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Hydrogen Fuel Quality for Fuel Cell VehiclesJ2719_202605 (Current)5/8/2026
This standard provides background information and a hydrogen fuel quality standard for commercial proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles. This report also provides background information on how this standard was developed by the Hydrogen Quality Task Force (HQTF) of the Interface Working Group (IWG) of the SAE Fuel Cell Standards Committee.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Fuel Cell Vehicle TerminologyJ2574_202605 (Current)5/8/2026
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicle terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other hydrogen fuel cell vehicle documents, specifically, Standards or Recommended Practices.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Method for Characterization of Onboard Power Management System and Defining Vehicle Level Attributes2026-26-05701/16/2026
Fuel Cell and Battery Pack/Capacitors are two power sources on-board a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Each having it's own set of boundary conditions and ideal operating conditions in order to deliver expected performance over the intended useful life. Such a dual power source architecture poses a challenge of optimally balancing power delivery from Fuel Cell and Battery Pack/Capacitor in order to ensure health of both these important aggregates of vehicle over it's intended useful life. Therefore, a method and tool for characterizing the Power Management System of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle is required during development and validation. "Aggregate Sizing" and "Calibration of Power Control Strategy" are significant factors for optimum life of Fuel Cell powered vehicle without compromising performance. Although the former is mainly a design decision, the latter is crucial during testing and validation to achieve the design objective and avoid unwanted failures. Distribution of load catered
Deshmukh, Naval, Ganguly, Sutanu, Sindgikar, Pavan, Jain, Sarika
Advancing Sustainable Mobility: Transitioning to Zero-Emission Electric Vehicles with BEVs and FCVs2026-26-01641/16/2026
The transportation and mobility sector is undergoing a profound transformation, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact of transportation. Among the most significant trends is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in the form of Battery and Fuel cell, which produce zero emissions without any harmful gases release in nature. This review highlights several infrastructure-related issues and critical factors that could drive India's transportation sector toward adopting electric vehicles. It also delves into the fundamental understanding of e-mobility, shedding light on the daily challenges and barriers it faces. Furthermore, the study explores research aspects, including the strategies, methods, and tools used for electric vehicles to complete the research on Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and also comparative analysis with Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The shift BEVs has been driven by decreasing battery costs and advancements in charging
Kumar, Dr. Vijay Bhooshan
Performance Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for Intercity and Intracity Applications2026-26-02661/16/2026
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are emerging as a sustainable solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, in line with the Paris Agreement and global net-zero emission goals. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of the FCEV powertrain under intercity and intracity driving conditions. The study focuses on key parameters such as fuel cell system efficiency, energy consumption, hydrogen usage, and overall drivetrain response. Using simulation models validated with real-world driving data, the performance of the powertrain is evaluated across varying speed profiles, vehicle loads, and driving cycles. The analysis also considers the impact of auxiliary load including HVAC systems and consumption of other electric components on the powertrain efficiency and energy balance. Results highlight that the FCEV powertrain performs efficiently during intercity driving due to stable speed conditions and low stop-start frequency, while
Patil, Nikhil Nivrutti, Gawhade, Ravikant, Gadve, Dhananjay, Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Ahmed, Yasir, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Testing Methodology to Calculate the Fuel Economy in Km/Kg of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) based on Current (Ampere) Method and Flow Method2026-26-02481/16/2026
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
JOSHI, ASHISH RAJENDRA, Kandalgaonkar, Siddhesh, Pawar, Yogesh
Total cost of ownership analysis of fuel cell and hydrogen-powered commercial vehicles for cost competitiveness with ICE and BEV2026-26-02541/16/2026
Worldwide, the automotive industry is pivoting towards electrification and zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) to address greenhouse gas emissions and to meet net-zero emission goals. Although pure electric vehicles with rechargeable high-voltage batteries seem to be the most popular choice to achieve climate goals, hydrogen-powered vehicles are also seen by many as a viable technology to clean up the transportation sector. Hydrogen fuel cells and fuel cell-powered vehicles have been in development for a long time, and hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICE) have seen rapid development in the past few years. While the technological feasibility of hydrogen fuel cells and H2 ICE is being proven, mass adoption of these technologies depends, along with other factors such as hydrogen infrastructure, upon financial feasibility as well. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hydrogen-powered vehicles, especially fuel cell electric vehicles. Different
Jacob, Joe, Chougule, Abhijeet
Numerical study of a hydrogen ejector with regulated inlet for extended PEMFC operating range in automotive application2026-26-02491/16/2026
Hydrogen recirculation is a key requirement for enhancing fuel efficiency and anode stability in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems, particularly in automotive applications. Effective hydrogen recirculation is critical for maintaining high efficiency and fuel utilization. A hydrogen recirculation ejector equipped with a regulated pressure inlet, aimed at eliminating the need for mechanical pumps while maintaining optimal hydrogen utilization. The passive operation of the ejector eliminating the need for rotary components which significantly improves system reliability and reduces failure modes commonly associated with moving parts. This work presents a numerical investigation of a hydrogen recirculation ejector featuring a regulated pressure inlet, with the objective of extending its operating range across varying fuel cell power levels. A combination of 1D system-level modelling and 2D multi-species Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations was employed to
