Browse Topic: Integrated circuits

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Automotive EMC Analysis of Touch Sensing IC2024-26-035301/16/2024
The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference and Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) perspective. A lot of the latest technologies in Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which include Rear Drive Assist, Blind Spot Detection (BSD), Lane Change Assist (LCA) to name a few, and other features like Anti-Braking System (ABS), Emergency Brake Assist (EBD) etc. rely heavily on different types of sensors and their detection circuitry. In addition, a lot of other internal functions in the Engine Control Unit (ECU) also depend on such sensors’ functionalities. Thus, it becomes imperative to study the potential impact of higher field emissions on the immunity behaviour of the sensors. In this paper, we will study the immunity behaviour of such an automotive capacitive touch-sensing integrated circuit (Microcontroller IC) and its impact on the
Boya, Vinay Kumar, Adhyapak, Anoop, Komma, Vineetha, sahoo, Manoranjan
Researchers Develop Rapid Lab-on-a-Chip for Cancer, COVID DiagnosticsTBMG-4646209/01/2022
A research center based at the University of Kansas that develops rapid next-generation tests for a host of human ailments like cancer, stroke, and COVID-19 recently earned $6.6 million in continued funding over the next five years from the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) as a National Biotechnology Resource (P41) Center.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures for Integrated Circuits - Integrated Circuit EMC Measurement Procedures - General and DefinitionsJ1752/1_202109 (Current)09/21/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides supporting information for the emission and immunity measurement procedures defined in the SAE J1752 series of documents.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
FPGA Implementation of In-Cycle Closed-Loop Combustion Control Methods2021-24-002409/05/2021
This paper investigates the FPGA resources for the implementation of in-cycle closed-loop combustion control algorithms. Closed-loop combustion control obtains feedback from fast in cylinder pressure measurements for accurate and reliable information about the combustion progress, synchronized with the flywheel encoder. In cycle combustion control requires accurate and fast computations for their real-time execution. A compromise between accuracy and computation complexity must be selected for an effective combustion control. The requirements on the signal processing (evaluation rate and digital resolution) are investigated. A common practice for the combustion supervision is to monitor the heat release rate. For its calculation, different methods for the computation of the cylinder volume and heat capacity ratio are compared. Combustion feedback requires of virtual sensors for the misfire detection, burnt fuel mass and pressure prediction. Different alternatives proposed in the
Jorques Moreno, Carlos, Stenlaas, Ola, Tunestal, Per
Ka-Band Front-End Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) and Transmit/Receive (T/R) Modules Testing21AERP08_0908/01/2021
Gallium nitride monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology has superior performance in power amplifier applications, as well as for low-noise amplifiers with high dynamic range and the ability to survive large, potentially damaging input power levels without the need for additional limiters at the system level. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been evaluating and designing efficient broadband high-power amplifiers for use in sensors, communications, networking, and electronic warfare (EW). ARL submitted designs of Ka-band low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), power amplifiers (PAs), and transmit/receive (T/R) switches using Qorvo Inc.'s high-performance 0.15-μm gallium nitride (GaN) fabrication process. These amplifiers were fabricated as one- and two-stage designs, as well as integrated T/R modules for bidirectional transceivers as part of a recent ARL Qorvo Prototype Wafer Option
Graphene “Nano-Origami” Creates Tiny MicrochipsTBMG-3960408/01/2021
Tiny microchips can be made from graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials using a form of “nano-origami.” By creating kinks in the structure of graphene, researchers made the nanomaterial behave like a transistor and showed that when a strip of graphene is crinkled in this way, it can behave like a microchip that is around 100 times smaller than conventional microchips.
