/2019

During design and development of a cabin for any commercial vehicle, meeting the strength requirements of front impact as per Indian regulation (AIS-029) is a very critical milestone. AIS-029 regulation consists of three destructive tests, i.e. Front Impact Test (Test A), Roof Strength (Test B) and Rear Wall Strength (Test C). Study of energy absorbing front cabin mount, its stiffness balance with chassis and CAE correlation with physical test is demonstrated in this study. [1]

Dhole, Avinash, Shrivastava, Rishi, Raval, Chetan

Evaluation of After-Market Light Emitting Diode Headlight Bulbs

2019-01-085004/02/2019

Taking advantage of growing consumer interest in light emitting diode (LED) headlights, an increasing number of after-market LED replacement bulbs is available on the market. They are designed to have similar socket shapes and sizes as halogen bulbs, in order to fit into existing headlight housings. Although none of these LED replacement bulbs conform to present federal headlighting regulations, and some are labeled for "off road use" only, others claim to meet current regulations. Regardless, many different LED bulbs can be easily purchased and installed by vehicle owners, who may or may not be aware of their regulatory status. Several different LED replacement bulb kits, each designed to replace a conventional 55-W H11 halogen bulb, were purchased and tested in three different low-beam headlight units. Photometric measurements at several critical test points for headlight performance revealed that none of the resulting distributions met all of the test point photometric requirements

Liu, Yi-wei, Bullough, John

Risk Analysis of Blockchain Application for Aerospace Records Management

2019-01-134403/19/2019

Blockchain as a technology has been successfully deployed in the financial industry. As the technology continues to mature, there are opportunities to use this to solve operational challenges in Aerospace. One of the common use cases is replacing paper records as a proof of compliance with a blockchain enabled distributed ledger. Commonly available open source blockchain frameworks have security ingrained in the components. However, replacing paper records with a blockchain based distributed ledger will require investigation of potential risks involved in the end to end usage of this technology for records management. The objective of this paper is to elucidate potential risks in an aviation record management workflow environment enabled by blockchain and suggest requirements to mitigate the risks. In addition requirements for Blockchain based systems will be proposed, which will guarantee minimum functional requirements like Protection of confidential information Integrity of the

Kar, Satyanarayan, Kasimsetty, Vinay, Barlow, Susan, Rao, Sujay

Model-Based Approaches in Developing an Advanced Aftertreatment System: An Overview

2019-01-002601/15/2019

Cummins has recently launched next-generation aftertreatment technology, the Single ModuleTM aftertreatment system, for medium-duty and heavy-duty engines used in on-highway and off-highway applications. Besides meeting EPA 2010+ and Euro VI regulations, the Single ModuleTM aftertreatment system offers 60% volume and 40% weight reductions compared to current aftertreatment systems. In this work, we present model-based approaches that were systematically adopted in the design and development of the Cummins Single ModuleTM aftertreatment system. Particularly, a variety of analytical and experimental component-level and system-level validation tools have been used to optimize DOC, DPF, SCR/ASC, as well as the DEF decomposition device. The highlights of this work can be summarized as follows: a). internal dosing is more efficient than external dosing to control HC slip; High CPSI DOCs show better HC oxidation performance at high SV due to enhanced mass transfer; b). the adopted advanced

Su, Changsheng, Brault, Joseph, Munnannur, Achuth, Liu, Z. Gerald, Milloy, Sean, Harinath, Arvind, Dunnuck, David, Federle, Ken

The Impact of Gasoline Direct Injection System Design on PM Emissions

2019-01-007201/15/2019

Gasoline Direct Injection engines can have significantly higher particulate mass (PM) and particulate number (PN) emissions relative to equivalent displacement Port Fuel Injected engines. Both the EPA and California Air Resources Board have adopted new stringent standards to be phased in over the next 10 years. The California regulations continue to tighten to a 1 mg/mi PM limit that is phased-in beginning with model year 2025 with full compliance by model year 2028. This study examines the different fuel injection system technology improvements that will be used to attain the standards to as well as their relative costs, market penetration potential, emission reduction and fuel economy impacts. The identification of alternative approaches and the analysis of their impacts was performed in two tasks. The first task was a comprehensive literature review and the findings of the review are presented. In the second task, information on topics not fully informed by the literature review was

Duleep, K. Gopal

Challenges in the Regulatory Framework of Automated Driving

2019-26-009701/09/2019

Automated Driving (AD) is foreseen to be one of the major social and technological challenges in the coming years. Many manufacturers are developing new models with cutting-edge functionalities, which are not included in the scope of the current regulatory framework. Apart from demonstrating their know-how and expertise about AD, their willingness to sell their AD models in the European market is accelerating the rule-making system. However, which is the roadmap for the European regulatory framework? Policy makers and regulatory bodies are pushing their boundaries at all levels (national and international) in order to introduce modifications in existing regulations. These regulations will enable the introduction of these new functionalities into the market. Without decreasing the standards of safety and security, the implementation of a clear and harmonized regulatory framework and approval process is extremely needed. The last amendments of the UN Regulation n°79 related to steering