Khot, Ranjit Uttreshwar, T P, Muhammad, Chougule, Abhijeet
Design and Validation of UDS Application Software for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle within AUTOSAR Framework2026-26-02531/16/2026
Affordable and clean energy has been one of the major objectives adopted by United Nations under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this direction, fuel cell electric vehicles have gained popularity in recent times due their efficiency and environmental friendliness. Fundamentally, it uses compressed hydrogen from the vehicle-mounted tank and combines with ambient air to generate DC electricity. Water is created as a by-product and expelled through the tailpipe. The technology being integrated on powertrain architecture, along with battery pack can prove to be an efficacious approach for zero emission automotive system. However, hydrogen being the primary fuel, and being stored at high pressure, the system involves handling and potential hazards of hydrogen, and possibility of explosions due to hydrogen leaks. Hence, safety is the key issue in handling fuel cell vehicles. This paper discusses about role of Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) in providing safety and
PRASAD, Dr. P SHAMBHU, Jacob, Joe, Hadke, Tanmay, Wagh, Priyanka, Achanur, Mallappa
The viability of Ammonia in the Automotive sector: Challenges and Opportunities2026-26-01281/16/2026
Ammonia has become an attractive alternative fuel for automotive use because of its high energy density, carbon-free combustion, and possibility of sustainable production. The work examines the viability of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells in automotive applications. Ammonia presents a number of benefits, such as being capable of being produced from renewable energies and having the possibility to diminish reliance on fossil fuels. However, disadvantages such as ammonia's lower energy content per volume, NOx emission possibility, and need for engine adjustment remain significant challenges. The paper covers the combustion characteristics of ammonia and how it behaves in traditional ICEs and in emerging fuel cell technology. It also addresses the necessary infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of ammonia to be used in automotive applications. Through comparative testing and comparison with conventional fuels by experimental
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Analysis of the Indian Patent Landscape on Alternative Fuels with a focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines2026-26-02621/16/2026
This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions. Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these
Nikam, Mahesh Suresh, Sutavane, Ila, V, Ajay, Aghav, Yogesh
Study, design, electro-chemical testing and validation of fuel cell fixture of single cell assembly towards custom stationary application.2026-26-02651/16/2026
Fuel cell - as name suggests, it generates energy from fuel (Hydrogen). A three-input system produces three different outputs: electrical energy, heat, and pure water. Fuel cell can produce decent power depending on design of active area and possible current density. Overall required power output which is generated by a series of cells stacked together. The design once meets all the required performance parameters at single cell level, can be extrapolated to stack level design. The present work elaborates successful testing and validation of a compact, light weigh single cell fuel cell fixture. Further the design will be scaled to a fuel cell stack design with a capacity of 5 kW to cater various stationary application such as back-up/ stand-alone power generator for remote location. The same design philosophy will also be implemented in fuel cell stack design for automobile applications. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is heart of the fuel cell which produces the output while
Pandit`, Abhishek Rajshekhar, Chougule, Abhijeet, Khot, Ranjit, chaudhari, Shirish
Evaluation of Waste Heat Recovery technology in FCEV on different drive-cycles2026-26-02591/16/2026
Growing global warming and the associated climate change have expedited the need for adoption of carbon-neutral technologies. The transportation sector accounts for ~ 25 % of total carbon emissions. Hydrogen (H2) is widely explored as an alternative for decarbonizing the transport sector. The application of H2 through PEM Fuel Cells is one of the options available for the trucking industry, due to their relatively higher efficiency (~50%) and power density. However, at present the cost of an FCEV truck is considerably higher than its diesel equivalent. Hence, new technologies either enabling cost reduction or efficiency improvement for FCEVs are imperative for their widespread adoption. FCEVs have a system efficiency in the range of 40-60% implying that around half of the input energy is lost to the atmosphere as waste heat. However, recapturing this significant amount of low-grade waste heat into useful work is a challenge. This paper discusses the feasibility of waste heat recovery
P V, NAVANEETH
Thermal System design of Inter-City Fuel Cell Electric Bus2026-26-04271/16/2026
In the current scenario, demand for alternate energy is increasing due to depletion of fossil fuels and countries commitment towards carbon neutrality by 2050. Hydrogen is considered as one of the cleaner fuels and many OEMs across the world started to work on various strategies like hydrogen combustion engine and fuel cell. Passenger vehicles like Buses are at the lookout for fuel cell technology at faster rate than other commercial vehicles. In fuel cell vehicles, cooling system design is critical & complex since it includes fuel cell cooling, Power electronics cooling & battery cooling. In this paper cooling system design of a Fuel cell electric bus for inter-city application is demonstrated. Radiators and Fans are selected based on the overall heat rejection and Coolant inlet temperature requirements of components. Cooling system circuit and pump is decided to meet the coolant flow rate targets. Flow simulation and thermal simulation done using simulation models using software KULI
M S, Vignesh, KIRAN, NALAVADATH
Analysis of design parameters of fuel cell stack design for vehicle level performance enhancement2026-26-02641/16/2026
The design of the fuel cell stack for enhanced power and voltage characteristics is essential as it impacts the drivability of the vehicles. While many experimental approaches have been explored to improve the performance of the fuel cell stack by refining its design, they are largely limited to trial-and-error based approaches. Hence, the task of identifying the critical parameters affecting the performance of the fuel cell stack becomes tedious. The process is further complicated when many parameters have a counterbalancing impact on the stack performance. To help refine the design process of the fuel cell stack for enhancing the performance, a sensitivity analysis based approach is proposed in this paper in which a mathematical model of the fuel cell stack relating the parameters and stack power, and voltage is used. As a baseline the reliability of the mathematical model is presented first demonstrating its utility for the current study. The parameters used include membrane