An Ultrafast Testbed for Comprehensive Characterization of Photonics, Electronic, and Optoelectronic Properties of Integrated Nanophotonic Structures21AERP02_0802/01/2021
High-speed testing technology will enable advances such as new digital signal processing/computing platforms in the optical domain through the development of innovative high-speed and low-power nonlinear optical processing cores that can be co-integrated with digital signal processors to enable new functionalities. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina An ultrafast testbed for the characterization of high-speed integrated photonic devices such as high-speed integrated photonic modulators and detectors was developed. A major requirement in performing successful research in this field is the availability of ultra-fast optoelectronic characterization tools that facilitate the study of ultrafast low-power devices and systems (e.g., modulators, switches, detectors). The accompanying figure shows a schematic of the characterization test-bed, which is used to measure the optical, electronic, and optoelectronic properties of an integrated photonic structure. The sample
Radiation Effects on Electronics in Aligned Carbon Nanotube Technology (RadCNT)TBMG-3853202/01/2021
The main objective of the RadCNT program was the characterization of fundamental mechanisms and charge transport phenomena governing the interactions between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation with carbon-based (nanotube and graphene) field-effect transistors (FETs) devices and integrated circuits (ICs). This effort was supported through the fabrication of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) FETs at the University of Southern California’s (USC) Nanotechnology Research Laboratory and through a collaboration with the Naval Research Laboratories (NRL) for radiation testing and expertise in radiation effects characterization.
An Ultrafast Testbed for Comprehensive Characterization of Photonics, Electronic, and Optoelectronic Properties of Integrated Nanophotonic StructuresTBMG-3852702/01/2021
An ultrafast testbed for the characterization of high-speed integrated photonic devices such as high-speed integrated photonic modulators and detectors was developed. A major requirement in performing successful research in this field is the availability of ultra-fast optoelectronic characterization tools that facilitate the study of ultrafast low-power devices and systems (e.g., modulators, switches, detectors).
Software-Connected Wafer Level Reliability TestTBMG-3835301/01/2021
A key measure driving performance in semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) is reliability. As ICs continue to become smaller and chip complexity increases, manufacturers need to ensure they can continue to provide the same level of reliability to their customers for mission-critical end applications.
Protecting AV Control Circuits21AVEP01_0801/01/2021
The mission-critical subsystems must be robust and reliable to ensure driver and passenger safety. The safety and convenience offered by autonomous vehicles (AVs) cannot be achieved unless the vehicle's electronic circuits are highly reliable and robust to electrical shocks. Designers can substantially reduce the risk of circuit failures by providing overcurrent protection, transient surge protection, electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection, and reverse polarity protection. Strategies for circuit protection should begin with three mission-critical AV subsystems: camera, radar, and ADAS.
Colby, Jim
2020 Create the Future Design Contest: Electronics/Sensors/IoT Category Winner – PrintIC Flexible CircuitsTBMG-3822112/01/2020
Replacing Multiple RF Receivers with Just One Using ChannelizationTBMG-3824312/01/2020
From the early days of analog radio receivers to the superheterodyne channelized receivers of today, many things have changed. Today, different technologies are in use and their capabilities have grown immensely. This article will give you a brief overview of the development of radio receivers. Furthermore, it will show how channelization has made it possible to use one radio receiver to listen to many different radio stations simultaneously.
Replacing Multiple RF Receivers with Just One Using Channelization20AERP12_0512/01/2020
From the early days of analog radio receivers to the super-heterodyne channelized receivers of today, many things have changed. Today, different technologies are in use and their capabilities have grown immensely. This article will give you a brief overview of the development of radio receivers. Furthermore, it will show how channelization has made it possible to use one radio receiver to listen to many different radio stations simultaneously.
Solid-State Sensor for Detection and Characterization of Electric FieldsTBMG-3799011/01/2020
NASA’s Langley Research Center has developed a solid-state integrated circuit based on a field effect transistor (FET). Called ergFET, the sensor characterizes the electronic properties of materials, allowing for detection of items like baggage, wiring, and liquids, and can even be used for medical imaging such as remote EKG.
