Browse Topic: Reaction and response times

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Digital Manufacturing Execution System for Special Processes 2022-26-116805/26/2022
Processes like Chrome Conversion Coating, Painting, Temper ETCH are categorized as Special Process in Aerospace. They have many variables in the process which need to be monitored, recorded and inter relationship studied using ML & AI. Study of Process Parameters using IIoT, their impact on Quality and the impact on life cycle (Industry 4.0) due to the process parameters maintained at that time of manufacture needs specialized, customized software for each and every process. The said software needs to have checks and alerts for maintenance of Process parameters. It should, on a daily basis do a few lab measurements to cross check whether the automated measuring accuracy is correct or not. Regular empirical calculations for the concentration of baths should be done and an 'alarm' needs to be raised if any mismatch with actual measurement is found. This way regular checking of measuring instruments should be carried out. This also ensures that the issue is found out before it translates
Damodaran, Ramamurthy
Predicting Driver Emergency Response Behaviour through Time-to-Impact2022-01-097103/29/2022
Conventional forensic analyses of collision avoidance behaviours involve assigning a perception and response time (PRT) interval to a driver that precedes the onset of evasive action. However, this approach relies on the investigator identifying a ‘time zero’ for when to begin the PRT interval, which should align with the first moment of hazard detection. Depending on the incident circumstances, this moment may not be readily apparent or appropriate. Recent research has shown potential for a more universally applicable method that is based on the relationship between response onset and the projected time-to-impact (TTI). Accordingly, the aim of this research is to further investigate this relationship with diverse hazard scenarios. Twenty-one subjects viewed driver-perspective recordings of a simulated vehicle travelling down a major roadway past several two-way stop-controlled minor roads. At various intersections, intruding vehicles entered from either the left or right. These
Erazo, Fabian, Campbell, Adam
A Novel Method For Displaying Systems Datums Based On "Cognitive Load"2022-01-096903/29/2022
Operator attention has been a focus of human factors research. This research has defined how electronic devices and other stimuli can become distractions when included in the operator environment. Distracted driving occurs when a stimulus interrupts the essential cognitive processes of operating a vehicle. Attention is the most often mentioned of this loosely ordered sequence of processes that also includes perception, memory, cognition, and planful behaviors. These processes are the “cognitive demands” of vehicle operation. There is another issue, similar to “distracted driving,” that may cause an operator to fail to respond appropriately. That issue is the “cognitive load” of human-machine interface devices, including instrument clusters. The present paper explores the effects of cognitive load on the speed of operator responses. It describes a novel method for displaying systems datums that is designed to manage cognitive load. The paper describes a pilot study where participants
Havins, William
Three-axle Bus Handling Dynamics Evaluation Index2022-01-034103/29/2022
This paper evaluates the handling characteristics of three-axle bus by using the unique comprehensive vehicle handling evaluation index. With the theory of total variance, the generalized side-slip angle unified transfer function is introduced to derivate the evaluation indexes of reaction time, transition time, damping ratio and total variance considering the suspension roll steer and camber thrust. The three-axle bus suspension roll steer and camber thrust produces extra lateral force. The three-axle vehicle response degree following the step steer input is analyzed with the effect of suspension roll on three-axle bus by using the total variance approach. The vehicle designers could use this approach to get optimization design parameters of bus suspension. The unique total variance evaluation index considering the suspension roll steer is useful and could serve as an important tool for evaluating the effect of suspension roll on three-axle bus handling dynamics.
