Browse Topic: Sensors and actuators

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Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor2024-32-007104/18/2025
The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Background Filtering and Target Detection for Traffic Objects with Roadside LiDAR Point Cloud Data2025-01-719303/19/2025
Roadside perception technology is an essential component of traffic perception technology, primarily relying on various high-performance sensors. Among these, LiDAR stands out as one of the most effective sensors due to its high precision and wide detection range, offering extensive application prospects. This study proposes a voxel density-nearest neighbor background filtering method for roadside LiDAR point cloud data. Firstly, based on the relatively fixed nature of roadside background point clouds, a point cloud filtering method combining voxel density and nearest neighbor is proposed. This method involves voxelizing the point cloud data and using voxel grid density to filter background point clouds, then the results are processed through a neighbor point frame sequence to calculate the average distance of the specified points and compare with a distance threshold to complete accurate background filtering. Secondly, a VGG16-Pointpillars model is proposed, incorporating a CNN
Liu, Zhiyuan, Rui, Yikang
EVOLUTION OF 360 DEGREE LOCAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (LSA) TO AID THE WARFIGHTER2024-01-345111/15/2024
ABSTRACT Northrop Grumman has developed a software and hardware solution to provide enhanced 360 degree local situational awareness (LSA) to enable the warfighter with an overmatch capability on today’s modern battlefield. The architecture exploits technological gains in cameras, video processing, and video compression. The approach allows rapid comprehension of local and remote situational views presented with operational relevance for a ground combat platform or tactical wheeled platform crew. The 360 Degree LSA approach provides direct visualization of relative positioning of targets, threats, and lines of fire; and additionally offers common situational understanding / operational picture from the dismounted soldier to higher echelon commands. The approach provides prioritized information through LSA software to provide an enhanced view to the warfighter whereas the squad leader becomes an integral part of the crew with a view of the common operating picture (mounted) and
Viscovich, Christopher, Geoghegan, Susan, Worthy, David
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: How "Talking" Cyber Tires Make Driving Safer1347909/23/2024
What if your tires could talk? And your car would listen? Pirelli's new Cyber Tyres use Bluetooth-connected sensors to communicate directly with the car, using data to make adjustments in real time. This information - including temperature and pressure - is vital when it comes to increasing safety. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Pierangelo Misani, Global Head of R&D for Pirelli, to discuss how this game-changing technology and the company's partnership with Bosch is shifting connected tire technology from reactive to proactive. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our interview with the Polestar CEO about the future of charging.
Hineman, Marcie
Soot sensor elimination with DPF substrate failure monitoring.2024-26-015301/16/2024
The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is the inclusion of PM (Soot) sensor in diesel passenger cars. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substrate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust gas temperature and soot mass content. The modeling was done in both empty (no soot) and filled (threshold soot content) substrate conditions. There were two methodologies, namely integration method and
Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi
Measurement uncertainty and its influence on e-Drive optimization applications2024-26-009701/16/2024
This paper gives insights in the theoretical measurement uncertainty of E-Drive rotor position dependent results, like Id and Iq calculations, done by a modern propulsion power analyzer (PA). The calculation of Id and Iq is fundamental to perform control optimization and application tasks for an E-Drive system. In order to optimize the E-Drive system application towards e.g. best efficiency, best performance, or improved NVH the importance of the testing toolchain is described: a power analyzer delivering the required results, an automation system, and a Design of Experiment tool to set improved target values. Consequently, inverters applications featuring field-oriented control (FOC) with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are updated with a chosen control strategy. For achieving a certain behavior of an E-Drive, different degrees of freedom in the Inverter Control Unit are available; Lookup tables Id and Iq represent two fundamental application labels to be considered
Platzer, Thomas, Fechter, Michael, Kammerstetter, Heribert, Kolb, Philipp
Automated and Connected SeriesSAE-EPR-0000101/09/2024
Vehicle automation is a complex engineering challenge ranging from how the vehicle works to how it relates to its user and others on the road. Even though humans do make mistakes when driving, it is incorrect to think that their actions tend to be worse than they actually are. On-vehicle automation system is primarily designed to replace the human driving to enhance performance and avoid possible fatalities. However, current implementations in automated vehicles (AVs) generally neglect that human imperfection and preference do not always lead to negative consequences. Disregarding this prevents achieving optimized vehicle performance and maximized road safety. To enhance user-friendliness, as well as in-vehicle task efficiency for AVs, it is important to consider how to improve human driving feature modeling and analysis, provide personalized motion control, and develop true human-like decision-making for AVs. These are aspects that will enhance trust in AVs as they become partners to
A Molecular-Sized, More Efficient Electronic SensorTBMG-4981301/01/2024
Australian researchers have developed a molecular-sized, more efficient version of a widely used electronic sensor, in a breakthrough that could bring widespread benefits.
