Browse Topic: Compressed natural gas

Items (114)

Resonator design study to reduce pressure pulsation from CNG Injector

2024-26-023301/16/2024

With the advent of upcoming stringent automobile emission norms globally, it is inevitable for OEMs to shift towards greener alternatives. Use of CNG is a preferred solution as it is a relatively clean burning fuel and it doesn’t have significant loss in vehicle efficiency and performance. Current customer has become aware and sensitive towards vehicle NVH. Hence, OEMs have to cater to this demand through optimized design and layout. In a passenger vehicle, CNG is stored at high pressure and delivered to injectors after pressure reduction at a regulator. During engine idling opening and closing motion of the CNG injector generates back pulsation and these pulsations cause vibrations which may propagate through other components in the delivery path and perceived as noise inside vehicle cabin. To identify the frequencies involved in pressure pulsation, a 1-D simulation of CNG fuel system is performed using GT-Suite through which excitation frequencies and pressure pulsation peak

Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, KHANDELWAL, ABHISHEK, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda

A study on the effect of an acoustic valve in the exhaust silencer for noise reduction in automotive application

2024-26-022001/16/2024

Customer preference towards quieter vehicles is ever-increasing. Exhaust tailpipe noise is one of the major contributors to in-cab noise and pass-by-noise of the vehicle. This research proposes a silencer with an integrated acoustic valve to reduce tailpipe noise, especially in the lower frequency range. Incident exhaust wave coming from the engine strikes the acoustic valve and generates reflected waves. Incident waves and reflected waves cancel out each other which results in energy loss of the exhaust gas. This loss of energy results in reduced noise at the exhaust tailpipe end. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed silencer with an acoustic valve, the Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance of the proposed silencer is compared with the existing silencer which is without an acoustic valve. A compressed natural gas (CNG) Bus powered by a six-in-line cylinder engine is chosen for the NVH trail. After NVH evaluation, it was found that when using the proposed silencer

SINGH, HAR GOVIND, Khandagale, Anup, Choudhari, Yogeshwar, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Petale, Mahendra

Effect of Natural Gas Composition and Rail Pressure on Injector Performance

2024-26-007901/16/2024

The demand for Compressed Biogas (CBG) as an alternative fuel to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is rapidly increasing due to its renewable nature and environmental benefits. However, CBG has a different gas composition than CNG, which may require hardware changes in fuel system to adapt to these variations while ensuring the same performance. Fuel delivery system of CNG vehicle comprises of fuel storage tank, fuel delivery circuit, pressure regulator, fuel rail and injector. Performance of a fuel injector and pressure regulator are critical factors in the efficient and effective delivery of gaseous fuel to engine. This paper theoretically examines fuel flow requirement of injectors with different gas compositions such as CNG, CBG, G25, G20 and taking in consideration other factors impacting overall performance. This paper defines one of the approaches to accommodate the variation in fuel composition and rail pressure while targeting same engine performance.

Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, KHANDELWAL, Abhishek, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda

Experimental Analysis of Pressure Pulsation Noise Phenomenon in a CNG-Powered Passenger Vehicle

2025-01-011205/05/2023

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine has proved itself to be a worthy replacement for conventional fuels like gasoline & diesel in heavy commercial and passenger transport applications all over the world. Natural gas can be used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions while the global distribution of natural gas allows energy independence for regions with gas rather than oil reserves. In India, infrastructure development of CNG distribution and stringent emission regulations have increased the interest shown by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) to concentrate towards development of CNG vehicles in every segment. From noise & vibration perspective, CNG powered vehicles are expected to maintain the same level of cabin refinement as their fossil fuel equivalents. However, one of the major challenges associated with CNG vehicles is the excitation due to additional components like CNG Pressure Regulator, Injector et al. The operational metallic / pulsation noises are generally higher as

Chatterjee, Joydeep, Ravindran, Mugundaram

Allison's now open for hydrogen testing

22TOFHP10_0510/01/2022

With the atomic number 1, hydrogen is the lightest element in the Periodic Table, but it's rapidly becoming a heavyweight for the mobility future. Development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) and hydrogen-fueled combustion engines for commercial-vehicle use is driving demand for specialized testing and validation facilities. Allison Transmission is in the vanguard of this movement, recently launching a comprehensive hydrogen test capability at its 60,000-ft2 (5,575-m2) Vehicle Electrification + Environmental Test Center in Indianapolis. Prior to its official debut, SAE Media was provided an exclusive look at the new facility - which also includes compressed natural gas (CNG) testing - courtesy of David Proctor, the test center's general manager, and Tim Szilveszter, Allison's sales account manager.

Brooke, Lindsay

The effectiveness of traditional knock mitigation strategies to increase load on a DI H2 engine

2022-01-057103/29/2022

One way to reduce a vehicles tailpipe CO2 emissions is to use a fuel with a higher hydrogen to carbon ratio. The use of pure hydrogen result in near-zero tailpipe CO2 emissions. However the use of hydrogen in pre-mixed spark-ignition combustion systems results in abnormal combution event. The fast burn-rate of hydrogen can result in high-frequency pressure oscillations while the low motor octane number (MON) leads to pre-ignition as load increases. End-gas knock is also observed at relatively low loads with pure hydrogen. In this study, lean operation, EGR operation and water injection are used to mitigate some of the combustion challenges associated with pure H2 combustion. Data was collected on a 115 mm bore 1.3 liter single-cylinder research engine operating at 12:1 geometric compression ratio. Hydrogen was injected through a side-mounted direct injector at 100 bar rail pressure. The results are compared to port-fuel injected compressed natural gas.

