Proton Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered one of the most prominent technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector, with emphasis on long-haul/long-range trucks, off-highway, maritime and railway. The flow field of reactants is dictated by the layout of machined channels in the bipolar plates, and several established designs (e.g., parallel channels, single/multi-pass serpentine) coexist both in research and industry. In this context, the flow behavior at cathode embodies multiple complexities, namely an accurate control of the inlet/outlet humidity for optimal membrane hydration, pressure losses, water removal at high current density, and the limitation of laminar regime. However, a robust methodology is missing to compare and quantify such aspects among the candidate designs, resulting in a variety of configurations in use with no justification of the specific choice. This contrasts with the large operational differences, especially regarding the pressure loss

Corda, Giuseppe, Cucurachi, Antonio, Diana, Martino, Fontanesi, Stefano, D'Adamo, Alessandro

Carbon-Neutral Powertrains for Future Mobility and its Impact on Thermal Management

2022-28-041511/09/2022

In this article we summarize the main classification of hybrid powertrains for automotive sector and quantify the scope and benefit these powertrains using gasoline and diesel as mono fuel or dual fuel with CNG, Flex fuel (Ethanol blended). Such power trains have high potential to achieve lower carbon emissions for the near future usage and implementation, until the carbon-neutral powertrain reaches its majority in the market. The major focus is on the H2 combustion engine powertrain as it is one of the potential solutions to achieve carbon-neutral powertrain solution using the optimized IC engine. We highlight the benefits and challenges involved to commercialize H2 combustion engine powertrain against the e-fuel based carbon-neutral powertrain for the new-energy vehicles such as Battery powered electric vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell powered electric vehicle (FCVs). Finally we discuss about the link between the capacity and size of the thermal cooling system of the automotive vehicle

Muthu, Selvaraji, N, Sekarapandian, KANNAIYAN, Ashok

Allison's now open for hydrogen testing

22TOFHP10_0510/01/2022

With the atomic number 1, hydrogen is the lightest element in the Periodic Table, but it's rapidly becoming a heavyweight for the mobility future. Development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) and hydrogen-fueled combustion engines for commercial-vehicle use is driving demand for specialized testing and validation facilities. Allison Transmission is in the vanguard of this movement, recently launching a comprehensive hydrogen test capability at its 60,000-ft2 (5,575-m2) Vehicle Electrification + Environmental Test Center in Indianapolis. Prior to its official debut, SAE Media was provided an exclusive look at the new facility - which also includes compressed natural gas (CNG) testing - courtesy of David Proctor, the test center's general manager, and Tim Szilveszter, Allison's sales account manager.

Brooke, Lindsay

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Fueling Flight With Hydrogen Technology

1327608/25/2022

Zero emission aviation is the future - and Hydroplane is paving the way with affordable hydrogen fuel cell powerplant technology. Founded by former NASA engineer Dr. Anita Sengupta, Hydroplane is focused on decarbonizing aviation for regional aircraft travel. As the winner of two U.S. Air Force Agility Prime contracts, Hydroplane's team of space program-trained engineers have developed a drop-in hydrogen fuel cell powerplant solution designed to replace existing combustion powerplants in single engine and urban air mobility platforms. The result is lower cost and a significant improvement in range, endurance, and payload over battery power. Applications for this technology include flight training, commercial transportation, air taxi, cargo transportation, humanitarian aid, and government support. As a minority woman small business owner, Anita feels a personal responsibility to share her growth journey, from working for the space program to moving into entrepreneurialism. She serves as

Hineman, Marcie

Optimal Control of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) powertrain

2022-01-113108/13/2022

In the mobility industry, the fuel cell technology combined with batteries allows to overcome some of the main pain points of BEV, namely the high recharging time and the high mass of batteries for applications requiring a high amount of energy to fulfil their missions (e.g., bus and heavy-duty vehicles). A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) powertrain relies on a fuel cell system mainly to fulfil the stationary power demand and on a battery to provide power with higher dynamics and to recover braking energy. The entire powertrain requires an advanced control system to define the power split among fuel cell and batteries, while fulfilling all component and system level constraints. The purpose of this paper is to present a so-called Model Predictive Controller (MPC) for the optimal operations of a fuel cell / battery hybrid powertrain applied to a city bus. The proposed real-time MPC strategy has been designed to optimize the trade-off among hydrogen consumption, battery state of charge