5 Ws of 3D-Printed MEMSTBMG-4693411/02/2022
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3D Printing Materials with Tunable Mechanical PropertiesTBMG-4691211/01/2022
Medical Lasers: When the Laser Application Requires Utmost SafetyTBMG-4695111/01/2022
Wearables: Gold Sensor Performs On-Body Chemical AnalysisTBMG-4695611/01/2022
Ultrathin Pressure Sensor Attaches to SkinTBMG-4649209/01/2022
Researchers have developed an ultrathin pressure sensor that can be attached directly to the skin to measure how fingers interact with objects to produce useful data for medical and technological applications. The sensor has minimal effect on the users’ sensitivity and ability to grip objects and it is resistant to disruption from rubbing.
Onboard Sensor and Actuator Calibration of a Tripod Electric Vehicle Using Circular, Linear, and Cornering Motion Tests02-16-01-000608/09/2022
This article aims at the calibration of an onboard sensor and actuator parameters as well as the identification of the open-loop transfer function of the steering and traction control systems of tripod electric vehicles (EVs). Tripod EVs are commonly used as forklifts and automatic guided vehicles in a factory or wheelchairs in a hospital. A test procedure called the circular, linear, and cornering motions (CLCM) test is introduced in this article for making the corrections which are caused by many factors including the potentiometer of the steering angle error, hall sensor error of the traction speed, the backlash of the steering system, and the tire slip angle that can lead the tripod EV to deviate from the path. The CLCM test is subdivided into circular, linear, and cornering motion subtasks for each individual identification and calibration purposes. The effect of the CLCM test has been verified by both simulation and experiment via an 8-shape navigation path consisting of all
Ismail, Hasan, Chiang, Chien-Hsun, Chieng, Wei-Hua
Vision-Based Collision free technique for Autonomous Navigation of MAV in GPS-denied Environments2022-26-125005/26/2022
The drone-based aerial platform offers various applications such as security and emergency response, delivery, defense, inspection, mapping, film, and entertainment. For safe driving, an automated vehicular navigation system (AVNS) must have a precise location. Although the vehicle location can be retrieved in GPS-friendly surroundings, the positioning accuracy of AVNS is easily reduced in GPS-denied environments (such as suburbs, tunnels, forests, and indoor scenarios). Researchers have already developed various methods to handle UAV navigation in GPS-less environments, such as Visual Odometry (VO) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). This paper proposes a new Qualcomm Snapdragon referenced visual-inertial odometry (VIO) algorithm for indoor GPS-denied Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) navigation. The custom-built MAV is comprised of a hardware platform equipped with a VOXL flight companion computer, PX4 flight controller, pre-calibrated stereo and tracking sensors, a high
Duba, Prasanth Kumar
Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations 2022-26-119105/26/2022
Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate
Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar
testprint9SAE-PP-0100304/27/2022
testprint9
Mutagaana, Festo
preprint2SAE-PP-0099604/27/2022
preprint2
Mutagaana, Festo
Sensors Integrated in Clothing Monitor Heart RateTBMG-4553304/01/2022
Stretchable, bendable “smart” textiles are poised to reshape clothes of all kinds, creating new opportunities for integrating advanced monitoring technologies into everyday items. Researchers are applying neuroscience and psychophysiology to build responsive technologies like those integrated in smart textiles. They found that wearable sensor systems don't seem to perform as well in monitoring heart rates as traditional electrodes.