Optimized TWC for emission control on a heavy duty stoichiometric CNG engine

2022-01-070603/29/2022

Compressed natural gas (CNG) engines have attracted increasing attention in the heavy duty (HD) vehicle market as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel often due to the abundance and low price of CNG. However, it is challenging to meet the increasingly stringent China VI legislation, particularly for hydrocarbons (mainly CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3). In this work, approaches were explored in which a gasoline three-way catalyst (TWC) was modified through the optimization of materials and design. The optimized TWC was evaluated in a laboratory reactor and with a HD stoichiometric CNG engine. Lab reactor results showed improve CH4 light off performance. Ammonia (NH3) is a by-product during the operation of three-way catalysts (TWC) on a stoichiometric CNG engine. Catalytic modifications are discussed which were demonstrated to reduce NH3 emissions due to the relatively low NH3 limit for China VI legislation. Data are reported demonstrating the

Qiao, Dongsheng, Wang PhD, Jingwen, Chuma, Hellen, Hu, Hao, Ji, Hongyu, Andersen, Paul, Xu, Shi, Li, Qin

Full Load Investigation of CNG—Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Engine with Selective Catalytic Reduction on Engine Performance and Emissions for Its Potential Use

03-15-03-002009/28/2021

The application of compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines under dual-fuel (DF) mode operation is not attempted in countries like India for commercial purposes. A commercial heavy-duty turbocharged six-cylinder common-rail direct-injected diesel engine has been converted into a DF mode of operation using CNG and diesel for its potential usage and study on its performance along with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). CNG is inducted through the intake manifold at varying energy substitution rates (ESR) with a flow rate of 0.67-1.54 kg/h while diesel fuel is controlled through the engine electronic control unit (ECU). For a maximum ESR of 10.2% with CNG, an increase in power by 8.9% and a 5.8% increase in torque were observed. While there was an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), volumetric efficiency marginally decreased, therefore, to have higher brake power with a DF engine, a dedicated turbocharging system is necessary. The brake-specific

Muralidharan, M., Srivastava, Ajay, Subramanian, M.

Total Life Cycle Analysis of CNG and Hydrogen Enriched CNG Powered Vehicles : A Comparative Evaluation

2021-26-010509/22/2021

Vehicles consume energy and release harmful emissions throughout their life period from the manufacturing stage of raw materials to the vehicle scrapyard. Current Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions with gasoline and diesel vehicles are reported to be 164 gCO2/km and 156 gCO2/km respectively. Thus, enormous researches are carried out for low-carbon alternatives replacing conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to reduce GHG emissions. The continuous research on hydrogen as a transportation fuel has demonstrated the potential of reduced vehicular emissions compared to conventional fuels. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive technique used to estimate the overall environmental impact of vehicles. In this present work, a comparative LCA is conducted between Compressed Natural gas (CNG) powered vehicles and H-CNG powered vehicles. Also sustainable indicators such as Net Energy Ratio, Fossil Energy Ratio are evaluated for the test cases. The impact of the two alternative vehicles is

N, Vinithkrishna, R, Deepak Narayanan, G N, Ashwin Ram

Development of Dual Fuel (Diesel + CNG) Engine for Off-Road Application

2021-26-011909/22/2021

The evolution of engine technology has so far seen the most beneficial side of progress in the fields of transportation, agriculture and mobility. With the advent of innovation, there is also an impact on our environment that needs to be balanced. This is where fuels like CNG, LPG, LNG, etc. outperform the conventional fossil fuels in terms of pollution & operational cost. This paper enlightens on the use of innovative dual fuel technology where diesel & CNG fuels are used for combustion simultaneously inside the combustion chamber. Dual fuel system adaptation for farm application ensures self-reliance of the farmer where he can generate bio-CNG to use the renewable fuel for farming making him less dependent on conventional fossil fuel thus promoting a green economy. The dual fuel system is adapted on the existing in-use diesel engine with minimum modifications. This makes it feasible to retro-fit a CNG fuel system on existing diesel engine so as to operate it on dual fuel mode. Major

Singh, Gagandeep, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Ramana, Ramandeep, Chawla, Jatinder, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sagare, Vinayak Shivalink, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Kavathekar, Kishorkumar, Rairikar, Sandeep, Thipse, Sukrut S

Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications

2021-26-010109/22/2021

This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor

Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA

Analysis of a gas engine with arbitrary mixture ratio of hydrogen and methane for heavy-duty vehicles

2021-01-117709/21/2021

To reduce exhaust emissions in commercial vehicles, hydrogen, as a carbon-free fuel, is a reasonable alternative to conventional fuels. In order to circumvent the current problem of hydrogen availability, the use of a gas engine for heavy duty vehicles(hdv), which is able to operate with pure compressed natural gas (CNG), pure hydrogen as well as any mixture of these both gases, is sensible. For this purpose, an operating concept for a gas engine was developed, which is able to operate with an arbitrary hydrogen-natural gas mixture ratio. For this purpose, the mixture formation of a hydrogen-natural gas-air mixture was analysed in a 3D CFD simulation. The results for pure hydrogen operation show a very good homogenization of the fuel distribution at the point of ignition when an outward-opening injector was used. Based on these results, a 1D simulation was used to generate an operating map of the gas engine and investigate it with regard to its efficiency and exhaust emissions. A lean