Alfieri, Vincenzo, Binetti, Giulio, Ruotolo, Romualdo, Gandino, Edoardo

Urban Fuel Cell Bus Feasibility Study Approach Based on the Geospatial Data Analysis

2022-01-113008/13/2022

The interest and number of sales of hydrogen urban buses has growth among Public Transport Operators significantly at the turn of 2010s and 2020s. The application of vehicles equipped with fuel cells can lead to eliminating several drawbacks of electric buses equipped with current generation of lithium-ion batteries. The hydrogen buses can offer greater single charge distance than electric buses and allow quick refueling to ensure high daily operability. However fuel cell propulsion systems are more sensitive to specific work conditions, such as high average speed or harsh topographic driving profile. The most common and conventional approach to check the possibility of a vehicle to operate on the selected route is to perform a test drive. As of the beginning of year 2022 the fuel cell buses and hydrogen refueling stations appear only in several cities across Europe, so for most use cases it is not possible to obtain hydrogen bus for the field testing. The approach proposed by the

Adamczyk, Dariusz

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle research in a thermoclimatic chamber

2022-01-112908/13/2022

The article presents the results of tests of a car powered by fuel cells, carried out in a thermo-climatic chamber. Measurements of the main parameters of the fuel cell were carried out during long-term exposure to low temperature and during cold start-up. The aim of the research is to verify operational recommendations when using cars with fuel cells in cold climates.

Brzeżański, Marek, Noga, Marcin, Szalek, Andrzej

Potential Applications of Fuel Cells in Air Mobility

2022-26-121605/26/2022

The climate change impact due to increased greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide (NOx) and ozone etc. has been immense over the years and causing increase in temperatures of the earth’s surface and global warming. Recently, there is a significant effort to reduce the emissions especially after Paris agreement in 2015. There are several research initiatives across the globe to reduce the emissions like NOx, CO2 and other harmful substances. The air mobility also contributed to the increased greenhouse gases due to CO2 and NOx. This paper presents the potential applications of fuel cells for air mobility that includes helicopters, hybrid electric aircrafts and all electric aircrafts to achieve the reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption. The objective of this paper is to take a broad view of how fuel cell technology works, various types of existing technologies and their potential applications and challenges for air mobility vehicles in terms

Kari, Sreedhar, Kumar, Ravi

Development of Autonomous airborne systems

2022-26-124305/26/2022

Automation has the potential to revolutionize the way humans connect, inspire, protect and explore. The recent contemporary models have less flight time, the goal of the project is to make a physical prototype of an autonomous airborne system with more flight time in order to monitor the endangered species, without disturbing the surrounding environment, and to allow a Quadcopter to locate and land on a station target in an isolated area. The project is different from the remaining airborne systems because the Flight Controller used here will not be any open source; instead, it will be a Flight Controller that we design on our own. The advantage of using our Flight Controller is that we can set our algorithms in a better way instead of using the enhanced algorithms. The main challenge faced will be in the communication gap or delay between electronic sensors and the computer. This issue is suppressed by customizing the PCB using an Altium PCB designer. The noisy sensor data that

Gottipati, Sathwik, Beleraya, Srinidhi

Hydrogen Fueled Aircraft Engines

2022-26-115605/26/2022

In the recent years, the climate change has become more devastating, and its continuing use of fossil fuels seems unreasonable as humankind is being pushed into a corner where the need to choose an alternative fuel has become necessary. The two main alternatives currently available are: Electrical propulsion and Hydrogen injected air breathing engines. Electrical propulsion had come far since last 10 years with Li+ ion technology, but the problem with them persists. They provide a low power to weight ratio which reduces the range as well as the load while operating the aircraft. On the other hand, Hydrogen with fuel cells or H2-O2 combustion has a high power to weight ratio but very difficult to handle. So, using hydrogen comes with a lot of difficulties in the present scenario. However. the concept of hydrogen has come a long way since its first use as a Rocket fuel. But this alternate fuel provides many advantages as well as challenges which needs to be overcome to move on its use in