SintzUSER, Jeneane
Automotive RADAR Sensor Modeling with Multi-scale Electromagnetic Field Solvers2022-01-008103/29/2022
RADAR Sensors are going to be an integral part of autonomous vehicles. One of the main objectives of these sensors in autonomous vehicles is to get the doppler range profile for surrounding traffic. In this paper, we use a similar RADAR for ground speed sensing in the off-highway scenario. There are several challenges in integrating the RADAR sensor with vehicles such as sensor position from ground, location on vehicle, electromagnetic interference with other electronic devices, enclosure design etc. Ground conditions and properties are also critical in the off-highway scenario for speed sensing. We propose to use the physics based electromagnetic field solvers to understand and mitigate some of these challenges and speed up the design. Electromagnetic field solvers tend to scale poorly with distance of propagation, especially in 3D modeling. The computational cost increases dramatically, when wave propagation over multiple wavelengths is desired with FEM type solvers due to
Badgujar, Swapnil Eknathrao
INBUILT SANITIZING SPRAYER AT DOOR HANDLE2022-01-040303/29/2022
It is specially designed for people who have to travel by a cab or a car during COVID 19 pandemic. We can get rid of portable sanitizers inside car. This technology mainly focuses on the benefit of people to sanitize their hands along with their belongings before entering into the car during pandemic. We are planning to implement our products on door handles of the cars. This technology comprises of Press button request switch, Car's Door handle, Controller, Motor Driver, Sensor & Pump. Whenever the request switch is pressed for sanitizing, communication signal will be sent to the controller to enable disinfection mode. The controller then activates the motor driver, which is responsible for Pump operation. The pump then sprays the sanitizing fluid through the nozzle at door handle and the belongings can be sanitized. In parallel, controller enables the sensor into monitoring mode for detecting the disinfection mode and thereby communicating to controller. Motor driver will be turned
Mani, Megala
Tire Track Identification: A Method for Drivable Region Detection in Conditions of Snow-Occluded Lane Lines2022-01-007803/29/2022
Today’s advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) commonly utilize the camera sensor to provide the benefit of increased safety to the driver. This is done by using computer vision to detect two key environmental features: lane lines and objects (e.g., vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles). Lane detections are vital for safety features such as lane departure warnings, lane-keeping assist systems, and lane-centering systems. However, when subjected to adverse weather conditions, either heavy perception of rain or snow or occlusion of lane lines due to rain or snow, the lane detection algorithms are no longer capable of detecting the lane lines. Hence, the ADAS feature is no longer providing the benefit of increased safety to the driver. The performance of one of the leading computer vision system providers was tested in conditions of variable snow coverage on the road, causing occluded lane lines, using data collected in the 2020-2021 winter in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The results show that this
Goberville, Nicholas A., Kadav, Parth, Asher, Zachary D.
Rollover and near-rollover kinematics during evasive steer maneuvers2022-01-104203/29/2022
We present 6-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) kinematic data from two SUVs during evasive steer maneuvers that did and did not result in rollovers. The vehicles were instrumented with a GPS speed sensor, tri-axial accelerometers, tri-axial angular rate sensors, and a steering wheel angle sensor. Drone-based and land-based video cameras recorded all tests. Six degree of freedom position/orientation data were extracted from the video using match moving techniques with 3D constraints from laser scans of the test site and vehicles as described in our previous SAE paper (SAE 2020-01-0272). The initial speeds varied from 100 to 124 km/h and the steering input during the tests were similar. We examine the magnitude and timing of the vehicle pre-roll kinematics to identify differences between the roll and non-roll events. We also present the 6DOF kinematics of the rollovers themselves. This study provides valuable insight into factors that predict roll initiation during evasive steer maneuvers.
