Browse Topic: Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I)

Items (48)

Vehicle diagnostics and Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication through Visible Light Communication

2024-26-008201/16/2024

High Fidelity Communication has become a necessity in various sectors. Different wireless data transfer methods play a vital role in various far field and near-field communications. Wireless communication for transferring data through radio spectrum has been a continuous evolving trend, especially in Automotive Sector, with fleet monitoring, platooning and even connected vehicles. Some important parameters considered in selecting a wireless platform would be bandwidth, data transfer, speed, and security. Some interesting advantages of communication over the visible spectrum has led to the evolution of Light Fidelity. Implementation of Visible Light Communication (VLC) in the automotive field might enable safer driving conditions through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication with high data transmission rates and efficient-bandwidth usage. The principle of VLC is based on “line of sight” data transmission through modulation of the light source. Highly

Ali, Rifat, N, Prem, Natarajan, Akshay, Kashi, Anitha

Real-Sim Interface: Enabling Multi-resolution Simulation and X-in-the-Loop Development for Connected and Automated Vehicles

12-05-04-002606/27/2022

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) can bring safety, mobility, and energy benefits to transportation systems. Ideally, CAV applications would be fully evaluated and validated prior to real-world implementation. However, many technical challenges in both software and hardware hinder the process. To comprehensively evaluate all aspects of CAV applications, an integrated evaluation environment is needed with various simulation tools from different domains. In the current literature, there lacks a well-developed interface to enable multi-resolution simulation of vehicle, traffic, virtual environment, and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. In this work, a modular and flexible interface is developed to enable multi-resolution vehicle and traffic co-simulation for CAV applications. This interface is built upon Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) Real-Sim approach, can support various simulation tools and real-time X-in-the-loop (XIL) simulations, and is based on network

Shao, Yunli, Deter, Dean, Cook, Adian, Wang, Chieh (Ross), Thompson, Bradley, Perry, Nolan

A hybrid sensor-fusion system to locate the Electric gridlines by UAV for range extension in Urban areas

2022-26-114905/26/2022

This paper explores the efficacy and efficiency of a system for the effective location of electric gridlines during daytime and night-time by the onboard and offboard transceivers of UAV through vehicle to infrastructure communication. The usage of electric gridlines in urban areas helps to extend the range of the UAVs by charging the onboard battery using an extended arm. The same arm can also be used for direct propulsion of the motors onboard UAV, thereby minimizing the reliance on battery. UAVs with advanced Image processing algorithms are utilized in the inspection of the electric grid lines themselves in the Power industry. The camera based algorithms are not effective during night-time when the gridlines are near invisible. This can be mitigated by evaluating light in other spectral ranges, but this would add to the load of the UAV. We propose a system which combines multiple information sources and helps locate the gridlines for range extension, specifically for the delivery of

Pappala, Lokendra Pavan Kumar, Enagandula, Srujan, Manoharan, Sandeepkumar

The Effects of Measurement Uncertainty and Error on Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics

2022-01-098503/29/2022

As the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) on public roadways expands, there is a growing need to establish metrics that can be used to evaluate vehicle operational safety. The set of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) metrics previously proposed by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM) are a step towards achieving this goal. The safety envelope OSA metrics can be computed using kinematics derived from video data captured by infrastructure-based cameras and thus do not require vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connectivity, though connectivity could enhance kinematic data accuracy. However, the calculation of some metrics includes certain vehicle-specific parameters that must be assumed or estimated if they are not communicated directly by the vehicle. Uncertainty and errors in kinematic measurements and assumed parameters can affect the accuracy and ultimately the utility of the safety envelope OSA metrics. This paper investigates how uncertainties and errors in measured and

Kidambi, Narayanan, Wishart, Jeffrey, Elli, Maria, Como, Steven

Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory with Traffic Preview

2022-01-017403/29/2022

By utilizing the vehicle to infrastructure communication, the conventional Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) applications give speed advisory range for drivers to travel to pass at the green light. However, these systems do not consider the traffic between the ego vehicle and the traffic light location, resulting in inaccurate speed advisories. Therefore, the driver needs to intuitively adjust the vehicle's speed to pass at the green light and avoid traffic in these scenarios. Furthermore, inaccurate speed advisories may result in unnecessary acceleration and deceleration, resulting in poor fuel efficiency and comfort. To address these shortcomings of conventional GLOSA, in this study, we proposed the utilization of collaborative perception messages shared by smart infrastructures to create an enhanced speed advisory for the connected vehicle drivers and automated vehicles. Two different algorithms were designed by utilizing the available traffic preview (Signal Phase and

Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Surnilla, Gopichandra

New SAE Standard for Automated-Driving Developers

20AVEP07_0407/01/2020

Developed in less than a year, SAE's new J3216 standard will impact traffic management, operations and safety for automated mobility. In May, amid quarantine and lockdowns for the Coronavirus pandemic, SAE International published SAE J3216 Standard: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles. The new standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation. SAE J3216 builds on 2016's SAE J3016 that defines six levels of driving automation, from SAE Level Zero (no automation) to SAE Level 5 (full vehicle autonomy). While J3016 aims to provide clarity and offer a foundation for advancing vehicle automation technologies, the newly-published J3216 does so with terms, definitions and taxonomy focused on Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), a key building block that supports all levels of automation.

