Browse Topic: Anthropometrics

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In the context of Rotorcraft Pilot Couplings, the biomechanics of the pilot body play a fundamental role in determining the stability of the pilot-vehicle closed loop system. The response of the pilot body is, in turn, inherently stochastic, being a function of pilot biometrics and muscular activation. Coupling the statistical distribution of pilot biomechanical behavior determined in specialized experimental campaign with linear models of the helicopter heave dynamics, an uncertainty propagation procedure is developed, with the aim of estimating the statistical distribution of the stability margins of the closed loop pilot-vehicle system. Results obtained varying the collective lever characteristics, as well as the helicopter model parameters, align well with results obtained previously in deterministic settings. However, the new scheme allows to define quantitative robustness indices.
Zanoni, AndreaMasarati, PierangeloColombo, FrancescaZilletti, MicheleMarchesoli, DavideTalamo, CarmenCassoni, Gianni
ABSTRACT
Basham, LoriBlankenship,  JustinKoch,  Andrew
Researchers have developed biomaterial-based inks that respond to and quantify chemicals released from the body (e.g., in sweat and potentially other biofluids) or in the surrounding environment by changing color. The inks can be screen printed onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure.
A deep-learning powered single-strained electronic skin sensor can capture human motion from a distance. The single strain sensor placed on the wrist decodes complex five-finger motions in real time with a virtual 3D hand that mirrors the original motions. The deep neural network boosted by rapid situation learning (RSL) ensures stable operation regardless of its position on the surface of the skin.
Researchers have constructed a paper-based device as a model of wearables that can collect, transport, and analyze sweat in next-generation wearable technology. Using a process known as capillary action, akin to water transport in plants, the device uses evaporation to wick fluid that mimics the features of human sweat to a sensor for up to 10 days or longer.
The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has created uncertainty and delays in procedures, but hospitals and surgeons still need a steady supply of product, meaning that the orthopedics industry must keep innovating. One thing is certain, 2020 will be a turbulent year for procedure demand. Early on, analysts predicted that because many orthopedic procedures are elective, they would be postponed to help free up space for critically ill patients. While the recovery of orthopedic procedures has begun more quickly than analysts initially expected, it seems likely it will take longer than expected to reach full recovery as we look into 2021. June ordering patterns were already much higher than May, but the quicker recovery may indicate a second decline (W-shaped) versus a sharp decline followed by a quick recovery (V-shaped).
Today’s medical device manufacturers are facing changing and more challenging requirements for their products. Users are demanding less-invasive devices, and in some cases, wearable devices that are robust and long lasting. Regulations are becoming ever more stringent and costly, especially in terms of biodegradability. Yet at the same time, device manufacturers want to meet user demands by including the latest technologies, while keeping their costs under control.
A device that monitors health conditions in the body using a person's sweat has been developed by Penn State and Xiangtan University researchers, according to Huanyu “Larry” Cheng, assistant professor of engineering science and mechanics, Penn State.
Over the years, technological innovation has allowed the medical equipment sector to become a mission-critical part of the healthcare industry, delivering such benefits as lower operating costs and improved patient outcomes. But competitive pressures are driving the need for device developers to provide a richer experience for users, incorporating broader capabilities and features and more options.
The security of connected health technology is often assumed to exist when it does not, or considered to be prohibitively expensive or complex, or, worst of all, relegated to an afterthought. This is dangerous thinking, especially as the industry increasingly moves to a smartphone-based command-and-control model for these safety-critical applications.
EPFL researchers have developed electronic fibers that, when embedded in textiles, can collect a wealth of information about our bodies by measuring subtle and complex fabric deformations. Their technology relies on transmission line theory and offers a host of applications, such as in healthcare and robotics.
Conventional melanoma therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, suffer from the toxicity and side effects of repeated treatments due to the aggressive and recurrent nature of melanoma cells.
Washington State University researchers have developed a technology that is more than 30 times more sensitive than current lab-based tests in finding early stage cancer biomarkers in blood.
A novel stretchable material, when used in light-emitting capacitor devices, enables highly visible illumination at low operating voltages, and it is also resilient to damage due to its self-healing properties.
Researchers at MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital have designed a new face mask that they believe could stop viral particles as effectively as N95 masks. Unlike N95 masks, the new masks were designed to be easily sterilized and used many times.
Human Response and Injury Resulting from Head Impacts with Unmanned Aircraft Systems2019-22-00023/31/2020
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, are part of a new and budding industry in the United States. Economic and public benefits associated with UAS use across multiple commercial sectors are driving new regulations which alter the stringent laws currently restricting UAS flights over people. As new regulations are enacted and more UAS populate the national airspace, there is a need to both understand and quantify the risk associated with UAS impacts with the uninvolved public. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical response and injury outcomes of Post Mortem Human Surrogates (PMHS) subjected to UAS head impacts. For this work, PMHS were tested with differing UAS vehicles at multiple impact angles, locations and speeds. Using a custom designed launching device, UAS vehicles were accelerated into the frontal, parietal, or vertex portions of subjects’ craniums at speeds up to 22 m/s. Of the 35 UAS impacts carried out, one AIS 2+ injury was observed: a 13 cm linear skull fracture resulting from a Phantom 3 impact. Additionally, injury risk curves used in automotive testing were found to over predict the risk of injury in UAS impact scenarios. Finally, localized skull deformation was observed during severe impacts; the effect that this deformation had on measured kinematics should be further evaluated. Overall, the study found that AIS 2+ head injuries may occur as a result of UAS impacts and that automotive injury metrics may not be able to accurately predict head injury risk in UAS impact scenarios.