Inapakurthi, Ravi kiran, Kumar, Bharat
Multiphysics Analysis of Heat Sink Designs for Efficient Thermal Performance in Power Electronics Systems2026-26-04461/16/2026
The thermal management capability of power electronic (PE) systems has a critical impact on the performance and efficiency of electric, fuel cell, or hybrid vehicles. Bus bars, high resistance sensor devices, semiconductor switches, power capacitors are the primary components, which has major contribution in total heat generation in electrical drive unit. As PE packaging sizes are projected to become smaller, the challenge of managing increased heat dissipation becomes more critical. Hence, this paper numerically compares conventional and advanced cooling strategies to determine the best possible thermal management scenario. A multi-physics finite element model, integrating fluid, electrical, thermal, and structural fields, is employed to analyze heat generation within the PE system and the associated cooling mechanisms. Due to the significant impact of surface roughness and topology on electrical and thermal contact resistance, the Cooper-Mikic-Yovanovich (CMY) correlation is utilized
Singh, Praveen Kumar, Natarajan, Nesamani, Murali, Sariki
Air-Cooled Fuel Cell for Low Power Mobility Application2026-26-02551/16/2026
Fuel cell technology is gaining prominence as a clean, efficient, and scalable power solution for electric mobility, addressing key limitations of conventional battery systems such as long charging times, limited range, and declining performance in high-utilization applications. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) offer high energy density, rapid refueling, and robust operation under varying load conditions, making them particularly suitable for light electric vehicles such as two-wheelers, e-rickshaws & range extenders. Within the broader category of PEMFCs, air-cooled fuel cells present unique advantages for mobility applications. Their simplified architecture eliminates the need for complex liquid cooling systems, leading to lower system weight, reduced component count, and easier integration. This translates into a compact, lightweight, and cost-effective power unit-ideal for vehicles where space, weight, and maintenance constraints are critical. The market for air-cooled
Singh, Sauhard, Chaudhari, Chinmay, Sundarraman, Meenakshi, Sonkar, Kapil, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Srivastva, Umish, Sharma, Alok
Mathematical Modeling and Genetic Algorithm-Based Energy Management in Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles2026-26-02571/16/2026
Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) present a promising solution to environmental challenges such as emissions, global warming, and fossil fuel depletion. By utilizing hydrogen as a clean energy source, FCEVs achieve zero tailpipe emissions while maintaining high efficiency and extended driving ranges. Their development focuses on optimizing fuel cell architecture, hydrogen storage systems, and advanced power management strategies to enhance energy conversion under varying operational conditions. This requires precise design, simulation, analysis, and system integration to improve performance, durability, and sustainability. This study develops a high-fidelity mathematical model of a hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicle and implements advanced Energy Management Strategies (EMS). Using the forward approach method, the model accounts for the physical constraints of the powerplant. Detailed fuel cell system modeling accurately represents voltage loss
Mulik, Rakesh Vilasrao, E, Porpatham, Senthilkumar, Arumugam
Hydrogen Fuel Quality for Fuel Cell VehiclesJ2719_202510 (Current)10/15/2025
This standard provides background information and a hydrogen fuel quality standard for commercial proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles. This report also provides background information on how this standard was developed by the Hydrogen Quality Task Force (HQTF) of the Interface Working Group (IWG) of the SAE Fuel Cell Standards Committee.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
NATO Next Generation Rotorcraft Capability Powerplant Concept StudyF-0081-2025-01875/20/2025
The purpose of the NATO Next Generation Rotorcraft Capability (NGRC) Support Partnership funded Novel Powerplant concept study was to identify, analyze, and compare novel powerplant concepts that could fulfill the NGRC need in a solution-agnostic approach. The outcome of the study provided NSPA and the NGRC participating nations with increased knowledge and understanding of the powerplant domain to inform assessment of future NGRC platforms. This study modeled four aircraft configurations to derive propulsion sizing requirements and compared propulsion configurations for each. The propulsion system configurations considered included three levels of conventional gas turbine technology (In-service GT, 2025 GT, and 2035 GT), hybrid electric (battery), hybrid hydrogen fuel cell, and hydrogen combustion. The results of the study considered both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. The quantitative analysis determined aircraft and propulsion system sizing to align with the expected NGRC
Thorpe, Richard, Williams, Aimee, Geiger, Jim, Woodside, Nicholas, Luxford, Kevin
Mixed Wettability Influence on Water Droplet Behaviour in a PEM Fuel Cell Channel2024-32-00374/18/2025
The utilization of hydrogen in low-temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) stands out as a compelling prospect for driving a widespread shift towards green industry practices. Despite significant advancements, a comprehensive understanding of water behaviour and dynamics within PEMFCs remains crucial for their extensive integration in propulsion applications. Striking a delicate balance between flooding and drying conditions poses a challenge for achieving stable and efficient PEMFC operation. In this study, a preliminary experimental investigation was conducted focusing on carbon-paper Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) and gas channel walls. The static, advancing and receding contact angles were measured and utilized as boundary conditions for simulations. The influence of membrane humidity was also examined during the experimental campaign. 3D CFD simulations were performed on a straight portion of a PEMFC channel with a selected domain length of 5 mm and a section of 1x1 mm
Merola, S. S., Antetomaso, C., Irimescu, A., Vaglieco, B. M., Jannelli, E.
