Browse Topic: Vehicle to everything (V2X)

Items (698)

SIMULATION FOR VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID RESOURCE SHARING ANALYSIS

2024-01-3444

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT A simulation capable of modeling grid-tied electrical systems, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) resource sharing was developed within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the steady state admittance matrix approach, the unknown currents and voltages within the network are determined at each time step. This eliminates the need for states associated with the distributed system. Each vehicle has two dynamic states: (1) stored energy and (2) fuel consumed while the generators have only a single fuel consumed state. One of its potential uses is to assess the sensitivity of fuel consumption with respect to the control system parameters used to maintain a vehicle-centric bus voltage under dynamic loading conditions.

Jane, Robert S., Parker, Gordon G., Weaver, Wayne W., Goldsmith, Steven Y.

Vehicle diagnostics and Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication through Visible Light Communication

2024-26-008201/16/2024

High Fidelity Communication has become a necessity in various sectors. Different wireless data transfer methods play a vital role in various far field and near-field communications. Wireless communication for transferring data through radio spectrum has been a continuous evolving trend, especially in Automotive Sector, with fleet monitoring, platooning and even connected vehicles. Some important parameters considered in selecting a wireless platform would be bandwidth, data transfer, speed, and security. Some interesting advantages of communication over the visible spectrum has led to the evolution of Light Fidelity. Implementation of Visible Light Communication (VLC) in the automotive field might enable safer driving conditions through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication with high data transmission rates and efficient-bandwidth usage. The principle of VLC is based on “line of sight” data transmission through modulation of the light source. Highly

Ali, Rifat, N, Prem, Natarajan, Akshay, Kashi, Anitha

Cyber Threats and its Mitigation to Intelligent Transportation System

2024-26-018401/16/2024

With the revolutionary advancements in modern transportation, offering advanced connectivity, automation, and data-driven decision-making has put the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to a high risk from being exposed to cyber threats. Development of modern transportation infrastructure, connected vehicle technology and its dependency over the cloud with an aim to enhance safety, efficiency, reliability and sustainability of ITS comes with a lot more opportunities to protect the system from black hats. This abstract explores the landscape of cyber threats targeting Intelligent Transportation Systems, focusing on their potential impacts, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies. The cyber-attacks in ITS are not just limited to Unauthorized Access, Malware and Ransomware Attacks, Data Breaches, Denial of Service but also to Physical Infrastructure Attacks. These attacks may result in potentially disrupting critical transportation infrastructure, compromise user safety, and can

Dewangan, Kheelesh Kumar, Panda, Vibek, Ojha, Sunil, Shahapure, Anjali, Jahagirdar, Shweta Rajesh

Safety Spacing Control of Truck Platoon Based on Emergency Braking under Different Road Conditions

10-07-01-000510/13/2022

Vehicle platooning reduces fuel consumption, improves traffic throughput, and achieves smaller intervehicle spacing which increases the probability of danger during platoon braking. This article presents a sliding mode control based on the safety spacing policy for longitudinal control of a connected truck platoon with a focus on the predecessor following interactions. In particular, the modified safety spacing policy considering the intervehicle braking information communication delay, the sluggish nature of the brake actuator, the road conditions on each vehicle as well as the vehicle motion state is proposed. On this basis, an acceleration sliding mode controller is proposed, which takes into consideration the spacing error and speed error of the intervehicle, and the control error is zero, so as to obtain the expected acceleration of each vehicle in the platoon. Simulation results of truck platooning with six trucks using TurckSim have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed

Zhao, Qian, Zheng, Hongyu, Kaku, Chuyo, Cheng, Feihao, Zong, Changfu

Design and Development of a Virtual Autonomous System

2022-01-507210/03/2022

An autonomous vehicle or a driverless vehicle is a ground vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little to no human input. The present study aims to validate existing literature on vehicle following, emergency braking, lane changing, overtaking, and jerk trajectory with regard to autonomous vehicles. By using the jerk trajectory equation, we are able to optimize it by implementing a complete overtaking procedure. We are also able to compare the variation in both the dynamic and kinematic bicycle model for the same vehicle and traveling the same distance. A new kinematic bicycle model is built, which is more simple to construct. This project is performed using MATLAB and Simulink for creating and modifying the system blocks. There has also been an integration of 3D visualization software such as VR sink and Unreal Engine. We construct the vehicles by simple transfer functions, ACC and PID as the main system blocks for vehicles 1, 2, and 3, respectively

Narain, C.M., Patil, Sharanbassapa S.

