Browse Topic: Sensors and actuators

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Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-0593To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Accelerating Product Development Life Cycle through Digitalization of Fatigue Life for Structural Components2026-26-0496To be published on 01/16/2026
In today’s competitive market, accelerating product development without compromising durability is critical. Durability is a key benchmark for assessing the quality and reliability of automotive products. To meet rising customer expectations and regulatory demands, the industry must develop vehicles that offer high performance and reduced weight while ensuring safety. A well-engineered vehicle must retain structural integrity and functionality under normal operating conditions and withstand extreme load events without critical failure. Achieving this requires effective Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA), integrated with robust design practices and efficient validation processes. However, physical RLDA is time-consuming and costly, as it depends on prototype vehicles that are often available only in the later development stages. Failures identified during these late-stage tests can delay the product launch significantly. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a digital
Kokare, Sanjay, Dwivedi, Sushil, Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib
Dog Clutch Engagement Probability Simulation for Heavy-Duty Automated Mechanical Transmissions2026-26-0437To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents a simulation-based approach to estimate the dog clutch engagement probability maps under different vehicle operating conditions. The developed probability function incorporates multiple critical parameters including initial speed differential between engaging components, application of countershaft brake, dog tooth quantity, friction coefficients at tooth interfaces, applied actuation force, dog tooth geometry, and component inertia. Using MATLAB and Simulink, comprehensive simulation models were developed to analyse engagement dynamics and produce detailed probability maps at different vehicle speeds, effectively outlining optimal operational zones for successful engagement while identifying critical regions prone to tooth clash and engagement failure. The effect of tooth geometry on engagement probability has been investigated using simulation model results. The resulting engagement maps serve as valuable diagnostic tools for identifying potential system
Khan, Mohammad Adeeb, KHAN, Dr. NURUZZAMA MEHADI, Koona, Rammohan
Predictive Modelling of Battery Behavior for Enhanced Energy Management in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0385To be published on 01/16/2026
As electric vehicles (EVs) and smart energy systems continue to evolve, optimizing energy usage and ensuring system reliability has become critical. However, battery pack modelling remains challenging due to its highly dynamic and nonlinear behavior due to the temperature variations, aging, and variable load conditions. This paper presents a 1D digital twin framework designed for predictive monitoring of the battery parameters, including State of Charge (SoC), terminal voltage, temperature, and an indicative assessment of State of Health (SoH). The battery is modelled using a Thevenin equivalent circuit that covers both steady-state and dynamic electrical characteristics. Key parameters such as open-circuit voltage (OCV), internal resistance, and dynamic characteristics were derived through pulse testing conducted in our laboratory. A thermal modelling is done to capture the heat generation and cell temperature. SoC estimation is carried out using the Coulomb counting method and
G, Ayana, Gumma, Muralidhar
Simulation-Based Thermal Performance Study of a DC-DC Converter for EVs.2026-26-0481To be published on 01/16/2026
The low voltage systems are used for lighting applications, horns, infotainment system, sensors and control units as per lower operating rated voltage. Operating temperature is the main factor causing more than 50% of all power electronics failures. The DC-DC converter convert one level of DC voltage to another required level as per applications in the vehicle. To reduce weight, cost and having better vehicle packaging, manufacturers use DC-DC converter to meet the low voltage operating range usually 12V to 24V. In order to maintain the regulated output voltage above or below the range, step-up or step-down DC-DC converter are useful. Thermal design of a DC-DC Converter through thermal modelling and simulation approach is becoming more popular as it is less expensive compared to experimental approach. This study is performed to develop a thermally optimized DC-DC converter against higher power losses and to maintain the operating temperature of power generating components below its
Chaudhari, Prashant H., Patil, Nishikant, Nayak, Shibabrata
Multiphysics Analysis of Heat Sink Designs for Efficient Thermal Performance in Power Electronics Systems2026-26-0446To be published on 01/16/2026
The thermal management capability of power electronic (PE) systems has a critical impact on the performance and efficiency of electric, fuel cell, or hybrid vehicles. Bus bars, high resistance sensor devices, semiconductor switches, power capacitors are the primary components, which has major contribution in total heat generation in electrical drive unit. As PE packaging sizes are projected to become smaller, the challenge of managing increased heat dissipation becomes more critical. Hence, this paper numerically compares conventional and advanced cooling strategies to determine the best possible thermal management scenario. A multi-physics finite element model, integrating fluid, electrical, thermal, and structural fields, is employed to analyze heat generation within the PE system and the associated cooling mechanisms. Due to the significant impact of surface roughness and topology on electrical and thermal contact resistance, the Cooper-Mikic-Yovanovich (CMY) correlation is utilized
Singh, Praveen Kumar, Natarajan, Nesamani, Murali, Sariki
Single Radar: A Robust and Cost-Effective Solution for ADAS and Parking functionality2026-26-0049To be published on 01/16/2026