Young, Cole, King, David, Siegmund, Gunter
Quantifying the information value of sensors in highly non-linear dynamic automotive systems 2022-01-075503/29/2022
In modern powertrains systems, sensors are critical elements for advanced control. The identification of sensing requirements for such highly nonlinear systems is technically challenging. To support the sensor selection process, this paper proposes a methodology to quantify the information gained from sensors used to control nonlinear dynamic systems using a dynamic probabilistic framework. This builds on previous work to design a Bayesian observer to deal with nonlinear systems. This was applied to a bimodal model of the SCR aftertreatment system. Despite correctly observing the bimodal distribution of the internal Ammonia-NOx Ratio (ANR) state, it could not distinguish which state is the true state. This causes issues for a control engineer who is less interested in how precise a measurement is and more interested in the location within control parameter space. Information regarding the dynamics of the systems is required to resolve the bimodality. Therefore, a hierarchical dynamic
Comissiong, Rhys, Steffen, Thomas
Advanced Signal Processing Strategy for Automotive sensors2022-01-008703/29/2022
As automotive domain is moving from automation to autonomy, advanced signal processing is inevitable for automotive sensors. Signal processing plays a major role by enabling new functionality and better performance. As sensors are becoming more intelligent, there is a need of advanced signal processing to make better decisions and improve the control on vehicle operations. The extraction of information from intricate signals in the presence of noise, generally by conversion of the signals or applying various processing algorithms to enhance signal quality, can be defined as signal processing in very broad sense. This paper aims to deliver strategy of signal processing algorithms which can be applied to various automotive sensors such as Radars, Lidars and Cameras for efficient data processing to extract useful data. This paper provides demonstration of signal processing algorithms applied to real-time problems such as CW doppler radar speed processing to report accurate speed. Ultra
Koparde, Prashant, Wagh, Rasika
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Enablers of Automation: Sensor Innovation from Spartan Radar1317412/03/2021
Radar systems that use AI to dynamically and adaptively scan the environment based on changing conditions have been science-fact - not science-fiction - for more than a decade. But the current systems are just scratching the surface. Spartan Radar's Tyler Rather, Chief Technology Officer, and Robert Brown, Chief Strategy Officer, discuss their team's work to develop high-resolution radar AI that emulates human perception models and achieves lightning-fast processing and focus - and a revolutionary sensor fusion technology they believe could be as influential as Ford's Model T. Stay updated on the latest software innovations from Spartan Radar: https://spartanradar.com/
Hineman, Marcie
Sensor-controlled Friction Materials based on Liquid Friction Compounds, Chip-in-Pad Concept2021-01-129610/11/2021
In this paper, the concept of integrating thin-film piezo transducers into friction pads by using a liquid friction material compound (LIQFRIC® HP), which is capable of completely embedding the sensor surface and allowing for the force transfer due to a direct contact between sensor and friction material, is explained. The low thickness of the sensor allows for an excellent ratio of sensor volume / friction volume in the pad. The piezo transducer, besides being able to detect positive and negative pressure changes, can also be used via its EMI capability to allow measurements of changes in the shape (and therefore thickness) of the pad during and after testing. Measuring the pressure distribution, the wear and possible defect situations of the pad potentially opens up new means of friction pad- and brake operations or developments.
