Browse Topic: Sensors and actuators

Items (2,755)

Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor

2024-32-007104/18/2025

The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring

Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu

Background Filtering and Target Detection for Traffic Objects with Roadside LiDAR Point Cloud Data

2025-01-719303/19/2025

Roadside perception technology is an essential component of traffic perception technology, primarily relying on various high-performance sensors. Among these, LiDAR stands out as one of the most effective sensors due to its high precision and wide detection range, offering extensive application prospects. This study proposes a voxel density-nearest neighbor background filtering method for roadside LiDAR point cloud data. Firstly, based on the relatively fixed nature of roadside background point clouds, a point cloud filtering method combining voxel density and nearest neighbor is proposed. This method involves voxelizing the point cloud data and using voxel grid density to filter background point clouds, then the results are processed through a neighbor point frame sequence to calculate the average distance of the specified points and compare with a distance threshold to complete accurate background filtering. Secondly, a VGG16-Pointpillars model is proposed, incorporating a CNN

Liu, Zhiyuan, Rui, Yikang

EVOLUTION OF 360 DEGREE LOCAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (LSA) TO AID THE WARFIGHTER

2024-01-345111/15/2024

ABSTRACT Northrop Grumman has developed a software and hardware solution to provide enhanced 360 degree local situational awareness (LSA) to enable the warfighter with an overmatch capability on today’s modern battlefield. The architecture exploits technological gains in cameras, video processing, and video compression. The approach allows rapid comprehension of local and remote situational views presented with operational relevance for a ground combat platform or tactical wheeled platform crew. The 360 Degree LSA approach provides direct visualization of relative positioning of targets, threats, and lines of fire; and additionally offers common situational understanding / operational picture from the dismounted soldier to higher echelon commands. The approach provides prioritized information through LSA software to provide an enhanced view to the warfighter whereas the squad leader becomes an integral part of the crew with a view of the common operating picture (mounted) and

Viscovich, Christopher, Geoghegan, Susan, Worthy, David

Soot sensor elimination with DPF substrate failure monitoring.

2024-26-015301/16/2024

The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is the inclusion of PM (Soot) sensor in diesel passenger cars. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substrate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust gas temperature and soot mass content. The modeling was done in both empty (no soot) and filled (threshold soot content) substrate conditions. There were two methodologies, namely integration method and

Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi

Measurement uncertainty and its influence on e-Drive optimization applications

2024-26-009701/16/2024

This paper gives insights in the theoretical measurement uncertainty of E-Drive rotor position dependent results, like Id and Iq calculations, done by a modern propulsion power analyzer (PA). The calculation of Id and Iq is fundamental to perform control optimization and application tasks for an E-Drive system. In order to optimize the E-Drive system application towards e.g. best efficiency, best performance, or improved NVH the importance of the testing toolchain is described: a power analyzer delivering the required results, an automation system, and a Design of Experiment tool to set improved target values. Consequently, inverters applications featuring field-oriented control (FOC) with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are updated with a chosen control strategy. For achieving a certain behavior of an E-Drive, different degrees of freedom in the Inverter Control Unit are available; Lookup tables Id and Iq represent two fundamental application labels to be considered

Platzer, Thomas, Fechter, Michael, Kammerstetter, Heribert, Kolb, Philipp

A Molecular-Sized, More Efficient Electronic Sensor

TBMG-4981301/01/2024

Australian researchers have developed a molecular-sized, more efficient version of a widely used electronic sensor, in a breakthrough that could bring widespread benefits.

5 Ws of 3D-Printed MEMS

TBMG-4693411/02/2022

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3D Printing Materials with Tunable Mechanical Properties

TBMG-4691211/01/2022

Medical Lasers: When the Laser Application Requires Utmost Safety

TBMG-4695111/01/2022

Wearables: Gold Sensor Performs On-Body Chemical Analysis

TBMG-4695611/01/2022

Ultrathin Pressure Sensor Attaches to Skin

TBMG-4649209/01/2022

Researchers have developed an ultrathin pressure sensor that can be attached directly to the skin to measure how fingers interact with objects to produce useful data for medical and technological applications. The sensor has minimal effect on the users’ sensitivity and ability to grip objects and it is resistant to disruption from rubbing.