Lafuente, Ignacio, Tobar, Marta, Luján, Carles, Martínez Rami, Estrella

Autonomous Vehicle Engineering: January 2019

19AVEP0101/08/2019

Editorial Trust, testing and transition SAE Standards News SAE updates J3016 automated-driving graphic View from a Visionary Chris Urmson helped give birth to vehicle autonomy. His company, Aurora, is leading the technology to maturity and widespread adoption. Extending EV Range Using AV Programming Intelligent programming of autonomous electric vehicles offers potentially big energy savings, according to a study by IAV. Intel Study: Autonomous Vehicles Expected to be Common-in 50 Years New U.S. consumer survey sees most Americans "expect" AVs, though many currently fear the technology. Europe's Latest AV Testing Facilities Key for Swift Autonomous Adoption The need for data sharing and commonality in burgeoning AV technologies is bringing new meaning to the words 'proving grounds.' End Public 'Shadow' Driving! The best way to test and train AI for autonomous vehicles is through proper simulation, systems engineering, and an end-state scenario matrix. A veteran engineer explains why

Propeller Shaft Ends - Dual Rotation (Engine Supplied Bearing)

AIR18B (Current)11/28/2018

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) records the results of an investigation of a dual rotation propeller shaft standard for an engine supplied bearing and the reason for deciding that such a bearing is impracticable.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Moving the goalposts of emission compliance

18AUTP11_0311/01/2018

This industry has worked hard to reduce or at least control several critical risks. The effort has been key for all constituents, impacting strategic direction, the allocation of valuable human and financial capital, and enterprise profitability. Risk reduction takes many forms. It ranges from aligning fluctuating commodities to an economic/commodity index, and aligning with labor constituents on long-term contracts. It even includes reducing currency risk through co-locating sourcing of a component or system to the same region in which it's sold. Such risk elements, among many, are quantifiable and thus can be controlled and minimized.

Robinet, Michael

Fuel Economy Regulations and Technology Roadmaps of China and the US: Comparison and Outlook

2018-01-182609/10/2018

In order to address the increasing energy and environmental concerns, China and the US both launched the fuel economy regulations and aim to push the development of technology. In this study, the stringency of CAFC and CAFE regulations and the technology development of two countries are compared. Besides, the optimal technology pathways of America and automakers for the compliance of CAFE regulations are calculated based on the modified VOLPE model, and the results are used as reference for China. The results indicate that the annual regulation improvement rates of China is higher than America and the AIR of China 2015-2020 regulation reaches 6.2% and is the most stringent phase in 10 years from 2015 to 2025. From the perspective of technology, there are still big gaps between China and the US in the applications of advanced fuel saving technologies. For both countries, engine still will plays the biggest role in the technology roadmap through 2025 and the contribution rates of

Chen, Kangda, Zhao, Fuquan, Liu, Zongwei, Hao, Han

Comparative protocol study between R44 and I-Size regulations for child restraint systems

2018-36-012409/03/2018

Children tend to be victims of road accidents more often than is the case for adults. Children made up 2,5% of the total number of road fatalities in the EU countries in 2015 and about 15% of the world? population. They are at about a sixth regarding the risk of dying in a road accident of the average member of the population across the EU as a whole.[1] The European Union uses the R44.04 [2] homologation standard to assess child restraint systems (CRS), but in 2013 a new regulation was implemented called Enhanced Child Restraint Systems (ECRS) or UNECE R-129[3] The first step of this regulation, called Phase 1 or I-Size, adds new performance criterion and improved the requirements for the CRS related to safety by introducing side-impact protection, classification based on stature not mass, use of Isofix and mandatory rearward facing until 15 months. Both regulations have been used simultaneously since 2013. In this paper a comparison study was carried out to analyse the differences

Domenech, David, Parera, Nuria, Maturana, Gustavo

Undercuts for Straight Screw Threads - Metric

MA1508 (Current)08/23/2018

This SAE Aerospace Standard (MA) provides recommended dimensional data for screw thread undercuts for straight “MJ” metric screw threads in accordance with MA1370.