Milczarek, Roman Paul
Measurement of Particle Dynamics on the Real Vehicle in Different Driving Scenarios with Swarm Sensors2021-01-129910/11/2021
Due to the increase in public attention in the analysis of non-exhaust emission sources because of the growing electrification of vehicles, measurements have been performed in recent years to develop a consistent test standard. In particular, the consideration of tyre and brake abrasion took a predominant position due to the small particle sizes. With measurements under controlled and laboratory-like athmosphere, for example for brakes on dynamometers, attempts have been made to create a uniform test standard according to the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). However, a transfer to the real driving environment is not yet feasible because of many external disturbance variables, such as the wheel housing or atmospheric variables. Typical reference measurement sensors in the vehicle are only suitable to a limited extent for mobile operation due to their size and the necessary measurement infrastructure. The aim of this work is to analyse swarm measurements on a
Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter, Lehne-Wandrey, Guido, Sandgaard, Malte
Efficient On-Premises Data Storage Solution for Autonomous Driving2021-26-004209/22/2021
Numerous improvements of the algorithms are necessary to perfect the control software for autonomous driving. To train and test algorithm we need sensor data. One of the major challenges are to deal with deluge of digital content and unstructured data with growing importance of data protection. The recent trend in automotive industries is to move towards a cloud-based solution as the architecture is scalable, but organization which have already invested on a on-premises infrastructure for data storage needs to seamlessly leverage these without costly and complex migrations or user disruptions. This paper describes end to end solution and design of global Flexible Data Solution which covers Data protection, Data Integrity and Data availability by Load balancing & failover management. Data is one of the assets for an organization but without a robust data management it can also most vulnerable. First approach would be to ensure data is secured, protected, available where and when it is
samantaray, Rojalin
DEVELOPMENT OF SENSOR BASED ROTAVATOR UNIT FOR DISPLAY OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR VARIOUS SOIL CONDITIONS2021-26-009109/22/2021
Natarajan, Saravanan, jaydeep, Desai, chamankar, ketan, kumar, Narendar, singha, Partha
Continuous Position Estimation Technique for Optimized Torque Ripple using Low-Resolution Sensor2021-26-016909/22/2021
With electrification of transport system, high torque and power density motors such as permanent magnet synchronous and variable reluctance motors are being explored and used for traction application. These high-performance machines require continues angle variation information for robust control action. This continuous angle variation data is measured using sensors such as optical or magnetic encoders, which are very expensive. Moderately expensive devices such as GMR or TMR based sensors, linear hall sensors can also be used. These sensors provide output with certain accuracy and may require suitable motor design or complex signal conditioning to improve accuracy. Bi-polar hall-based sensors are being increasingly looked for as cheap alternates to such sensors. These sensors provide position data at a low resolution and provide inaccurate data due to improper physical mounting. This results in degraded motor performance. The low-resolution data can be converted to high-resolution
Shukla, Shashwat, Saxena, Anchal, Chaudhary, Pramod
Co-Simulation of BLDC Motor Control and Clutch actuation system with Ball Ramp Mechanism2021-01-123609/21/2021
Electro-mechanical actuators are widely used in different forms in the automotive industry these days and are very effective in translating rotary motion of the motor to a linear motion with precision as per the requirement. With onset of electric drivelines and other complex driveline configurations, we see an increase in actuator applications. In this study, we developed high fidelity analytical model for a ball ramp clutch actuation system as per the proposed mechanical design and the software controls. The controls architecture is built in SIMULINK environment to drive the plant model of the BLDC motor. Whereas, the entire mechanical system which includes the gear train, ball ramp mechanism, clutch pack stiffness, etc. is modelled in ADAMS tool. The Ball Ramp consists of metal balls positioned in between opposing paired arc-shaped ramp grooves and guided by a cage to keep them equally separated in the same plane. While ADAMS model deals with high-fidelity contact dynamics using non
Rajendran, Raveen K., Roy, Nantu, Mehta, Yogesh
The Effect of Temperature on the Molecular Compositions of External and Internal Gasoline Direct Injection Deposits2021-01-118809/21/2021
The increased severity and prevalence of insoluble deposits formed on fuel injectors in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines precipitates negative environmental, economic and healthcare impacts. A necessary step in mitigating deposits is to unravel the molecular compositions of these complex layered materials. But very little molecular data has been acquired. Mass spectrometry shows promise but most techniques require the use of solvents, making them unsuited for analyzing insoluble deposits. Here, we apply the high mass-resolving power and in-situ analysis capabilities of 3D OrbitrapTM secondary ion mass spectrometry (3D OrbiSIMS) to characterize deposits formed on the external tip and internal needle from a GDI injector. This is the first application of the technique to study internal GDI deposits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present up to higher maximum masses in the external deposit. Lubricating oil derived sulfonates are more intense in the internal deposit
Edney, Max K., Smith, Emily F., Wilmot, Edward, Reid, Jacqueline, Barker, Jim, Alexander, Morgan R., Snape, Colin E., Scurr, David J.