Wireless Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

12-06-02-001108/17/2022

Vehicular communications face unique security issues in wireless communications. While new vehicles are equipped with a large set of communication technologies, product life cycles are long and software updates are not widespread. The result is a host of outdated and unpatched technologies being used on the street. This has especially severe security impacts because autonomous vehicles are pushing into the market, which will rely, at least partly, on the integrity of the provided information.We provide an overview of the currently deployed communication systems and their security weaknesses and features to collect and compare widely used security mechanisms. In this survey, we focus on technologies that work in an ad hoc manner. This includes Long-Term Evolution mode 4 (LTE-PC5), Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), Intelligent Transportation Systems at 5 Gigahertz (ITS-G5), and Bluetooth. First, we detail the underlying protocols and their architectural components. Then

Blazek, Thomas, Ademaj, Fjolla, Marksteiner, Stefan, Priller, Peter, Bernhard, Hans-Peter

Impact of Positioning Uncertainty on Connected and Automated Vehicle Applications

12-06-02-001008/05/2022

Many Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) applications assume that highly accurate positioning is always available. However, this is not the case in many real-life situations (e.g., when a satellite-based navigation system is used for positioning in urban canyons). Furthermore, very little research has been conducted to evaluate the impacts of position accuracy on CAV applications at the traffic level. The objective of this article is to investigate the positioning errors that could be tolerated by a sample of CAV applications. Toward this end, we (1) perform a general analysis of the positioning requirements of selected safety-, mobility- and environmental-focused applications and (2) examine in greater detail the effect of positioning errors on two representative CAV applications, Eco-Approach and Departure at Signalized Intersections (EAD) and High-Speed Differential Warning (HSDW). The results of (1) indicate that lane-level positioning accuracy is sufficient to enable most CAV

Williams, Nigel, Darian, Parisa Borhani, Wu, Guoyuan, Closas, Pau, Barth, Matthew

Real-Sim Interface: Enabling Multi-resolution Simulation and X-in-the-Loop Development for Connected and Automated Vehicles

12-05-04-002606/27/2022

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) can bring safety, mobility, and energy benefits to transportation systems. Ideally, CAV applications would be fully evaluated and validated prior to real-world implementation. However, many technical challenges in both software and hardware hinder the process. To comprehensively evaluate all aspects of CAV applications, an integrated evaluation environment is needed with various simulation tools from different domains. In the current literature, there lacks a well-developed interface to enable multi-resolution simulation of vehicle, traffic, virtual environment, and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. In this work, a modular and flexible interface is developed to enable multi-resolution vehicle and traffic co-simulation for CAV applications. This interface is built upon Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) Real-Sim approach, can support various simulation tools and real-time X-in-the-loop (XIL) simulations, and is based on network

Shao, Yunli, Deter, Dean, Cook, Adian, Wang, Chieh (Ross), Thompson, Bradley, Perry, Nolan

Toward an Automated Scenario-Based X-in-the-Loop Testing Framework for Connected and Automated Vehicles

12-05-04-003006/27/2022

Emerging technologies for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are rapidly advancing, and there is an incremental adoption of partial automation systems in existing vehicles. Nevertheless, there are still significant barriers before fully or highly automated vehicles can enter mass production and appear on public roads. These are not only associated with the need to ensure their safe and efficient operation but also with cost and delivery time constraints. A key challenge lies in the testing and validation (T&V) requirements of CAVs, which are expected to be significantly higher than those of traditional and partially automated vehicles. Promising methodologies that can be used toward this goal are scenario-based (SBT) and X-in-the-Loop (XiL) testing. At the same time, complex techniques such as co-simulation and mixed-reality simulation could also provide significant benefits. Nevertheless, the benefits of individual solutions are likely to be significantly smaller, if considered

Kyriakopoulos, Ioannis, Jaworski, Pawel, Edwards, Tim

A hybrid sensor-fusion system to locate the Electric gridlines by UAV for range extension in Urban areas

2022-26-114905/26/2022

This paper explores the efficacy and efficiency of a system for the effective location of electric gridlines during daytime and night-time by the onboard and offboard transceivers of UAV through vehicle to infrastructure communication. The usage of electric gridlines in urban areas helps to extend the range of the UAVs by charging the onboard battery using an extended arm. The same arm can also be used for direct propulsion of the motors onboard UAV, thereby minimizing the reliance on battery. UAVs with advanced Image processing algorithms are utilized in the inspection of the electric grid lines themselves in the Power industry. The camera based algorithms are not effective during night-time when the gridlines are near invisible. This can be mitigated by evaluating light in other spectral ranges, but this would add to the load of the UAV. We propose a system which combines multiple information sources and helps locate the gridlines for range extension, specifically for the delivery of