Klepatz, Kevin, Tempelhagen, Robin, Rottengruber, Hermann

Measurement of Fuel Distribution in a Small PFI Spark-Ignition Engine Using Tracer PLIF

04/14/2020

The distribution of fuel-air mixture inside the engine cylinder strongly influences the combustion process. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is commonly used for fuel distribution measurement, however, it is mostly reported on moderate- to large-sized engines. In the present work, PLIF is applied to measure the fuel distribution inside the cylinder of a small, four-stroke, port-fuel-injection (PFI), spark-ignition engine with displacement volume of 110 cm3. Iso-octane was used as the base fuel, and 3-pentanone (15% by volume) was added as a fluorescent tracer in the base fuel. The effect of equivalence ratio, considering ϕ = 1.2, 1.0, and 0.8, on in-cylinder fuel distribution was studied with low throttle opening of 25% at 1200 rpm. PLIF images were recorded at different crank angle degrees during both intake and compression strokes over a swirl measurement plane located at the TDC position. It was found that the fuel stratification was present from intake to even late

Garg, Shubham, Mittal, Mayank, Sahu, Srikrishna, Lakshminarasimhan, V

Effects of Piston Bowl Diameter on Combustion Characteristics of a Natural gas/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine

2019-01-217312/19/2019

Natural gas/diesel dual fuel engines have potential for a high thermal efficiency and low NOx emissions. However, they have the disadvantages of high unburned species emissions and lower thermal efficiencies at low loads (at low equivalence ratio). A way to solve this problem is to properly distribute the pilot fuel vapor in a natural-gas premixture. The combustion chamber geometry affects the combustion process since it influences the distribution of the pilot fuel vapor. This study investigates the influence of injection conditions and the piston bowl geometry on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel engine. Experiments were carried out using two pistons with different bowl diameters, 52 mm and 58 mm, at single-and two-stage diesel-fuel injection. The results show that the larger bowl provides lower hydrocarbon emissions at a lower equivalence ratio in the case of single-stage injection. For two-stage injection, the influence of the bowl diameter depends on the timing of the

Takizawa, Keigo, Tanaka, Hidetake, Horibe, Naoto, Ishiyama, Takuji, Sako, Takahiro

Effects of Engine Operating Condition and Fuel Property on Pre-Ignition Phenomenon in a Highly Boosted Premixed Natural Gas Engine

2019-01-215412/19/2019

The stochastic pre-ignition phenomenon plays a vital role to limit the further increasing BMEP for natural gas engines. In this study, the pre-ignition propensities were examined in a highly boosted premixed natural gas engine by various engine loads and air/fuel ratios, as well as different methane number (MN) altered by hydrogen addition. A proper pre-ignition evaluation method was proposed referring to intake temperature. Moreover, the limits of in-cylinder temperature and pressure for the onset of pre-ignition were estimated. The results show that both higher IMEP and richer mixture conditions readily lead to pre-ignition. The significant increases of pre-ignition frequency and heavy-knocking pre-ignition cycle present with lowering MN.

Chen, Run, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Yasueda, Shinji, Doyen, Valerie, Martin, Jean-Baptiste

1D Numerical and Experimental Investigations of an Ultralean Pre-Chamber Engine

03-13-02-001211/19/2019

Abstract In recent years, lean-burn gasoline Spark-Ignition (SI) engines have been a major subject of investigations. With this solution, in fact, it is possible to simultaneously reduce NOx raw emissions and fuel consumption due to decreased heat losses, higher thermodynamic efficiency, and enhanced knock resistance. However, the real applicability of this technique is strongly limited by the increase in cyclic variation and the occurrence of misfire, which are typical for the combustion of homogeneous lean air/fuel mixtures. The employment of a Pre-Chamber (PC), in which the combustion begins before proceeding in the main combustion chamber, has already shown the capability of significantly extending the lean-burn limit. In this work, the potential of an ultralean PC SI engine for a decisive improvement of the thermal efficiency is presented by means of numerical and experimental analyses. The SI engine is experimentally investigated with and without the employment of the PC with the

Bozza, Fabio, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Tufano, Daniela, Malfi, Enrica, Müller, Christoph, Habermann, Knut

MISERLY POWER SYSTEMS

19TOFHP10_0210/01/2019

Engineers push engine, transmission technologies to turn off fuel usage. Commercial-truck powertrains are doing more with less. Engine developers are adding features that reduce fuel consumption, saving owners money while helping fleets reduce emissions. Digital technologies continue to transform commercial trucking as powertrain providers devise new ways to eke more from each drop of fuel. Engines now adapt to road conditions, adjusting power and shutting down some or all of the cylinders as demands change. Electric fans and maintenance monitoring now are being used to help keep engines running at maximum efficiency while using less fuel. Design teams also are refining technologies like start-stop and cylinder deactivation, working to make them smooth enough that drivers barely notice the systems are adapting to the environment.