Ding, Jinquan
Prediction of Lane Change on the Expressway Based on Logistic Regression2021-01-703212/15/2021
In autonomous driving system, lane change decision-making plays an important role as the front-end of lateral control. However, the current prediction methods of lane change are typically performed by using basic variables as the features of model without deep processing, which reduces the accuracy of the prediction. Therefore, we propose a binary logistic regression method to solve the lane change decision problem under expressway conditions, which treat quantified willingness and risk as the inputs. Firstly, we design Lane Changing Willingness function and Lane Changing Risk function with the minimum safety spacing theory and traffic environment factors. Secondly, a binary logistic regression method for predicting lane change behavior is proposed. Thirdly, we develop the driving simulation platform with low latency data collecting tools and design the experiments. After training the model with the experiment data, the proposed method predicts the lane change decision with 94.02
Sun, Weiqi, Bai, Jie, Huang, Libo, Chang, Liang, Dong, Lianfei, Luo, Zhengang
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Empowering Superheroes: Emergency eVTOL Aircraft from Start-Up Jump Aero1317311/28/2021
In emergency situations, every second counts - but long distances to rural areas and congested city traffic often increase the time it takes to transport a patient to a hospital. Jump Aero is mobilizing eVTOL aircraft as a solution to cut emergency response time in half and save thousands of lives. Co-founders Carl Dietrich, President/Chief Designer, and Katerina Barilov, Head of Business Development, discuss their passion for the Jump Aero mission. Hear more about how electric aircraft can reduce the time it takes to get a responder on the scene, why their EMTs are required to learn how to fly an airplane, and how their commitment to engage with EMS communities builds partnerships and trust. Stay up to date on the latest news from Jump Aero: https://www.jumpaero.com/
Hineman, Marcie
Development of Thermal detection device for Automotive vehicles to monitor human body heat2021-26-023209/22/2021
According to research study Epidemics such as SARS, COVID-19 spread have caused huge negative impacts on population health and the economy around the globe. The outbreak placed a huge burden on international health systems that were already straining to address AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and a host of other conditions. Research has proven that if infected person is not found easily then spread of infection in society will takes the shape of large-scale community transmission. Most of the infection spared cause due to infections may go unnoticed from the infected person. One part of the access checker scans a person’s body temperature by measuring infrared radiation emitted by their skin. Fever screening by infrared thermal imaging has become more widespread following the SARS infection, and particularly during the pandemic H1N1 and COVID-19 outbreak. skin temperature measured without contact by monitoring the emitted infrared radiation. Infrared thermal camera that monitor radiations
Pajgade, Sachin Madhukarrao, Bhargava, Aashish
Co-Simulation of BLDC Motor Control and Clutch actuation system with Ball Ramp Mechanism2021-01-123609/21/2021
Electro-mechanical actuators are widely used in different forms in the automotive industry these days and are very effective in translating rotary motion of the motor to a linear motion with precision as per the requirement. With onset of electric drivelines and other complex driveline configurations, we see an increase in actuator applications. In this study, we developed high fidelity analytical model for a ball ramp clutch actuation system as per the proposed mechanical design and the software controls. The controls architecture is built in SIMULINK environment to drive the plant model of the BLDC motor. Whereas, the entire mechanical system which includes the gear train, ball ramp mechanism, clutch pack stiffness, etc. is modelled in ADAMS tool. The Ball Ramp consists of metal balls positioned in between opposing paired arc-shaped ramp grooves and guided by a cage to keep them equally separated in the same plane. While ADAMS model deals with high-fidelity contact dynamics using non
Rajendran, Raveen K., Roy, Nantu, Mehta, Yogesh
Prediction of Biodiesel Production from Sardine Fish Oil Methyl Ester Using Microwave Assisted Transesterification Method Using Response Surface Methodology2021-01-120209/21/2021
This study presents a demonstration of generating biodiesel from fish oil utilising microwave with a significant reduction in the amount of catalyst needed during the reaction and the time of reaction. Various factors such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, reaction duration, and molar ratio were tested experimentally. The response surface approach was used to improve the reaction parameters. As reaction parameters, four levels were chosen: molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. According to the RSM model results, molar ratio has a crucial role in the transesterification of fish oil to bio diesel. Confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the acquired data, and they proved to be worthwhile.
Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar, CHANDRA SEKHAR, S., Venkatesan PhD, M
Development of On-Board NH 3 and N 2 O Analyzer Utilizing Mid-Infrared Laser Absorption Spectroscopy2021-01-061004/06/2021
The authors present a portable NH3 and N2O analyzer utilizing mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy for on-board emission measurements. The developed analyzer employs a newly developed absorption spectroscopy named “infrared laser absorption modulation”, hereinafter referred to as IRLAM, for the signal acquisition and concentration determination. Because of IRLAM’s simple and robust signal processing scheme, a highly sensitive, selective and robust measurement system can be realized within a compact size. The following performance metrics of the new analyzer are presented: linearity, detection limit, response time and zero/span drift. Notably, the detection limit (defined as 2σ of the zero signal) of ≤ 0.1 ppm is achieved in both NH3 and N2O measurements. The influence of vibration, and changes in environment conditions such as ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, are also tested. The effect of random vibrations had little observable impact on the measurement noise level
Onishi, Yusuke, Hamauchi, Shota, Shibuya, Kyoji, McWilliams-Ward, Keegan, Akita, Masanobu, Tsurumi, Kazuya
Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement2021-01-089804/06/2021
Analyses of driver response time studies and fatal crash statistics were examined to determine: 1. whether all rear-end crash types can be analyzed as one crash type, 2. average braking thresholds for drivers, and 3. the influence cell phone usage has on drivers’ response times when responding to a lead vehicle. The goal of this research is to recommend protocols for investigating LV crashes that is supported by the literature. Two distinct lead vehicle [LV] response time events emerged: LV platoon (two vehicles traveling together in close proximity) and LV looming (a vehicle approaching a stopped or much slower LV). In normal driving, platoon LV events were very common but resulted in very few crashes per exposure. Young drivers were over-represented when they did occur. Onset of the hazardous event was when the LV decelerated, and drivers began braking roughly 3 to 5 seconds before impact. These results were consistent with the braking thresholds by naturalistic drivers in congested
Muttart, Jeffrey, Dinakar, Swaroop, Edewaard, Darlene
A Research on Modeling and Pressure Control of Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake System2021-01-013004/06/2021
A fourth-order mathematical model for I-EHB (integrated electro-hydraulic brake) system was derived from its mechanical and hydraulic subsystems. The model was linearized at equilibrium state and then was verified by AMESIM software. The friction model of the system was analyzed based on static friction and viscous friction. A bench test was designed to identify the parameters of friction model. As the I-EHB system worked at different braking conditions, a PID-based switching controller was designed to track the target servo cylinder pressure. Both simulations and experiments results showed that, the response time of pressure was less than 120ms, and there was no overshoot, which helped handling different braking conditions and improving the braking safety and comfort.