Fuel Cell Experimental Data Anomaly Detection and Polarization Curve Fitting Method2024-01-28964/9/2024
In recent years, fuel cell vehicles have gained widespread attention due to their environmental benefits. How to quickly predict the lifespan of fuel cells has become a research focus in both academia and industry. The polarization curve, described typically by semi-empirical formula, is an important tool for describing the fundamental characteristics of fuel cells. By studying and analyzing the polarization curves of fuel cells throughout their lifespan, we can gain insights into their performance under different operating conditions, providing valuable insight for the design and optimization of fuel cells. Parameters in semi-empirical equations are typically fitted using raw experimental data, but outlier points can severely impact the results of data analysis. Therefore, the rapid and effective automatic identification and removal of these outliers is a crucial step in the fitting process of polarization curve parameters. This article explores the use of data cleansing methods based
Qin, Jiahang, Hou, Yongping, Ma, Liying
Fuel Cell Electric Train Concept – Zero Emission Rail Transport Solution for India2024-26-01791/16/2024
Indian cities are among the most polluted in the world. The transportation sector is one of the major source of gaseous pollutants. In recent years, also the effects of climate change and global warming have been felt across the globe. India has therefore committed at the CoP26 summit to reduce its CO2 emissions 45% by 2030. The Indian automotive sector is already addressing the problem with implementation of stricter BS VI, CAFÉ & Stage V standards and pursuing rapid electrification with application of zero emission vehicles. India also has the largest rail network of Asia, and a significant proportion of greenhouse gases also comes from this sector. Deployment of zero emission fuel cell trains would be one of the solutions to meet India's emission reduction targets. Indian Railways has already started its journey towards zero emissions and has set a target to launch hydrogen fuel cell trains on some routes by 2023 as part of the "Hydrogen for Heritage" initiative. In this study, the
Emran, Ashraf, Mertes, Simon, Garg, Shivam, Wick, Maximilian, Gautam, Anirudh, Schmidt, Marvin, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay, Walters, Marius
Multiphysics Simulation Supporting Systems Engineering for Fuel Cell Vehicles2024-26-02441/16/2024
Legislative challenges, changing customer needs and the opportunities opened-up by electrification are the major driving forces in today’s automotive industry. Fuel cell electric vehicles offer the potential for CO2 emission free mobility, especially attractive for heavy duty long-haul range application. The development of the key components of fuel cell electric vehicles, namely the fuel cell stack itself as well as the related hydrogen/air supply and thermal management sub-systems, goes hand in hand with a number of challenges with regards to performance, lifetime and safety. For fuel cell electric vehicles, the proper layout and sizing of the stack and the related fuel and air supply system components, as well as the suitable dimensioning of the cooling system, are decisive for the overall system efficiency and achievable lifetime. Finally, the different components and sub-systems need to be integrated into the overall powertrain and vehicle configuration together with the related
Tatschl, Reinhard, Poetsch, Christoph, Reiter, Anton, Ritzberger, Daniel
Optimal operation of purge valve to reduce the H2 wastage in the fuel cell2024-26-01661/16/2024
A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell requires the input of Oxygen from Cathode and Hydrogen from Anode. As atmospheric air is fed into the system for power generation, nitrogen molecules enter the fuel cell along with oxygen molecules. Over time, there is accumulation of nitrogen inside the fuel cell leading to increase in the effective impedance which in turn leads to increase in losses inside fuel cell hence reducing the fuel cell efficiency. In order to reduce the losses, most of the PEM fuel cells have a purge valve at anode. This purge valve is operated frequently as the impedance increases to let out the nitrogen molecules. During the purging operation, some amount of hydrogen is let out along with nitrogen, which cannot be recovered. In other words, loss of hydrogen could also be considered in terms of reduction in system efficiency. Conventionally, nitrogen-purging operation in fuel cell takes place reactively as voltage/ power drop across the electrode increases above a
SHAH, SAURABH, Bhat, Adithya, Munirajappa, Chandrashekara, Prasad P, Shilpa, Choubey, Ayush
Effect Analysis of Form Factor on Thermo-Electric Generator Performance2024-26-03861/16/2024
One of the major contributor for the climate change and global warming is the residual thermal energy generated from automobiles as exhaust gases in IC engine powered vehicles and batteries and fuel cell heating in green vehicles. This waste heat or the thermal energy can be converted into useful electric energy using the thermos-electric generator (TEG). TEGs are devices that can generate electricity directly from temperature difference between two surfaces. They are manufactured using semiconductor materials that exhibit Seebeck effect, generating voltage due to temperature gradient across it terminals. These devices are compact, stable and more reliable electric power generators. The main setback of TEG is its low efficiency compared to other power generators. In this paper, form factor of TEG is studied in detail with its effect on figure of merit, for commercial vehicle applications. In addition, bottlenecks in implementing these TEGs in series production is discussed.