Pappala, Lokendra Pavan Kumar, Enagandula, Srujan, Manoharan, Sandeepkumar

jsintz e2e test 5/9

SAE-PP-0131805/09/2022

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SintzUSER, Jeneane

e2e test 5/9

SAE-PP-0131605/09/2022

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Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane

A Novel Vehicle-to-Vehicle Fast Charging Control System Utilizing Motor and Inverter in EV

2022-01-019403/29/2022

As electric vehicles become more widespread, such vehicles may be subject to “range anxiety” due to the risk of discharging during driving or the discharging when left unused for a long period. Accordingly, a vehicle equipped with a mobile charger that can provide a charge in an emergency. The vehicle with the mobile charger is usually composed of a large capacity battery, a power converter in a small truck. However, the large capacity battery and the power converter are disadvantageous in that they are large in size and expensive and should be produced as a special vehicle. In this paper, we propose a method to solve the problem using an internal EV system without requiring an additional power generation, battery and a charging-and-discharging device. The method is a novel Vehicle-to-Vehicle fast charging control system utilizing motor and inverter in EV.

Choi, Jaehyuk, Song, ByeongSeob, Kim, SungKyu, Kim, Hyunsup, Kim, Talchol, Kim, SeokJoon, Cho, InYoung, Choi, YoungGon

The Effects of Measurement Uncertainty and Error on Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics

2022-01-098503/29/2022

As the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) on public roadways expands, there is a growing need to establish metrics that can be used to evaluate vehicle operational safety. The set of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) metrics previously proposed by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM) are a step towards achieving this goal. The safety envelope OSA metrics can be computed using kinematics derived from video data captured by infrastructure-based cameras and thus do not require vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connectivity, though connectivity could enhance kinematic data accuracy. However, the calculation of some metrics includes certain vehicle-specific parameters that must be assumed or estimated if they are not communicated directly by the vehicle. Uncertainty and errors in kinematic measurements and assumed parameters can affect the accuracy and ultimately the utility of the safety envelope OSA metrics. This paper investigates how uncertainties and errors in measured and

Kidambi, Narayanan, Wishart, Jeffrey, Elli, Maria, Como, Steven

Functional verification and validation of secure controller area network (CAN) communication

2022-01-011803/29/2022

In agriculture industry, increasing use of Vehicle Internet of Things (IoT), telematics and emerging technologies are resulting in smarter machines with connected solutions. Inter and Intra Communication with vehicle to vehicle and inside vehicle - Electronic Control Unit (ECU) to ECU or ECU to sensor, requirement for flow of data increased in-turn resulting in increased need for secure communication. In this paper, we focus on functional verification and validation of secure Controller Area Network (CAN) for intra vehicular communication to establish confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and freshness of data, supporting safety, advanced automation, protection of sensitive data and IP (Intellectual Property) protection. Network security algorithms and software security processes are the layers supporting to achieve our cause. Test environment setup with secured hardware and simulated models, test scenarios and test data created to achieve our objective. For validation, we relied

Khatik, Gourab, Katragadda, Praveen, Labade, Chetan

Mobile Safety Application for Pedestrians Utilizing P2V Communication Over Bluetooth

2022-01-017603/29/2022

Vulnerable Road User (VRU) safety has been an important issue throughout the years as corresponding fatality numbers in traffic have been increasing each year. With the developments in connected vehicle technology, there are new and easier ways of implementing Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication which can be utilized to provide safety and early warning benefits for VRUs. Mobile phones are one important point of interest with their sensors being increased in quantity and quality and improved in terms of accuracy. Bluetooth and extended Bluetooth technology in mobile phones has enhanced support to carry larger chunks of information to longer distances. The work we discuss in this paper is related to a mobile application that utilizes the mobile phone sensors and Bluetooth communication to implement Personal Safety Message (PSM) broadcast using the SAE J2735 standard to create a Pedestrian to Vehicle (P2V) based safety warning structure. This implementation allows the drivers to

Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent, Surnilla, Gopichandra, Zhang, Hao

Demonstration of energy consumption reduction in class 8 trucks using eco-driving algorithm based on on-road testing

2022-01-015703/29/2022

Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication has enabled on-board access to the information from other vehicles and infrastructure. This information, traditionally used for safety applications, is increasingly being used for improving fuel economy of the vehicles [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This work aims at demonstrating energy consumption reduction in heavy/medium duty vehicles using the eco-driving algorithm. The algorithm is enabled by V2X communication and uses data contained in basic safety messages (BSMs) and signal phase and timing (SPaT) to generate an energy-efficient velocity trajectory for the vehicle to follow. A ~25.7 km (16-mi) urban corridor in Bexar County, Texas, was modeled in a microscopic traffic simulation package and calibrated to match real-world conditions. For the trucks using this algorithm, a nominal reduction of 7% in energy consumption and 6% in trip time was observed in simulation. This was validated by on-track testing of a pair of velocity profiles. The track testing

Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Frazier, Cole, Rengarajan, Sankar, Warden, Rebecca, Brown, Michael, Sarlashkar, Jayant

Evaluating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in V2X Communications

2022-01-013003/29/2022

Over the years there has been an enormous interest in V2X communications that enable an array of benefits such as road safety, traffic efficiency and to pave the way for fully automated driving through its non-line of sight sensing. Hence, there is a need for these V2X communications to be secured and reliable by ensuring that the cybersecurity properties like Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) are not compromised. This paper evaluates the potential cybersecurity use-cases developed, focusing on vulnerabilities like black hole attack, sybil attack and timing attack in V2X communications. The proposed cybersecurity vulnerabilities were tested and evaluated on FEV’s Smart Vehicle Demonstrator. Furthermore, the best practice countermeasure methods to avoid and overcome the risks identified based on the results were also discussed.

Nagavelli, Sai Krishnanand, Yedida, Siddhartha, Alzu'bi, Hamzeh, Tasky, Tom

Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory with Traffic Preview

2022-01-017403/29/2022

By utilizing the vehicle to infrastructure communication, the conventional Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) applications give speed advisory range for drivers to travel to pass at the green light. However, these systems do not consider the traffic between the ego vehicle and the traffic light location, resulting in inaccurate speed advisories. Therefore, the driver needs to intuitively adjust the vehicle's speed to pass at the green light and avoid traffic in these scenarios. Furthermore, inaccurate speed advisories may result in unnecessary acceleration and deceleration, resulting in poor fuel efficiency and comfort. To address these shortcomings of conventional GLOSA, in this study, we proposed the utilization of collaborative perception messages shared by smart infrastructures to create an enhanced speed advisory for the connected vehicle drivers and automated vehicles. Two different algorithms were designed by utilizing the available traffic preview (Signal Phase and

Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Surnilla, Gopichandra

Computer Vision-Based V2X Collaborative Perception

2022-01-008203/29/2022

In this paper, we present the computer vision-based V2X collaborative perception. Our system uses a forward-looking camera in the Host Vehicle. The camera detects road users such as pedestrians, vehicles, and motorcycles. Such information includes object type, relative location, direction, and speed. This information is used to compose proxy Basic Safety Messages on behalf of the detected objects. Early adopters of the V2X technology can experience the benefits of enhanced V2X market penetration. The outcome of adopting our concept will result in an inflated V2X market penetration rate leading to earlier safety, mobility, and situational awareness improvements. The ultimate goal is for all road participants to be fully aware of each other. The novelty of our work is the integration of computer vision-based detection and LTE-V V2X communications, in addition to implementing the concept for pedestrians and bicyclists. A similar concept will work for other sensors such as radar and LiDARs

Miucic, Radovan, Rajab, Samer

Quantifying System Level Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles in an Urban Corridor

2022-01-017303/29/2022

Numerous studies have demonstrated significant energy reduction for an ego vehicle by up to 20% leveraging Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies [1, 2, 3, 4]. Some studies have also analyzed the impact of such vehicles on the energy consumption of other vehicles in a suburban or a highway corridor [5, 6]. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), in collaboration with Continental and Hyundai, is currently working on a Department of Energy funded project that is focused on quantifying the impact of multiple ego vehicles (smart vehicles) on the total energy consumption of the corridor under various traffic conditions, vehicle electrification level, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology penetration, and the number of smart (ego) vehicles in an urban setting. A six-kilometer-long urban corridor from Columbus, Ohio was modeled and calibrated via real-world data in PTV Vissim traffic microsimulation software. Five forward-looking powertrain models, consisting of two battery electric vehicles

Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Rengarajan, Sankar, Sarlashkar, Jayant, Hotz, Scott, Bakshi, Kaivalya

Mechanism to Identify a Legitimate Vehicle User in Remote Keyless Entry System

2022-01-013703/29/2022

The advancements of the automotive system in all the aspects from safety to user experience brings never ending list of electronics components into the system. One of the pure critical components in providing the vehicle safety is the digital key or wireless vehicle entry systems. This component is responsible for protecting all the other components of the vehicle and the vehicle itself from thieves and illegal usage of the vehicle. The compromisation of this critical component is equivalent to a compromisation of the entire vehicle along with some legal implications on the vehicle owner. There are numerous additional systems in the automotive electronics enhances the security of this critical digital key/wireless vehicle entry system in protecting the vehicles from attackers. However, there is no component available in the market which does user/owner authentication considering its impact and criticality on both the vehicle and its owner. Either the lost key or the stolen key in the