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

SAE STANDARDS NEWS

20AUTP06_0606/01/2020

New Cooperative Driving Automation standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation In May, amid quarantine and lockdowns for the Coronavirus pandemic, SAE International published SAE J3216 Standard: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles (https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3216_202005/). The new standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation. SAE J3216 builds on 2016's SAE J3016 that defines six levels of driving automation, from SAE Level Zero (no automation) to SAE Level 5 (full vehicle autonomy). While J3016 aims to provide clarity and offer a foundation for advancing vehicle automation technologies, the newly-published J3216 does so with terms, definitions and taxonomy focused on Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), a key building block that supports all levels of automation.

On-Glass Antenna for Connected Vehicle Communications

2020-01-137004/14/2020

In this paper, an aperture coupled glass patch antenna suitable for 5 GHz WLAN/Wi-Fi, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is presented. The proposed antenna is embedded into a laminated vehicle window glass. The laminated vehicle window is formed of outer and inner glass plies bonded together by an interposed layer, preferably of a standard polyvinylbutyral (PVB) or similar plastic material. The patch antenna uses the inner layer glass and the PVB layer as antenna substrate. The ground plan of the patch antenna is a layer of silver screen printed onto inner surface of the inner glass. The patch antenna is fed by a coupled aperture on the ground plan; therefore, no hole is required on the glass to feed the antenna. The antenna is conformal to the glass and can be hidden under the black paint around the perimeter of the window glass. The simulated and measured results are shown for the patch antenna and

An Iterative Histogram-Based Optimization of Calibration Tables in a Powertrain Controller

2020-01-026604/14/2020

To comply with the stringent fuel consumption requirements, many automobile manufacturers have launched vehicle electrification programs which are representing a paradigm shift in vehicle design. Looking specifically at powertrain calibration, optimization approaches were developed to help the decision-making process in the powertrain control. Due to computational power limitations the most common approach is still the use of powertrain calibration tables in a rule-based controller. This is true despite the fact that the most common manual tuning can be quite long and exhausting, and with the optimal consumption behavior rarely being achieved. The present work proposes a simulation tool that has the objective to automate the process of tuning a calibration table in a powertrain model. To achieve that, it is first necessary to define the optimal reference performance. The calibration table then has its values optimized by the Genetic Algorithm to a single value that better matches the

Bruck, Lucas, Amirfarhangi Bonab, Saeed, Lempert, Adam, Biswas, Atriya, Anselma, Pier Giuseppe, Roeleveld, Joel, Rane, Omkar, Madireddy, Krishna, Wasacz, Bryon, Belingardi, Giovanni, Emadi, Ali

Performance Evaluation of the Pass at Green Connected Vehicle V2I Application Using Simulation, Dynamometer and Track Testing

2020-01-138004/14/2020

In recent years, the trend in the automotive industry has been favoring the reduction of fuel consumption in vehicles with the help of new and emerging technologies, such as Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication. As the world of transportation gets more and more connected through these technologies, the need to implement algorithms with V2I capability is amplified. In this paper, an algorithm called Pass at Green (PaG), utilizing V2I to modify the speed profile of a vehicle to decrease fuel consumption has been studied. PaG uses Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) information acquired from upcoming traffic lights, which are the current phase of the upcoming traffic light and the remaining time that the phase stays active. Then, PaG modifies the speed of the vehicle by accelerating, keeping its speed constant or decelerating to decrease fuel consumption, minimize idling time and reduce the likelihood of catching a red light in

Kavas-Torris, Ozgenur, Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Guvenc, Levent

Optimization of Intersection Safety based on V2X Communication

2020-01-137604/14/2020

Intersections serve as nodes of multiple roads where multiple vehicles meet. Compared with straight roads the traffic environment of intersection is more complex. As a result, accidents in those areas, with the frequent occurrence and severe consequences, are the focus of the study. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) improves road safety and traffic efficiency of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in the future. Based on V2X cooperative communications, wireless interconnected vehicles, pedestrians, and infrastructures can collect and change the traffic environmental information with other road users in real-time. Therefore, the potentially dangerous situations in an extended time and space horizon can be perceived. The users of V2X communication devices can utilize computing systems with computers and extended sensors onboard. Based on the intersection road-side infrastructure, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication has been actively considered to be used in the intersection areas

Wu, Biao, Liao, Maozhu, Ma, Zhixiong, Liu, Rui

Cooperative Mandatory Lane Change for Connected Vehicles on Signalized Intersection Roads

2020-01-088904/14/2020

This paper presents a hierarchical control architecture to coordinate a group of connected vehicles on signalized intersection roads, where vehicles are allowed to change lane to follow a prescribed path. The proposed hierarchical control strategy consists of two control levels: a high level controller at the intersection and a decentralized low level controller in each car. In the hierarchical control architecture, the centralized intersection controller estimates the target velocity for each approaching connected vehicle to avoid red light stop based on the signal phase and timing (SPAT) information. Each connected vehicle as a decentralized controller utilizes model predictive control (MPC) to track the target velocity in a fuel efficient manner. The main objective in this paper is to consider mandatory lane changes. As in the realistic scenarios, vehicles are not required to drive in single lane. More specifically, they more likely change their lanes prior to signals. Hence, the