Patches Detect When a Viral Disease Is About to Get WorseTBMG-3807811/01/2020
Just before a viral illness such as the flu or COVID-19 worsens, bodies start producing more inflammatory biomarkers, and the concentrations of these biomarkers in bodily fluids increases. Therefore by continuously monitoring these biomarker concentrations on our skin’s surface, doctors can spot such turns for the worse and act immediately, preventing complications and saving lives.
Mass-Producible, Centimeter-Scale MetalensTBMG-3779510/01/2020
Metalenses — flat surfaces that use nanostructures to focus light — are used in everything from microscopy to sensors, cameras, and displays. But so far, most of the lenses have been about the size of a piece of glitter. While lenses this size work well for some applications, a larger lens is needed for low-light conditions.
Wavy Surfaces for Better Light ControlTBMG-3781910/01/2020
The Internet owes its power to countless light pulses with which enormous amounts of data are sent around the globe via optical fibers. To steer and control these light pulses, various technologies are employed. One of the oldest and most important is the diffraction grating, which deflects light of different colors in precisely determined directions. For decades, scientists have been trying to improve the design and production of diffraction gratings to make them suitable for today's demanding applications. Researchers now have developed a new method by which more efficient and more precise diffraction gratings can be produced.
Industrial-Grade Open SourceTBMG-3782910/01/2020
Much of today's consumer-facing applications and behind-the-scenes computing infrastructure are built using open source software. Also, in recent years, a growing “maker” community has created do-it-yourself computing and automation projects based on open source software and commercial microcontrollers like the Raspberry Pi and Arduino. These efforts are widely accepted due to the flexibility, convenience, and low cost of open source.
A System and Method to Determine Soak Time2020-01-201609/15/2020
In a competitive engineering business world, there is a constant demand to meet stringent emissions and on board diagnostic (OBD) regulations in a cost-effective manner. Engineers are tasked with the responsibility to innovate and design solutions around cost-cutting measures that involve reducing bill of material costs on the printed circuit board (PCB). Varied features in commercial application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) devices makes it more challenging to create consistent engineering design methods to provide critical inputs for controls and diagnostic strategies. In addition, continuous evolution of the emissions and OBD regulations in the different markets make it challenging for ASIC design manufacturers to evolve their hardware designs quickly. One such input is soak time. Soak time is typically defined as the amount of time the engine has been turned off. Emission controls and OBD algorithms use soak time to enable cold and hot start processing strategies. There are
Sundar, Bharath, Allen, William J.
Cryogenic-Capable Isolators Improve the Performance of Millimeter-Wave Systems by Lowering Noise Levels20AERP08_0508/01/2020
Silence is golden when it comes to filtering out unwanted reflected noise, especially in extremely high-frequency, millimeter-wave (MMW) applications. While recent improvements in isolator designs are solving many of these problems, one critical challenge remains: finding isolators that operate optimally under cryogenic conditions. For manufacturers of ultra-high-frequency wireless applications such as 5G and 6G communications, standoff security scanning, and military defense products, the issue of MMW and cryogenics is relatively new. In fact, some system designers may still be unaware that an isolator built to operate at room temperatures will fail to operate optimally when temperatures are reduced to cryogenic levels.
Wiegand Wire: Energy Harvesting and MoreTBMG-3738708/01/2020
The “Wiegand effect” was discovered more than 40 years ago and while it has been used successfully in several specialized applications, its full potential for energy harvesting and signal generation has received only limited recognition. With enhancements to the energy output from Wiegand devices and the emergence of a new generation of ultra-efficient electronic chips, the technology is showing significant promise, especially in the exciting area of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
Simple Device Monitors Health Using SweatTBMG-3735208/01/2020
A device that monitors health conditions in the body using a person's sweat has been developed by Penn State and Xiangtan University researchers, according to Huanyu “Larry” Cheng, assistant professor of engineering science and mechanics, Penn State.
Cryogenic-Capable Isolators Improve the Performance of Millimeter-Wave Systems by Lowering Noise LevelsTBMG-3737208/01/2020
Silence is golden when it comes to filtering out unwanted reflected noise, especially in extremely high-frequency, millimeter-wave (MMW) applications. While recent improvements in isolator designs are solving many of these problems, one critical challenge remains: finding isolators that operate optimally under cryogenic conditions.