Carbon Monoxide Emissions Model for Data Analytics in Internal Combustion Engine Applications Derived from Post-Flame Chemical Kinetics

2018-01-115304/03/2018

In this work, a new CO emissions formation model is developed based on the dynamics of a representative pool of radicals in the post-flame combustion gases. The ultimate target is the derivation of a kinetics-based CO model, formulated by a single differential equation, that can run very fast in any engine diagnostic/post-processing tool which analyzes in-cylinder processes in the framework of big data acquired at the engine test bench or during engine operation in the field. Specific objectives in the development of the current model are (i) inclusion of the effect of engine operating conditions on the CO emissions formation mechanism, (ii) ease of implementation in any diagnostic code/platform, (iii) fast running times toward real-time capability, and (iv) robustness. The presently developed CO model consists of a single Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) that can be solved analytically, without the need of a stiff chemical kinetics solver. A characteristic parameter, which can be

Bikas, Georgios

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicle Metering and Dispensing Systems - Truck and Bus

J2645_201802 (Current)02/12/2018

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel. The purpose of this document is to provide information on issues that are important to consider regarding LNG metering and dispensing systems.

Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee

Recommended Practices for CNG Powered Medium and Heavy-Duty Trucks

J2406_201802 (Current)02/12/2018

This SAE Recommended Practice provides guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of CNG powered medium and heavy-duty trucks. The intent of this document is to cover TRUCKS (6350 kg (14 001 gvw pounds) and above) and specifically excludes passenger vehicles such as: buses, recreational vehicles, motor homes and/or passenger vehicles which may incorporate a truck chassis in their construction.

Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee

Recommended Practice for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel

J1616_201703 (Current)03/06/2017

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a practical automotive fuel, with advantages and disadvantages when compared to gasoline. Large quantities of natural gas are available in North America. It has a higher octane number rating, produces low exhaust emissions, no evaporative emissions and can cost less on an equivalent energy basis than other fuels. Natural gas is normally compressed from 20 684 to 24 821 kPa (3000 to 3600 psig) to increase its energy density thereby reducing its on-board vehicle storage volume for a given range and payload. CNG can also be made from liquefied natural gas by elevating its pressure and vaporizing it to a gas. Once converted it is referred to LCNG. The properties of natural gas are influenced by: (1) source of supply i.e. field, composition or impurities; (2) the processing of natural gas by the production and transmission companies; (3) the regional gas supply, storage, and demand balancing done by distribution companies often in concert with pipeline

Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee

Fuel Tank for Liquefied Natural Gas

TBMG-2616001/01/2017

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a new composite vessel technology that is suitable for use as a liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel storage tank for alternative fuel vehicles. This technology uses an improved composite over-wrapped technology to produce a pressure vessel that is simple to use, robust, and capable of withstanding high pressures. It is also lightweight and low cost. This technology shows great potential to help the United States and other countries move toward a cleaner environment while allowing for efficient use of a more natural fuel in many different applications.

Composite Pressure Vessel Including Crack Arresting Barrier

TBMG-2601712/01/2016

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center innovators have developed several new designs and methods of fabrication for composite and composite-overwrapped tank vessels that help significantly improve their structural integrity against impact, abrasion, harsh environments, and fire. Several embodiments of this technology portfolio also enable production of composite tanks capable of transporting liquefied natural gas or other cryogenic liquids. These innovations are applicable to important aerospace needs, including propulsion systems, as well as new and growing fields such as natural gas transportation.

Standard for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel

J1616_201605 (Historical)05/12/2016

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a practical automotive fuel, with advantages and disadvantages when compared to gasoline. Large quantities of natural gas are available in North America. It has a higher octane number rating, produces low exhaust emissions, no evaporative emissions and can cost less on an equivalent energy basis than other fuels. Natural gas is normally compressed from 20 684 to 24 821 kPa (3000 to 3600 psig) to increase its energy density thereby reducing its on-board vehicle storage volume for a given range and payload. CNG can also be made from liquefied natural gas by elevating its pressure and vaporizing it to a gas. Once converted it is referred to LCNG. The properties of natural gas are influenced by: (1) source of supply i.e. field, composition or impurities; (2) the processing of natural gas by the production and transmission companies; (3) the regional gas supply, storage, and demand balancing done by distribution companies often in concert with pipeline

Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee

Comparison of Hydrocarbon Measurement with FTIR and FID in a Dual Fuel Locomotive Engine

2016-01-097804/05/2016

Exhaust emissions of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and methane were measured from a Tier 3 dual-fuel demonstration locomotive running diesel-natural gas blend. Measurements were performed with the typical flame ionization detector (FID) method in accordance with EPA CFR Title 40 Part 1065 and with an alternative Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy method. Measurements were performed with and without oxidation catalyst exhaust aftertreatment. FTIR may have potential for improved accuracy over the FID when NMHC is dominated by light hydrocarbons. In the dual fuel tests, the FTIR measurement was 1-4% higher than the FID measurement of. NMHC results between the two methods differed considerably, in some cases reporting concentrations as much as four times those of the FID. However, in comparing these data it is important to note that the FTIR method has several advantages over the FID method, so the differences do not necessarily represent error in the FTIR. Specifically, the