Ansari, Asadullah, P.C., Karthik, D H, Sharath, Aziz, Mohammad, Mukherjee, Sourik

The Digital Foundation Platform - A Multi-layered SOA Architecture for Intelligent Connected Vehicle Operating System

2022-01-011603/29/2022

The advancement of E/E architecture has made modern EV a sophisticated and high performance computing system. High level AD/ADAS functions and applications require real time and accurate perception, localization, fusion, planning and control using computer vision or deep learning based AI algorithms to ensure functional safety and comfort user experiences. Legacy AD/ADAS development from OEMs centers around developing functions on ECUs using services provided by Autosar CP to meet automobile grade and mass production requirements. Additionally, Autosar AP has been maturing and provide richer services and function abstractions. Still the applications development and supporting system software and closely coupled together, this makes application development and enhancement less scalable or flexible, resulting in longer development cycle and slower time to market. This paper presents a multi-layered, service-oriented autonomous driving operating system foundation (we called it Digital

yu, david

Mobile control-measuring system for determination and providing vehicles brake performance

2022-01-110003/29/2022

The approach on the example of vehicles brake performance determination and provision, based on using of mobile measurement complex with software is developed. Requirements for mobile registration and measurement system to evaluate and ensure performance of wheeled vehicles with regard to modern tools and approaches are developed: based on a modern elemental base taking into account the further development of microprocessor technology; low cost in manufacture; comply with the modular construction principle; high degree of mobility, small dimensions and weight characteristics, a power source independent of the wheeled vehicle network; to connect additional sensors (accelerometers, angles, etc.) and photo-video capture devices; ability to provide wireless communication with the database on the server in the presence of a stable signal of the mobile network; an open operating system for further improvement of principles and algorithms on the basis of modern high-level programming language

Kholodov, Mykhailo, Schmoe, Joe

High-Fidelity Heavy-Duty Vehicle Modeling Using Sparse Telematics Data

2022-01-063503/29/2022

Heavy-duty commercial vehicles tend to have poor energy efficiency due to relatively high mass, poor aerodynamic characteristics, and high auxiliary power loads. These factors lead directly to high fuel cost per mile, perpetuate domestic dependence on imported oil, and contribute to climate change and environmental damage in the form of air pollution. The optimization of energy efficiency in these vehicles presents a way to reduce industry expenses while also taking action on the growing issue of climate change. Vehicle modeling provides a path for energy efficiency improvement by allowing rapid experimentation of different vehicle characteristics on fuel consumption. This research focused on creating higher fidelity models using real-world, sparsely collected telematics data from a large fleet of heavy-duty vehicles. The largest challenge encountered in this research was the use of sparse data, where samples are sporadically collected, leading to infrequent sampling rate and

Carow, Kyle, Cantwell, Nathaniel, Ivanco, Andrej, Holden, Jacob, Baker, Chad, Miller, Eric, Asher, Zachary

2.0.105 - Piston Sealing System Structure Design for Automobile's Lightweight Auto-Transmission

SAE-PP-0043509/24/2021

Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.

Mutagaana, Festo

0071 - Testing Download

SAE-PP-0042009/13/2021

The combustion occurring in an internal combustion engine subsequently emits high-intensity acoustic pulse along with exhaust gas flow. Formula SAE competition is imposing restrictions on acoustic emissions from an engine, which necessitates the activity of design and optimization of a high-performance muffler. The muffler has to be designed with the objectives of satisfying acoustic emission norms imposed and as well strategically designed to have less obstruction to exhaust flow and being lightweight to maintain the integrity of a Formula Student car. A novel approach of combining the effect of adsorptive and resonating muffler design has been inculcated in this work after the estimation of muffler size and resonance. The acoustic pressure analysis and exhaust flow efficiency are carried out using Ricardo WAVE. These simulation results are validated with the developed prototype. The developed prototype is ascertained to fulfil the requirement of acoustic emission norms (103 dB[C

SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane, Anthony, Lindsay, Mutagaana, Festo, Mutz, Jennifer

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles

J3016_202104 (Current)

04/30/2021

This document describes [motor] vehicle driving automation systems that perform part or all of the dynamic driving task (DDT) on a sustained basis. It provides a taxonomy with detailed definitions for six levels of driving automation, ranging from no driving automation (Level 0) to full driving automation (Level 5), in the context of [motor] vehicles (hereafter also referred to as “vehicle” or “vehicles”) and their operation on roadways: Level 0: No Driving Automation Level 1: Driver Assistance Level 2: Partial Driving Automation Level 3: Conditional Driving Automation Level 4: High Driving Automation Level 5: Full Driving Automation These level definitions, along with additional supporting terms and definitions provided herein, can be used to describe the full range of driving automation features equipped on [motor] vehicles in a functionally consistent and coherent manner. “On-road” refers to publicly accessible roadways (including parking areas and private campuses that permit