Single-Atom TransistorsTBMG-3722307/01/2020
Transistors consisting only of several-atom clusters or even single atoms could become the building blocks of a new generation of computers with unparalleled memory and processing power. But to realize the full potential of these tiny transistors — miniature electrical on-off switches — researchers must find a way to make many copies of these difficult-to-fabricate components.
Semiconductors Can Behave Like Metals and SuperconductorsTBMG-3719807/01/2020
Semiconductors are the active parts of transistors, integrated circuits, sensors, and LEDs. These materials, mostly based on silicon, are at the heart of today’s electronics industry. Metals, on the other hand, wire the active electronic components and are the framework for the devices.
5 Important ESD Protection Considerations for Augmented Reality WearablesTBMG-3722407/01/2020
Those of us who wear vision correction glasses are used to seeing the world through lenses. New technologies will allow a virtual world to be layered on top of the real world that we normally see. The lenses will become displays that allow us to see the “real” world that is augmented with overlaid information and images, creating an Augmented Reality (AR). An example would be the integration of navigation into the AR glasses to allow a user to walk through town with turn-by-turn instructions (visual or verbal) to help them easily get to their destination. Other examples include facial recognition, fitness tracking, first-person photos and videos, as well as health-sensing and travel applications (Figure 1).
Recording Device Could Help Development of Brainwave-Controlled Devices, Including ProstheticsTBMG-3723807/01/2020
The Frances Crick Institute London, UK
Photonic Microwave Generation Using On-Chip Optical Frequency CombsTBMG-3719107/01/2020
In our information society, the synthesis, distribution, and processing of radio and microwave signals are ubiquitous in wireless networks, telecommunications, and radars. The current tendency is to use carriers in higher frequency bands, especially with looming bandwidth bottlenecks due to demands for, e.g., 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT). Microwave photonics, a combination of microwave engineering and optoelectronics, might offer a solution.
Photonic Microwave Generation Using On-Chip Optical Frequency Combs20AERP06_0606/01/2020
In our information society, the synthesis, distribution, and processing of radio and microwave signals happen ubiquitously in wireless networks, telecommunications, and radars. The current tendency is to use carriers in higher frequency bands, especially with looming bandwidth bottlenecks due to demands for 5G and the Internet of Things. Microwave photonics, a combination of microwave engineering and optoelectronics, might offer a solution. A key building block of microwave photonics is optical frequency combs, which provide hundreds of equidistant and mutually coherent laser lines. They are ultrashort optical pulses emitted with a stable repetition rate that corresponds precisely to the frequency spacing of comb lines. The photodetection of the pulses produces a microwave carrier.
Device Modulates Light and Amplifies Tiny SignalsTBMG-3702406/01/2020
The miniscule movement of a single particle only one-tenth the diameter of a bacterium can induce sustained vibrations in an entire mechanical device that is 50 times larger. Using the interplay among light, electrons on the surface of metals, and heat, researchers created a plasmomechanical oscillator (PMO), so named because it tightly couples plasmons — the collective oscillations of electrons at the surface of a metal nanoparticle — to the mechanical vibrations of the much larger device in which it is embedded.
Process Enables Manufacturing of Stretchy ElectronicsTBMG-3686505/01/2020
All electronic devices feature a hard computer chip, covered in many transistors and other semiconducting elements. Because computer chips are rigid, the electronic devices they power — such as smartphones, laptops, watches, and televisions — are similarly inflexible. A process was developed for manufacturing flexible electronics with multiple functionalities in a cost-effective way.
Moving Precision Communication, Metrology, Quantum Applications from Lab to ChipTBMG-3687805/01/2020
The field of photonic integration — the area of photonics in which waveguides and devices are fabricated as an integrated system onto a flat wafer — is relatively young compared to electronics. Photonic integration has focused on communications applications traditionally fabricated on silicon chips, because these are less expensive and more easily manufactured.