With rapid advancements in Autonomous Driving (AD) & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), numerous sensors are integrated in vehicles to achieve higher and reliable level of autonomy. Due to the growing number of sensors and its fusion creates complex architecture which causes challenges in calibration, cost, and system reliability. Considering the need for further ADAS advancements and addressing the challenges, this paper evaluates a novel solution called One Radar - a single radar system with a wide field of view enabled by advanced antenna design. Placing the One Radar at the rear of the vehicle eliminates the need for corner radars and ultrasonic sensors used for parking assistance. With rigorous real-world testing in different urban and low-speed scenarios, the One Radar solution showed comparable accuracy in object detection with warning and parking assistance to the conventional combination of corner radars and ultrasonic sensors. The simple single sensor-based
Anandan, Ram, Sharma, Akash
Path Planning and Control Strategies for a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle Navigating and Avoiding Static Obstacles in Urban Environments2026-26-0134To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) capable of following a person while performing obstacle avoidance in urban and controlled environments. The LCV leverages its onboard 360-degree view camera, RTK-GNSS, Ultrasonic sensors, and algorithms to independently navigate the environment, avoiding obstacles and maintaining a safe distance from the person it is following. The proposed system employs a path planning algorithm that generates a secondary lateral path originating from the primary driving path to navigate around static obstacles. A Behavior Planner is utilized to decide when to generate the path and avoid obstacles, ensuring timely and efficient navigation adjustments. The primary objective is to ensure seamless and safe navigation in environments where obstacles are present. The LCV's path tracking is achieved using a combination of Pure Pursuit and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. The Pure Pursuit controller
Ayyappan, Vimal Raj, Dhanopia, Rashmi, Ali, Ashpak, N, Ragesh, Sato, Hiromitsu
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-0629To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Mapless Yet Accurate: Trajectory Prediction for traffic agents using online HD Map Reconstruction for Autonomous Driving2026-26-0039To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate trajectory prediction of traffic agents is vital for enabling safer and more reliable autonomous driving. High-definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD) maps play a critical role in this process by providing detailed lane topology and directional cues essential for forecasting the movement of surrounding traffic agents. However, creating HD maps is both expensive and resource-intensive, often relying on complex SLAM systems and specialized sensors, while SD maps, though more readily available, lack the precision needed for accurate navigation in autonomous driving. In this work, we present a novel framework for trajectory prediction that uses online reconstruction of HD maps using images from vehicle-mounted cameras, offering a more scalable and cost-effective solution. Our method achieves notable improvements in prediction accuracy, especially in scenarios lacking access to pre-built maps. Additionally, we propose a new evaluation metric that emphasizes safety by
Upreti, Minali, Girijal, Rahul, B A, NaveenKumar, Thontepu, Phani, Ghosh, Shankhanil, Chakraborty, Bodhisattwa
Computer Vision Aided Methodology for Steering Position Detection2026-26-0631To be published on 01/16/2026
Steering angle is a critical parameter in vehicle dynamics, traditionally measured using Steering Angle Sensors (SAS). However, external sensors used for development testing often pose challenges due to their bulk, installation complexity, and additional costs. With the upcoming regulatory requirements related to driver drowsiness detection, vehicles will incorporate cameras in near future. This study explores an innovative approach to repurpose the same camera for steering angle measurement, eliminating the need for dedicated sensors and reducing costs significantly. The proposed method utilizes colored tapes or visible markers affixed to the steering wheel, with a strategically placed camera capturing steering movement. Depending on requirements, various types of cameras (including thermal) can be deployed at different positions (front, back, or side). The vehicle's ECU employs an advanced object detection algorithm to track the movement of these markers, subsequently calculating the
TP, Amal, Priyadasini, Shishira
Advanced Sensor less Machine Learning Technique for Early Detection of Engine Oil Degradation2026-26-0656To be published on 01/16/2026
Maximizing vehicle uptime and reducing maintenance costs are critical objectives in modern automotive systems, making efficient resource utilization a top priority. One key factor is engine oil degradation, which directly affects engine performance, longevity, and overall vehicle efficiency. Current Conventional oil monitoring approaches are real time based on dedicated sensors—can be inefficient, costly, or poorly adapted to varying usage conditions. While earlier studies have explored sensor-based or chemical analysis methods for oil health monitoring, these solutions often lack scalability and cost-effectiveness for widespread adoption. This paper introduces a Machine Learning-based Engine Oil Degradation Detection System that operates non-intrusively using existing vehicle CAN signals, requiring no additional sensors. Key engine parameters such as RPM, Torque, Gear Position, Engine Power, Coolant Temperature, and Odometer readings are trained with tri-bological properties
Dusane, Mangesh, Tade, Vilas, Iqbal, Shoaib