Wang, Bing, Wang, Minghui, Jiang, Yongfeng, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Large-Area Flexible Organic PhotodiodesTBMG-3831501/01/2021
The performance of flexible large-area organic photodiodes has advanced to the point that they can now offer advantages over conventional silicon photodiode technology, particularly for applications such as biomedical imaging and biometric monitoring that require detecting low levels of light across large areas.
Driver Drowsiness and Fatigue in the Safe Operation of Vehicles - Definition of Terms and ConceptsJ3198_202010 (Current)10/26/2020
This SAE Information Report provides definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue. It also includes information and concepts for driver drowsiness as they relate to the safe operation of a vehicle. The key driver drowsiness and fatigue causal factors include the following: (1) sleep quality and quantity, (2) time of day, (3) time awake, (4) time on task (modulated by characteristics of the driving task), (5) task-related fatigue (variations of arousal levels related to task underload and overload), and (6) combinations of these factors. Medical conditions, medication, alcohol, or drugs exacerbate drowsiness; however, the discussion in this report is limited to fatigue concepts. This report has two primary outputs: (1) definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and (2) basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue and its effects on the safe
Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Possible Significant Response Speedup from Detuning a Resonator BolometerTBMG-3778810/01/2020
Kinetic inductance bolometers and calorimeters, each consisting of a kinetic inductance device (KID) suspended on a membrane and embedded in a resonant circuit, are being developed for applications such as planetary science, climate science, and X-ray spectroscopy. Arrays of these resonator-bolometers, each with a unique resonant frequency, are coupled to a single feedline, allowing many bolometers or calorimeters to be multiplexed using microwave readout. These devices potentially offer a combination of high sensitivity, large arrays, and broadband response not available from competing technologies.
Q&A20TOFHP06_1306/01/2020
Comfort Motion Global (CMG) engineers have developed and refined a “proactive” Motion Seating software technology throughout the past 15 years that improves blood flow and reduces occupant fatigue through automated, micro-adjustments (1° or less) of the driver and passenger seats. Studies conducted with researchers at Ball State University for passenger vehicles showed an increase in driver alertness. Reaction times improved by 200 milliseconds between the static seat and the motion seat, which translates to about 17 to 20 feet of stopping distance, according to Dr. Paul Phipps, an Indianapolis-based chiropractor who developed the customizable algorithm. The proprietary technology recently launched on a range of Mercedes-Benz vehicles, and now CMG has its sights set on the commercial trucking industry - a logical next step since truck drivers are on the road for extended periods of time. The company is working with several commercial-vehicle suppliers and fleet owners to make the
Gehm, Ryan
Investigation on Safety Improvements by Lighting for Pedestrians and Cyclists2020-01-063304/14/2020
The paper will describe actual investigations on safety improvements by new lighting functions. Especially the new chance of projections on the road surface either by simple reflector technology or by modern signature and pattern projection will be investigated. Several different prototype technology will be checked by a set of new parameters, e.g. reaction time to signals, clear understanding, minimum and optimum visual contrasts etc.
Hamm, Michael, Hinterwaelder, Christian
The Effect of An Acoustic Startling Warning On Take-Over Reaction Time And Trunk Kinematics for Drivers in Autonomous Driving Scenarios2019-22-002203/31/2020
The Acoustic Startling Pre-stimulus (ASPS, i.e. a loud sound preceding a physical perturbation) was previously found to accelerate action execution in simple flexion exercises. Therefore in this study we examined if ASPS can accelerate take-over reaction times in restrained teen and adult drivers who were asked to reach for the steering wheel while experiencing sled lateral perturbations simulating a vehicle swerve. Results showed that adult drivers lift their hands toward the steering wheel faster with the ASPS versus without (161 ± 23 ms vs 216 ± 27 ms, p<0.003). However this effect was not found in teens or in trials where the drivers were engaged in a secondary task. Adults also showed reduced lateral trunk displacement out of the seat belt with the ASPS. The ASPS could represent a novel warning that reduces take over time and out-of-position movements in critical autonomous driving scenarios.