Bali, Gaurav, Mutagi, Megha Dharnendra, PONANGI, BABU RAO
Design and Development of E-axle as a retro and OE fitment solution for Light Commercial Vehicles ranging from 1.5 to 5 Ton GVW2024-26-01191/16/2024
The Light commercial vehicle (LCV) is primarily used for the last mile delivery and it holds the volume share of around 61% in the commercial vehicle segment. The last mile delivery services have seen a massive surge after the CoVID-19 pandemic resulting is the increase sale of LCV in last few years and is expected to grow further by 8-11% in the coming years. However, city logistic is also responsible for most pollution and noise in the city. Hence, policymakers are aiming to reduce carbon footprint by promoting the use of Electric vehicle by providing incentive to automakers though schemes like FAME-I and FAME-II. In order to effectively reduce the carbon footprint within city it is important to increase the use of new electric vehicle and convert the old polluting vehicles to electric. Hence, a retro fitment solution for converting used LCV to electric can help in reducing emission as well as noise pollution. Later the same solution can be offered as OE fitment solution. Though
VAIBHAV, KUMAR, Mulik, Rakesh Vilasrao, Shrikrishna Ramdasi, Sushil
Design and Optimization of Air intake and Cooling System for Commercial Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles2024-26-01781/16/2024
There is need of the hour to reduce greenhouse gases and become carbon neutral. Global warming and the increase in pollution are big threats to humankind. The Paris Agreement is a major step towards reducing pollution and greenhouse gases. To improve the situation, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle is a promising technology that enables zero emissions, zero greenhouse gas generation and high efficiency with superior performance for long-range applications as compared to other green technologies. Although it is a promising and beneficial technology, there is limited information available in the public domain about fuel cell technology and its accessories. Air intake and cooling system’s proper functioning is very important for proper fuel cell functioning. Incoming air to the fuel cell stack needs to be processed by cleaning, humidifying, cooling or heating. If the incoming air isn't clean, it will deteriorate the fuel cell's performance; it may get blocked, or even damaged. Similarly
Gawhade, Ravikant, Gadve, Dhananjay, Patil, NIKHIL, Adsul, Aniket, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Twin Motor System for Electric Vehicle Propulsion by Means of Two Energy Sources2024-26-01131/16/2024
The transport sector in all domains like personal vehicles, public transport and logistics has seen a tremendous growth over the past decade, more so in the last 5 years. The main reasons for this rapid growth is the development of new energy storage systems in battery technology ( Lithium ion ,sodium ion ,aluminum air etc.), hydrogen fuel cells, super capacitors etc. On the other hand there has been tremendous development in the motor drive technology with the availability of brushless dc motors (BLDC Motors), induction motors, Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM,IPMSM). Each motor having its own special characteristics and usage suited for a very specific application in terms of torque and load bearing capacities. In this paper we describe a unique platform with twin motor drive system electric vehicle which is powered by an artificial intelligence (AI) enabled electronic module DuoPackR. The basic platform is described with the help of a bicycle which has two BLDC motors on
PRATIWADIBHAYANKARAM, Ashwini Kumar Krishnaswamy, K A, Rakesh, Sangam, Manjunath
Modular Fuel Cell Control Software for Commercial Vehicle Applications2024-26-01691/16/2024
Compliance with the future CO2 emission limits for the fleet of vehicles sold presents a major challenge for the automotive industry. To comply with these stringent limits, one solution is mobility using hydrogen as an energy carrier. In this context, the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for commercial vehicle applications, both on-and off-road, is of significant interest due to the non-existent CO2 emissions. However, performance of these devices is closely related to the control concepts that are used to ensure high efficiency, good transient performance, high reliability & durability as well as safe operation. To address these challenges, this paper presents a modular Fuel Cell Control Software which offers the potential to be used for different P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram) configurations of fuel cell systems. The presented software controls and monitors the stack and the Balance of Plant (BOP) components and communicates with the main vehicle
Srivastava, Vivek, Wendler, Artem, Schaub, Joschka, Walters, Marius, Thodupunoori, Shravan, Mulukutla, Kiran
Performance Simulation of 100kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for Heavy Commercial Vehicle Applications2024-26-02931/16/2024
As the sustainable fuel of the future, hydrogen will significantly reduce dependence on fossil energy sources and the amount of exhaust gases emitted by vehicles. Accordingly, the development of commercial vehicles with fuel cell technology using hydrogen as a fuel will play a key role in commercialization. Today, there are an abundance of fuel cell types on the market for a wide range of applications, including transportation, stationary power, portable power, and emergency backup power. Among these fuel cells, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has potential for automotive applications due to its low operating temperature and high power density. Although the concept of a fuel cell system is a global technology, it cannot be directly implemented in the Indian CV (utility vehicle) market. A certain level of technology can only be transferred. Considering the aforementioned scenario, FC system technology selection should be carefully considered along with BOP design
Sankar, M.Gopi, Subramanian, Karthikeyan
Development of an efficient vehicle energy management system for fuel cell electric vehicles.2024-26-01731/16/2024