Advancing Automotive Radar Characterization: OTA HIL Testing for Enhanced ADAS Safety2026-26-0043To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing demand for reliable Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies necessitates the precise validation of automotive radar sensors. Traditional on-road testing, while effective, presents challenges such as limited repeatability, high costs, and safety concerns. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an Over-the-Air (OTA) Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) methodology for radar characterization, providing a controlled and repeatable lab-based validation approach. This methodology enables dynamic testing of key radar parameters, including range estimation, angle of arrival measurement, Doppler velocity analysis, and object detection accuracy. The proposed setup supports diverse testing scenarios, such as variable target distances, relative speeds, multiple object simulation, and environmental effects, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of radar behaviour under complex and safety-critical conditions. Through OTA testing, developers can
Jadhav, Tejas, Karle, Ujjwala, Paul, Harshit, SNV, Karthik
Intelligent Child-Safety Inhibition framework for preventing accidental vehicle activation2026-26-0013To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern vehicle technologies such as keyless entry, push-button start, digital switches have made it easier and more convenient to operate cars. However, this ease of operation has also introduced new safety concerns, particularly the increased risk of accidental operations by children. This can lead to unintentional vehicle movement, injuries, and even fatalities. Existing safety features (e.g., unattended child presence alarms) mitigate entrapment risks but do not prevent children from unintentionally starting or shifting while inside. This paper proposes implementation of a solution for child-safety system which inhibits certain functionalities to prevent accidental operations by underage occupants. The proposed system combines multiple existing technologies like weight sensors, seat position detection, facial recognition, in vehicle camera tracking to determine the child presence. With this, certain operations can be temporarily inhibited, or the vehicle can ask for secondary
MOTE, VAISHALI, Garg, Mudit, Pasupuleti, Raju
AI based models as Virtual sensors to replace real sensors2026-26-0671To be published on 01/16/2026
Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning models have a large scope and application in Automotive embedded system. These models are used in automotive world for various applications like calibration, simulation, predictions etc. These models are generally very accurate and play the role of a virtual sensor. However, the AI/ML models are resource intensive which makes them difficult to execute on a largely optimized automotive embedded systems. The models also need to follow safety standards like ASIL-D. The current work involves creating a Global DoE with ASCMO to generate data from a 125cc single to create AI/ML model for the engine outputs like Torque, T3, Midcat temperatures etc. The created models were validated across the operating space of the engine and found to have good accuracies. With AI Coder, the torque and T3 prediction AI models were converted to embedded code which can be easily used as a virtual sensor in real time. Using these AI models, accurate predictions can be
Chouhan, Vineet Singh, Bulandani, Saurabh, Kumar, Alok, Varsha, Anuroopa, P R, Renjith
Hardware in Loop Validation of Gear Selection Switch2026-26-0540To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing complexity of modern automotive drive control systems necessitates the adoption of robust validation methods to ensure functional safety, reliability and customer satisfaction. This paper presents the development and implementation of a comprehensive Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing framework designed specifically for a specific ECU known as Gear Selection Switch (GSS)/Drive control switch (DCS) system. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing is a simulation-based testing technique where real physical hardware (like an electronic control unit, switch or sensor) is tested by connecting it to a virtual simulation of the rest of the system — instead of testing it inside a real vehicle. Following the analysis of all the field failure incidents reported till date for GSS, detailed root cause investigations were conducted using in-house testing and Ishikawa diagram analysis. A critical failure mode was identified and addressed through targeted mechanical design modification and
Bhuyan, Anurag, Jahagirdar, Shweta, Khandekar, Dhiraj Baburao
Shaping the Future of Mobility with Innovative Power Tailgate Testing Solutions2026-26-0473To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract With increasing demand for automation and user convenience in modern vehicles, Power Operated Tailgates (POT) have become standard in premium and mid-segment cars. However, validating such systems—comprising electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, actuators, and mechanical components poses significant challenges in safety, reliability, and cost. This paper introduces a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) based validation framework that allows comprehensive, automated, and safe testing of POT systems without depending on full vehicle prototypes. The HiL platform integrates Real Time Hardware and Real Time software with dynamic models to simulate real-world behaviors. It enables automated validation of normal and fault scenarios—such as open/close commands, anti-pinch protection, voltage sensitivity, and communication errors—ensuring robust system performance. The proposed framework accelerates development, improves test coverage, and supports early fault detection, making it a
More, Shweta, GHANWAT, Hemant, Shetti, Suraj, Jape, Akshay, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Jagdale, Nitin
From Vision to Reality - Automotive UI/UX Concept Development at Magna2026-26-0477To be published on 01/16/2026
The development of automotive UI/UX relies on the latest technologies and features in modern vehicle design, focusing on enhancing user interaction. The Magna UI/UX team uses innovative tools to streamline the development of user interaction features. Our process is accessible to all stakeholders and applicable to all UI/UX projects. With extensive experience working with both new entrants and traditional OEMs, we leverage diverse insights and methodologies to create state-of-the-art user experiences. Beginning with the UI strategy, Magna defines the overall display and interaction strategy based on the latest UI/UX trends and benchmarking criteria for user experience. In this phase, Magna uses online clickdummies to evaluate initial wireframes and sketches, documenting UI elements (buttons, typography, colors, icons) and simulating feature interactions like music control. To develop a UI/UX concept based on customer vision, Magna creates the base screen layout and operation flow