Onboard Sensor and Actuator Calibration of a Tripod Electric Vehicle Using Circular, Linear, and Cornering Motion Tests

02-16-01-000608/09/2022

This article aims at the calibration of an onboard sensor and actuator parameters as well as the identification of the open-loop transfer function of the steering and traction control systems of tripod electric vehicles (EVs). Tripod EVs are commonly used as forklifts and automatic guided vehicles in a factory or wheelchairs in a hospital. A test procedure called the circular, linear, and cornering motions (CLCM) test is introduced in this article for making the corrections which are caused by many factors including the potentiometer of the steering angle error, hall sensor error of the traction speed, the backlash of the steering system, and the tire slip angle that can lead the tripod EV to deviate from the path. The CLCM test is subdivided into circular, linear, and cornering motion subtasks for each individual identification and calibration purposes. The effect of the CLCM test has been verified by both simulation and experiment via an 8-shape navigation path consisting of all

Ismail, Hasan, Chiang, Chien-Hsun, Chieng, Wei-Hua

Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations

2022-26-119105/26/2022

Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate

Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar

Vision-Based Collision free technique for Autonomous Navigation of MAV in GPS-denied Environments

2022-26-125005/26/2022

The drone-based aerial platform offers various applications such as security and emergency response, delivery, defense, inspection, mapping, film, and entertainment. For safe driving, an automated vehicular navigation system (AVNS) must have a precise location. Although the vehicle location can be retrieved in GPS-friendly surroundings, the positioning accuracy of AVNS is easily reduced in GPS-denied environments (such as suburbs, tunnels, forests, and indoor scenarios). Researchers have already developed various methods to handle UAV navigation in GPS-less environments, such as Visual Odometry (VO) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). This paper proposes a new Qualcomm Snapdragon referenced visual-inertial odometry (VIO) algorithm for indoor GPS-denied Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) navigation. The custom-built MAV is comprised of a hardware platform equipped with a VOXL flight companion computer, PX4 flight controller, pre-calibrated stereo and tracking sensors, a high

Duba, Prasanth Kumar

testprint9

SAE-PP-0100304/27/2022

testprint9

Mutagaana, Festo

preprint2

SAE-PP-0099604/27/2022

preprint2

Mutagaana, Festo

Sensors Integrated in Clothing Monitor Heart Rate

TBMG-4553304/01/2022

Stretchable, bendable “smart” textiles are poised to reshape clothes of all kinds, creating new opportunities for integrating advanced monitoring technologies into everyday items. Researchers are applying neuroscience and psychophysiology to build responsive technologies like those integrated in smart textiles. They found that wearable sensor systems don't seem to perform as well in monitoring heart rates as traditional electrodes.

SintzUSER, Jeneane

Automotive RADAR Sensor Modeling with Multi-scale Electromagnetic Field Solvers

2022-01-008103/29/2022

RADAR Sensors are going to be an integral part of autonomous vehicles. One of the main objectives of these sensors in autonomous vehicles is to get the doppler range profile for surrounding traffic. In this paper, we use a similar RADAR for ground speed sensing in the off-highway scenario. There are several challenges in integrating the RADAR sensor with vehicles such as sensor position from ground, location on vehicle, electromagnetic interference with other electronic devices, enclosure design etc. Ground conditions and properties are also critical in the off-highway scenario for speed sensing. We propose to use the physics based electromagnetic field solvers to understand and mitigate some of these challenges and speed up the design. Electromagnetic field solvers tend to scale poorly with distance of propagation, especially in 3D modeling. The computational cost increases dramatically, when wave propagation over multiple wavelengths is desired with FEM type solvers due to