Fuel cell electric vehicles generally have two power sources – the fuel cell power system and a high voltage battery pack - to power the vehicle operations. The fuel cell power system is the main source of power for the vehicle and its operations are supported by the battery pack. The battery pack helps to tackle the dynamic power demands from the vehicle such as during acceleration, to which the response of the fuel cell might be slower. The battery is also used to recover the energy from regeneration during braking and can also be used to extend the range of the vehicle in case the storage tanks runs out of hydrogen. In order to maximize the fuel efficiency of the fuel cell power system it is critical that these two power sources are used in conjunction with each other in an optimal manner. The two power sources must operate such that the power demand from the vehicle is met at all times without over exerting either of these two sources as this can lead to drop in life and health of
Jacob, Joe, Brahmbhatt, Smitan, Adsul, Aniket, PRASAD, PULUGURTHA
A Comparative Analysis and Novel Powertrain Topology for FCEVs, Integrating Ultracapacitor and Batteries.2024-26-01681/16/2024
This paper proposes a comparative analysis and novel topology for a fuel cell electric vehicle bus (FCEV-Bus) that combines the advantages of fuel cells, ultra-capacitors, and batteries. The integration of these three energy storage devices aims to enhance the overall performance, efficiency, and reliability of the FCEV while addressing the challenges associated with traditional fuel cell systems. The proposed topology utilizes a FC stack as the primary power source, which provides a steady and efficient supply of electricity. To overcome the limitations of fuel cells in responding to sudden power demands, ultra-capacitors are incorporated into the system. Ultra-capacitors can rapidly discharge and absorb high power, making them suitable for capturing regenerative braking energy and delivering power during acceleration or other high-power events. Moreover, to address the issue of slow-response and transient power variations, a battery-system is integrated into the topology. In which
Bhardwaj, Rohit, Saurabh, Saurabh, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Optimization of Microporous Layer Composition at Varying Humidities for High-Performance Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell2023-01-701610/30/2023
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising energy supply device. Its improvement on output performance has always been a main subject. Microporous layer (MPL) is the water management center of PEMFC, which has an important influence on the mass transfer process and performance of PEMFC under high current density. In this paper, the performance of GDL based on Toray-H-060 with different carbon powder and C:PTFE of MPL were tested and optimized. SEM and static contact Angle was used to investigate Characterization of GDLs. The polarization curve was used to select the best performance, and EIS was used to explore the internal optimization mechanism. The output performance increases with humidity from 25%RH to 75%RH for all four samples. The MPL sample formulated with C: PTFE = 8:2 and XC-72 powder is the best under wide humidity region, and the best performance is achieved at 75%RH. The maximum power density reaches 0.949W/cm2 at 1.8A/cm2. At 100%RH, because of dense
Lou, Mingyu, Lin, Rui, Chen, Liang
Experimental Study on Transient Response Characteristics of Commercial-Size PEMFC under Varying Load2023-01-700910/30/2023
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising next-generation energy conversion device. The response characteristics of mass transfer and electrochemical reactions during a transient process affect the cell performance and still require further investigation. Experiment is conducted to measure current density distribution under varying load and reactant flow rate in a commercial-size single cell. Local current density around cathode inlet is higher in normal operating conditions due to higher local oxygen concentration. Such area performs a better transient response when a step change of load current is demanded leading to much larger current density at cathode inlet and lower at outlet. The redistribution of reactant gas concentration in a commercial-size fuel cell happens after the load change and takes a few seconds. After the redistribution a balance is reached and current density distribution tends to get more homogeneous with lower performance at cathode inlet and
Ma, Yunyang, Lin, Rui
Study on Transient Tolerance Concentration of Cathode Ammonia in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells2023-01-701010/30/2023
The performance and lifetime of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are affected by impurities in the gas stream. The concentration of ammonia in the air can exceed 1ppm in a specific area, which is a potential factor in the degradation of PEMFC performance and lifetime. Investigating the mechanism and concentration threshold of cathode ammonia poisoning PEMFC is the prerequisite for preventing catalyst ammonia poisoning. In this work, the effect of 250ppb~5ppm transient contamination on PEMFC performance and impedance is studied. The results show that the attenuation performance caused by ammonia is attributed to the increase of impedance, which is mainly reflected in the mass transmission resistance, followed by the cathode activation resistance, and has little effect on the charge transfer resistance. The performance is somewhat recovered after the polarization curve testing, which is related to the voltage change and the increase in water generated during the high current
Jing, Yuan, Lin, Rui
Improving Dynamic Response of PEMFC Anode Pressure in Droped Load Scenarios through Split Range Control2023-01-702610/30/2023
The dynamic response of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells’ anode pressure and the pressure difference between the cathode and anode significantly influence the performance and durability of fuel cells. To address the slow dynamic response of the anode pressure during rapid load drops, this study proposes a split range control strategy by introducing the hydrogen purge valve into the anode pressure control. By rational planning the split range block, the hydrogen purge valve is opened at appropriate times during load drops. To validate the effectiveness of the split range control, simulations are conducted under load drop conditions using an 80 kW fuel cell hydrogen and air supply subsystem model. The simulation results demonstrate that the split range control reduces the setting time of the anode pressure during load drops by half, with the most significant improvement observed at 67% load to idle condition, where the setting time is reduced from 2.6 s to 1.1 s. Furthermore
Zhang, Junyu, Chen, Fengxiang, Pei, Fenglai, Li, Tao, Xu, Shuo
A Novel Hybrid Method Based on the Sliding Window Method for the Estimation of the State of Health of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell2023-01-700110/30/2023