On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles

J3016_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021

On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee

Motion Estimation of Connected and Automated Vehicles under Communication Delay and Packet Loss of V2X Communications

2021-01-010704/06/2021

The emergence of the connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology enables numerous advanced applications in our transportation system, benefiting our daily travels in terms of safety, mobility, and sustainability. However, vehicular communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) or Cellular-Based Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) communications unavoidably introduce issues like communication delay and packet loss, which will downgrade the performances of any CAV applications. In this study, we propose a consensus-based motion estimation methodology to estimate the vehicle motion when the vehicular communication environment is not ideal. This methodology is developed based on the consensus-based feedforward/feedback motion control algorithm, estimating the position and speed of a CAV in the presence of communication delay and packet loss. The simulation study is conducted in a traffic scenario of unsignalized intersections, where CAVs coordinate with each

Wang, Ziran

V2X Connectivity with ROS for AD Applications

2021-01-006004/06/2021

Increased levels of autonomy requires an increasing amount of sensory data for the vehicle to make appropriate decisions. Sensors like camera, Lidar and Radar will help to perceive the surroundings, exposing nearby objects and blind spots within the line of sight. With V2X connectivity, vehicles communicate to other vehicles and infrastructure using wireless communications even in non-line of sight conditions. This paper presents an approach to utilize a V2X system to develop Automated Driving (AD) features in a Robot Operating System (ROS) environment. This was achieved by developing ROS drivers and creating custom messages to enable the communication between the V2X system and vehicle sensors. The developed algorithms were tested on FEV’s Smart Vehicle Demonstrator. The test results show that the proposed V2X automated driving approach has increased reliability compared to that of camera, Radar and Lidar based autonomous driving.

Yedida, Siddhartha, Paudyal, Ajay, Matta, Sherif, Tasky, Tom

Infrastructure-Based Sensor Data Capture Systems for Measurement of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics

2021-01-017504/06/2021

The operational safety of automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicles (AVs) needs to be quantified for an understanding of risk, requiring the measurement of parameters as they relate to AVs and human driven vehicles alike. In prior work by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM), operational safety metrics were introduced as part of an operational safety assessment (OSA) methodology that provide quantification of behavioral safety of AVs and human-driven vehicles as they interact with each other and other road users. To calculate OSA metrics, the data capture system must accurately and precisely determine position, velocity, acceleration, and geometrical relationships between various safety-critical traffic participants. The design of an infrastructure-based system that is intended to capture the data required for calculation of OSA metrics is addressed in this paper. The designed multi-modal sensor system includes a combination of traffic video cameras, vehicle-to

Altekar, Niraj, Como, Steven, Lu, Duo, Wishart, Jeffrey, Bruyere, Donald, Saleem, Faisal, Head, K. Larry

rtyeuy testing testing testing

SAE-PP-0035903/03/2021

etyirui

SintzADMIN, Jeneane

TCU Testing at the Heart of Vehicle Connectivity

21AVEP03_0803/01/2021

Adding a telematics control unit to the vehicle and keeping it operational demands a focused approach towards testing this vital component. The wireless connectivity between the modern vehicle and the outside world is possible thanks to a constantly evolving component called the telematics control unit (TCU). The TCU is at the center of all connectivity-related use cases, so its operation must be flawless. Closely related to the TCU are over-the-air tests (OTA), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI) and automotive Ethernet. All should be kept in mind when designing the strategy to test TCUs. The TCU is loaded with multiple wireless technologies that enable the vehicle to exchange information with its surroundings. It is also connected to multiple components inside the vehicle, including other electronic control units and domain controls, via wired connections using automotive Ethernet and controller area network (CAN) bus. Connecting the vehicle to the

Kumar, Nikhil

workflow - take 2

SAE-PP-0031702/19/2021

workflow - take 2

2.0.116 - Emission Optimization Approach to Meet the Current Indian Emission Norm Without EGR Cooling for a Vehicle Equipped with Common Rail Diesel Engine

SAE-PP-0031402/19/2021

In India, diesel engine powered vehicles are finding rising demand due to the subsidy offered on diesel. Currently, BS-IV emission norm (equivalent to E-IV in Europe) is in existence. To meet this emission norm, OEM look for improved engine design, use of common rail injection system, advanced after treatment. In the current article, a methodology is demonstrated by which the required emissions on multipurpose vehicle (MPV) powered with 2.2L common rail injection system was met with no need of EGR cooling. This was achieved by identifying the operating points from the BS-IV emission cycle where EGR cooling is beneficial. The next step involves assessing the loss of function due to its removal. The final step involves strategies which can bring the original optimized value of NOx-PM. Removal of EGR cooling avoids the cooling of intake charge and reduces the HC and CO emission. Also, it gets rid of complication in the under bonnet packaging and leads to maintenance free operation. This