Sri, Ratan, Sivamani, Seralathan

An approach to designing Hybrid Electric System for Aircraft

2022-26-115905/26/2022

The Aviation industry has come a long way in terms of being energy efficient and with an objective to reduce carbon footprint is currently transitioning from traditionally fuel operated to Hybrid Electric system with a goal to completely move to All Electric system. Hybrid Electric system uses fuel as one of the sources and battery or hydrogen fuel cells as an alternate source of energy. All the existing aircraft manufacturers are investing heavily in designing either Hybrid or All electric powered aircrafts. This paper provides an approach to design a Hybrid Electric System for an aircraft by means of a case study and provides guidance on selection criteria for key components involved in design of Hybrid Electric System for an aircraft.

Mehta, Prashant

Discovering effective factors for big data-based fuel cell durability

2022-01-082703/29/2022

As data emerges as the most valuable resource in the world, the evolution of the related data industry is progressing faster. On May 6, 2017, The Economist published an article titled'The world's most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data.' A country with a lot of data is gaining a bigger market, and the economy of a country where data production and utilization is good develops. In this study, we tried to find the effective factor of fuel cell durability by using the big data analysis method with data (blue link data) of the accumulated vehicle real time. The analysis of big data analysis using general customer data led to the correlation of endurance effective factors, and the hydrogen taxi data was used to capture different driving patterns from the general customers to check the endurance trends in more cases.

JIN, YOUNGPIN

Adaptive control of self-humidification PEM fuel cell system based on cathode recirculation

2022-01-083103/29/2022

The distribution of the water content and reactant concentration has an important impact on the durability and output performance of the PEM fuel cell system. Especially for a self-humidification fuel cell system, membrane drying or local liquid water accumulation will cause poor output performance and even lead to irreversible damage to the stack. To prolong the stack lifespan and achieve the best output performance, it is important to construct a balanced water circulation in the fuel cell stack by actively controlling external subsystems and optimizing operating conditions. In this study, a three-dimensional model of the fuel cell stack is modeled by the ANSYS fluent where the distributions of stack internal states are calculated and illustrated and the external subsystem such as hydrogen supply subsystem, air supply subsystem and thermal management system are modeled on the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. With the FLUENT/SIMULINK co- simulation, the internal states of the fuel cell stack

Yu, Yang, Jiao, Jieran, chen, fengxiang

Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network

2022-01-082103/29/2022

In recent years the world has come under increased pressure to reduce the harmful emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels. In 2019 in the UK (pre-COVID), the transport sector was estimated to have emitted 27% of all greenhouse gas emissions, making it the highest emitting sector. This has led to government action, banning the sale of petrol and diesel cars by 2030, as well as the introduction of low and zero emission zones in our cities. Public transport modes, especially city buses, must therefore also transition towards zero emission technologies to continue to operate within city centres. Battery electric buses are currently the most common choice, with both single deck and double deck vehicles in regular use. However, long-term operational capabilities are still largely unknown and unreported. Hydrogen fuel cell electric buses are an emerging zero emission technology that have the potential to complement a battery electric bus fleet where the duty cycle is challenging for

Blades, Luke Aubrey William, MacNeill, Rachel, Zhang, Yuanjian, Cunningham, Geoff, Early, Juliana

Development of a Light-duty Commercial Vehicle Demonstrator Featuring a Low-cost PCB Fuel Cell

2022-01-084103/29/2022

Today the light-duty commercial market is dominated by internal combustion engine powered vehicles, primarily diesel-powered delivery vans, which contribute to urban air quality issues. Furthermore, global concerns regarding climate change have prompted zero emission vehicles to be mandatory in many markets as soon as 2035. For the light-duty commercial vehicle sector there is significant interest in pure electric vehicles. However, for some markets or usage cases electric vehicles may not be the best solution, due to the limitation of practical battery energy storage capacity or recharging times. For such applications there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cells as a zero emissions alternative. Bramble Energy’s patented printed circuit board (PCB) fuel cell technology – the PCBFC™ - enables the use of cost-effective production methods and materials from the PCB industry to reduce the cost and complexity of manufacturing hydrogen fuel cell stacks. This paper will describe the