Badgujar, Swapnil Eknathrao

INBUILT SANITIZING SPRAYER AT DOOR HANDLE

2022-01-040303/29/2022

It is specially designed for people who have to travel by a cab or a car during COVID 19 pandemic. We can get rid of portable sanitizers inside car. This technology mainly focuses on the benefit of people to sanitize their hands along with their belongings before entering into the car during pandemic. We are planning to implement our products on door handles of the cars. This technology comprises of Press button request switch, Car's Door handle, Controller, Motor Driver, Sensor & Pump. Whenever the request switch is pressed for sanitizing, communication signal will be sent to the controller to enable disinfection mode. The controller then activates the motor driver, which is responsible for Pump operation. The pump then sprays the sanitizing fluid through the nozzle at door handle and the belongings can be sanitized. In parallel, controller enables the sensor into monitoring mode for detecting the disinfection mode and thereby communicating to controller. Motor driver will be turned

Mani, Megala

Tire Track Identification: A Method for Drivable Region Detection in Conditions of Snow-Occluded Lane Lines

2022-01-007803/29/2022

Today’s advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) commonly utilize the camera sensor to provide the benefit of increased safety to the driver. This is done by using computer vision to detect two key environmental features: lane lines and objects (e.g., vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles). Lane detections are vital for safety features such as lane departure warnings, lane-keeping assist systems, and lane-centering systems. However, when subjected to adverse weather conditions, either heavy perception of rain or snow or occlusion of lane lines due to rain or snow, the lane detection algorithms are no longer capable of detecting the lane lines. Hence, the ADAS feature is no longer providing the benefit of increased safety to the driver. The performance of one of the leading computer vision system providers was tested in conditions of variable snow coverage on the road, causing occluded lane lines, using data collected in the 2020-2021 winter in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The results show that this

Goberville, Nicholas A., Kadav, Parth, Asher, Zachary D.

Advanced Signal Processing Strategy for Automotive sensors

2022-01-008703/29/2022

As automotive domain is moving from automation to autonomy, advanced signal processing is inevitable for automotive sensors. Signal processing plays a major role by enabling new functionality and better performance. As sensors are becoming more intelligent, there is a need of advanced signal processing to make better decisions and improve the control on vehicle operations. The extraction of information from intricate signals in the presence of noise, generally by conversion of the signals or applying various processing algorithms to enhance signal quality, can be defined as signal processing in very broad sense. This paper aims to deliver strategy of signal processing algorithms which can be applied to various automotive sensors such as Radars, Lidars and Cameras for efficient data processing to extract useful data. This paper provides demonstration of signal processing algorithms applied to real-time problems such as CW doppler radar speed processing to report accurate speed. Ultra

Koparde, Prashant, Wagh, Rasika

Rollover and near-rollover kinematics during evasive steer maneuvers

2022-01-104203/29/2022

We present 6-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) kinematic data from two SUVs during evasive steer maneuvers that did and did not result in rollovers. The vehicles were instrumented with a GPS speed sensor, tri-axial accelerometers, tri-axial angular rate sensors, and a steering wheel angle sensor. Drone-based and land-based video cameras recorded all tests. Six degree of freedom position/orientation data were extracted from the video using match moving techniques with 3D constraints from laser scans of the test site and vehicles as described in our previous SAE paper (SAE 2020-01-0272). The initial speeds varied from 100 to 124 km/h and the steering input during the tests were similar. We examine the magnitude and timing of the vehicle pre-roll kinematics to identify differences between the roll and non-roll events. We also present the 6DOF kinematics of the rollovers themselves. This study provides valuable insight into factors that predict roll initiation during evasive steer maneuvers.

Young, Cole, King, David, Siegmund, Gunter

Quantifying the information value of sensors in highly non-linear dynamic automotive systems

2022-01-075503/29/2022

In modern powertrains systems, sensors are critical elements for advanced control. The identification of sensing requirements for such highly nonlinear systems is technically challenging. To support the sensor selection process, this paper proposes a methodology to quantify the information gained from sensors used to control nonlinear dynamic systems using a dynamic probabilistic framework. This builds on previous work to design a Bayesian observer to deal with nonlinear systems. This was applied to a bimodal model of the SCR aftertreatment system. Despite correctly observing the bimodal distribution of the internal Ammonia-NOx Ratio (ANR) state, it could not distinguish which state is the true state. This causes issues for a control engineer who is less interested in how precise a measurement is and more interested in the location within control parameter space. Information regarding the dynamics of the systems is required to resolve the bimodality. Therefore, a hierarchical dynamic