Mutagaana, Festo

testing rc-2255

SAE-PP-0031302/19/2021

testing rc-2255

csp1071 test Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated Driving

SAE-PP-0029002/18/2021

Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper

SintzADMIN, Jeneane, Anthony, Lindsay

7.0.108 - Challenges Faced for Parameterization & Validation of a Small Gasoline Engine Plant Model for Application of EMS Development

SAE-PP-0028402/04/2021

Control algorithm development for typical Engine Management System is a challenging task. To develop a reliable control algorithm, proper closed loop testing environment is required. In such development activity, it is of prime importance to validate the algorithm on a standalone target engine. This can be achieved in engine test cell where the actual engine will be controlled by prototype ECU. But this process has drawbacks like higher testing cost, time consuming, non-reusability of test bed etc. Simulation based engine plant model development for closed loop ECU testing is an effective technique for such application. Various generic engine models are available for such application.to suit a particular target engine these model need to be parameterized with precise engine data. The vehicle parameters used for parameterization are typically obtained from actual test and engine design data. This paper elaborates the process and challenges faced while parameterization and validation of

Lname, Fname

7.0.107 - Design and Development of Capacitance Type Level Sensor for Automotive Vehicle Application

SAE-PP-0028302/04/2021

Fuel level sensor is a device to indicate the level of the fuel in fuel tank fitted in an automobile. This will have features to communicate the fuel level to the dashboard of the vehicle and is of significant attention to the driver during vehicle usage. The advanced instrumentation provides a lot of information on the dashboard display such as information about fuel level, computing mileage, miles to go or miles to empty, fuel economy, average mileage, etc. Presently, the float arm type with Thick Film Resistor(TFR) and Reed switch type fuel level sensors are being used. To have accurate information for computing, the present sensors are not supporting due to its limitations like nonlinearity, fluctuating output due to slosh, output variations in steps and not continuous. The measurement accuracy of the fuel level sensor needs to be focused to rely on the information available on the dashboard instrument. Hence, it is vital to have a sensor with better reliability, accuracy and

Lname, Fname

6.0.104 - Warm Forming of 3t Mg Alloy Sheet for An Automotive Electronic Compressor Case

SAE-PP-0026002/04/2021

Recently, the applications of magnesium alloy to automobile and electric parts have been increased because of its high specific strength, excellent machinability, high electrical and thermal conductivity. The efforts of automobile industry to reduce fuel consumption by using lightweight structural materials have accelerated the deep drawing technology of magnesium alloy sheet. In the present study, the basic study to fabricate an automotive compressor case have been carried out. In order to apply ductile fracture criterion to predict the forming failure, critical damage values were determined from uniaxial tensile tests and FE simulations, and then they were expressed as the function of strain rate and temperature. The proposed methodology was applied to design the deep drawing process for fabrication of magnesium automotive compressor case without any defect. Based on the simulation and experimental results, AZ31 EL-cover part 39% lighter than ADC12 die casting EL-cover could be

Mutagaana, Festo

Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated Driving

SAE-PP-0024602/03/2021

MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay

1.1.216 - Tailored Design and Layout for Loss Minimization or Cost-Effective Commonality of Parts - A Contradictory Conflict

SAE-PP-0024202/03/2021

In order to minimize the development and production costs in the automotive industry, despite steadily increasing variety of models and applications offered by the OEMs, the pressure on standardization of components and production processes is increasing continuously. As a direct consequence, modular engine families are already established with high degrees of common parts and kits as well as standardized interfaces for all vehicle platforms by most manufacturers these days. At the same time, the world adopted and announced massive legal demands concerning the reduction of CO2 emissions for the entire vehicle fleet. In addition to the optimization of the combustion process, the exhaust gas aftertreatment and thermal management, the use of improved and more resilient materials for higher reduction of mechanical friction leads to a significant amount of the realized lowering in fuel consumption respective CO2 emissions. Significant future potential for friction reduction and loss