Graci, Valentina, Griffith, Madeline, Maheshwari, Jalaj, Akkem, Rahul, Austin, Meta, Seacrist, Thomas, Arbogast, Kristy B.
AFP Processing of Dry Fiber Carbon Materials (DFP) for Improved Rates and Reliability2020-01-003003/10/2020
Automated fiber placement of pre-impregnated (pre-preg), thermoset carbon materials has been industrialized for decades whereas dry-fiber carbon materials have only been produced at relatively low rates or volumes for large aerospace structures. This paper explores the differences found when processing dry-fiber, thermoset, carbon materials (DFP) as compared to processing pre-preg, thermoset materials with Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) equipment at high rates. Changes to the equipment are required when converting from pre-preg to dry fiber material processing. Specifically, the heating systems, head controls, and tow tension control all must be enhanced when transitioning to DFP processes. Although these new enhancements also require changes in safety measures, the changes are relatively small for high performance systems. Processing dry fiber material requires a higher level of heating, tension control and added safety measures. However, once these are achieved, processing rates and
Assadi, Michael, Field, Tyler
Fiber-Based Artificial MusclesTBMG-3513209/01/2019
While different approaches have been used to create artificial muscles — including hydraulic systems, servomotors, shape-memory metals, and polymers that respond to stimuli — they all have limitations such as high weight or slow response times. A fiber-based system was developed that is extremely lightweight and can respond very quickly.
German University Studying Assisted-Driving ‘Handoff’19AVEP07_0807/01/2019
Germany's Kempten University Adrive Living Lab will feature latest aVDS driving simulator to research ADAS stress levels. Researchers at Germany's Kempten University of Applied Sciences plan to embark this year on autonomous vehicle (AV) and advanced driver-assist system (ADAS) programs that will include investigation of the safest ways to achieve handover of a vehicle when control is returned to a human driver. To do so, it is installing an AB Dynamics advanced Vehicle Driving Simulator (aVDS) that will help measure driver stress levels if the vehicle is not capable of performing a particular maneuver. The aVDS has been designed to provide high level R&D capabilities specifically for autonomous systems. The university has established its Adrive Living Lab with the third-generation simulator helping to facilitate the study of the driver's interaction with autonomous systems and their effect on drivers' perceived safety and comfort. The program has identified these two areas as the most
Birch, Stuart
High Tech Comes to Fitness MonitoringTBMG-3458206/01/2019
Early wearable fitness monitoring devices were designed to perform a set of valuable but straightforward activities: tallying the number of steps we take daily, recording the number of hours we sleep, and monitoring our heart rate.
Prediction and Control of Response Time of the Semitrailer Air Braking System02-12-02-001105/09/2019
The response time of the air braking system is the main parameter affecting the longitudinal braking distance of vehicles. In this article, in order to predict and control the response time of the braking system of semitrailers, an AMESim model of the semitrailer braking system involving the relay emergency valve (REV) and chambers was established on the basis of analyzing systematically the working characteristics of the braking system in different braking stages: feedback braking, relay braking, and emergency braking. A semitrailer braking test bench including the brake test circuit and data acquisition system was built to verify the model with typical maneuver. For further evaluating the semitrailer braking response time, an experiment under different control pressures was carried out. Experimental results revealed the necessity of controlling the response time. As a result, a braking pressure compensation system was designed through adding intake and exhaust solenoid valves to the
He, Ren, Xu, Chang
Automated Vehicle Disengagement Reaction Time Compared to Human Brake Reaction Time in Both Automobile and Motorcycle Operation2019-01-101004/02/2019
Autonomous Vehicle Disengagement Reports have been published by the California Department of Motor Vehicles since 2015. The State of California autonomous vehicle testing regulations require every manufacturer authorized to test autonomous vehicles on public roads to submit an annual report summarizing disengagements. In early versions of the annual report, automated vehicle manufacturers were required to provide the time that it took for a human driver to take manual control of the vehicle when reporting vehicle disengagements. This study analyzes reported automated vehicle disengagement reaction times from 2015 through 2017 for various manufacturers that provided information to the California Department of Motor Vehicles while operating vehicles in autonomous mode. This study compares the reported automated vehicle operation disengagement reaction time to field literature in testing and experimentation on human brake reaction times for both automobile and motorcycle operation.
Dinges, Jeffrey T., Durisek, Nicholas J.