Wright, Nolan, Osborne, Dustin, Music, Nathan

Compressed Natural Gas and Hydrogen Fuelling of a Naturally Aspirated Four Stroke Engine with One Intake and One Exhaust Horizontal Rotary Valve per Cylinder and Central Direct Injection and Spark or Jet Ignition

2015-01-032504/14/2015

The paper discusses the benefits of a four stroke engine having one intake and one exhaust rotary valve. The rotary valve has a speed of rotation half the crankshaft and defines an open passage that may permit up to extremely sharp opening or closing and very large gas exchange areas. This design also permits central direct injection and ignition by spark or jets. The dual rotary valve design is applied to a naturally aspirated V-four engine of 1000cc displacement, gasoline, methane or hydrogen fuelled with central direct injection and spark ignition. The engine is modeled by using a 1D engine & gas dynamics simulation software package to assess the potentials of the solution. The novelty in the proposed dual rotary valve system is the combustion chamber of good shape and high compression ratio with central direct injector and spark plug or jet ignition, coupled to the large gas exchange areas of the rotary system. The proposed design works for gasoline and alternative liquid or

Boretti, Alberto

Ride Comfort Performance Investigation for Compressed Natural Gas Fuelled Car

2015-01-061104/14/2015

This paper presents experimental and theoretical investigations for ride comfort performance of compressed natural gas fuelled car. A compressed natural gas and gasoline fuel are used to run the engine car and its effect on the vehicle ride comfort is evaluated. The ride comfort performance in terms of experimental Root Mean Square (RMS) values of the vertical acceleration at near driver's feet on the floor, on the front and back seat for the same passenger car fuelled by gasoline and natural gas is evaluated. Furthermore, seven degrees of freedom vehicle mathematical model is developed, and validated through laboratory tests. The validation process is performed by comparing the predicted RMS values of the vertical accelerations with the measured RMS values. Furthermore, the optimum values of vehicle suspension parameters are obtained through the validated vehicle model. The experimental results showed that the car fuelled by compressed natural gas gives a significant improvement in

Soliman, Aref M. A., Kaldas, Mina M.S.

DuroGlide® - New Generation Piston Ring Coating for Fuel-Efficient Commercial Vehicle Engines

2014-01-232309/30/2014

The fundamental drivers in the development of commercial vehicle engines are improved fuel efficiency and the need to meet more stringent exhaust emissions legislation. This strategy presents significant challenges in the development of engine components, particularly piston rings. Within the power cylinder, piston rings are significant contributors to friction losses, with the ring pack contributing up to 25 percent of the total mechanical engine friction loss, and a corresponding fuel consumption of up to four percent. The challenge lies in reducing friction power loss, without compromising oil consumption, while also mastering the increasing thermo-mechanical and tribological demands that piston rings must endure due to increased power density, smoother cylinder bores, reduced lubrication, and the use of alternative fuels. In this context, the robustness of the piston ring running face, as characterized by wear resistance and scuff resistance in particular, plays an increasing role

Hoppe, Steffen, Kantola, Troy

Design and Analysis of a Self-Refueling CNG Vehicle to Provide Home Refueling

2014-01-134104/01/2014

Home refueling systems for natural gas vehicles are commercially available but suffer from long refilling times and high system costs. A novel concept of selectively repurposing one cylinder of a compressed natural gas (CNG) engine to be used as a compressor would allow a CNG vehicle to refuel itself quickly and with low capital cost. Using funding from the DOE through the ARPA-E program, such a vehicle is being designed and built by Oregon State University with the help of Czero, Inc. This paper outlines some of the early design, analysis and simulation work done to prove the concept and arrive at a first prototype design. Some of the unique challenges associated with the concept are discussed and the solutions to them are presented. An accompanying paper will present test results for the system.

Echter, Nicholas P., Weyer, Kristina M., Turner, Christopher W., Babbitt, Guy R., Hagen, Christopher L.

Q&A with Dr. Pawan Goenka

13MEIP12_0112/01/2013

The Executive Director & President-Automotive & Farm Equipment Sectors, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. answers questions on a range of subjects such as auto fuel efficiency, emissions, alternative fuels, safety, telematics, manufacturing, and sustainability. On design of passenger vehicles, what are the new technologies you foresee for better fuel efficiency? Sustainability is by far becoming the single biggest challenge facing the automotive industry. All emerging technologies that will make a meaningful contribution toward enhancing sustainability of the automobile in both manufacturing and in its usage are gaining prominence.

Optimization of Fuel Injection Timing of a Gasoline Engine Using Artificial Neural Network

2013-01-286611/27/2013

The fuel injection timing is one of the most important operating parameters that affect the atomization, mixture formation and combustion which determines the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine. Optimizing the injection timing will improve the performance of the engine to a large extend. Towards this end artificial neural-network (ANN) technique using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) training algorithm is used to train and optimize the fuel injection timing of a single cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine. Experimental studies have been carried out to obtain training as well as test data. For various engine speeds between 700 and 5000 rpm and for different manifold absolute pressures, fuel injection timing was measured by conducting experiments. The experimental data set generated is used to train the neural network to arrive at the optimized performance of the engine. The optimized fuel injection timing arrived at from ANN is validated by conducting experiments again on the same

V, Ganesan, Tamil porai PhD, P, Mahalakshmi PhD, N.V.