Mutagaana, Festo

1.1.204 - Cost Effective Emergency Intimation System Design for Automobiles

SAE-PP-0021902/02/2021

The death toll due to traffic accidents in India is on a rise, according to the latest Road Transport ministry report, a total of 4.97 lakh road accident was reported in 2011. Though compared to 2010, the accidents have gone down by 1,945, the number of deaths at 1,42,485 has increased by over 7,000.[1] This paper proposes a design of an Emergency Intimation System (EIS) tailored to fit for Indian consumer needs and available infrastructure. EIS is an emergency alert technology devised to assist drivers and passenger in an event of vehicle crash. Majority of deaths are caused by slow accident response time. EIS is aimed to lower this response time and ensure that the required rescue and medical services are made available in time. This device employed to make this emergency alerts will be fitted into the vehicle Electrical and Electronics (E/E) architecture and will have interfaces with crash sensor network, CAN network and GSM etc. In an event of crash, this device shall send an SMS

Mutagaana, Festo

2.0.104 - Tackling Three Critical Issues of Transportation: Environment, Safety and Congestion Via Semi-autonomous Platooning

SAE-PP-0021402/01/2021

In recent years, platooning emerged as a realistic configuration for semi-autonomous driving. In the SARTRE project, simulation and physical tests were performed to validate the platooning system not only in testing facilities but also in conventional highways. Five vehicles were adapted with autonomous driving systems to have platooning functionalities, enabling to perform platoon tests and assess the feasibility, safety and benefits. Although the tested system was in a prototype, it demonstrated sturdiness and good functionality, allowing performing conventional road tests. First of all the fuel consumption decreased up to 16% in some configurations and different gaps between the vehicles were tested in order to establish the most suitable for platooning in terms of safety and economy. Additionally, the platooning technology enables a new level of safety in highways. Around 85% of the accident causation is the human factor. With platooning, the human factor is reduced almost entirely

Mutagaana, Festo

050 - Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Coconut Oil Ester Fuels

SAE-PP-0018801/30/2021

In order to improve the cold flow properties of coconut oil biodiesel and to reduce the lifecycle CO2 emission by using bio-alcohol at biodiesel manufacturing, varying the types of alcohol used at transesterification was examined. The pour point of coconut oil ester decreases as the carbon number of alcohol increases. Among 5 ester fuels, the pour point of coconut oil isobutyl ester (CiBE) made from isobutanol is lowest, −12.5 °C, compared to that of coconut oil methyl ester (CME), highest, −5 °C. The pour point of coconut oil 1-butyl ester (CBE) is −10 °C, second lowest. Furthermore, CBE, CiBE, CME and JIS No.2 diesel fuel (gas oil) were tested using a DI diesel engine. CBE and CiBE have shorter ignition delay compared to the gas oil although slightly longer than CME. CBE and CiBE have the same thermal efficiency and NOx emissions compared to the gas oil. HC, CO and Smoke emissions of coconut oil ester fuels slightly increase when the ester molecule carbon number increases. However

Mutagaana, Festo

Vehicle Safety Communications Landscape Clarifies with Controversial FCC Ruling

21AVEP01_0601/01/2021

The vehicle-to-everything communications-technology debate is “solved” by federal regulators - and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) appears to be the winner. After years of transportation-industry tussle over competing technologies to enable communications between vehicles and a “connected” environment, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has decided the matter. On Nov.18, 2020, the FCC ruled it will allow a portion of the 5.9-GHz “Safety Spectrum” long reserved for the transportation sector to be allocated to unlicensed private usage such as Wi-Fi internet connectivity. The ruling effectively eliminates the future for Wi-Fi-based Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and locks in the advancing alternative, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). Despite many experts' opinion that the decision to now limit transportation communications to just the upper 30 MHz of the 75-MHz spread within the 5.9-GHz (5.850-5.925 GHz) Safety Spectrum has not been sufficiently

Visnic, Bill

Optional Pass-Thru Features

J2534-2_202012 (Current)

12/14/2020

SAE J2534-1 defines a standard vehicle network interface that can be used to reprogram emission-related control modules. However, there is a need to support vehicles prior to the 2004 model year, as well as non-emission related control modules. The SAE J2534-2 document meets these needs by detailing extensions to API version 04.04 of the SAE J2534-1 specification. It is not required for an interface to be fully compliant with API version 04.04 of the SAE J2534-1 specification to implement some of the features specified in this document. Together, these extensions provide the framework for a common interface to protect the software investment of the vehicle OEMs and scan tool manufacturers. Only the optional features will be described by this document and are based on the December 2004 publication of SAE J2534-1.

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

Optional Pass-Thru Features

J2534-2_202012-TEST-REC (Current)12/14/2020

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)™ ASN File

J2540/2ASN_202012 (Current)12/06/2020

You may also be interested in: ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)™ the J2540/2 PDF ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)™ Set includes the J2540/2 ASN file and the J2540/2 PDF (ZIP format) - download purchase only.

V2X Core Technical Committee

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