Lechner, Michael
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-0639To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-0667To be published on 01/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
Lightweight AI Deployment for Legacy Automotive ECUs: A Practical Optimization Approach2026-26-0663To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive systems are increasing adopting data-driven and intelligent functionality in the areas of predictive maintenance, virtual sensors and diagnostics. This has led to a need for the AI models to be directly run on vehicle ECUs. However, most of these ECUs – especially those in cost-sensitive or legacy platforms lack the computational capacity and parallel processing support required for standard AI implementations. Given the stringent real-time and reliability requirements in automotive environments, deploying such models presents a unique challenge. This paper proposes a practical methodology to optimize both the training and deployment phases of AI models for low-computation ECUs that operate without parallelism. Designing lightweight model architectures, using pruning and quantization techniques to minimize resource utilization, and putting in place a strategy appropriate for single-threaded execution are the three main objectives of the developed approach. The goal is to
Sharma, Sahil, Mathew, Melvin
Real-Time Lane Change Risk Estimation Using Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI) and Fault Tree Analysis2026-26-0040To be published on 01/16/2026
Accidents during lane changes are increasingly becoming a problem due to various human based and environment-based factors. Reckless driving, fatigue, bad weather are just some of these factors. This research introduces an innovative algorithm for estimating crash risk during lane changes, including the Extended Lane Change Risk Index (ELCRI). Unlike existing studies and algorithms that mainly address rear-end collisions, this algorithm incorporates exposure time risk and anticipated crash severity risk using fault tree analysis (FTA). The risks are merged to find the ELCRI and used in real time applications for lane change assist to predict if lane change is safe or not. The algorithm defines zones of interest within the current and target lanes, monitored by sensors attached to the vehicle. These sensors dynamically detect relevant objects based on their trajectories, continuously and dynamically calculating the ELCRI to assess collision risk during lane changes. Additionally
Dharmadhikari, Mithil, S, Mrudula, Nair, Nikhil, Malagi, Gangadhar, Paun, Cristin, Brown, Lowell, Korsness, Thomas
Experimental Correlation of Virtual and Physical Testing for Regulatory ADAS Features: A Roadmap towards Fully Virtual ADAS Validation”2026-26-0048To be published on 01/16/2026
Validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), under global regulations is primarily anchored to vehicle tests. While possessing accuracy, validation through physical means is costly, slow, and not scalable in the variety of situations. The development of high-fidelity simulation environments and advanced sensor modelling presents the possibility of shifting regulatory testing for ADAS to virtual platforms. This paper describes an experimental analysis conducted with the aim of full virtual homologation by correlating real world scenarios, test scenarios and virtual vehicle simulated results for the most important ADAS regulatory features. A calibrated vehicle simulator with embedded sensor and actuator models was used to create standard ADAS test scenarios, which were then validated against data collected from a proving ground. Comparison benchmarks included response time for brake application, inter-vehicle spacing, lateral travel deviation, activation of the system, and
Saraswat, Shubham, Vishe, Prashant, Singh, Jitender
Development of Advanced Thermoplastic Elastomeric Mat and Its Study on Thermal Performance of Wireless Charging System2026-26-0283To be published on 01/16/2026
This study aimed to develop a thermally conductive TPE mat and assess its performance in comparison to an existing antiskid rubber mat, specifically evaluating its impact on wireless charger efficiency. Moreover, morphological and thermal analyses were conducted to establish a correlation between the material behaviours of the new and current thermally conductive antiskid mats. The process of developing the thermally conductive TPE involved utilizing a two-roll mill followed by compression moulding to achieve a 2D sheet shape. Notably, the thermally conductive mat demonstrated a consistent enhancement in charging efficiency over the conventional antiskid mat. To examine the thermal characteristics, thermal characterization techniques including DSC and TGA were employed for both the existing and newly developed mats. FTIR spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm the presence of organic functional groups within the mat. The morphological analysis of the fillers used to enhance thermal
NAIKWADI, AMOL TARACHAND, Mali, Manoj, Patil, Bhushan, Tata, Srikanth
A method of selectively elevating a Seamless Switch Integrated in Fabric2026-26-0596To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the construction and working principle of Selectively Elevated Seamless Fabric Switch technology aimed at advancing automotive interior design through enhanced aesthetics, functionality, and user experience by providing a tactile surface that is available for operation only during the activated, elevated state. Traditional mechanical switches often suffer from issues such as dust and water ingress, accidental activation, and a fragmented visual profile. The proposed system integrates concealed controls sandwiched with a fabric surface, with switches selectively elevated only upon user interaction. The design incorporates conductive fabric layers and electromagnetic actuation to achieve seamless integration with vehicle interiors while maintaining responsive tactile feedback. The input provided for activating the switch can be a signal such as gesture or proximity of the user’s finger. Upon activation the switch is selectively elevated and ready for operation due