Du, Zhiyuan, Xu, Bin, Pisu, Pierluigi

Effects of a Probability-Based Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory on Dilemma Zone Exposure

2020-01-011604/14/2020

Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) systems have the objective of providing a recommended speed to arrive at a traffic signal during the green phase of the cycle. GLOSA has been shown to decrease travel time, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions; simultaneously, it has been demonstrated to increase driver and passenger comfort. Few studies have been conducted using historical cycle-by-cycle phase probabilities to assess the performance of a speed advisory capable of recommending a speed for various traffic signal operating modes (fixed-time, semi-actuated, and fully-actuated). In this study, a GLOSA system based on phase probability is proposed. The probability is calculated prior to each trip from a previous week’s, same time-of-day (TOD) and day-of-week (DOW) period, traffic signal controller high-resolution event data. By utilizing this advisory method, real-time communications from the vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) become unnecessary, eliminating data-loss related

Saldivar-Carranza, Enrique, Li, Howell, Kim, Woosung, Mathew, Jijo, Bullock, Darcy, Sturdevant, James

A Study of Using a Reinforcement Learning Method to Improve Fuel Consumption of a Connected Vehicle with Signal Phase and Timing Data

2020-01-088804/14/2020

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) promise to reshape two areas of the mobility industry: the transportation and driving experience. The connected feature of the vehicle uses communication protocols to provide awareness of the surrounding world while the automated feature uses technology to minimize driver dependency. Constituting a subset of connected technologies, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technologies provide vehicles with real-time traffic light information, or Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) data. In this paper, the vehicle and SPaT data are combined with a reinforcement learning (RL) method as an effort to minimize the vehicle’s energy consumption. Specifically, this paper explores the implementation of the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. As an off-policy approach, DDPG utilizes the maximum Q-value for the state regardless of the previous action performed. In this research, the SPaT data collected from dedicated short-range communication (DSRC

Phan, Ashley, Yoon, Hwan-Sik

Android Defense in Depth Strategy in an Automobile Ecosystem

2020-01-136504/14/2020

Android is becoming an environment of choice in the automotive sector because of near production grade open source stack availability and large developer community. With growing interest from Automotive OEMs for Android IVI (In-Vehicle Infotainment) solutions, we predict a similar growth trend in an automobile like in Mobile space. At another end, the need for more interconnected devices within the Automobile ecosystem is increasing, which leads to an increased threat to security. In sophisticated device interconnections, identifying the gateways and implementing the right security strategy is key to improve overall system security & stability. While Android is maturing for automotive and with growing interest from automotive OEMs, we spent time in analyzing current Android defense-in-depth concepts with the automotive perspective. The main aim of this paper is to examine the current defense-in-depth strategies available in Android and propose additional measures to meet automotive

Achuthan, Balasubramanian, Chandupatla, Srinivas, Yerram, Nalinikanth

Energy Efficient Maneuvering of Connected and Automated Vehicles

2020-01-058304/14/2020

Onboard sensing and external connectivity using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies will allow a vehicle to "know" its future operating conditions with some degree of certainty, greatly narrowing prior information gaps. The increased development of such Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) systems, currently used mostly for safety and driver convenience, presents new opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of individual vehicles. The NEXTCAR program is one such initiative by the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) to developed advanced vehicle dynamics and powertrain control technologies that leverage such connected information streams. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in collaboration with Toyota and University of Michigan is currently working on improving energy consumption of a Toyota Prius Prime 2017 by 20%. This paper provides an overview of the various algorithms that have been developed

Rengarajan, Sankar, Hotz, Scott, Sarlashkar, Jayant, Gankov, Stanislav, Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gross, Michael C., Hirsch, Charles

Research on the Enhanced ADAS Functions with Modular Design Based on 5G-V2X Technology

2020-01-502602/24/2020

This paper will mainly discuss the effect of the combination of the 5th generation wireless systems - Vehicle to Everything (5G-V2X) technology an Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) functions. With the promotion and popularization of 5G technology with high bandwidth and bottom delay, V2X has been able to quickly and safely transmit more information to target vehicles in need in the field of automatic driving. Traditional ADAS functions development has been carried out for decades, but there are still many unsolvable problems in perception and decision-making. In this paper, V2X technology is introduced into the auxiliary driving functions of L0-L3 stage by using the idea of platform module design. On the basis of not redeveloping the original functions, the existing problems of perception and decision-making are improved. Through the experimental demonstration in this paper, this method can indeed save the development cost and shorten the development cycle.