Characteristics of Exhaust Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Retrofitted to Operate in Methane/Diesel Dual-Fuel Mode

2013-24-018109/08/2013

The need for a cleaner and less expensive alternative energy source to conventional petroleum fuels for powering the transportation sector has gained increasing attention during the past decade. Special attention has been directed towards natural gas (NG) which has proven to be a viable option due to its clean-burning properties, reduced cost and abundant availability, and therefore, lead to a steady increase in the worldwide vehicle population operated with NG. The heavy-duty vehicle sector has seen the introduction of natural gas first in larger, locally operated fleets, such as transit buses or refuse-haulers. However, with increasing expansion of the NG distribution network more drayage and long-haul fleets are beginning to adopt natural gas as a fuel. Traditionally, natural gas engines are operated over an Otto-cycle employing a stoichiometric combustion strategy, and using sparkplugs to ignite the fuel and a three-way catalyst (TWC) to mitigate emissions of NOx, CO as well as HC

Cozzolini, Alessandro, Littera, Daniele, Ryskamp, Ross, Smallwood, John, Besch, Marc, Velardi, Mario, Kappanna, Hemanth, Carder, Daniel, Gautam, Mridul

Development of a Hydraulic Hybrid System for Urban Traffic

2013-01-147904/08/2013

The development of today's powertrains focuses on the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Therefore several new technologies for internal combustion engines have been established. A further tendency is the successive electrification of powertrains in hybrid vehicles. However, these trends lead to increasing system costs which are a very important aspect at the market segment of compact cars. At the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines of the Technical University of Munich a drivetrain concept for urban and commuter traffic is under development. It is based on a lean-burn air-cooled two-cylinder natural gas engine which is combined with a hydraulic hybrid system. The paper contains detailed information about the engine as well as the hybrid vehicle powertrain in parallel structure. Particular characteristics and innovations of the hydraulic hybrid system compared to systems known so far are shown. The size of the hydraulic pump is chosen in consideration of low pump losses and suitable

Wohlgemuth, Sebastian, Wachtmeister, Georg, Kloft, Peter

Federal - NHTSA Early Warning Reporting/Motor Vehicle Recalls

RS-BNA-SEP_12_0709/10/2012

Proposed rule of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration amends regulations under 40 CFR 573, 577, and 579 to revise the early warning reporting (EWR) rule to require the submission of data on light vehicles with alternate fuel/propulsion systems. The rule specifically requires light vehicle manufacturers to specify in their EWR reports the vehicle type and the fuel and/or propulsion system type, including compressed natural gas, compression ignition fuel, electric battery power, fuel-cell power, hybrid electric vehicle, hydrogen based pwer, plug-in hybrid, and spark ignition fuel. The rule also makes additional changes to the EWR rule and revises standards regarding motor vehicle and equipment safety recalls. Comments are due Nov. 9, 2012. Contact: Tina Morgan; NHTSA, Office of Defects and Investigation; (202-366-0699)

Development and Characteristics of a Burner for Localized Fire Tests and an Evaluation of Those Fire Tests

2012-01-098704/16/2012

We have developed a new propane burner that satisfies the requirements of localized fire test which was presented in SAE technical paper 2011-01-0251. This paper introduces the specifications of this burner and reports its characteristics as determined from various fire exposure tests that we conducted in order to gather data. These tests included temperature and heat flux distribution on cylinder surfaces, which would be useful for the design of automotive compressed fuel cylinders. Our fire exposure tests included localized and engulfing fire tests to compare TPRD activation time, cylinder burst pressure and other parameters between different flame configurations and tests to identify the effects of an automotive compressed fuel cylinder on localized fire test results.

Tamura, Yohsuke, Takabayashi, Masaru, Takeuchi, Masayuki, Ohtuka, Nobuaki, Nakajima, Takashi, Sato, Kenji

Experimental Investigation of the Natural Gas / Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion Using a Rapid Compression Machine

2011-36-036010/04/2011

Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) is an experimental tool developed to study combustion parameters. It allows to measure cylinder pressure and piston displacement as well as to film combustion through a transparent piston head. RCM is pneumatically and hydraulically driven device and it reproduces a single combustion shot, considering a compression and a partial expansion stroke. The RCM used in this work was originally manufactured for investigate the diesel engine combustion. This paper describes the RCM adaptations made in order to investigate the dual-fuel combustion characteristics of lean natural gas-air mixtures, using diesel fuel as ignition source. The RCM was equipped with high pressure common-rail diesel injection system and a compressed natural gas system. The natural gas and air were introduced in the combustion chamber, prior to compression stroke, and the pilot diesel fuel was adjusted to typical injection timing and durations of Diesel engines. It investigation also

Egúsquiza, Julio C. C., Braga, Sergio L., Braga, Carlos V. M., Villela, Antonio C. S., Moura, Newton R.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as Fuel for Road Heavy Duty Vehicles Technologies and Standardization