Mohunta, Sanjay, Panchal, Girish, Puthran, Shaunak
Comprehensive Evaluation of Bolster Behavior: Field Data Insights for Design Modifications2026-26-0497To be published on 01/16/2026
Bogie suspension systems are increasingly being used in tipper vehicles to enhance their performance and durability, especially in demanding environments like construction and mining areas. Bolsters play a very crucial role in the bogie suspension systems of tipper vehicles, contributing significantly to their overall performance and durability. Bolsters help in evenly distributing the load across the suspension system, reducing stress on individual components and enhancing the vehicle’s stability. They act as shock absorbers, mitigating the impact of rough terrains and heavy loads, which is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the vehicle. By dampening vibrations, bolsters improve ride comfort and reduce wear and tear on the vehicle’s components, leading to longer service life. Bolsters assist in maintaining proper alignment of the suspension system, ensuring optimal performance and safety. This study focuses on the comprehensive testing and evaluation of bolsters to
V Dhage, Yogesh, Kolage, Vikas
Determination of Acrylonitrile Content in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates by Py-GCMS Techniques2026-26-0546To be published on 01/16/2026
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile is known for its superior resistance to hydrocarbon oil, low gas permeability and excellent thermal stability. It is extensively used in seals, O-rings, conveyor belts and pneumatic tires. It is worth mentioning that these performance attributes are predominantly influenced by acrylonitrile content. While solid-state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an established technique for structural characterization of rubber vulcanizates, its high cost and accessibility limits its application in routine industrial analysis. This study aims to develop Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) as a robust, precise, cost-effective alternative to determine acrylonitrile content in NBR vulcanizates. This research demonstrates and establish a method to determine the acrylonitrile (ACN) content in finished rubber vulcanizates through pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS). This method
Samanta, Rajyasree, Ghosh, Debojit, Anjana, Kanhaiya, Sen, Amit, Guria, Biswanath, Chanda, Jagannath, Samui, Barun, Ghosh PhD, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Video 2 Scenario: A Novel Method to Generate Edge Case Traffic Scenarios from Dashcam Videos2026-26-0666To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents Video 2 Scenario, a systematic and cost-effective method to generate edge case scenarios derived from road events captured in dash camera videos. Current methods for obtaining real-world scenarios rely on supplementary sensor data like LiDAR, GPS and radar, which require expensive sensor setups for data collection. Other scenario generation methods rely on manual effort by human experts, which can be laborious and time-consuming. Our proposed methodology utilizes state-of-the-art deep learning models to extract vehicle trajectories, road layouts and other scenario-specific elements and reconstructs a scenario in the format of simulation scripts. The scripts are then refined by replaying the scenario multiple times in a simulation with attached virtual sensors to minimize the discrepancy between the subsequently obtained simulated video data and the original dash camera video data. The refined simulation scripts ensure that critical edge case scenarios are replicated
Ramalingam, Surya Prasath, Priyadarshi, Marut, Khan, Parvej, Kumar, Vaibhav, Pandey, Gaurav, Lohani, Bharat
Automated evaluation of drive file simulation accuracy2026-26-0528To be published on 01/16/2026
In the area of structural durability testing using servo-hydraulic actuators, developing drive files for the actuators is a major step. Testing outcomes depend on ensuring the simulation accuracy of each drive file. These drive files are developed in an iterative process for different test track surfaces at different road and load combinations till the time we achieve better correlation. Evaluation of simulation accuracy of the drive files is an extensive manual review process, making it time-consuming and resource-intensive. To address this challenge, an application has been developed to automate the comparison of actuator signals with predefined target signal files. This tool enables quick and accurate analysis of each drive file in a test run, facilitating a comprehensive review of signal deviations. Each test run has thousands of drive files based on road-load mix and actuator settings. This application helped us significantly optimize the simulation workflow by reducing the manual
SONI, YASH, Katake, Vrishali, Mullapudi, Dattatreyudu, Chaskar, Mithun
Novel Approach on Material characterization Testing of various Wiring Harness2026-26-0548To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive wiring harness (length of 4-5 km) is a very important and complex system in the development of a modern car due to a lot of new electric & electronic components and sensors. It is a very sensitive material unlike metals and is considered as a composite which is highly anisotropic in nature, as it consists of several different layers of copper/aluminum strands and insulation. Because of insulation, wiring harness exhibits viscous plastic behavior which is crucial in determining the durability and long-term performance of the cables. Material properties play an important role in determining the behavior of wiring harness after assembly into the car. Wiring harness may undergo Bending, Torsion and Tension loads, causing the stress and strain in the individual electrical wires. The lack of CAE validation of the wiring harness routing may lead to extra costs for the automotive OEMs over a period. This paper describes the novel method of Testing the Cables and Bundles used in