Pingfan, Jin, Jiayi, Guan, Guoqi, Zhong

V2X Standardization in Over-the-Air Solution

2019-28-243511/21/2019

Today in-vehicle software is growing significantly resulting into increase in importance of over-the-air software/firmware updates dramatically. Various suppliers are providing the update-over-the-air solution in the automotive sector. Due to limited standardization in solution, each supplier needs more customization for specific customer. This paper is to bring in the required standardization in V2X resulting into ‘vehicle on-board components’ as one solution to multiple customer. “Update over-the-air improved solution through various standardization resulting into ‘vehicle on-board components’ as the product”

Kumaraswamy, Pavithra

Connected Vehicles - An Ecosystem for Services

2019-28-244711/21/2019

This paper outlines the different aspects of the Connected Vehicle concept. The blocks required to implement a Connected Vehicle infrastructure is also discussed in detail. Two main types of short-range wireless communication are discussed in Connected Vehicles context namely Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. An overview of the evolution of the Connected Vehicle and its operational aspects are presented together with its application. The impacts and potential operational benefits of the Connected Vehicle are discussed. The various challenges to architect non-functional requirements in the case of Connected Vehicle technology are identified and discussed.

Venkataram, Prabha Baragur

Data connectivity in HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

19TOFHP08_0308/01/2019

Ensuring high-speed data transmission requires OEM designers to think more about components, placement and the impact of environmental conditions early in design. Technology advances are increasingly bringing a new level of connectivity to industrial and commercial vehicles. Customers are demanding functionality that automates or enhances operational tasks to increase driver productivity and safety and, in many cases, also brings down total cost of ownership. Features such as automatic adaptive braking and steering, onboard diagnostics, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication and cameras that give the driver a 360-degree view of their environment are becoming basic customer requirements. These features require large amounts of data to be transmitted at high speeds. As engineers design new models to meet these customer demands, the challenge is to ensure signal integrity and data transmission in the harsh environment of the trucking and off-highway

Manko, Christian

An Immersive Vehicle-in-the-Loop VR Platform for Evaluating Human-to-Autonomous Vehicle Interactions

2019-01-014304/02/2019

The deployment of autonomous vehicles in real-world scenarios requires thorough testing to ensure sufficient safety levels. Driving simulators have proven to be useful testbeds for assisted and autonomous driving functionalities but may fail to capture all the nuances of real-world conditions. In this paper, we present a snapshot of the design and evaluation using a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control application of virtual reality platform currently in development at our institution. The platform is designed so to: allow for incorporating live real-world driving data into the simulation, enabling Vehicle-in-the-Loop testing of autonomous driving behaviors and providing us with a useful mean to evaluate the human factor in the autonomous vehicle context.

Rastogi, Vibhor, Merco, Roberto, Kaur, Manveen, Rayamajhi, Anjan, Gavelli, Marco, Papa, Gianluca, Pisu, Pierluigi, Babu, Sabarish, Robb, Andrew, Martin, Jim

A Framework for Vision-Based Lane Line Detection in Adverse Weather Conditions Using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication

2019-01-068404/02/2019

Lane line detection is a very critical element for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Although, there has been significant amount of research dedicated to the detection and localization of lane lines in the past decade, there is still a gap in the robustness of the implemented systems. A major challenge to the existing lane line detection algorithms stems from coping with bad weather conditions (e.g. rain, snow, fog, haze, etc.). Snow offers an especially challenging environment, where lane marks and road boundaries are completely covered by snow. In these scenarios, on-board sensors such as cameras, LiDAR, and radars are of very limited benefit. In this research, the focus is on solving the problem of improving robustness of lane line detection in adverse weather conditions, especially snow. A framework is proposed that relies on using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication to access reference images stored in the cloud. These reference images were captured at

Horani, Modar, Rawashdeh, Osamah

Cooperative Collision Avoidance in a Connected Vehicle Environment

2019-01-048804/02/2019

Connected vehicle (CV) technology is among the most heavily researched areas in both the academia and industry. The vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to pedestrian (V2P) communication capabilities enable critical situational awareness. In some cases, these vehicle communication safety capabilities can overcome the shortcomings of other sensor safety capabilities because of external conditions such as 'No Line of Sight' (NLOS) or very harsh weather conditions. Connected vehicles will help cities and states reduce traffic congestion, improve fuel efficiency and improve the safety of the vehicles and pedestrians. On the road, cars will be able to communicate with one another, automatically transmitting data such as speed, position, and direction, and send alerts to each other if a crash seems imminent. The main focus of this paper is the implementation of Cooperative Collision Avoidance (CCA) for connected vehicles. It leverages the Vehicle to

Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Zhu, Sheng, Anantharaman, Gokul Arvind, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent

Still Unsettled on Vehicle Connectivity Standard

19AVEP03_1003/01/2019

As data and data-sharing become more crucial to the transportation evolution, the auto sector has yet to gain consensus on the best connectivity format. As autonomous vehicles inch closer to reality, a diverse range of companies and public entities are exploring ways to maximize their positive impact on traffic flows and congestion. Communication at all levels, both between vehicles and between public and private interest groups, will be an important element for improving efficiency.