2011-24-012209/11/2011

Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) engine technology is mainly based on a well-known and already established engine functioning principle, the Otto engine. The recent developments achieved and the OEMs push for this kind of technology clearly shows the confidence and reliability of this technology, especially when it comes to the use of compressed natural gas (CNG). For the above-mentioned reasons, the number of applications involving NGVs has increased worldwide. Environmental and economic reasons, on the whole, have been the main drive for this diffusion. Natural Gas chemical properties are an irrefutable proof of the advanced behavior, environmentally speaking, of a fuel that emits less CO₂ (due to its carbon-hydrogen balance when compared to other fuels) and less NOx and PM. In many countries, favorable taxation schemes have helped the development and entrance into the market of the NGV technology, especially for the light-duty vehicles. Until now, practically no heavy-duty vehicles or

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicle Fuel

J2699_201107 (Historical)07/08/2011

This SAE Information Report applies to liquefied natural gas used as vehicle fuel and requires LNG producers to provide the required information on the fuel composition and its “dispense by” date.

Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee

Pressure Terminology Used In Fuel Cells and Other Hydrogen Vehicle Applications

J2760_201106 (Current)06/01/2011

SAE J2579 is being developed by the SAE Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) Standards Committee to provide recommended practices for Fuel Systems in Fuel Cell and Other Hydrogen Vehicles. As part of this work, definitions for pressurized systems and containers were developed. The purpose of this document is to disseminate these definitions prior to the release of SAE J2579 such that other technical groups are aware of the information.

Fuel Cell Standards Committee

Improving Performance in Indirect, Natural Gas Line Heaters

2011-01-101604/12/2011

As a regulated public utility, Consumers Energy constantly struggles to lower operating costs, so that customers can enjoy competitive rates for the natural gas they consume across the state of Michigan. Elimination of line heaters altogether would be one very desirable method of reducing operating cost, unfortunately, Joule Thomson cooling, and the trouble it causes is a fact of life for the natural gas transmission and distribution utilities. Considering this, the operation of line heaters must be optimized so that operating cost can be minimized. Line heaters must be sized appropriately, and controlled so that they are large enough to heat efficiently, but not oversized. Once a heater is installed, the temperature band that it operates within must be set appropriately. This work presents theory that, over time will improve the efficiency of the operation of line heaters within Consumers Energy. Two objectives of this work will be presented. The first objective presented is a model

Jawad, Badih Ali, Adams, Kurt, Marshall, Gerald C.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicle Metering and Dispensing Systems—Truck and Bus

J2645_200904 (Historical)

04/02/2009

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel. The purpose of this document is to provide information on issues that are important to consider regarding LNG metering and dispensing systems.

Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee

Development and Validation of an On-line Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixing System for Internal Combustion Engine Testing

2008-01-158006/23/2008

Hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) is thought to be a potential alternative to common hydrocarbon fuels for SI engine applications. Experimental researches focusing on how to use this kind of fuel to its full extent have been conducted for over ten years and are still on their way. From a review of these researches it is found that one of the biggest obstacles of efficiently and economically conducting such experiments is how to mix desired amount of hydrogen with natural gas. Most of the previous experiments use pre-bottled hydrogen/ NG mixtures (by mixing and storing desired amount of hydrogen and NG in high pressure steel cylinders before the tests) which are quite costly and unsafe, due to high pressure operation. More importantly, the blending ratio cannot be varied by that approach. By comparison, this paper presents an on-line hydrogen-natural gas mixing system through which the hydrogen/ NG blending ratio can be easily varied during the tests. This advantage makes

Ma, Fanhua, Wang, Yu, Wang, Junjun, Zhao, Shuli, Yin, Yong, Cheng, Wei, Zhou, Mingbiao

A Quasi-Dimensional Combustion Model for SI Engines Fuelled by Hydrogen Enriched Compressed Natural Gas

2008-01-163306/23/2008

HCNG is short for hydrogen enriched natural gas. Compared to traditional gasoline, diesel or even natural gas engines HCNG fuelled engines have several advantages on environment protection and energy security and in order to make full extent of the new fuel, several modifications have to be made in the corresponding engine and the control strategy. So there is a need to develop a predictive model to simulate the engine's performance without really running the engine, which could speed up the development of HCNG engines. This paper dose such a job. At first the paper presents the fundamentals of the quasi-dimensional model. The equations of the two-zone thermodynamic model and turbulent entrainment combustion model are both introduced. The methods of calculating the related parameters such as theoretical adiabatic flame temperature, laminar burning velocity of HCNG mixture under various hydrogen blending ratios are also given. And after briefly introducing the approaches used to deal

Ma, Fanhua, Liu, Haiquan, Wang, Yu, Wang, Junjun, Ding, Shangfen, Zhao, Shuli

Improvement of Flame Exposure Test for High Pressure Hydrogen Cylinders to Achieve High Reliability and Accuracy

2006-01-012804/03/2006

To achieve a method for flame exposure testing of high-pressure cylinders in automobiles that allows fair evaluations to be made at each testing institute and also provides high testing accuracy, we investigated the effects of the flame scale of the fire source, the fuel type, the shape of the pressure relief device shield, and the ambient temperature through experiments and numerical simulation. We found that, while all of these are factors that influence evaluation results, the effects of some factors can be reduced by increasing the flame size. Therefore, a measurement technique to quantitatively determine the flame size during the test is required. Measuring temperatures at the top of each cylinder is a candidate technique. Furthermore, flame exposure tests to be conducted on cylinders as single units must ensure safety during a vehicle fire. To demonstrate this, we conducted vehicle fire tests on vehicles equipped with cylinders and compared the results with the flame exposure