Mason PhD, Tom, Bharath, Vidal, Hall, Jonathan, Borman, Stephen, Bassett, Michael

Development of Next Generation Fuel Cell Bus: Investigation of Configuration Impact and Control Strategy Development

2022-01-083203/29/2022

The emergence of fuel cell powertrains has opened up new pathways to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across a number of sectors, including public transport. However, while these technologies are gaining momentum, they are mostly still in their infancy with a range of fundamental challenges which still need to be addressed. The typical configuration deployed in bus applications requires integration with other fast-response power sources, e.g., battery and/or ultra-capacitor, to effectively manage power delivery. However, implementation of such hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) complicates the design and control of the vehicle powertrains. In this work, a concept fuel cell bus vehicle powertrain configuration has been constructed first using Matlab / Simulink which can be used to explore the impact of various ESS hybridization strategies, and their effectiveness in power management. Three variants have been studied: [I] fuel cell + battery; [II] fuel cell + ultra-capacitor and [III

Zhang, Yuanjian, Blades, Luke, Early, Juliana, Cunningham, Geoff, Harris, Andrew, Louden, Jonathan

Hybrid Drivetrain Design Using a Power Curve Heuristic Method

2022-01-079403/29/2022

Emerging electrified powertrains benefit from efficient conversion and regenerative braking by storing energy in batteries rather than liquid or gaseous fuels. The downside of batteries, however, is that they're heavy and expensive compared to Diesel or Hydrogen fuel. A hybrid drivetrain, compared to a purely electric vehicle, can provide many of the same benefits with a much smaller battery. A heuristic is proposed to design hybrid vehicle architectures which achieve high energy efficiency while minimizing the mass and cost of onboard components. The heuristic uses vehicle power-energy curves to size motor, battery, engine, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage components to meet the required peak power and total energy storage requirements for various commercial vehicles configured as parallel, series, or powersplit hybrids. Commercial vehicles have distinct duty cycles to which a hybrid system must be closely tailored. The heuristic design method is verified using a vehicle drivetrain

Miller, Eric

Experiment and analysis of mechanical semi-active hydraulic engine mount with double inertial tracks

2022-01-037503/29/2022

Electromagnetic semi-active hydraulic engine mount (HEM) with double inertial tracks can realize the opening and closing of the inertial tracks through the control of electromagnetic actuator, so as to meet the needs of vibration isolation in different working conditions, but the cost is high. In this paper, without using electromagnetic actuator, a mechanical semi-active HEM with double inertial tracks is designed and manufactured with simple structure and low cost. In this study, the feature of mechanical semi-active HEM with double inertial tracks is that a baffle-current limiting column structure is added in the inertial track. Under different excitation amplitudes, the baffle-current limiting column structure can open and close the inertial track passively. Several mechanical semi-active HEM with double-inertial tracks samples and conventional inertial tracks HEM samples are manufactured and the dynamic characteristics of these samples under low frequency excitation are tested. By

Wu, Jing-Hua, Tu, Xiao-Feng, Liu, Qian, Pan, Xiao-Yong, Shangguan, Wen-Bin

Dynamic Modeling of Fuel Cell Air Management System and Impact Analysis of Motor Torque Ripple

2022-01-084003/29/2022

Chen, Siyue, Zuo, Shuguang, Wu, Zhipeng, Liu, Chang

Performance prediction of Proton Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Fuel Cells using the GRU model

2022-01-083803/29/2022

In recent years, fuel cell vehicles have attracted more attention because of the advantages of no environmental pollution and high energy density, however, the cost and durability of fuel cells have been important factors limiting the rapid development of fuel cell vehicles. How to quickly predict the life of fuel cells has always been the emphasis and focus of the industry. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on two sets of proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cell durability test data. In this paper, we establish a fuel cell life prediction model to carry out product prediction research, using Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network (GRU-NN)——a variant of "Recurrent Neural Networks" (RNN). This article first divides the two sets of fuel cell durability test data into a training group and a verification group, and trains the established neural network model with the test data of the training group. The output of the model is the polarization curve (current-voltage curve) and voltage