Driver Behavior in Left Turn across Path from Opposite Direction Crash and near Crash Events from SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving2019-01-041404/02/2019
The turn-across-path from opposite-direction [LTAP-OD] crash type contributes to one of the major fatal crash types in young drivers. Drivers responses in police reportable and severe crashes and near crashes involving an LTAP-OD scenario were evaluated from query of the Second Strategic Highway Research Program [SHRP-2]. This research examined the responses of through drivers. 122 such events were analyzed to extract driver braking behavior, secondary tasks, age, and perception-response times. All measures of through driver variables were compared with respect to turning driver behavior. The study aimed to identify the trigger event for drivers to respond to the left turning vehicle. Time to contact was a significant factor which affected driver response times. Drivers responded significantly faster when subjected to shorter time to contact events compared to longer ones. Other short time to contact events included when the turning vehicle did not stop before entering the intersection
Dinakar, Swaroop, Muttart, Jeffrey
Learning from Human Naturalistic Driving Behavior at Stop Signs for Autonomous Vehicles2019-01-102104/02/2019
Despite public expectations that autonomous vehicles should be able to avoid most accidents, the existing fleet of autonomous test vehicles has demonstrated this is simply not the case. An explanation for some of these accidents has been that these vehicles do not drive like humans and therefore do not exhibit certain driving patterns expected by human drivers. With the high likelihood of a gradual integration of autonomous vehicles into our traffic system in the future, there will be a need for such vehicles to adapt to, and mimic, human driving. Although much work has been done to understand human behavior and performance in driving, it has been mostly geared towards defining human capabilities and limitations. Little work has been done on the interactions between human-driven and autonomous vehicles. In previously published work, we described a large-scale, on-road eye tracking study conducted in instrumented test vehicles to understand and assess human behavior in a naturalistic
Tavassoli, Abtine, Cymbalist, Niccolo, Dunning, Amber, Krauss, David
Simulation Techniques for Determining Motorcycle Controllability Class according to ISO 262622018-32-006010/30/2018
The ISO 26262 standard specifies the requirement for functional safety of electrical and electronic systems within road vehicles. We have accumulated case studies based on actual riding tests by subjective judgment of expert riders to define a method for determining the controllability class (C class). However, the wide variety of practical traffic environments and vehicle behaviors in case of malfunction make it difficult to evaluate all C classes in actual running tests. Furthermore, under some conditions, actual riding tests may cause unacceptable risks to test riders. In Part 12 Annex C of ISO/DIS 26262, simulation is cited as an example of a technique for comprehensive evaluations by the Controllability Classification Panel. This study investigated the usefulness of mathematical simulations for evaluating the C class of a motorcycle reproducing a malfunction in either the front or rear brakes. To estimate the rate of rate of successful harm avoidance in this scenario, which is
Kawakoshi, Maki, Kobayashi, Takashi, Hasegawa, Makoto
Modeling Response Time of Next Generation Electric Brake Boosters2018-01-187110/05/2018
In the course of this paper, a model suitable for studying the performance - in terms of response time, current draw, and peak pressure capacity - of an electric booster-based brake system is introduced. Some discussion about the need the model is attempting to fulfill and how it fits into the vehicle development process is offered, before explaining the model in full. The equations describing the physics of the model are presented, and an explanation of how the elements of the model are integrated together into an easy to use, fast-running spreadsheet environment is given. Case study examples, validating the model against physical test (hardware in the loop) test results are shown, followed by sensitivity studies testing how changing parameters such as caliper Pressure-Volume curves, hydraulic system flow characteristics, voltage supply, and temperature conditions affect performance.
Antanaitis, David B.
Correlation of Objective and Subjective Evaluation in Automotive Brake Pedal Feel2018-01-188910/05/2018
In order to establish the correlation between objective and subjective evaluation of brake pedal feel for passenger cars, road tests of brake pedal feel were carried out and an evaluation method was proposed. In the road tests, subjective scores and objective measurements were obtained under the conditions of uniform and emergency braking. The objective measurements include pedal preload, low deceleration pedal force and travel, moderate deceleration pedal force and travel, brake response time and brake linearity. Using the theory of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the design process of the evaluation method was established. Key setups including the hierarchical structure model, the judgement matrix and the score calculation method of objective measurements were described in detail. Then, the correlation between subjective and objective scores was analyzed. It can be concluded that the evaluation method is effective and it can be applied to brake pedal feel assessment and adjustment.
Zhang, Jingyi, Meng, Dejian, Liu, Jialin
SPECIAL REPORT: MEDINNOVATION BOSTON 2018TBMG-3281909/01/2018
The medical device industry is built on innovation and invention. They are the drivers of change and evolution in this industry. But bringing these emerging technologies to market can be challenging. In June 2018, MEDInnovation Boston, jointly presented by Medical Design Briefs and MDG Boston, brought together leaders from across industry to share their insights and expertise. Below are just a few highlights and ideas from some of those experts.