Improved Model Predicts Heat Loss in Gallium Nitride SemiconductorsTBMG-3618903/01/2020
Engineers have found that the model currently used to predict heat loss in a common semiconductor material does not apply in all situations. By testing the thermal properties of gallium nitride semiconductors fabricated using four popular methods, they discovered that some techniques produce materials that perform better than others.
Soft, Conformable Hearing ImplantsTBMG-3615903/01/2020
Close to half a million people around the world suffer from a serious hearing impairment. In some cases, they can find relief in cochlear and other types of implants. Yet these devices do not help people whose inner ear is damaged or whose auditory nerve does not function properly. For these patients to recover their sense of hearing, electrical signals must be sent directly to the auditory brainstem. The neuroprosthetic used for this purpose is called an auditory brainstem implant (ABI); however, the outcomes of ABIs are mixed and in many cases, patients recover only sound perception. Clinical ABIs are also stiff and cannot conform precisely to the curvature of the auditory brainstem.
Delivering Self-driving Definitions20AVEP03_0903/01/2020
Shifting AV-safety validation from millions of miles driven to an understanding of the “quality” of simulation coverage. The auto industry is under increasing pressure to prove that autonomous vehicles (AV) can be safe. But before OEMs can begin to establish the necessary benchmarks for safety, the industry needs a common framework for describing the infinite scenarios and roadway variabilities that a self-driving vehicle might encounter. Foretellix, a Tel Aviv-based software company, is fulfilling that need with its Measurable Scenario Description Language (M-SDL), a machine- and human-readable programming language for AV validation. The open-source language, described in a 120-page technical document, has been downloaded by hundreds of engineers. Companies using M-SDL in pilot projects include Volkswagen. Foretify, Foretellix's software product, compiles high-level scenarios written in M-SDL into specific scenarios that are run via an application programming interface (API) in an AV
Berman, Bradley
Enhancing Materials for High-Resolution PatterningTBMG-3597402/01/2020
To increase processing speed and reduce power consumption of electronic devices, the microelectronics industry continues to push for smaller feature sizes. Transistors in today's cellphones are typically 10 nanometers (nm) across — about 50 silicon atoms wide — or smaller. Scaling transistors down below these dimensions with higher accuracy requires advanced materials for lithography — the primary technique for printing electrical circuit elements on silicon wafers to manufacture electronic chips. One challenge is developing robust resists, or materials used as templates for transferring circuit patterns into device-useful substrates such as silicon.
Low-Energy Device Rapidly Reroutes Light in Computer ChipsTBMG-3596202/01/2020
Researchers have developed an optical switch that routes light from one computer chip to another in just 20 billionths of a second — faster than any other similar device. The compact switch is the first to operate at voltages low enough to be integrated onto low-cost silicon chips and redirects light with very low signal loss.
Future Advances in Electronic Materials and Processes - Flexible Hybrid ElectronicsTBMG-3605302/01/2020
This project performed an integrated assessment focused on projected advances in electronics materials and processes over the next 25 years and their implications for military aerospace applications, with a particular emphasis on flexible hybrid electronics (FHE).
Vibration Isolator Steadies Optics for NASA's James Webb Space TelescopeTBMG-3582001/01/2020
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
In-House PCB Prototyping with Additive ManufacturingTBMG-3581301/01/2020
If you're interested in pursuing in-house PCB prototyping and testing, there are several routes you can take to create functional prototypes for new products. The best one depends on a number of factors, with product complexity being the primary consideration. For highly complex, low-volume products, using an additive manufacturing system is often the best choice for rapid prototyping thanks to its high throughput and fixed cost structure.
3D Printed Plastics with High-Performance Electrical CircuitsTBMG-3577101/01/2020
Engineers have embedded high-performance electrical circuits inside 3D printed plastics, which could lead to better-performing biomedical implants. They used pulses of high-energy light to fuse tiny silver wires, resulting in circuits that conduct 10 times more electricity than the state of the art. By increasing conductivity tenfold, the engineers can reduce energy use, extend the life of devices. and increase the device’s performance.