Yao, Ruimeng, Gu, Rongxin, Zhong, Minghui, Li, Wenqi, Jiang, Changlong, Pan, Xiangmin

Dynamic durability prediction of fuel cells using Long short-term memory neural network

2022-01-083703/29/2022

Durability performance prediction is a critical issue in fuel cell research. During the demonstration operation of fuel cell commercial vehicles in China, this issue has attracted more attention. In this article, the long short-term memory neural network (LSTMNN), which is an improved recurrent neural network (RNN), and the demonstration operation data are used to establish the prediction model to predict the durability performance of fuel cell stack. Then, a model based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is established to be a control group. The demonstration operation data is divided into training group and validation group. The former is used to train the prediction model, and the latter is used to verify the validity and accuracy of the prediction model. The outputs of the prediction model, as the durability performance evaluation indexes of fuel cell, are the polarization curve (current-voltage curve) and the voltage decay curve (time-voltage curve). Moreover, mean absolute

Ma, Liying, Peng, Suhang, Zhong, Minghui, Li, Wenqi, Jiang, Changlong, Pan, Xiangmin

Development of Safety Performance for FC Stack in the New Toyota FCEV

2022-01-082503/29/2022

The new Toyota MIRAI hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle　(FCEV) was launched in December 2020. Achieving both low cost and high performance of FC stack are important issues in FCEV development. On the other hand, it is also necessary to secure vehicle safety. This article gives an overview of the safety requirements for onboard FC stack. Furthermore, simulation and evaluation methods for the following issues of the FC stack are described. ⅰ) Impact Force Resistance: The FC stack was designed so that there is no cell layers’ slippage due to impact. The constraint force of the cell layers was provided by the frictional force between the cells and an external constraint. A simulation of the behavior of the cell layers under impact force was developed. The impact force resistance was confirmed by an impact loading test. ⅱ) Hydrogen Safety: The FC stack was designed so that the permeated hydrogen is ventilated and the hydrogen concentration is kept below the standard. In addition, from the

Enomoto, Kei, Ida, Atsushi, Harada, Takashi, Takeuchi, Hiroaki

Impact of the Powertrain Sizing on Cradle-to-Grave Emissions and Fuel Cell Degradation in a FCV with a Range-Extender Architecture

2022-01-083003/29/2022

With the rising interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to reduce the global warming impact of the automotive sector, the industry and car manufacturers are shifting towards producing H2-based or electricity-based vehicles. Plug-in passenger FCVs with a range-extender architecture (FCREx), could be a more versatile with a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) alternative to other FCV configurations, given the current H2 cost. In this investigation, a validated fuel cell (FC) stack model was integrated into a complete FCREx model to study the potential of this architecture in terms of H2 consumption and cradle-to-grave GHG and NOx emissions. First, the FC stack model was calibrated using experimental data. Then, a FC system model including the balance of plant (BoP) was developed and adjusted to the stack specifications. The BoP air management strategy was optimized to ensure maximum performance in steady conditions. From steady-state data, a mean values model of the FC system was

Desantes, Jose, Novella, Ricardo, Pla, Benjamin, Lopez-Juarez, Marcos

Adaptive sliding mode Kalman observer for the estimation of vehicle fuel cell humidity

2022-01-083403/29/2022

The efficiency and durability of fuel cells are affected by internal water content. Therefore, the active control of humidity is of great significance for vehicle fuel cells, especially for self-humidifying fuel cell systems.To realize fuel cell internal humidity active control, it is necessary to collect the humidity information of stack in real time, so as to carry out feedback control. However, humidity sensor has the characteristics of high cost and low durability, so it is more practical to get the feedback value of humidity by using state estimation method for high-power commercial fuel cell system such as vehicle fuel cell. However, humidity estimation is often affected by other physical or chemical dynamic processes, such as oxygen transportation and response process of electrical appliances. In order to weaken the influence of other physical or chemical dynamic processes on humidity estimation, this paper proposes an adaptive sliding mode observer (ASMK) algorithm. To directly