Tamura, Yohsuke, Suzuki, Jinji, Watanabe, Shogo

Applicability of LP/Natural Gas Mixture for Internal Combustion Engines

2005-32-001510/12/2005

Among the natural gases proposed for use in internal combustion engines, (a) highly compressed natural gas (CNG) or (b) methane dissolved into hydrocarbon solvents (such as propane C3H8 or butane C4H10) are generally considered practicable. Technical problems with these that remain to be solved include low energy density of CNG ((a) above) even under very high pressure as well as significant changes in fuel composition due to the changes in the internal pressure ((b)above) of the fuel tanks as fuel is drawn. Our research aims at developing pressurized gas mixture for internal combustion engines. In this paper, we describe our work (I) to contain fuel mixture composed of methane-rich natural gas dissolved into butane/propane-rich liquid petroleum gas (LPG): (II) to minimize changes in fuel composition due to change in the internal pressure of the fuel tank as fuel is drawn from the fuel tank, and (III) to increase the energy density of these fuel mixtures relative to the same volume of

Experimental Work on the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Single Cylinder Petrol Engine

2005-32-008410/12/2005

Malaysian night markets or “Pasar Malam” in the Malaysian language are huge open markets, which convene once or twice a week in certain locations in every neighborhood. Electrical engine generators using gasoline as fuel are used as a source of electricity in these markets. The generators exhaust emission and high density of people in the market cause the air quality at the market places to deteriorate. This paper present two phases of a project aims firstly to evaluate the quality of the air in Malaysian night market and secondly to modify a single cylinder four stroke gasoline engine generator engine that widely used in the markets to use LPG as an alternative fuel. Five different locations in Kuala Lumpur were selected for this study. It was found that the gas emission level of NO2, SO2 and CO were above the Malaysian standard. This second part of this paper presents the results of an experimental work that was carried out at the UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL to evaluate the

Yusaf, T, Hussein, I., Zamri, M. Y, Kuzi, A

Prediction of the Behavior of a CNG Tank Exposed to Flames

2005-24-03009/11/2005

The increasing request of vehicles fuelled by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) requires that the safety issues related to this kind of fuel should be analyzed more and more thoroughly. So far, the minimum requirement for a CNG tank is to set up a Pressure Relief Device (PRD) triggered by temperature. This work aims to develop a procedure able to perform thoroughly tank behavior analyses, in presence of fire, in order to reduce the number of expensive experimental tests and to improve the design criteria of tank safety devices. The procedure consists in the solution of the unsteady solid-fluid conjugate heat transfer problem, by means of numerical simulations, in order to evaluate the transient behavior of both the temperature field inside the solid walls of the tank and the thermo-fluid-dynamic field of the compressed gas inside it, when it is exposed to a heating source. Moreover, the melting process of the fusible plug, inside the PRD, is simulated. In order to validate this procedure

D'Introno, F., Torresi, M., Camporeale, S. M., Fortunato, B., Amorese, C., De Matthaeis, S.

Fuels Containing Methane or Natural Gas in Solution

TBMG-165908/01/2004

While exploring ways of producing better fuels for propulsion of a spacecraft on the Mars sample return mission, a researcher at Johnson Space Center (JSC) devised a way of blending fuel by combining methane or natural gas with a second fuel to produce a fuel that can be maintained in liquid form at ambient temperature and under moderate pressure. The use of such a blended fuel would be a departure for both spacecraft engines and terrestrial internal combustion engines. For spacecraft, it would enable reduction of weights on long flights. For the automotive industry on Earth, such a fuel could be easily distributed and could be a less expensive, more efficient, and cleaner-burning alternative to conventional fossil fuels.

Transitional Solutions for Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure to Support Fuel Cell Vehicles

2004-01-101603/08/2004

For the major automakers to make the decision for a paradigm shift to hydrogen as a transportation fuel in the future, they need to be assured of the development of the infrastructure to accelerate their initiative. A hydrogen infrastructure must be in put in place to meet the demand for hydrogen fuel by fuel cell vehicles. In the absence of an adequate hydrogen-refueling infrastructure, Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies Worldwide, Inc. has developed modular, portable, and transportable hydrogen refueling systems to support early introduction fuel cell vehicles when and where needed. This paper describes selected hydrogen refueling systems and their application.

Abele, Andris R.

Combustion Variability in Natural Gas Fueled Engines

2003-01-193505/19/2003

A study was conducted to investigate combustion variability and exhaust emissions from high-speed, natural gas fueled engines. Two types of fuel systems were used in the investigation: a mixer and a port fuel injection. The overall engine performances were not much different at stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. But as the equivalence ratio was reduced the engine with the mixer produced higher levels of hydrocarbons and larger coefficient of variations in imep. The same engine exhibited longer flame development angle and rapid burn duration in comparison to the fuel injected engine. The differences in burn durations increased as the equivalence ratio decreased and the mixer system produced larger variations in their values at these operating points. The investigation showed the performance of the engine was better with natural gas injection system than with the mixer, particularly at lean equivalence ratios.

Varde, Keshav S.

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 114