Swarm Intelligence Based Algorithm for Management of Autonomous Vehicles on Arterials

2018-01-164608/07/2018

Connected and autonomous vehicles are different from traditional vehicles. The communication between vehicles (V2V) or between vehicles and infrastructures (V2I) renders it possible to convey traffic information (e.g. signal timing or speed advisory) from signal controllers to vehicles as well as vehicles to vehicles in real time. Taking this advantage, this paper aims to developing an algorithm which enables the interconnected autonomous vehicles running efficiently on arterials. A set of driving rules determining random behavior and swarm behavior of autonomous vehicles is developed based on swarm intelligence theory. Under control of these rules, each autonomous vehicle follows the same rules, which make it select target vehicle from all the optimal individuals in detection zone according to characteristics of itself, then approach to the target by changing lane, following former car, or accelerating. The result of simulation shows that this swarm algorithm enables an autonomous

Li, Lin, Hao, Ruochen, Ma, Wanjing, Qi, Xinzhou, Diao, Chenxue

2021-12-29.TEST Visual Sensor Fusion and Data Sharing across Connected Vehicles for Active Safety

04/03/2018

The development of connected-vehicle technology, which includes vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communications, opens the door for unprecedented active safety and driver-enhanced systems. In addition to exchanging basic traffic messages among vehicles for safety applications, a significantly higher level of safety can be achieved when vehicles and designated infrastructure-locations share their sensor data. In this paper, we propose a new system where cameras installed on multiple vehicles and infrastructure-locations share and fuse their visual data and detected objects in real-time. The transmission of camera data and/or detected objects (e.g., pedestrians, vehicles, cyclists, etc.) can be accomplished by many communication methods. In particular, such communications can be accomplished using the emerging Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. In our proposed system the vehicle receiving the visual data from an adjacent vehicle fuses the received visual

Al-Qassab, Hothaifa, Pang, Su, Al-Qizwini, Mohammed, Radha, Hayder

2021-12-29.TEST Validating Prototype Connected Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Safety Applications in Real- World Settings

2018-01-0025-TEST-REC04/03/2018

This paper summarizes the validation of prototype vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) safety applications based on Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) in the United States under a cooperative agreement between the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners LLC (CAMP) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). After consideration of a number of V2I safety applications, Red Light Violation Warning (RLVW), Curve Speed Warning (CSW) and Reduced Speed Zone Warning with Lane Closure Warning (RSZW/LC) were developed, validated and demonstrated using seven different vehicles (six passenger vehicles and one Class 8 truck) leveraging DSRC-based messages from a Road Side Unit (RSU). The developed V2I safety applications were validated for more than 20 distinct scenarios and over 100 test runs using both light- and heavy-duty vehicles over a period of seven months. Subsequently, additional on-road testing of CSW on public roads and RSZW/LC in live work zones were conducted in Southeast Michigan

Parikh, Jayendra, Kailas, Aravind, Adla, Rawa, Rajab, Samer, Ali, Mahdi, Vijaya Kumar, Vivek, Meier, Jan-Niklas, Sakakida, Masafumi, Goudy, Roy, Yoshida, Hiroyuki, Deering, Richard, Williams, Richard

2021-12-29.TEST Validating Prototype Connected Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Safety Applications in Real- World Settings

04/03/2018

This paper summarizes the validation of prototype vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) safety applications based on Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) in the United States under a cooperative agreement between the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners LLC (CAMP) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). After consideration of a number of V2I safety applications, Red Light Violation Warning (RLVW), Curve Speed Warning (CSW) and Reduced Speed Zone Warning with Lane Closure Warning (RSZW/LC) were developed, validated and demonstrated using seven different vehicles (six passenger vehicles and one Class 8 truck) leveraging DSRC-based messages from a Road Side Unit (RSU). The developed V2I safety applications were validated for more than 20 distinct scenarios and over 100 test runs using both light- and heavy-duty vehicles over a period of seven months. Subsequently, additional on-road testing of CSW on public roads and RSZW/LC in live work zones were conducted in Southeast Michigan

Parikh, Jayendra, Kailas, Aravind, Adla, Rawa, Rajab, Samer, Ali, Mahdi, Vijaya Kumar, Vivek, Meier, Jan-Niklas, Sakakida, Masafumi, Goudy, Roy, Yoshida, Hiroyuki, Deering, Richard, Williams, Richard

Distributed Consensus-Based Cooperative Highway On-Ramp Merging Using V2X Communications

2018-01-117704/03/2018

Highway on-ramp merging is considered as one of the main factors that causes traffic congestion on highways. The drivers along the on-ramp need to adjust vehicle speeds and positions to enter the highway, while the drivers on the highway should also carefully accommodate vehicle speeds and positions to avoid collision with the merging vehicles from the on-ramp, which heavily affects upstream traffic flows. In congested traffic conditions, such maneuvers if inefficiently performed will lead to high risks of accidents and excessive energy consumption and pollutant emissions. In this work, we present an innovative approach to this scenario, where distributed consensus protocol is developed for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV) to cooperate with each other by using Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications. A Road Side Unit (RSU)-equipped infrastructure installed in the merging area can receive vehicles’ information from both the highway and the on-ramp using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I