Jiao, Jieran, chen, fengxiang

Concept of Center Pillarless Car Body and Dual Sliding Door

2022-01-091303/29/2022

To prepare for the future car market, concept cars based on eco-friendly vehicles with autonomous driving systems are being developed, such as BEV (battery electric vehicle) and HFCEV (hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle). These concept cars adopt a new body structure to improve passenger convenience, and the CTR-PLRless (center pillarless) body structure is one of the key structures that can improve the passenger convenience. However, the CTR-PLRless body structure has a disadvantage in that it cannot connect the load between the upper parts and the lower parts of the body structure, as well as that it provides limited protection to the passengers from the occurrence of a side collision because the main members on the side of the body are removed. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to introduce a door opening and closing mechanism and body structure design concept that applies the CTR-PLRless structure to general CUV vehicles, and to suggest a door reinforcement method using AHSS

Kim, Dae Young, Lee, Dong Yul, Jung, Chul-young, Nam, Sungwoo, Lee, Hyun Duk

AVL’s perspective on future powertrains for mobile agricultural and construction machinery

2021-26-004709/22/2021

Zero emission technologies are arriving in the OFF-Road industry, driven by government regulations to reduce emissions and noise. Furthermore, future city bans will prohibit transit of vehicles with diesel engines in the central areas. These stricter legal requirements force the manufactures of mobile agricultural and construction machinery to develop vehicles with diesel alternative powertrains. This paper will discuss the potential of different powertrains using full battery electric, hybrid, fuel cell or hydrogen ICE technology. The technologies we be evaluated and compared in terms of integration ability, operation- and refilling time and TCO. There are considerable challenges in bringing alternative powertrains into typical off-road applications. Especially the huge number of different applications with specific requirements will lead to high diversity of powertrain architectures, which have to be managed by vehicle manufactures. The paper will describe these challenges and

Kruth, Ronald

Modelling of Internal Manifold Flow Distribution in PEMFC

2021-26-034009/22/2021

In a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) uniform reaction rate is very crucial to obtain maximum performance and to maintain the life of the cells. In PEMFC stack manifold plays an important role in maintaining uniform flow distribution of reactants (hydrogen, air and coolant) to the cells. Many studies have been carried out for examining the effect of manifold on flow distribution and pressure drop. Most studies are limited to small scale level (5 to 10 kW stack). This paper describes large scale fuel cell stack manifold design, flow distribution and pressured contours which is suitable for automotive vehicles (30 to 50 kW). The design consists of simplified scaled up fuel cell stack with cells connected in the series. Modelled the effect of internal manifold geometry of the fuel cell stack on pressure and flow distribution to the cells. Hydrogen and air is supplied to the cell using an L-shaped inlet manifold which is integrated in the end-plate of the fuel cell stack

JAMES, MATHEW, Khot, Ranjit, S A, Yogesha, Arikapudi, Suresh

1D modelling of fuel cell losses including the water and thermal management

2021-26-022509/22/2021

To study the functioning of a fuel cell and optimize its operating parameters to achieve the best efficiency in operation it is important to have a robust fuel cell model that can simulate the behavior of the fuel cell stack under various operating conditions. The operating voltage of the fuel cell at different current densities depends upon thermodynamic parameters like temperature and pressure of the reactants as well factors like the state of humidification of the electrolyte membrane. A 1D model is developed to capture the variation in voltage at different current densities due to internal losses and changes to operating conditions like temperature and pressure. Additionally since the stack temperature and moisture content within the stack influence the stack operation directly models for the thermal management of the stack and humidification of the membrane are also developed. The results of the internal losses and humidification models are validated against experimental and

S A, Yogesha, Jacob, Joe, Arikapudi, Suresh

Analysis of a gas engine with arbitrary mixture ratio of hydrogen and methane for heavy-duty vehicles

2021-01-117709/21/2021

To reduce exhaust emissions in commercial vehicles, hydrogen, as a carbon-free fuel, is a reasonable alternative to conventional fuels. In order to circumvent the current problem of hydrogen availability, the use of a gas engine for heavy duty vehicles(hdv), which is able to operate with pure compressed natural gas (CNG), pure hydrogen as well as any mixture of these both gases, is sensible. For this purpose, an operating concept for a gas engine was developed, which is able to operate with an arbitrary hydrogen-natural gas mixture ratio. For this purpose, the mixture formation of a hydrogen-natural gas-air mixture was analysed in a 3D CFD simulation. The results for pure hydrogen operation show a very good homogenization of the fuel distribution at the point of ignition when an outward-opening injector was used. Based on these results, a 1D simulation was used to generate an operating map of the gas engine and investigate it with regard to its efficiency and exhaust emissions. A lean