Real-Time Ultraflexible Sensor Improves Inflammation TestingTBMG-3385109/01/2018
The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
Near-Zero-Power Temperature SensorTBMG-2968407/01/2018
A temperature sensor was developed that runs on 113 picowatts of power — about 10 billion times smaller than a Watt. The technology could enable devices that can be powered by harvesting energy from low-power sources, such as the body or the surrounding environment. Potentially, the system could run for years on a tiny battery.
Emergency Autonomous to Manual Takeover in a Driving Simulator: Teen vs. Adult Drivers – A Pilot Study2018-01-049904/03/2018
Autonomous and/or automated vehicles offer a host of future opportunities but leave many questions unanswered regarding their impact on crash avoidance or the ability of drivers to effectively scan and re-engage from self-driving mode when necessary to avoid crash scenarios. Considering a 16-year-old is several times more likely to die in an automobile crash than other licensed drivers, it was crucial to test both teenage drivers and adults to determine head-on collision avoidance abilities when subjected to a failing autopilot in a simulated autonomous vehicle. In this study, eight teenagers ages 16-19 and four experienced adults underwent four simulated drives (one manual practice drive and three simulated autonomous drives) using a hi-fidelity, Real Time Technologies SimDriver Simulator to represent being in a self-driving vehicle. When exposed to a head-on crash event where the opposing vehicle crosses the dividing line and drives towards the subject, most subjects successfully
Belwadi, Aditya, Loeb, Helen, Shen, Michelle, Shaikh, Saniyah, Ward McIntosh, Chelsea
Design and Development of Active On-Board Alcohol Detection System with Safety Features for Commercial Vehicles2018-01-060204/03/2018
Drink & drive has caused the increased rate of commercial vehicle accidents in the world due to the slow response to judgment and reasoning. According to research study 70% accidents are happened due to drunk & drive, it causes loss of human life and economic damage. Research has proven that drunk drivers exhibit aggressive driving behavior and apply more force during braking. While public health awareness and legal restrictions can assist in educating and discouraging people from drunk & drive, a more fool-proof method is not available in the market for commercial vehicles. Currently, a low cost, fail-safe onboard alcohol detection, and vehicle safety system is the need of the hour. This paper deals with the design & development of a low cost active onboard breath alcohol detection system and it’s on vehicle validation. Further, it explains the type of alcohol detection sensor used, controller design, logic programming and system packaging. An accurate, precise and contactless alcohol
Bakatwar, Rupesh, Yaser, K U Syed Taj, Jadhav, Sourabh, Bhargava, Aashish
Driver Response Time to Cyclist Path Intrusions2018-01-053104/03/2018
Motor vehicle crashes with cyclists are on the rise, with a six percent increase in fatal crashes from 2006 to 2015 in the USA. Although some research exists on the response time of drivers to some types of path intrusions, data on the perception-response of through drivers to cyclists who fail to stop at a stop sign, and ride into the path of the vehicle has not been researched. The purpose of this study was to quantify the Driver Response Time (DRT) to a cyclist that intrudes perpendicularly in front of a through vehicle at an intersection where the driver has the right-of-way. The DRT was measured from when the cyclist is positioned at the stop sign until the driver reacts, whether by touching the brake pedal, swerving (steering wheel angle change of at least 2 degrees), accelerating, or a combination of those responses. 26 (NFemale = 13; NMale = 13) university aged licensed volunteer drivers participated in the study conducted at the University of Guelph Driving Research in Virtual
Toxopeus, Ryan, Attalla, Shady, Kodsi, Sam, Oliver, Michele
Driver Response Time to Left-Turning Vehiclesat Traffic Signal Controlled Intersections2018-01-052104/03/2018
Left-turn crashes account for almost one quarter of all collisions. Although research has quantified the response time of drivers to left-turning vehicles with high acceleration profiles, research is lacking for driver responses to realistic left-turning vehicle acceleration. The purpose of this research was to determine the Driver Response Time (DRT) to a left-turning vehicle from the first lateral movement of the left-turning vehicle. The DRT was measured from first lateral movement of the left turning vehicle, until the through driver reacts, whether by touching the brake pedal, swerving, releasing/applying the accelerator, or a combination of these inputs. Ninety-eight (NFemale = 48; NMale = 50) licensed volunteer drivers took part in a study at the University of Guelph Driving Research in Virtual Environments (DRiVE) lab using an Oktal complete vehicle driving simulator. After a brief practice drive to acclimatize to the virtual environment, participants completed the eight
Attalla, Shady, Toxopeus, Ryan, Kodsi, Sam, Oliver, Michele
The Effect of In-Cylinder Temperature on the Ignition Initiation Location of a Pre-Chamber Generated Hot Turbulent Jet2018-01-018404/03/2018