Wang, Ziran, Wu, Guoyuan, Barth, Matthew

Enhancing Driver Awareness Using See-Through Technology

2018-01-061104/03/2018

This paper presents a real-time application of see-through technology using computer vision (e.g., object detection) and Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communication (e.g., Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)). Each access point (AP) was connected to Chattanooga’s fiber optics internet, supporting a data transfer rate up to 10-Gbps. Using a 5Ghz frequency, vehicular communications were set up with a seamless handover for transferring real-time data. Two web cameras acting as clients were mounted on the windshield of two of three vehicles to send image data to the offsite server. Using multi-threaded programming, both image feeds were processed simultaneously. Once the server received the images, it performed an object recognition algorithm on each image using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Post- identification, the images from the second vehicle were sent and overlaid dynamically to the third vehicle’s image. This repetitive overlapping of images allowed the third

Thompson, Rebekah L., HU, Zhen, Cho, Jin, Stovall, Jose, Sartipi, Mina

BIG DATA A FOCUS FOR 2018 SAE PRESIDENT MIRCEA GRADU

18MOMP02_0302/01/2018

Velodyne CQO sees use of Big Data as a way to capitalize on multiple industry trends including vehicle electrification and automated vehicles. A HIGHLY RESPECTED FIGURE in the automotive industry, Mircea Gradu, Ph.D., this month begins his one-year term as SAE President amid monumental technology shifts that are rocking the automotive industry. SAE has been a source of progress and stability almost since the industry's inception, and looks assured to continue in that way under Gradu's leadership. The Senior Vice President of Validation/Chief Quality Officer at Velodyne LiDAR Inc. is eager to get going.

Big Data a focus for 2018 SAE President Mircea Gradu

18TOFHP02_0402/01/2018

Velodyne CQO sees use of Big Data as a way to capitalize on multiple industry trends including vehicle electrification and automated vehicles. A highly respected figure in the automotive industry, Mircea Gradu, Ph.D., began his one-year term as SAE President in January amid monumental technology shifts that are rocking the automotive industry. SAE has been a source of progress and stability almost since the industry's inception, and looks assured to continue in that way under Gradu's leadership. The Senior Vice President of Validation/Chief Quality Officer at Velodyne LiDAR Inc. is eager to get going.

Ponticel, Patrick

The Autonomous Vehicle Challenges for Emergent Market

2017-36-043611/07/2017

Technological advances in both hardware (Nano-electronics) and software (artificial intelligence) are increasingly influencing our lives on equipment and devices that surrounds us and more recently our means of locomotion. The autonomous vehicles, which previously appeared only in movie scenes, can already be found in our environment, such as ships, cars, trucks, tractors and aero engines. Considering the autonomous vehicles, its launching is much closer than we could imagine, since many companies signalize having the conditions to launch them in a large scale within 2018 year. The insertion of this type of technology opens a range of advances related to vehicles and the environment in which it is inserted. The communication between the vehicles, roads and people can be highlighted. These advances reveal a series of benefits to the customer such as free time during the route, higher safety, etc. Moreover there are some other discussion about a new legislation, roads and traffic signs

Sarmento, Alisson, Garcia, Bianca, Coriteac, Leonardo, Navarenho, Leonardo

Driverless cars and freeway traffic flow

17AUTP10_0310/01/2017

Analysis shows platooning and wave damping can reduce congestion. The integration of driverless cars onto multilane freeways brings challenges for vehicle and infrastructure planners, not the least of which is ever increasing congestion. The threshold for serious congestion is a population of 300,000. The U.S. currently has 51 traffic-congested cities with population of 380,000 or more. Can driverless vehicles with full vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connectivity favorably affect congestion? The answer is yes. This means construction of new freeway lanes may not be needed except in exceptional cases.

Macroscopic Traffic States Estimation Based on Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Connected Vehicle Data

2017-01-201309/23/2017

The rapid development of connected vehicle technology provides a promising platform for traffic monitoring and traffic data collection. In the connected vehicle environment, the vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices can transmit vehicle safety messages to other connected vehicles and the Roadside Unit (RSU). The trajectory information in the safety message may provide potential usage for macroscopic traffic states estimation in the urban street network. Over the last few years, the applications of a macroscopic traffic states model, the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) has attracted increased attention. However, the detection of MFD remains a challenging task. This paper explores a potential method of measuring the macroscopic traffic states in terms of MFD based on Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) connected vehicle data. The methodology of generating MFDs is conducted and the potential characteristics of the macroscopic traffic states are explored. A simulation

Integrated Positioning Method for Intelligent Vehicle Based on GPS and UWB

07-11-01-000409/23/2017

Knowledge of intelligent vehicle absolute position is a vital premise for the implementation of decision programming, kinematic and dynamics control. In order to achieve high accuracy positioning and reduce running cost as much as possible under all operating conditions, this paper proposed an integrated positioning method based on GPS and Ultra Wide Band(UWB) for intelligent vehicle’s navigation and position system. In this method, GPS and UWB are alternately active according to the confidence level of GPS signal. When the vehicle is traveling in a wide-open area and GPS signal is well received, the positioning results of Dead Reckoning system are corrected by the low frequency positioning output from GPS. During the correcting process, in order to realize the better fusion of measurement data, a simplified federal Kalman filter was designed by using indirect method. When the vehicle is in places where GPS signal can hardly be received such as tunnel, the positioning results based on