Klepatz, Kevin, Tempelhagen, Robin, Rottengruber, Hermann

Fuel Economy and Emissions of E85 in Passenger Cars - A Move towards Flex Fuel Vehicle

2021-28-000903/08/2021

Many countries are developing strategies to curb the consumption of fossil fuels, and to increase the share of alternative fuels such as alcohols, natural gas, fuel cell and electricity in the energy pool in order to improve energy security and reduce atmospheric pollution. Alcohol fuels are promising one and it has been widely used in many countries as blending component for gasoline. Ethanol has a high-octane number but it has a lower calorific value than gasoline. The performance of engine may be affected with higher percentage of ethanol in gasoline due to demand for larger quantity of fuel that could not be supplied by vehicles which are tuned to run on gasoline only. In this study, a second electronic control unit (ECU) was installed in series with the existing commercial or primary ECU and an ethanol sensor was installed in the fuel line. This secondary ECU modulates the fuel injection pulse width of the primary ECU depending on ethanol concentration in the fuel. The vehicle

Kumar, Sanjeev, Ramadhas, A S, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul, Kagdiyal, Vivekanand

Systematic Approach to an Improved Electrical Power System Architecture for a Future More Electric Airplane

2021-01-003403/02/2021

Commercial transport airplane technology is moving toward a next generation More Electric Airplane (MEA) in order to further improve airplane performance and efficiency. Electricity is seeing increased use for power generation, transmission and energy storage in place of less efficient pneumatics and hydraulics. The MEA is also a technology enabler for new environmentally friendly electrical generation and storage devices such as fuel cells, batteries and super capacitors. Successful use of these new technologies requires systematically analyzing the interface of these technologies with each other, and with other systems that impact overall airplane performance, efficiency, weight and reliability. In this paper, incremental changes in the airplane power system will be analyzed. With each of these changes, the benefits to the electrical power system and the impact that each change has on the airplane will be estimated. These incremental changes and their impact will be incorporated into

Breit, Joseph Sherman

A Carbon Intensity Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Pathways

2021-01-0047

03/02/2021

A hydrogen economy is an increasingly popular solution to lower global carbon dioxide emissions. Previous research has been focused on the economic conditions necessary for hydrogen to be cost competitive, which tends to neglect the effectiveness of greenhouse gas mitigation for the very solutions proposed. The holistic carbon footprint assessment of hydrogen production, distribution, and utilization methods, otherwise known as “well-to-wheels” carbon intensity, is critical to ensure the new hydrogen strategies proposed are effective in reducing global carbon emissions. When looking at these total carbon intensities, however, there is no single clear consensus regarding the pathway forward. When comparing the two fundamental technologies of steam methane reforming and electrolysis, there are different scenarios where either technology has a “greener” outcome. Despite misconceptions, steam methane reforming produces fewer total carbon emissions than current on-grid electrolysis due to

Fitzmorris, Drew

NAWA aims for 5-minute EV charge

21AUTP03_0203/01/2021

A new nano-based carbon electrode is key to reducing electric-vehicle charging time. A French nanomaterials company has developed a technology that it claims can significantly increase the storage efficiency of electric vehicle batteries. NAWA Technologies' Ultra-Fast Carbon Electrode (UFCE) is a key to bringing EV battery-charging time into parity with gasoline-refueling time, while improving battery life-cycle performance by a factor of up to five, according to company founder and CTO, Pascal Boulanger. In an interview with SAE's Automotive Engineering, Pascal Boulanger said the UFCE technology can help deliver 1,000-km (620-mi) operating range for mass-market EVs, with a time of five minutes for an 80% charge. “The uniqueness of the technology is its 3D structure and use of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes [VACNT],” he noted. Each nanotube is formed from a graphene sheet that is rolled in a cylindrical shape. The tubes have “the same aspect ratio [between diameter and length] as

Birch, Stuart

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