Ignition location is one of the important factors that affect the thermal efficiency, exhaust emissions and knock sensitivity in premixed-charge ignition engines. However, the ignition initiation locations of pre-chamber generated turbulent jet ignition, which is a promising ignition enhancement method, are not clearly understood due to the complex physics behind it. Motivated by this, the ignition initiation location of a transient turbulent jet in a constant volume combustor is analyzed by the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In the CFD simulations of this work, commercial codes KIVA-3 V release 2 and an in-house-developed chemical solver with a detailed mechanism for H2/air mixtures are used. Comparisons are performed between simulated and experimental ignition initiation locations, and they agree well with one another. A detailed parametric study of the influence of in-cylinder temperature on the ignition initiation location is also performed. As the
Wang, Nana, Liu, Jinxiang, Chang, Wayne, Lee, Chia-Fon
Research of Steering Grasping to Take over Driver from System2018-01-106804/03/2018
Lane departure prevention systems are able to detect imminent departure from the road, allowing the driver to apply control to prevent lane departure. These systems possess enormous potential to reduce the number of accidents resulting from road departure, but their effectiveness is highly reliant on their level of acceptance by drivers. The effectiveness of the systems will depend on when they are providing driving assistance, what level of laxness in terms of maintaining contact with the steering wheel is allowed on the part of the driver, and what level of assistance the system provides. This paper will discuss research on the minimum necessary contact and contact strength with the steering wheel on the part of the driver when a lane departure prevention system is in operation. Using a six-axis driving simulator employing an actual vehicle, the research conducted tests involving 22 test subjects, and studied the relationship between the status of the driver’s contact with the
Odate, Shotaro, Fujimaki, Takeshi, Sakamoto, Naohiro
Driving Characteristics when Autonomous Driving Change to Driver in Low Alertness and Awake from Sleeping2018-01-108104/03/2018
Two experiments were carried out to clarify the characteristics of manual driving when the task of vehicle control is transferred from an autonomous driving system at SAE levels 3 and 5 to manual driving. The first experiment involved another vehicle merging into the lane of the host vehicle from the left side of a highway. This experiment simulated the functional limit of a level 3 system with the driver in a situation of low alertness. When the other vehicle changed lane in front of the host vehicle, the driving task was transferred from the system to the driver. The second experiment simulated a driver travelling along a city road with manual driving after the driver used the system in a situation of sleeping on a highway. In this experiment, a pedestrian emerges from a blind spot along a city road, and the driver needs to brake having recently awaken. In the first experiment, the driver with low alertness could not control the vehicle when manually driving. In the second experiment
Gokan, Masato, Yamaguchi, Daisuke, Hirose, Toshiya
Driver Response Time to Midblock Crossing Pedestrians2018-01-051404/03/2018
Vehicle-pedestrian collisions account for 15% of fatal crashes in the USA, and there has been a twelve percent increase in fatal crashes in the USA from 2006 to 2015. Although research exists on the response time of drivers responding to pedestrian path intrusions, data on the response time of through drivers to jaywalking pedestrians crossing from the far side of the road has not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify Driver Response Time (DRT) to a pedestrian that intrudes perpendicularly into the path of a vehicle from the far curb (adjacent to oncoming traffic). 50 (NFemale = 25; NMale = 25) licensed volunteer drivers took part in a study at the University of Guelph Driving Research in Virtual Environments (DRiVE) lab using an Oktal complete vehicle driving simulator. After a brief practice drive to acclimatize to the virtual environment, participants completed the approximately 10 minute experiment drive during which the pedestrian hazard was
Toxopeus, Ryan, Attalla, Shady, Kodsi, Sam, Oliver, Michele
Utilization of Perceptual Looming in Overtaking Decisions2018-01-050104/03/2018
This paper presents the results of a naturalistic study of driver’s responses to a slower moving vehicle. The objectives of the study were to determine if drivers utilize perceptual looming when electing to pass a slower moving vehicle and if so, the degree to which the looming value corresponds to the findings from controlled studies of driver’s ability to detect perceptual looming. The results indicate that drivers do rely on perceptual looming as a cue when initiating a passing maneuver and that the associated value is consistent with findings from controlled studies of driver’s abilities in this regard.
Edwards, Mark L., Stewart, Christopher, Fiorenze, Robert
Near-Zero-Power Temperature SensorTBMG-2853003/01/2018
A temperature sensor was developed that runs on 113 picowatts of power — about 10 billion times smaller than a Watt. The technology could enable devices that can be powered by harvesting energy from low-power sources, such as the body or the surrounding environment. Potentially, the system could run for years on a tiny battery.
Single Photon Camera Offers High Speed and High ResolutionTBMG-2812701/01/2018
Photon counting detectors with high spatiotemporal resolution are key tools of imaging techniques where picosecond timing and micrometer position imaging are required, such as time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) or fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) where fast feedback is critical. A newly developed an imaging photon counter provides a wide field of view (18 mm active area) imaging system that is able to detect individual photons within resolution of 10 ps in time and 40 m FWHM in position at a 16 MHz image resolution.