Atom-Based Radio CommunicationsTBMG-3979709/01/2021
Researchers demonstrated an atom-based sensor that can determine the direction of an incoming radio signal, another key part for a potential atomic communications system that could be smaller and work better in noisy environments than conventional technology.
5 Ws of Puncture-Proof Soft ElectronicsTBMG-3978809/01/2021
The durable soft electronics could be used in wearable electronics and soft robotics and could someday be part of a stretchable smartphone.
Piezoresistive 3D Printed (FFF) Accelerometers2021-01-109708/31/2021
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology, one of the most accessible additive manufacturing technologies, can be used to create sensors based on different sensing principles, e.g.: capacitance, inductance, piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity. Piezoresistivity (strain-dependent electrical resistivity) has been predominantly used for the creation of static/quasistatic 3d printed sensors with relatively low sensitivity. This study researches the possibilities of a single-process 3d printing of a piezoresistive accelerometer. Initially, the methods for the axial and cross-axial identification of the piezoresistive properties are discussed. It is shown that the sensitivity is highly dependent on the printing parameters, especially the printing track orientation vs the mechanical load orientation. The research on the sensitivity of a 3D printed piezoresistive structure is extended with an inertial mass-based accelerometer design. Finally, an uniaxial accelerometer with
Arh, Matic, Slavic, Janko, Boltežar, Miha
Motion Amplification: A Full-Field Camera Based Vibration Technique2021-01-109408/31/2021
Motion Amplification (MA) is a video-processing technique that detects subtle motion (as small as 250 nanometers) and enhances that motion to a level visible with the naked eye and can be performed live in real-time on even a modest laptop, making it suitable for a range of applications from product design to structural testing. Using a high-definition camera where every pixel becomes an independent sensor, this creates a full-field vibration device with millions of measured locations. The technology allows the user to measure absolute displacement across the full field of view providing a waveform and spectrum for each location. MA video is supplemented with other full-field vibration techniques such as Motion Maps that produce Vibragrams, or colorized images of motion, that can show intensity of motion as an overall and for a specified frequency to quickly analyze the vibration signatures in the scene or pinpoint areas of high noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). Videos can be
Hay, Jeff
Monitoring Brake Wear with Acoustics2021-01-105308/31/2021
A new approach for detecting problems with vehicle brakes by analyzing sounds emitted during braking events is proposed. Vehicle brakes emit acoustic energy as part of the braking process; the spectra of these sounds are highly dependent on the mechanical condition of the brake and can be used to detect problems. Acoustic theory indicates that as brake linings wear thinner the resonant frequency of the shoe or pad increases, potentially enabling the monitoring of lining wear through passive acoustic sensors. To test this approach, passive acoustic sensors were placed roadside at the exit of a transit bus facility for 9 months. The sensors collected almost 10,000 recordings of a fleet of 160 vehicles braking over a variety of conditions. Spectra of vehicles that had brake work performed during this period were analyzed to compare differences between new and worn friction linings. It was found that the spectra changes as friction linings wear, in concurrence with acoustic theory, where
Hearing, Brian, Grove, Kevin, Alden, Andrew
Ka-Band Front-End Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) and Transmit/Receive (T/R) Modules Testing21AERP08_0908/01/2021
Gallium nitride monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology has superior performance in power amplifier applications, as well as for low-noise amplifiers with high dynamic range and the ability to survive large, potentially damaging input power levels without the need for additional limiters at the system level. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been evaluating and designing efficient broadband high-power amplifiers for use in sensors, communications, networking, and electronic warfare (EW). ARL submitted designs of Ka-band low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), power amplifiers (PAs), and transmit/receive (T/R) switches using Qorvo Inc.'s high-performance 0.15-μm gallium nitride (GaN) fabrication process. These amplifiers were fabricated as one- and two-stage designs, as well as integrated T/R modules for bidirectional transceivers as part of a recent ARL Qorvo Prototype Wafer Option
Wearable, All-in-One Health MonitorTBMG-3958508/01/2021
Engineers developed a soft, stretchy skin patch that can be worn on the neck to continuously track blood pressure and heart rate while measuring the wearer’s levels of glucose as well as lactate, alcohol, or caffeine. It is the first wearable device that monitors cardiovascular signals and multiple biochemical levels in the human body at the same time.