Beesetti, Siva, Kalkala Balakrishna, Prasad, James Aricatt, John, SHAH, Dipam, Tas, Onur, Krogmann, Stephan
A review on 'sensor technologies', its application, regulatory standards & emerging trend towards safe hydrogen economy.2026-26-0111To be published on 01/16/2026
In a developing country like India, the growing energy demand across all sectors underscores the urgent need for clean, sustainable, and efficient energy alternatives. Hydrogen stands out as a promising fuel, offering virtually zero emissions and helping to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which directly contributes to mitigating global warming, ensuring a cleaner environment, and lowering dependency on fossil fuels. In line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which seeks to guarantee that everyone has access to modern, cheap, and sustainable energy, hydrogen is well-positioned to be a major player in India's energy transformation. However, hydrogen has unique properties such as its wide flammability range, high reactivity, and high energy content present significant challenges in terms of safety, particularly in its storage, transportation, and usage. Improper handling or inadequate safety measures can lead to hazardous incidents, making robust testing, certification
Pawar, Yuvraj, Dekate, Ajay Dinkar, Thipse, S, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Characterization of On-Board Vehicular Hydrogen SensorsJ3089_202510 (Current)10/15/2025
This SAE Technical Information Report (TIR) provides test methods for evaluating hydrogen sensors when the hydrogen system integrator and/or vehicle manufacturer elect to use such devices on board their hydrogen vehicles, including hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).The tests described in 5.1 of this document are performance-based and were developed to assess hydrogen sensor metrological parameters. These tests were designed to accommodate a wide range of environmental and operating conditions based on different possible situations and sensor implementations within the vehicle. Section 5.2 covers supplemental electrical safety and physical stress tests. These are based upon standard tests developed for qualifying electrical and other components for use on vehicles and do not explicitly pertain to gas sensor metrological performance assessment. Since the use of on-board hydrogen sensors is not standardized or mandated, their implementation can vary greatly from vehicle to
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor2024-32-007104/18/2025
The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Revolutionizing the Traffic Light21AVEP01_0501/27/2025
Two start-ups are using cameras, sensors and AI to enable more efficient vehicle flow through intersections. Every motorist has experienced the frustration of waiting at a red light when there is no traffic in sight. These days, countless household devices use sensors, cameras and connectivity to understand and respond to the world - so why do most traffic lights languish in the analog age, causing our vehicles to unnecessarily stop and idle? In a spring 2019 report, Guidehouse Insights forecast that just 7% of North America's signalized intersections would use so-called adaptive traffic-control technology in 2020. On a global level, that number was 2.3%.
Berman, Bradley
Cat’s Eye-Inspired Vision System for Autonomous RoboticsTBMG-5218012/01/2024
Researchers led by Professor Young Min Song from the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) have unveiled a vision system inspired by feline eyes to enhance object detection in various lighting conditions. Featuring a unique shape and reflective surface, the system reduces glare in bright environments and boosts sensitivity in low-light scenarios. By filtering unnecessary details, this technology significantly improves the performance of single-lens cameras, representing a notable advancement in robotic vision capabilities.
Cable Carriers Promote Efficiency in an Autonomous Hospitality RobotTBMG-5218712/01/2024
Since the COVID-19 pandemic that advanced contactless service, robots are increasingly being seen conducting routine deliveries around hospitals and hotels. Developed by Robotise Technologies, JEEVES is one such autonomous service robot used in hotels, healthcare facilities, offices, airports, and other settings. Its main duty is to transport materials and products.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: How "Talking" Cyber Tires Make Driving Safer1347909/23/2024
What if your tires could talk? And your car would listen? Pirelli's new Cyber Tyres use Bluetooth-connected sensors to communicate directly with the car, using data to make adjustments in real time. This information - including temperature and pressure - is vital when it comes to increasing safety. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Pierangelo Misani, Global Head of R&D for Pirelli, to discuss how this game-changing technology and the company's partnership with Bosch is shifting connected tire technology from reactive to proactive. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our interview with the Polestar CEO about the future of charging.
Hineman, Marcie
Control Law for Fast, Non-Ringing Transients for Direct Injector Needle Actuators and Other Dynamic Systems.2024-01-500701/22/2024
This paper discloses the simultaneous and interdependent development of an actuator and its novel control law. Magnetostrictive alloy terfenol-d offers high energy density. When packaged properly, quantum mechanics within terfenol-d maintains its performance. The novel control law tames and directs its untapped potential. Therefore, terfenol-d can provide lifetime direct operation of the needle in an injector for a compression-ignition engine, potentially improving emissions, efficiency, fuel flexibility, and combustion noise. The novel control law yields a custom forcing function for desired boundary conditions such as either non-ringing or deliberately ringing transients for this actuator as well as other non-magnetostrictive dynamic systems. The two key characteristics that enable such a custom forcing function are to (1) use the Bright Principle of modeling all energy terms and (2) setting up a specific polynomial to solve for the desired boundary conditions for a particular
Bright, Charles B.