Ke, Min, Zhu, Bing, Zhao, Jian, Deng, Weiwen

Design of a 5.9 GHz High Directivity Planar Antenna Using Topology Optimization for V2V Applications

2017-01-169103/28/2017

A low profile high directivity antenna is designed to operate at 5.9 GHz for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications to ensure connectivity in different propagation channels. Patch antennas are still an ongoing topic of interest due to their advantages: low profile, low cost, and ease of fabrication. One disadvantage of the patch antenna is low directivity which results in low range performance. In this paper, we introduce an efficient and novel way to improve the directivity of patch antenna using topology optimization and design of experiments (DoE). Numerical simulations are done using Method of Moments (MoM) technique in the commercially available tool, FEKO. We use global response surface method (GRSM) for double objectives topology optimization. Numerical results show a promising use of topology optimization and DoE techniques for the systematic design of high directivity of low profile single element patch antennas. The optimized directivity

Elfrgani, Aseim, Reddy, C. J.

Towards Video Sharing in Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure for Road Safety

2017-01-007603/28/2017

Current implementations of vision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are largely dependent on real-time vehicle camera data along with other sensory data available on-board such as radar, ultrasonic, and GPS data. This data, when accurately reported and processed, helps the vehicle avoid collisions using established ADAS applications such as Forward Collision Avoidance (FCA), Autonomous Cruise Control (ACC), Pedestrian Detection, etc. Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) over Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) provides basic sensory data from other vehicles or roadside infrastructure including position information of surrounding traffic. Exchanging rich data such as vision data between multiple vehicles, and between vehicles and infrastructure provides a unique opportunity to advance driver assistance applications and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). A primary example is to receive vision data from the vehicle ahead while

Horani, Modar, Al-Refai, Ghaith, Rawashdeh, Osamah

In-Vehicle Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

2017-26-035201/10/2017

In the past decade automobiles have evolved from mechanical devices into very complex electro-mechanical systems. With the increasing number of ECUs comes the complexity of connecting them to have a meaningful interaction with the rest of the system. In this scenario there is no one size fits all approach. ECUs have different communication requirements based on bandwidth, reliability, speed and security. Infotainment ECUs need high bandwidth to stream the audio and video content but can be tolerant to frame drops and latency. Engine Control ECUs need less bandwidth but must have high reliability. Hence, when it comes to In-Vehicle network a variety of networks co-exist such as Ethernet, CAN and MOST serving various purposes. This paper attempts to make a case to add low power wireless network to the mix to optimize the space and cost factor and looks at applications that are appropriate for such networks. Today’s automobiles have a plethora of sensors and actuators often connected to

Shanmugam, Karthik

Cooperative Least Square Parameter Identification by Consensus within the Network of Autonomous Vehicles

2016-01-014904/05/2016

In this paper, a consensus framework for cooperative parameter estimation within the vehicular network is presented. It is assumed that each vehicle is equipped with a dedicated short range communication (DSRC) device and connected to other vehicles. The improvement achieved by the consensus for parameter estimation in presence of sensor’s noise is studied, and the effects of network nodes and edges on the consensus performance is discussed. Finally, the simulation results of the introduced cooperative estimation algorithm for estimation of the unknown parameter of road condition is presented. It is shown that due to the faster dynamic of network communication, single agents’ estimation converges to the least square approximation of the unknown parameter properly.

Jalalmaab, Mehdi, Pirani, Mohammad, Fidan, Baris, Jeon, Soo

A Case for Connected Vehicles in reducing Total Cost of Ownership in Indian CV Industry

2015-01-029304/14/2015

Indian automobile production increased at a CAGR of 12.2% over FY05-FY13, with a decline in Commercial Vehicle (CV) growth rate during FY09 and FY13. Globally, automotive industry suffered a decline in FY09 due to the global financial crisis and again on a decline in FY12 due to the European sovereign debt crisis. Apart from the global events, there are various internal risks the Indian OEMs need to consider: 1) regulatory risk due to excise duty hikes, decontrol of fuel pricing, etc., 2) market risks due to currency, inflation, interest rates, material cost, 3) industry risks due to increased competition, price war, etc. In this scenario, Indian Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) need to constantly recalibrate their strategies to the changing market dynamics and associated risks. A research on megatrends affecting the Indian CV industry has identified more focus on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as one of the megatrend. The Indian CV OEMs need to focus on TCO, if they have to stay

Loganathan, Yaamini Devi

System Architecture for Cooperative Vehicle-Pedestrian Safety Applications Using DSRC Communication

2015-01-029004/14/2015

Pedestrians account for a significant ratio of traffic fatalities; as a result, research on methods of reducing vehicle-pedestrian crashes is of importance. In this paper, we describe a system architecture that allows the use of vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication as a means of generating situational awareness and eventually predicting hazards and warning drivers and pedestrians. In contrast, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication for safety applications, V2P has not received much attention. One major reason for this lack of attention had been the unavailability of communication mechanisms between pedestrians and vehicles. Recent advances in enabling Wi-Fi and dedicated short range communication (DSRC) based communication using smart-phones is changing this picture. As a result, V2P communication can be considered as a possible solution. In this paper, we first investigate the feasibility of V2P crash avoidance applications, considering the