Soft Robotic Gripper Based on Twining PlantsTBMG-3959208/01/2021
Scientists often look to nature for cues when designing robots — some robots mimic human hands while others simulate the actions of octopus arms or inchworms. Now, researchers have designed a soft robotic gripper that draws inspiration from an unusual source: pole beans. While pole beans and other twining plants use their touch-sensitive shoots to wrap themselves around supports like ropes and rods to grow upward, the new robot is designed to firmly but gently grasp objects as small as 1 millimeter in diameter.
Testing-legacypublishingSAE-PP-0037606/22/2021
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SintzUSER, Jeneane
Innovative IoT Sensor Applications Pave the Way to the FutureTBMG-3924406/01/2021
If you tell people that exterminators use temperature sensors to eliminate bedbugs, it prompts questions, and people want to know more. You can get the same reaction when you mention that landfill, entomology labs, and banana-ripening managers use sensor data to automate and optimize their operations.
New Tools & Technologies21AVEP05_1005/01/2021
OmniVision Technologies (Santa Clara, Calif.) has unveiled the first group of OmniVision automotive image sensor families compatible with the modular NVIDIA (Santa Clara, Calif.) DRIVE AGX AI computing platform for self-driving vehicles. OmniVision created drivers and camera modules using its OX08B40 image sensor for front-view automotive applications, including ADAS and Level 3+ autonomous systems. Likewise, drivers and camera modules are now available for its OX03F10 and OX03C10 viewing camera image sensors, allowing the development of surround view systems (SVSs), rearview cameras (RVCs) and e-mirror camera monitoring systems with NVIDIA DRIVE. In addition, OmniVision's OV2311 and a new 5MP sensor are the exclusive driver monitoring system (DMS) image sensors for the NVIDIA DRIVE Hyperion turnkey evaluation architecture. Regardless of the application, OmniVision offers platform software drivers for its image sensors, as well as complete camera modules that customers can easily
Stepping Into SAE Level 321AVEP05_0905/01/2021
Honda and Toyota release new advanced driver-assistance systems that help to demarcate - or blur - the differences between SAE Level 2 and Level 3 capability. Honda and Toyota each recently announced the release of new, more-sophisticated driver-assistance systems for a special range of vehicles available in Japan starting in March 2021. Honda attracted global attention in November 2020, when it announced the Honda Legend fitted with Honda Sensing Elite would be the first vehicle ever awarded “type designation” from Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for a driver-assistance system of SAE Level 3 capability. The Legend is joined by Toyota's 2022 Mirai and Lexus LS500h equipped with Advanced Drive, a system that, according to the company, embodies its “Mobility Teammate Concept.” This is an automated driving concept unique to Toyota that “seeks to enhance communication between drivers and cars, enable them to reach out to each other for mutual assist
Visnic, Bill
Object Tracking Comparison for Automated Vehicles Using MathWorks Toolsets2021-01-011004/06/2021
Object trackers are a tool to achieve accurate object state estimation over time. Due to their complexity, a framework to experiment with different variations of trackers and their subcomponents is desired. This drove the authors research and experimentation with object tracking using MathWorks toolsets. In this paper, three object trackers - Point Target Tracker (PTT), Gamma Gaussian Inverse Wishart Probability Hypothesis Density (GGIW-PHD), and Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density (GM-PHD) - are compared in simulation for track statistics and object/track accuracy. The results show that a rectangular GM-PHD multi object tracker outperforms the other trackers. A follow up is shown using real-world data and the process used to get the sensor data into the appropriate MathWorks format. The impact of COVID-19 prevented the collection of ground truth data so the real-world data cannot be compared using the same metrics. For this reason, the simulation portion of this paper will
Bassett, Alex, Cicotte, David, Currier, Patrick
Development of Fault Detection and Emergency Control for Application to Autonomous Vehicle2021-01-007504/06/2021