Comissiong, Rhys, Steffen, Thomas

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Enablers of Automation: Sensor Innovation from Spartan Radar

1317412/03/2021

Radar systems that use AI to dynamically and adaptively scan the environment based on changing conditions have been science-fact - not science-fiction - for more than a decade. But the current systems are just scratching the surface. Spartan Radar's Tyler Rather, Chief Technology Officer, and Robert Brown, Chief Strategy Officer, discuss their team's work to develop high-resolution radar AI that emulates human perception models and achieves lightning-fast processing and focus - and a revolutionary sensor fusion technology they believe could be as influential as Ford's Model T. Stay updated on the latest software innovations from Spartan Radar: https://spartanradar.com/

Hineman, Marcie

Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Engine Spark Plugs Using Deep Learning Techniques

03-15-04-002711/10/2021

Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) is playing an increasingly important role in the automotive sector as it moves toward Advanced Technology Vehicles. Reducing the cost of sensory equipment to detect faults in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) has always been a common desire for automotive researchers. This article offers an Artificial Intelligence approach for detecting engine combustion faults related to spark plugs using existing sensors. The study investigates two deep learning models that are capable of learning different fault conditions from historical sensory data. The two customized models, one Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network and one Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) model, are proposed to tackle this task. The LSTM model processes the filtered sensor data in time series, while the CNN model uses the frequency map that is novel in the learning-based engine diagnosis field. A comprehensive engine fault dataset is collected and includes a variety of operating

Huangfu, Yixin, Seddik, Essam, Habibi, Saeid, Wassyng, Alan, Tjong, Jimi

Tooth Time-Based Engine Misfire Detection Index for Multicylinder Engines of Vehicles Not Affected by Various Deviations between Cylinders

03-15-03-002109/28/2021

This article proposes a new misfire detection index, the ΔGap slope, for a four-cylinder engine. However, the proposed index is not limited to four-cylinder engines. The ΔGap slope uses the tooth time measured using the existing crankshaft position sensor; therefore, an additional sensor is not required, which makes it economical. The ΔGap slope is defined as the difference between the gap slopes of the same cylinder for two adjacent cycles. Various factors that cause deviations in gap slopes between cylinders can be eliminated in the process of determining the difference between two gap slopes. Hence, in contrast with the existing engine roughness method, the ΔGap slope has the advantage of not requiring compensation for deviations between the cylinders. The conventional gap slope method must use different sets of thresholds for each cylinder located at the same position on the sensor wheel, which results in multiple thresholds being applied. In contrast, the ΔGap slope can use the

Han, Poonggyoo

Efficient On-Premises Data Storage Solution for Autonomous Driving

2021-26-004209/22/2021

Numerous improvements of the algorithms are necessary to perfect the control software for autonomous driving. To train and test algorithm we need sensor data. One of the major challenges are to deal with deluge of digital content and unstructured data with growing importance of data protection. The recent trend in automotive industries is to move towards a cloud-based solution as the architecture is scalable, but organization which have already invested on a on-premises infrastructure for data storage needs to seamlessly leverage these without costly and complex migrations or user disruptions. This paper describes end to end solution and design of global Flexible Data Solution which covers Data protection, Data Integrity and Data availability by Load balancing & failover management. Data is one of the assets for an organization but without a robust data management it can also most vulnerable. First approach would be to ensure data is secured, protected, available where and when it is

samantaray, Rojalin

DEVELOPMENT OF SENSOR BASED ROTAVATOR UNIT FOR DISPLAY OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR VARIOUS SOIL CONDITIONS

2021-26-009109/22/2021

Natarajan, Saravanan, jaydeep, Desai, chamankar, ketan, kumar, Narendar, singha, Partha

Continuous Position Estimation Technique for Optimized Torque Ripple using Low-Resolution Sensor