To study the state of health (SOH) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), a novel hybrid method combining the advantages of both the model-based and data-driven methods is proposed. Firstly, the model-based method is proposed based on the voltage degradation model to estimate the variation trend, and three parameters reflecting the performance degradation are selected. Secondly, the data-driven (long short-term memory (LSTM)) method is presented to estimate the variation fluctuation. Moreover, the core step of the hybrid method is returning the results of the LSTM method to the power degradation model as the “observation” and modifying related parameters to improve the estimation accuracy. Finally, the sliding window method is applied to solve the problem of the data increase with the increase of the operating time. The results show that the power estimation is better than the current estimation for the SOH estimation. The estimation accuracy of the hybrid method dependent
Fan, Lei, Zhou, Su, Zhao, Peng, Gao, Jianhua
Fuel Cell Sizing for a UAV with Intermeshing Rotors using a Genetic Algorithm for NDARC Rotor Performance CalibrationF-0079-2023-179985/16/2023
Zappek, Victor, Yavrucuk, Ilkay
HVAC Noise2025-01-00575/5/2023
Within automobiles, the HVAC is a critical system to regulate the occupants’ thermal comfort. However, at its high operating speeds, it can contribute significantly to the overall sound levels perceived by the cabin occupants, impacting their experience. This is especially true in the case of electric vehicles due to their overall quieter operation. This work has the intention to validate HVAC noise predictions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, CFD simulations provide detailed flow field insights which are essential to identify and rank the main noise sources, and it ultimately allows a better understanding of the physical mechanisms of noise generation on similar systems. These insights are very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain with physical testing and are key to designing a quiet and efficient HVAC system. Sound levels were measured experimentally at eight different locations inside of a Class-8 Nikola TRE hydrogen fuel cell electric semi
Ihi, Rafael, Fougere, Nicolas, Passador, Stephen, Woo, Sangbeom, Kim, James, Desouky, Mohamed
Simulation of Pass-by Fan Noise Emissions and Advancing Test Regulations for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles2025-01-00865/5/2023
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates updates to the automotive testing standards, particularly for noise emission. This paper examines the vehicle-level noise emission testing of a Nikola Class 8 hydrogen fuel cell electric semi-truck and the component-level noise emission testing needed to create a predictive simulation model using Wave6 software. The physical, component-level noise emission testing focused on individual cooling fans in a semi-anechoic chamber to assess their isolated noise contributions. With this data, an initial model was developed using spatial gradient statistical energy analysis, which successfully predicted pass-by noise levels based on varying fan locations and speeds. Real-world pass-by testing confirmed the model's accuracy across different cooling fan speeds. By leveraging advanced simulation techniques, engineers aim to enhance the accuracy and reliability of pass-by noise predictions through cost-effective studies of architectural
Passador, Stephen, Woo, Sangbeom, Liu, Ting-Wei, De La Vega Alonso, Gerardo, Kim, James
A Methodology to Design the Flow Field of PEM Fuel Cells2023-01-04954/11/2023
Proton Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered one of the most prominent technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector, with emphasis on long-haul/long-range trucks, off-highway, maritime and railway. The flow field of reactants is dictated by the layout of machined channels in the bipolar plates, and several established designs (e.g., parallel channels, single/multi-pass serpentine) coexist both in research and industry. In this context, the flow behavior at cathode embodies multiple complexities, namely an accurate control of the inlet/outlet humidity for optimal membrane hydration, pressure losses, water removal at high current density, and the limitation of laminar regime. However, a robust methodology is missing to compare and quantify such aspects among the candidate designs, resulting in a variety of configurations in use with no justification of the specific choice. This contrasts with the large operational differences, especially regarding the pressure loss
Corda, Giuseppe, Cucurachi, Antonio, Diana, Martino, Fontanesi, Stefano, D'Adamo, Alessandro
Carbon-Neutral Powertrains for Future Mobility and its Impact on Thermal Management2022-28-041511/9/2022
In this article we summarize the main classification of hybrid powertrains for automotive sector and quantify the scope and benefit these powertrains using gasoline and diesel as mono fuel or dual fuel with CNG, Flex fuel (Ethanol blended). Such power trains have high potential to achieve lower carbon emissions for the near future usage and implementation, until the carbon-neutral powertrain reaches its majority in the market. The major focus is on the H2 combustion engine powertrain as it is one of the potential solutions to achieve carbon-neutral powertrain solution using the optimized IC engine. We highlight the benefits and challenges involved to commercialize H2 combustion engine powertrain against the e-fuel based carbon-neutral powertrain for the new-energy vehicles such as Battery powered electric vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell powered electric vehicle (FCVs). Finally we discuss about the link between the capacity and size of the thermal cooling system of the automotive vehicle
Muthu, Selvaraji, N, Sekarapandian, KANNAIYAN, Ashok
Allison's now open for hydrogen testing22TOFHP10_0510/1/2022
With the atomic number 1, hydrogen is the lightest element in the Periodic Table, but it's rapidly becoming a heavyweight for the mobility future. Development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) and hydrogen-fueled combustion engines for commercial-vehicle use is driving demand for specialized testing and validation facilities. Allison Transmission is in the vanguard of this movement, recently launching a comprehensive hydrogen test capability at its 60,000-ft2 (5,575-m2) Vehicle Electrification + Environmental Test Center in Indianapolis. Prior to its official debut, SAE Media was provided an exclusive look at the new facility - which also includes compressed natural gas (CNG) testing - courtesy of David Proctor, the test center's general manager, and Tim Szilveszter, Allison's sales account manager.