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Route Selection Strategy for Hybrid Vehicles Based on Energy Management and Real Time Drive Cycles

2018-01-099504/03/2018

Air pollution levels in an urban environment is a major concern for developed and developing countries alike. Governments around the world are constantly trying to control and reduce air pollution levels through regulations. Low emission zones are being designated in cities worldwide in order to reduce the level of pollutants in big cities. The automotive industry is affected by those regulations and they are becoming more demanding over the years. Present work is aimed at developing a control strategy for a hybrid vehicle in order to optimize the fuel economy and emission levels based on GPS information, driver specific driving characteristics and weather forecast data for a given route. It uses powertrain model of a hybrid vehicle for developing route and driver specific control strategy. The full vehicle model has two sub-models: a route selector and a powertrain optimization model. The route selector selects the optimum route for the vehicle based on energy consumption considering

Garcia Pimentel, Hector, Samuel, Stephen

A Proposal to Re-architect Automotive OBD Freeze Frame Storage Requirements and the Associated Service-Oriented Freeze Frame Storage Algorithm Design

2018-01-087204/03/2018

Automotive OBD freeze frame storage is mandated by regulations since the creation of OBD-II in 1994. The main purpose is to help service engineers to identify the cause of the associated fault. Although OBD regulations [1] have gone through multiple updates and major changes since 1994, the regulations requirements on freeze frame storage, however, remain almost the same. The flexibility to comply with the mandated requirements allows OEMs to come up with very different designs, and potentially would confuse the service engineers when repairing different powertrains and could compromise the main purpose of helping identify the root cause of faults. In 2015, GM fellows [2], together with SAE J1979 committee members, proposed a set of future requirements on the OBD freeze frame storage with the intention to standardize the requirements by mandating the rules what to store and when to store, the minimum number of frames, and the numbering of the frames. The proposal is better than the

Guo, Yichao, LU, Wei, Terauchi, Kazumichi

Development of Improved SCRonDPF Design for Future Tighter Regulations and Reduced System Packaging

2018-01-034404/03/2018

With the push towards more stringent on-road US heavy duty diesel regulations (i.e. HD GHG Phase 2 and the proposed ARB 20 mg/bhp-hr NOx), emission system packaging has grown critical while improving fuel economy and NOx emissions. The ARB regulations are expected to be implemented post 2023 while regulation for EU off-road segment will begin from 2019. The regulation, called Stage V, will introduce particle number (PN) regulation requiring EU OEMs to introduce a diesel particulate filter (DPF) while customer demands will require the OEMs to maintain current emission system packaging. A viable market solution to meet these requirements, especially for EU Stage V being implemented first, is a DPF coated with a selective catalyst reduction (SCR) washcoat (i.e. SCRonDPF). With SCRonDPF, a NOx reduction benefit is achieved while maintaining system packaging but, there is an increase in pressure drop due to the higher washcoat loading (WCL) for the SCRonDPF compared to a catalyzed soot

Taylor, Mychal, Kaneda, Atsushi, Kai, Ryuji, Asako, Tsuyoshi, Miyahara, Yudai, Vogt, Claus, Makino, Mikio, Toyoshima, Tetsuo, Honda, Takahiro

SAE STANDARDS NEWS

18AUTP01_0901/01/2018

Moving swiftly to define the shared-mobility future Public and private partnerships to standardize data, share data, and protect sensitive data are being formed to help understand-and at the same time define- shared-mobility's potential to transform the transportation network. Shared-mobility operators, for example, compile data such as the origin and destination of shared services, travel time, and trip duration. And many shared-mobility companies have agreed to share data with public agencies voluntarily or as part of regulatory mandate.

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

Connecting SAE with China's mobility future

18AUTP08_0101/01/2018

As the first SAE International President to hail from the ‘tech’ sector-after a long career in the mechanical-systems world-Mircea Gradu has been delivering unique perspectives on the mobility industry and its future during his global travels this year. And the insights he's gained from engaging the technical and regulatory communities across Asia and Europe-from policymakers and business leaders, to engineering students fresh out of university-are equally valuable. No doubt being Velodyne's senior VP of Validation and chief quality officer helps draw large audiences, as happened recently at major conferences in China. But so does wearing “the SAE hat,” Dr. Gradu told me recently.

Brooke, Lindsay

SUPPLIER EYE

18AUTP01_0701/01/2018

Learnings from a pivotal year At some point during the next decade, as they plot their business and technology roadmaps to 2030, industry planners will look back on 2017 as a watershed of events and trends that shaped the mobility future. Surprises, setbacks, distractions and lessons abounded. From a global perspective, the inflection of future emission regulations across the primary vehicle-making regions are substantively impacting decisions to integrate new technologies to reduce CO2. Europe and China are expected to maintain and possibly advance their implementation of stricter tailpipe regulations by the middle of next decade, while the U.S. reevaluates its Federal standards.

Robinet, Michael

MOBILITY ENGINEERING: December 2017

17MEIP1212/01/2017

Rockets re-engineered-a step further into the cosmos Powertrain design for reliability Ice breaker Mazda's Skyactiv-X beats the big companies to market with a promising new engine that marries Otto and Diesel attributes. Advances for off-highway engine design As manufacturers continue to drive out cost and meet a worldwide patchwork of regulatory frameworks, the tools for developing those engines are advancing. From showcase prototypes to advanced analytical techniques, suppliers are helping the cause. Aeroacoustic simulation delivers breakthroughs in aircraft noise reduction Autonomy testing: Simulation to the rescue Autonomous technology development injects new rigors on vehicle-development testing.

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