2021-26-016909/22/2021

With electrification of transport system, high torque and power density motors such as permanent magnet synchronous and variable reluctance motors are being explored and used for traction application. These high-performance machines require continues angle variation information for robust control action. This continuous angle variation data is measured using sensors such as optical or magnetic encoders, which are very expensive. Moderately expensive devices such as GMR or TMR based sensors, linear hall sensors can also be used. These sensors provide output with certain accuracy and may require suitable motor design or complex signal conditioning to improve accuracy. Bi-polar hall-based sensors are being increasingly looked for as cheap alternates to such sensors. These sensors provide position data at a low resolution and provide inaccurate data due to improper physical mounting. This results in degraded motor performance. The low-resolution data can be converted to high-resolution

Shukla, Shashwat, Saxena, Anchal, Chaudhary, Pramod

The Effect of Temperature on the Molecular Compositions of External and Internal Gasoline Direct Injection Deposits

2021-01-118809/21/2021

The increased severity and prevalence of insoluble deposits formed on fuel injectors in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines precipitates negative environmental, economic and healthcare impacts. A necessary step in mitigating deposits is to unravel the molecular compositions of these complex layered materials. But very little molecular data has been acquired. Mass spectrometry shows promise but most techniques require the use of solvents, making them unsuited for analyzing insoluble deposits. Here, we apply the high mass-resolving power and in-situ analysis capabilities of 3D OrbitrapTM secondary ion mass spectrometry (3D OrbiSIMS) to characterize deposits formed on the external tip and internal needle from a GDI injector. This is the first application of the technique to study internal GDI deposits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present up to higher maximum masses in the external deposit. Lubricating oil derived sulfonates are more intense in the internal deposit

Edney, Max K., Smith, Emily F., Wilmot, Edward, Reid, Jacqueline, Barker, Jim, Alexander, Morgan R., Snape, Colin E., Scurr, David J.

Atom-Based Radio Communications

TBMG-3979709/01/2021

Researchers demonstrated an atom-based sensor that can determine the direction of an incoming radio signal, another key part for a potential atomic communications system that could be smaller and work better in noisy environments than conventional technology.

5 Ws of Puncture-Proof Soft Electronics

TBMG-3978809/01/2021

The durable soft electronics could be used in wearable electronics and soft robotics and could someday be part of a stretchable smartphone.

Ka-Band Front-End Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) and Transmit/Receive (T/R) Modules Testing

21AERP08_0908/01/2021

Gallium nitride monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology has superior performance in power amplifier applications, as well as for low-noise amplifiers with high dynamic range and the ability to survive large, potentially damaging input power levels without the need for additional limiters at the system level. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been evaluating and designing efficient broadband high-power amplifiers for use in sensors, communications, networking, and electronic warfare (EW). ARL submitted designs of Ka-band low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), power amplifiers (PAs), and transmit/receive (T/R) switches using Qorvo Inc.'s high-performance 0.15-μm gallium nitride (GaN) fabrication process. These amplifiers were fabricated as one- and two-stage designs, as well as integrated T/R modules for bidirectional transceivers as part of a recent ARL Qorvo Prototype Wafer Option

Wearable, All-in-One Health Monitor

TBMG-3958508/01/2021

Engineers developed a soft, stretchy skin patch that can be worn on the neck to continuously track blood pressure and heart rate while measuring the wearer’s levels of glucose as well as lactate, alcohol, or caffeine. It is the first wearable device that monitors cardiovascular signals and multiple biochemical levels in the human body at the same time.

Soft Robotic Gripper Based on Twining Plants

TBMG-3959208/01/2021

Scientists often look to nature for cues when designing robots — some robots mimic human hands while others simulate the actions of octopus arms or inchworms. Now, researchers have designed a soft robotic gripper that draws inspiration from an unusual source: pole beans. While pole beans and other twining plants use their touch-sensitive shoots to wrap themselves around supports like ropes and rods to grow upward, the new robot is designed to firmly but gently grasp objects as small as 1 millimeter in diameter.