Exploring capabilities of hydraulic actuators to achieve vehicle ride targets in frequency range beyond their operational bandwidth2024-26-006001/16/2024
Active suspension systems employ sophisticated control algorithms to deliver superior comfort in vehicles. However, the capabilities of these algorithms are limited by the physical constraints of actuators. Many vehicles use hydraulic actuators in their active suspension system, which use fluid movement to control suspension motion. These systems inherently have slower response times due to the nature of fluid flow and the time required to build up or release pressure within the hydraulic system. Typically, hydraulic systems operate in a low bandwidth of 0-5 Hz. This limits their capability to only meeting vehicle’s primary ride targets which typically lie below 5 Hz. Although, they can be tuned to operate at slightly higher frequency range (up to 10 Hz), they perform poorly in attenuating the secondary ride vibration, i.e., 5 – 25 Hz. This paper focuses on identifying and developing control strategies that can allow us to affect the vehicle ride well beyond the actuator bandwidth. The
Agrawal, Ayush, Negi, Ayush, Joshi, Divyanshu
Testing and evaluation of Integrated Starter Generator system’s performance and durability characteristics in rig level using automation.2024-26-036901/16/2024
Automobiles are incorporated with advanced technologies to improve riding experience, safety, and vehicle management. Considering riding experience, major concern prevails in starting and charging system. For quick start and stop, implemented Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) in two wheelers. ISG system consists of ISG machine and ISG controller. ISG machine acts as motor during cranking and generator during charging, controlled by ISG controller. Automation kit is made with help of real sensors, actuators, and microcontroller to monitor and log the performance characteristics of ISG system during testing in rig level. Sensors continuously monitors the performance parameters and once the parameters not meeting the specification, actuators stop the testing and rise the indication. All tested data stored in cloud and taken for analysis. This automation kit served two purposes. One is eliminated test running on the failure sample for full long testing duration. Second is from logged data
K, Vishali, Patil, Pratik, Kumaran, Adm V
Measurement uncertainty and its influence on e-Drive optimization applications2024-26-009701/16/2024
This paper gives insights in the theoretical measurement uncertainty of E-Drive rotor position dependent results, like Id and Iq calculations, done by a modern propulsion power analyzer (PA). The calculation of Id and Iq is fundamental to perform control optimization and application tasks for an E-Drive system. In order to optimize the E-Drive system application towards e.g. best efficiency, best performance, or improved NVH the importance of the testing toolchain is described: a power analyzer delivering the required results, an automation system, and a Design of Experiment tool to set improved target values. Consequently, inverters applications featuring field-oriented control (FOC) with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are updated with a chosen control strategy. For achieving a certain behavior of an E-Drive, different degrees of freedom in the Inverter Control Unit are available; Lookup tables Id and Iq represent two fundamental application labels to be considered
Platzer, Thomas, Fechter, Michael, Kammerstetter, Heribert, Kolb, Philipp
Active-Learning method : An effective way to generate ground truth data to test & validate ADAS functions2024-26-036401/16/2024
In today’s autonomous industry, Machine learning plays an important role in development of various functions for self-driving vehicles. The learning models are trained using data, and their performance is determined by the quality of data they get trained on. For autonomous driving, sometimes, we don't have valid data and our model doesn't know what to do. As a result, the models must be trained on as much as diverse data as possible to make them efficient to deal with unusual situations in the actual world. Huge amount of unlabeled data is collected by cars moving around, equipped with multiple sensors to capture the surrounding environment in a frame. It becomes difficult to annotate each data manually and find data frame with more information. Therefore, automated methods are needed to identify and extract the most informative data from collected ones. Active learning is a powerful data selection technique which improves data efficiency for learning models. In Active Learning, the
Katariya, Rashmi, Kumari, Anita
Anomaly detection and Quality Indicators for Digital maps used in ADAS applications2024-26-002601/16/2024
With the evolution of ADAS and AD technology, digital maps have become one of the critical sources along with other ADAS sensors. Up-to-date map data is crucial for proper functioning of ADAS functions. The need for map update is driven by (i) ADAS technology progressively using map attributes in risk of getting outdated, and (ii) by rapid changes in road infrastructure. This demands the need to evaluate the correctness and quality of the map data on a regular basis and in an efficient way. In this work, we propose a framework to quantify the map data quantity and quality in a systematic way. The framework algorithmically detects error locations in a map database and then derives KPIs from these error locations. This helps in identifying issues in the map data related to the internal data consistency or heuristic rules. The framework consists of a process automation written in Python and map database checks written in SQL. The proposed framework defines validation methodology that
Veber, Christophe, Bai N, Niha, Bhat, Goutam, Kumar, Vikas, Nair, Priyanka, Li, Yu
Novel Exhaust system architecture for Petroleum Oil Tanker Application vehicle2024-26-034501/16/2024