This paper describes a failsafe system of automated driving vehicles. The failsafe system consists of the following two parts: sliding mode observer-based environment sensor, chassis sensor fault detection, and emergency deceleration control. Two sliding mode observers are designed to reconstruct the fault of acceleration and environment sensor(Lidar) in a longitudinal direction. In the environment sensor's fault detection part, the longitudinal vehicle model receives clearance and relative velocity values. Therefore, failure diagnosis is possible regardless of environmental sensors, such as radar, lidar, and camera. This paper's sensor data is the failure of Delphi's Electronically Scanning Radar (ESR) and Ibeo's LUX Lidar installed in an autonomous vehicle. The emergency deceleration control algorithm employs the sliding mode control with adaptive convergence time. In the event of a failure, it is significant to control the vehicle within a short period safely. The Adaptive
Jong Min, Lee, Oh, Kwang Seok, Song, Taejun
V2X Connectivity with ROS for AD Applications2021-01-006004/06/2021
Increased levels of autonomy requires an increasing amount of sensory data for the vehicle to make appropriate decisions. Sensors like camera, Lidar and Radar will help to perceive the surroundings, exposing nearby objects and blind spots within the line of sight. With V2X connectivity, vehicles communicate to other vehicles and infrastructure using wireless communications even in non-line of sight conditions. This paper presents an approach to utilize a V2X system to develop Automated Driving (AD) features in a Robot Operating System (ROS) environment. This was achieved by developing ROS drivers and creating custom messages to enable the communication between the V2X system and vehicle sensors. The developed algorithms were tested on FEV’s Smart Vehicle Demonstrator. The test results show that the proposed V2X automated driving approach has increased reliability compared to that of camera, Radar and Lidar based autonomous driving.
Yedida, Siddhartha, Paudyal, Ajay, Matta, Sherif, Tasky, Tom
Simulation Study to Evaluate Robustness of the Lane Centering Feature2021-01-010904/06/2021
The advances in automotive technology continue to deliver safety and driving comfort benefits to the society. The Automated Driving Assistance System (ADAS) technology is at the forefront of this evolution. Today, various vehicle models on the road have features like lane keeping assist, lane centering, automated emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, traffic jam assist etc. During early development, such feature algorithms often assume ideal environmental and vehicle conditions while doing a performance evaluation. This study focuses on the use of simulation platform to evaluate robustness of the lane centering ADAS feature in presence of various factor variations. The feature considered here is an end-to-end feature, i.e., from camera sensor output to steering actuation. The use of closed-loop simulation tools is well recognized in automotive industry for early requirements validation as well as robustness study. However, it has been traditionally used mainly for vehicle
Varunjikar, Tejas, Awathe, Arpit, Kushwaha, Pushpendra, Chen, Chao
Research on Automatic Joint Calibration Method of Multi 3D-LIDARs and Inertial Measurement Unit2021-01-007004/06/2021
In the field of automatic driving, the combination of 3D LIDAR and inertial measurement unit (IMU) is a common sensor configuration scheme in laser point-cloud localization, high-precision map making and point-cloud target detection. So it is critical to calibrate LIDAR and IMU accurately. At present, due to the large volume and high cost of 3D LIDAR with high-line-number(Such as 64 lines or 128 lines), the configuration scheme of using multiple low-line-number 3D LIDARs appears in the automatic driving vehicle sensing system. However, the common calibration methods are not suitable for multi 3D LIDARs and IMU parameters calibration on autonomous vehicle, which have the disadvantages of cumbersome implementation and low accuracy. In this paper, a joint calibration test platform composed of dual LIDARs and IMU is assembled, and a method of precise automatic calibration based on GPS/RTK data is proposed. Firstly, the initial parameters of the main 3D LIDAR and IMU are obtained by hand
Zhang, Jinghua, He, Rui, Wu, Jian, Li, Shuai, Chen, Xuesong, Du, Zhiqiang, Chen, Guosheng, Chen, Zhicheng
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