Testing-legacypublishing

SAE-PP-0037606/22/2021

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SintzUSER, Jeneane

Innovative IoT Sensor Applications Pave the Way to the Future

TBMG-3924406/01/2021

If you tell people that exterminators use temperature sensors to eliminate bedbugs, it prompts questions, and people want to know more. You can get the same reaction when you mention that landfill, entomology labs, and banana-ripening managers use sensor data to automate and optimize their operations.

New Tools & Technologies

21AVEP05_1005/01/2021

OmniVision Technologies (Santa Clara, Calif.) has unveiled the first group of OmniVision automotive image sensor families compatible with the modular NVIDIA (Santa Clara, Calif.) DRIVE AGX AI computing platform for self-driving vehicles. OmniVision created drivers and camera modules using its OX08B40 image sensor for front-view automotive applications, including ADAS and Level 3+ autonomous systems. Likewise, drivers and camera modules are now available for its OX03F10 and OX03C10 viewing camera image sensors, allowing the development of surround view systems (SVSs), rearview cameras (RVCs) and e-mirror camera monitoring systems with NVIDIA DRIVE. In addition, OmniVision's OV2311 and a new 5MP sensor are the exclusive driver monitoring system (DMS) image sensors for the NVIDIA DRIVE Hyperion turnkey evaluation architecture. Regardless of the application, OmniVision offers platform software drivers for its image sensors, as well as complete camera modules that customers can easily

Stepping Into SAE Level 3

21AVEP05_0905/01/2021

Honda and Toyota release new advanced driver-assistance systems that help to demarcate - or blur - the differences between SAE Level 2 and Level 3 capability. Honda and Toyota each recently announced the release of new, more-sophisticated driver-assistance systems for a special range of vehicles available in Japan starting in March 2021. Honda attracted global attention in November 2020, when it announced the Honda Legend fitted with Honda Sensing Elite would be the first vehicle ever awarded “type designation” from Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for a driver-assistance system of SAE Level 3 capability. The Legend is joined by Toyota's 2022 Mirai and Lexus LS500h equipped with Advanced Drive, a system that, according to the company, embodies its “Mobility Teammate Concept.” This is an automated driving concept unique to Toyota that “seeks to enhance communication between drivers and cars, enable them to reach out to each other for mutual assist

Visnic, Bill

Object Tracking Comparison for Automated Vehicles Using MathWorks Toolsets

2021-01-011004/06/2021

Object trackers are a tool to achieve accurate object state estimation over time. Due to their complexity, a framework to experiment with different variations of trackers and their subcomponents is desired. This drove the authors research and experimentation with object tracking using MathWorks toolsets. In this paper, three object trackers - Point Target Tracker (PTT), Gamma Gaussian Inverse Wishart Probability Hypothesis Density (GGIW-PHD), and Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density (GM-PHD) - are compared in simulation for track statistics and object/track accuracy. The results show that a rectangular GM-PHD multi object tracker outperforms the other trackers. A follow up is shown using real-world data and the process used to get the sensor data into the appropriate MathWorks format. The impact of COVID-19 prevented the collection of ground truth data so the real-world data cannot be compared using the same metrics. For this reason, the simulation portion of this paper will

Bassett, Alex, Cicotte, David, Currier, Patrick

Predicting Desired Temporal Waypoints from Camera and Route Planner Images using End-To-Mid Imitation Learning

2021-01-008804/06/2021

This study is focused on exploring the possibilities of using camera and route planner images for autonomous driving in an end-to-mid learning fashion. The overall idea is to clone the humans’ driving behavior, in particular, their use of vision for ‘driving’ and map for ‘navigating’. The notion is that we humans use our vision to ‘drive’ and sometimes, we also use a map such as Google/Apple maps to find direction in order to ‘navigate’. We replicated this notion by using end-to-mid imitation learning. In particular, we imitated human driving behavior by using camera and route planner images for predicting the desired waypoints and by using a dedicated control to follow those predicted waypoints. Besides, this work also places emphasis on using minimal and cheaper sensors such as camera and basic map for autonomous driving rather than expensive sensors such Lidar or HD Maps as we humans do not use such sophisticated sensors for driving. Also, even after decades of research, the

Arul Doss, Aravind Chandradoss, Guvenc, Levent

Painless Paper Patch Test for Glucose Levels Uses Microneedles

TBMG-3864103/01/2021

Patches seem to be all the rage these days. There are birth control patches, nicotine patches, and transdermal medicinal patches, just to name a few. Now, a team of researchers at the Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, have developed a patch of needles connected to a paper sensor for diagnosing conditions such as prediabetes. Luckily, this patch doesn't multiply the pain and discomfort of a single hypodermic needle. In fact, these microneedles are painless and biodegradable.