A large amount of heat given off by ATS on BS-VI exhaust system vehicle. Heat shield is required to protect the surrounding components. As per PESO (Petroleum and Explosives safety organization) guidelines for POL Application vehicle is that,(i)the surrounding temperature should not be more than 180° C and (ii) there is no spillage of any petroleum product to the bare surface of exhaust part directly. In BS-VI vehicle the heat given off from ATS is higher than the BS-IV vehicle. Typically flexible or wrap around heat shield is provided over ATS. In BS-VI flexible heat shield is not possible as more sensors and components are coming. In this project the novel design of heat shield (combination of flexible and metallic sandwich) on exhaust system is used. This design ensures the surrounding temperature is below 180° C and there is no spillage of petroleum product to the bare surface of exhaust parts (Including Tail pipe, Exhaust main pipe and ATS) directly. Also this design protect the
Sahoo, Rajanikanta, Khandagale, Anup, Manoharan, Logeshwaran, Kumar, Pravin
Data-Driven Toe Misalignment Detection in Single-Unit Twin-Axle Trucks2024-26-027801/16/2024
Toe misalignment detection and its correction are important periodic tasks recommended by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) for Heavy Commercial Road Vehicles (HCRVs) to prevent premature tyre wear and improve fuel economy. Existing misalignment detection methods need skilled professionals to operate sophisticated equipment, while automated methods require additional sensors, which are not readily available in most trucks, making their implementation challenging. This study explores the effectiveness of a data-driven method to detect toe misalignment in single-unit twin-axle trucks with symmetric and asymmetric toe configurations. This method involves continuous monitoring of lateral dynamics variables measurable using sensors present in most trucks making it practically tractable. Ramp steer manoeuvres with a 45◦ steering angle and a rise time of 3 seconds in two directions (clockwise and anticlockwise) for two toe configurations (symmetric and asymmetric) constituted the four
Burande, Kalyani, Grandhe, Roshan, Mukhopadhyay, Arko, Sharma, Mitanshu, Shankar Ram, C S
Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines2024-26-015401/16/2024
Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx
Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar
Soot sensor elimination with DPF substrate failure monitoring.2024-26-015301/16/2024
The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is the inclusion of PM (Soot) sensor in diesel passenger cars. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substrate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust gas temperature and soot mass content. The modeling was done in both empty (no soot) and filled (threshold soot content) substrate conditions. There were two methodologies, namely integration method and
Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi
Optimized Soot Monitoring by Ammonia injection in a sDPF system for BS 6.22024-26-014101/16/2024
The BS6 norms (phase 1) were implemented in India from April 1, 2020 and replaced the previous BS4 norms. Phase 2 of the BS6 norms, which came into effect on April 1, 2023. In accordance with the regulation requirement, effective performance of after treatment systems like DPF and SCR demands critical hardware implementation and robust monitoring strategies in the extended operating zone. Effective OBD monitoring of DPF, which is common to all BSVI certified vehicles, such that the defined strategy detects the presence or absence of the component is imperative. A robust monitoring strategy is developed to detect the presence of the DPF in the real world incorporating the worst possible driving conditions including idling, and irrespective of other environmental factors subject to a location or terrain. The differential pressure sensor across the DPF is used to study the actual pressure drop across the DPF. Additional for BS 6 (phase 2) PM sensor becomes an important part to keep the
Sharma, Prashant, Hareesh, Sangaraju, V, Suryanarayanan, Palanisamy, Krishnaraj, P, Jagdesan, Rathiya, Akash
Automotive EMC Analysis of Touch Sensing IC2024-26-035301/16/2024
The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference and Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) perspective. A lot of the latest technologies in Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which include Rear Drive Assist, Blind Spot Detection (BSD), Lane Change Assist (LCA) to name a few, and other features like Anti-Braking System (ABS), Emergency Brake Assist (EBD) etc. rely heavily on different types of sensors and their detection circuitry. In addition, a lot of other internal functions in the Engine Control Unit (ECU) also depend on such sensors’ functionalities. Thus, it becomes imperative to study the potential impact of higher field emissions on the immunity behaviour of the sensors. In this paper, we will study the immunity behaviour of such an automotive capacitive touch-sensing integrated circuit (Microcontroller IC) and its impact on the
Boya, Vinay Kumar, Adhyapak, Anoop, Komma, Vineetha, sahoo, Manoranjan
Automated and Connected SeriesSAE-EPR-0000101/09/2024
Vehicle automation is a complex engineering challenge ranging from how the vehicle works to how it relates to its user and others on the road. Even though humans do make mistakes when driving, it is incorrect to think that their actions tend to be worse than they actually are. On-vehicle automation system is primarily designed to replace the human driving to enhance performance and avoid possible fatalities. However, current implementations in automated vehicles (AVs) generally neglect that human imperfection and preference do not always lead to negative consequences. Disregarding this prevents achieving optimized vehicle performance and maximized road safety. To enhance user-friendliness, as well as in-vehicle task efficiency for AVs, it is important to consider how to improve human driving feature modeling and analysis, provide personalized motion control, and develop true human-like decision-making for AVs. These are aspects that will enhance trust in AVs as they become partners to
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