Tahmasbi-Sarvestani, Amin, Kazemi, Hadi, Fallah, Yaser P., Naserian, Mohammad, Lewis, Allan

Modeling of the Soot Oxidation in Gasoline Particulate Filters

2015-01-104804/14/2015

The share of gasoline engines based on direct injection (DI) technology is rapidly growing, to a large extend driven by their improved efficiency and potential to lower CO2 emissions. One downside of these advanced engines are their significantly higher particulate emissions compared to engines based on port fuel injection technologies [1]. Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are one potential technology path to address the EU6 particulate number regulation for vehicles powered by gasoline DI engines. For the robust design and operation of GPFs it is essential to understand the mechanisms of soot accumulation and oxidation under typical operating conditions. In this paper we will first discuss the use of detailed numerical simulation to describe the soot oxidation in particulate filters under typical gasoline engine operating conditions. Laboratory experiments are used to establish a robust set of soot oxidation kinetics. The filter model and oxidation kinetics are validated using a

Nicolin, Per, Rose, Dominik, Kunath, Florian, Boger, Thorsten

Intelligent Human-Machine Interface for Wireless Signposts

2013-36-010810/07/2013

By using telecommunications, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) improve traffic safety and efficiency, facilitating an integral transport of people and goods. Even with the benefits obtained through ITS Systems nowadays, significant innovations will take place in the following years such as the ubiquitous and integral use of computer vision, or the development and future implementation of Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) that will allow a direct communication between vehicles (Vehicle-to-Vehicle, V2V) and with the roadside elements (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure, V2I) by means of mobile and wireless communication. In this context, the INTELVIA project was implemented, with the clear objective of developing ITS technologies and Intelligent Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) to obtain the advantages of using information and communication technologies in the field of road transport and traffic management.

Bustamante, Carlos, Mateu, Eduard, Hernández, Jesús, Arrúe, Álvaro

System Security and System Safety Engineering: Differences and Similarities and a System Security Engineering Process Based on the ISO 26262 Process Framework

2013-01-141904/08/2013

Today's vehicles contain a number of safety-critical systems designed to help improve overall vehicle safety. Such systems may control vital vehicle functions such as steering, braking and/or propulsion independently of the driver. In today's vehicles, much emphasis has been placed on helping ensure that these safety-critical vehicle systems operate as intended. Applying rigorous system safety engineering principles in developing these safety-critical automotive systems helps ensure that they operate as desired and expected. Less emphasis has been placed to-date on helping ensure cybersecurity of cyber-physical automotive systems. However, this is changing as both the world and the automotive industry become more aware of the potential ramifications of cyber-attacks on vehicles. As with system safety, applying a rigorous system security engineering process to the development of cyber-physical automotive systems is beneficial and will help reduce the likelihood of successful attacks on

Czerny, Barbara J.

Fuel and Immission Potential of Context Aware Engine Control

2013-01-030604/08/2013

This paper shows the potential of a multicalibration approach for reducing fuel consumption while keeping pollutant immissions. The paper demonstrates that the current engine control approach with a single fixed calibration involves important fuel penalties in areas with low vehicle densities where local pollution is not an issue, while the NOx emissions in urban areas are usually too high to fulfill air quality standards. The proposed strategy is based on using information about the vehicle location and the NOx concentrations in the ambient to choose a suitable calibration amongst a set of possibilities. To assess the potential of such a strategy experimental tests have been done with a state-of-art turbocharged Diesel engine. First, a design of experiments is used to obtain three different calibrations. The first one is aimed to minimize NOx emissions with some constraints in the actuations, the second one, is focused on minimizing fuel consumption with constraints in the maximum NOx

Pla, Benjamin, Waschl, Harald, del Re, Luigi, Guardiola, Carlos

Navigation Control in an Urban Autonomous Ground Vehicle

2011-01-103704/12/2011

Southwest Research Institute developed an Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV) capable of navigating in urban environments. The paper first gives an overview of hardware and software onboard the vehicle. The systems onboard are classified into perception, intelligence, and command and control modules to mimic a human driver. Perception deals with sensing from the world and translating it into situation awareness. This awareness is then fed into intelligence modules. Intelligence modules take inputs from the user to understand the need to navigate from its current location to another destination and, then, generate a path between them on urban, drivable surfaces using its internal urban database. Situational awareness helps intelligence to update the path in real time by avoiding any static/moving obstacles while following traffic rules. Control modules take the path command from intelligence and actuate the accelerator/brake pedal and steering to physically drive the vehicle from point A to

Surampudi, Bapiraju, Steiber, Joe

Effect Verification of Information Provision for Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperative System - Results of Aichi Driver Safety Support System (DSSS) Field Experiment

2008-01-125504/14/2008

Oguri, Haruki, Sagisaka, Atsushi, Yoshizu, Sayaka

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