Autonomous Sensor Technology for Real-Time Feedback About Refrigeration and Heating

TBMG-3863803/01/2021

Researchers at Purdue University developed a sensor to monitor the oil circulation ratio (OCR) in real time for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The oil circulation ratio provides data on the health and functionality of the overall system.

New Tools & Technologies

21AVEP03_0903/01/2021

TekExpress from Tektronix Inc.'s (Beaverton, Ore.) multi-gigabit automotive ethernet compliance test solution is designed to meet the requirements of complex automotive designs. As an automated compliance test application, TekExpress allows for quick, accurate and reliable validation and debugging for multi-gigabit Ethernet chipsets and electronic control units (ECUs) to meet physical media attachment (PMA) transmitter measurement requirements for up to 10 Gb/s. The fully automated compliance test solution fits with the current version of the IEEE 802.3ch MultiGBASE-T1 specification. Part of its family of automated compliance solutions for automotive Ethernet, working seamlessly with Tektronix oscilloscopes. This new application enhances Tektronix's existing in-vehicle network solution offering of 10BASE-T1S, 100-BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 compliance testing applications for automotive Ethernet standards. For more information, visit http://info.hotims.com/79448-450

Quantum-Limit-Approaching Chemical Sensing Chip

TBMG-3863903/01/2021

University at Buffalo researchers are reporting an advancement of a chemical sensing chip that could lead to handheld devices that detect trace chemicals — everything from illicit drugs to pollution — as quickly as a breathalyzer identifies alcohol.

The Sensing Systems That Make ADAS Work

TBMG-3863603/01/2021

To find out the latest information about sensors for automated driving systems, I interviewed Alberto Marinoni, Director of Product Marketing, TDK/Invensense (San Jose, CA).

Q&A

21AUTP03_1303/01/2021

As part of its series of virtual Tech Talks at the 2021 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Panasonic hosted key battery engineers to discuss the fast-paced development of the cylindrical lithium-ion cells being produced at Tesla's Gigafactory in Nevada. Providing insights into battery-production logistics, scale and automation was Celina Mikolajczak, VP of battery technology for Panasonic Energy of North America.

Seredynski, Paul

Integrated Building Systems for Healthcare Facilities

TBMG-3864203/01/2021

When I think about integrated building systems, I jump to commercial buildings. But it occurred to me that healthcare facilities could be a very important application. To look into that, I interviewed Dwight Stewart, Founder and CTO, Igor, Inc. (West Des Moines, IA). Igor’s flagship product, Nexos, is a PoE-based IoT smart building platform that incorporates the hardware, software, and cloud analytics components to form a digital building 'backbone'.

The Inside Story – SOSA: Sensor Open Systems Architecture

TBMG-3860802/18/2021

The following Q&A is a Sponsored Article.

7.0.116 - Novel Conceptual Approaches for Improvements in Compression Ratio for Diesel Engines

SAE-PP-0029202/04/2021

In diesel systems, compression ratio(CR) is one of the key parameters which plays an important role in its performance. The volume of air that is sucked into the cylinder and which will be further compressed in compression stroke depends on the swept volume due to the piston movement from Top Dead centre (TDC) to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) within the cylinder. The increase in CR through increase in the swept volume without changing either cylinder or piston sizes and without altering the TDC position will be very useful. The author proposes two schemes based on variable ConRod (Connecting Rod) and Movable Crank Pin approaches to realize the increase in CR. The author also touches upon the scope of varying the CR in these schemes.

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