Brooke, Lindsay
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Fueling Flight With Hydrogen Technology132768/25/2022
Zero emission aviation is the future - and Hydroplane is paving the way with affordable hydrogen fuel cell powerplant technology. Founded by former NASA engineer Dr. Anita Sengupta, Hydroplane is focused on decarbonizing aviation for regional aircraft travel. As the winner of two U.S. Air Force Agility Prime contracts, Hydroplane's team of space program-trained engineers have developed a drop-in hydrogen fuel cell powerplant solution designed to replace existing combustion powerplants in single engine and urban air mobility platforms. The result is lower cost and a significant improvement in range, endurance, and payload over battery power. Applications for this technology include flight training, commercial transportation, air taxi, cargo transportation, humanitarian aid, and government support. As a minority woman small business owner, Anita feels a personal responsibility to share her growth journey, from working for the space program to moving into entrepreneurialism. She serves as
Hineman, Marcie
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle research in a thermoclimatic chamber2022-01-11298/13/2022
The article presents the results of tests of a car powered by fuel cells, carried out in a thermo-climatic chamber. Measurements of the main parameters of the fuel cell were carried out during long-term exposure to low temperature and during cold start-up. The aim of the research is to verify operational recommendations when using cars with fuel cells in cold climates.
Brzeżański, Marek, Noga, Marcin, Szalek, Andrzej
Optimal Control of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) powertrain2022-01-11318/13/2022
In the mobility industry, the fuel cell technology combined with batteries allows to overcome some of the main pain points of BEV, namely the high recharging time and the high mass of batteries for applications requiring a high amount of energy to fulfil their missions (e.g., bus and heavy-duty vehicles). A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) powertrain relies on a fuel cell system mainly to fulfil the stationary power demand and on a battery to provide power with higher dynamics and to recover braking energy. The entire powertrain requires an advanced control system to define the power split among fuel cell and batteries, while fulfilling all component and system level constraints. The purpose of this paper is to present a so-called Model Predictive Controller (MPC) for the optimal operations of a fuel cell / battery hybrid powertrain applied to a city bus. The proposed real-time MPC strategy has been designed to optimize the trade-off among hydrogen consumption, battery state of charge
Alfieri, Vincenzo, Binetti, Giulio, Ruotolo, Romualdo, Gandino, Edoardo
Urban Fuel Cell Bus Feasibility Study Approach Based on the Geospatial Data Analysis2022-01-11308/13/2022
The interest and number of sales of hydrogen urban buses has growth among Public Transport Operators significantly at the turn of 2010s and 2020s. The application of vehicles equipped with fuel cells can lead to eliminating several drawbacks of electric buses equipped with current generation of lithium-ion batteries. The hydrogen buses can offer greater single charge distance than electric buses and allow quick refueling to ensure high daily operability. However fuel cell propulsion systems are more sensitive to specific work conditions, such as high average speed or harsh topographic driving profile. The most common and conventional approach to check the possibility of a vehicle to operate on the selected route is to perform a test drive. As of the beginning of year 2022 the fuel cell buses and hydrogen refueling stations appear only in several cities across Europe, so for most use cases it is not possible to obtain hydrogen bus for the field testing. The approach proposed by the
Adamczyk, Dariusz
Hydrogen Fueled Aircraft Engines2022-26-11565/26/2022
In the recent years, the climate change has become more devastating, and its continuing use of fossil fuels seems unreasonable as humankind is being pushed into a corner where the need to choose an alternative fuel has become necessary. The two main alternatives currently available are: Electrical propulsion and Hydrogen injected air breathing engines. Electrical propulsion had come far since last 10 years with Li+ ion technology, but the problem with them persists. They provide a low power to weight ratio which reduces the range as well as the load while operating the aircraft. On the other hand, Hydrogen with fuel cells or H2-O2 combustion has a high power to weight ratio but very difficult to handle. So, using hydrogen comes with a lot of difficulties in the present scenario. However. the concept of hydrogen has come a long way since its first use as a Rocket fuel. But this alternate fuel provides many advantages as well as challenges which needs to be overcome to move on its use in
Sri, Ratan, Sivamani, Seralathan
Potential Applications of Fuel Cells in Air Mobility2022-26-12165/26/2022
The climate change impact due to increased greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide (NOx) and ozone etc. has been immense over the years and causing increase in temperatures of the earth’s surface and global warming. Recently, there is a significant effort to reduce the emissions especially after Paris agreement in 2015. There are several research initiatives across the globe to reduce the emissions like NOx, CO2 and other harmful substances. The air mobility also contributed to the increased greenhouse gases due to CO2 and NOx. This paper presents the potential applications of fuel cells for air mobility that includes helicopters, hybrid electric aircrafts and all electric aircrafts to achieve the reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption. The objective of this paper is to take a broad view of how fuel cell technology works, various types of existing technologies and their potential applications and challenges for air mobility vehicles in terms
Kari, Sreedhar, Kumar, Ravi
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