Transfer Technique Produces Wearable Gallium Nitride Gas SensorsTBMG-2812201/01/2018
A transfer technique based on thin sacrificial layers of boron nitride could allow high-performance gallium nitride gas sensors to be grown on sapphire substrates and then transferred to metallic or flexible polymer support materials. The technique could facilitate the production of low-cost wearable, mobile, and disposable sensing devices for a wide range of environmental applications.
User’s Guide for the Six Month Old Infant Dummy (CRABI)J2854_201711 (Current)11/08/2017
The CRABI dummy was developed to evaluate small child restraint systems in automotive crash environments, in all directions of impact, with or without air bag interaction Basic anthropometry for this test device was taken from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Report 85-23. Weight distribution and scaling methods for the infant were approved by the Society of Automotive (SAE) Infant Dummy Task Group. The dummy weighs 17.2 pounds and has a 26.4 inches standing or 17.3 inches sitting height. The Hybrid Ill-like neck and lumbar spine are laterally notched to reduce lateral stiffness The shoulders have flesh support for durability and human-like performance in areas where seatbelt webbing may be placed. In addition, rubber elements are used in each joint to improve biofidelity and to give the CRABI infant-like range of motion. The CRABI Six-Month-Old design meets all the SAE Infant Dummy Task Group anthropometry, biomechanical and instrumentation requirements
Dummy Testing and Equipment Committee
Simulation of Advanced Regenerative Braking Strategies in a Series Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2017-01-246610/08/2017
Regenerative braking is an important factor in improving hybrid electric vehicle efficiency. This paper proposes a new regenerative braking strategy that activates preemptively during a distracted driving scenario, before service brakes are utilized. The strategy uses onboard advanced driver assistance systems, such as forward facing radar, to detect when an object is approaching fast enough to enable regenerative braking in response. The proposed strategy is simulated on a full-vehicle model of a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. A driver model is developed to mimic the behavior of a distracted driver through delayed response time to the changing speed of a lead vehicle. Multiple trials are simulated using different combinations of existing regenerative braking strategies along with the proposed strategy. Results show that a preventative regenerative braking control strategy can recuperate significant amounts of energy while also improving vehicle safety. Coupling the proposed
Arnold, Graham
Brake System Performance at Higher Mileage2017-01-250209/17/2017
The purchase of a new automobile is unquestionably a significant investment for most customers, and with this recognition, comes a correspondingly significant expectation for quality and reliability. Amongst automotive systems -when it comes to considerations of reliability - the brakes (perhaps along with the tires) occupy a rarified position of being located in a harsh environment, subjected to continuous wear throughout their use, and are critical to the safe performance of the vehicle. Maintenance of the brake system is therefore a fact of life for most drivers - something that almost everyone must do, yet given the potentially considerable expense, it is something that of great benefit to minimize. Additionally, the performance of the brake system (like the tires) can change over the useful life of the components, realized in the form of changing friction levels, fluid consumption, and drag at a brake corner level, and realized to the driver in the form of changing pedal effort
Antanaitis, David B., Robere, Matthew
Integration Drives the Future of Portable Healthcare DevicesTBMG-2700806/01/2017
Electric Field Activated Shape Memory Polymer CompositeTBMG-2663404/01/2017
NASA’s Langley Research Center has developed a novel shape memory polymer (SMP) made from composite materials for use in morphing structures. In response to an external stimulus such as a temperature change or an electric field, the thermosetting material changes shape, but then returns to its original form once conditions return to normal. Through a precise combination of monomers, conductive fillers, and elastic layers, the NASA polymer matrix can be triggered by two effects — Joule heating and dielectric loss — to increase the response. The new material remedies the limitations of other SMPs currently on the market; namely, the slow stimulant response times, the strength inconsistencies, and the use of toxic epoxies that may complicate manufacturing. NASA has developed prototypes and now seeks a partner to license the technology for commercial applications.
A Modular Apparatus and Method for Attaching Multiple DevicesTBMG-2664604/01/2017
Scientists at NASA's Glenn Research Center have received several patents for fabrication methods that speed the production of silicon carbide (SiC) sensors and electronics, reduce fabrication costs, and enable advanced semiconductor functionality at temperatures greater than 600 °C. Glenn has developed a method for fabricating ultra-thin SiC microstructures using a dopant selective reactive ion etching (DSRIE) technique that can create extremely thin diaphragms (approximately 2 microns), increasing sensor sensitivity and resolution. In addition, Glenn has developed a modular protective packaging that allows SiC-based electronic devices to survive and operate reliably at very high temperatures. These innovations improve the real-time monitoring of high-temperature harsh environments, such as jet and rocket engines, allowing faster response times and more accurate readings.
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