Stark, David B.Willis, Arrianna K.Eshelman, ZachKang, Yun-SeokRamachandra, RakshitBolte IV, John H.McCrink, Matthew
Far Side Impact Injury Threshold Recommendations Based on 6 Paired WorldSID / Post Mortem Human Subjects Tests2019-22-00053/31/2020
Far side has been identified in the literature as a potential cause of numerous injuries and fatalities. Euro NCAP developed a far side test protocol to be performed to assess adult protection. A monitoring phase was undertaken between January 2018 and December 2019, and the far side assessment will become part of the rating for all vehicles launched in 2020 onward. A test buck was developed and 6 paired WorldSID / Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) were subjected to the test protocol proposed by Euro NCAP to contribute to the development of limits. The buck consisted of a rigid seat and a rigid central console covered with 50 mm of Ethafoam TM 180 with a density of 16 kg/m3. The buck was mounted on the sled with an angle of 75° between the X axis of the vehicle and the X axis of the sled. The peak head excursion was compared between PMHS and the WorldSID dummy. It was found reasonably similar. However, the dummy repeatability was found to be poor. Out of 6 tests conducted on 6 PMHS, 2 specimens sustained AIS3 and, 3 specimens AIS2 cervical spine injuries, 3 specimens sustained AIS3, 1 AIS2 and 1 AIS1 thoracic injuries, and 2 specimens sustained AIS2 abdominal injuries. The peak values recorded on the dummy according to the Euro NCAP protocol were compared with the injury assessments of the PMHS tests. In the configuration used, which includes a central console, the hard thorax injury prediction was found to be excellent. For the neck injury prediction, the data were merged with similar results available in the literature and an Injury Risk Curve was proposed as a derivative from the curve published by Mertz et al. (2003) for neck extension.
Petit, PhilippeTrosseille, XavierUriot, JéromePoulard, DavidPotier, PascalBaudrit, PascalCompigne, SabineKunisada, MasatoTsurui, Kenji
Response Ratio Development for Lateral Pendulum Impact with Porcine Thorax and Abdomen Surrogate Equivalents2019-22-00073/31/2020
There has been recent progress over the past 10 years in research comparing 6-year-old thoracic and abdominal response of pediatric volunteers, pediatric post mortem human subjects (PMHS), animal surrogates, and 6-year-old ATDs. Although progress has been made to guide scaling laws of adult to pediatric thorax and abdomen data for use in ATD design and development of finite element models, further effort is needed, particularly with respect to lateral impacts. The objective of the current study was to use the impact response data of age equivalent swine from Yaek et al. (2018) to assess the validity of scaling laws used to develop lateral impact response corridors from adult porcine surrogate equivalents (PSE) to the 3-year-old, 6-year-old, and 10-year-old for the thorax and abdominal body regions. Lateral impact response corridors were created from 50th adult male PSE pendulum lateral impact T1, T14, and L6 accelerations and pendulum impact force time histories for the thorax and abdomen testing performed. The ISO 9790 scaling technique using length, mass, and elastic modulus scale factor formulas were used in conjunction with measured swine parameters to calculate scale factors for the PSE. In addition to calculation of pertinent test scale factors, response ratios for the pendulum impact tests were calculated. The scaling factors and response ratios determined for the porcine surrogates were compared to the already established ISO human lateral pendulum impact response ratios to determine whether a consistent pattern over the age levels described for the two sets of data (human and swine) exists. The actual lateral impact pendulum data, for both thoracic and abdominal regions, increases in magnitude and time duration from the 3-year-old PSE up to the 50th male PSE. This increase in magnitude and time duration is comparable to the human response corridors developed based on an impulse-momentum analysis and the elastic bending modulus derived from human skull bone. This pattern in the human impact response corridors was observed in the response ratio values and the swine response data. Based on the current study’s findings, when utilizing the elastic modulus of human skull bone presented previously in research, thoracic and abdominal lateral pendulum impact response of PSE follows the general scaling laws, based on the impulse-momentum spring-mass model. The thoracic and abdominal lateral pendulum force impact response of PSE also follows the human scaled impact response corridors for lateral pendulum impact testing presented in previous research. The overall findings of the current study confirm, through actual swine testing of appropriate weight porcine surrogates, that scaling laws are applicable from the midsized-male adult down to the 3-year-old age level using human skull elastic modulus values established in previous research.
Yaek, Jennifer L.Cavanaugh, John M.Rouhana, Stephen W.
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