Software-Defined Analog Filters: A Paradigm Shift in Radio Filter Performance and CapabilityTBMG-3566512/01/2019
Among the most abundant components in all wireless system designs, analog RF filters are used to block interference from various internal and external sources. Limited spectrum divided among an ever-increasing number of users is further driving the need for these ubiquitous but in some ways anachronistic devices. Currently, interference is quite common among cellular base stations, satellite systems, radar installations, and other types of access and backhaul communications systems. Traditional filters are unable to cope with the requirements; in many cases, most often due to insufficient guard bandf. For example, in some international locales, LTE base stations and satellite receivers share the L-band frequencies. At around 3.5 GHz, 5G operators, CBRS radios, and military radars are trying to co-exist. To address this in-band interference, a new, tunable filtering technology is entering the marketplace, uniquely blending the best of both analog and digital technologies.
Software-Defined Analog Filters: A Paradigm Shift in Radio Filter Performance and Capability19AERP12_0512/01/2019
Among the most abundant components in all wireless system designs, analog RF filters are used to block interference from various internal and external sources. Limited spectrum divided among an ever-increasing number of users is further driving the need for these ubiquitous but in some ways anachronistic devices. Currently, interference is quite common among cellular base stations, satellite systems, radar installations, and other types of access and backhaul communications systems. Traditional filters are unable to cope with the requirements; in many cases, most often due to insufficient guard bandf. For example, in some international locales, LTE base stations and satellite receivers share the L-band frequencies. At around 3.5 GHz, 5G operators, CBRS radios, and military radars are trying to co-exist. To address this in-band interference, a new, tunable filtering technology is entering the marketplace, uniquely blending the best of both analog and digital technologies.
Method Makes Transistors and Electronic Devices from ThreadTBMG-3546711/01/2019
A transistor has been made from linen thread, enabling the creation of electronic devices made entirely of thin threads that could be woven into fabric, worn on the skin, or implanted surgically for diagnostic monitoring. The flexible electronic devices could enable a range of applications that conform to different shapes and allow free movement without compromising function.
Scientists Create Pancreas on a ChipTBMG-3549711/01/2019
By combining two powerful technologies, scientists are taking diabetes research to a whole new level. In a study led by Harvard University’s Kevin Kit Parker and published in the journal Lab on a Chip, microfluidics and human, insulin-producing beta cells have been integrated in an islet-on-a-chip. The new device makes it easier for scientists to screen insulin-producing cells before transplanting them into a patient, test insulin-stimulating compounds, and study the fundamental biology of diabetes.
Chip Converts Wasted Heat to Usable EnergyTBMG-3525910/01/2019
Car engines, laptop computers, cellphones, and refrigerators all heat up with overuse. That heat can be captured and turned into energy using a method that produces electricity from heat. The technology uses a silicon chip, also known as a “device,” that converts more thermal radiation into electricity. This could lead to devices such as laptop computers and cellphones with much longer battery life and solar panels that are much more efficient at converting radiant heat to energy.
Wireless Transceiver Quadruples Speed of 5GTBMG-3526810/01/2019
A new wireless transceiver was developed that boosts radio frequencies into 100-gigahertz territory, which is quadruple the speed of the upcoming 5G, or fifth-generation, wireless communications standard. The end-to-end transmitter-receiver is a 4.4-millimeter-square silicon chip capable of processing digital signals significantly faster and more energy-efficiently because of its digital-analog architecture. Having transmitters and receivers that can handle high-frequency data communications is vital for Internet of Things devices, autonomous vehicles, and vastly expanded broadband for streaming of high-definition video content and more.
High-Sensitivity, Low-Noise MEMS AccelerometerTBMG-3529410/01/2019
A high-sensitivity and low-noise MEMS accelerometer was developed using multi-layer metal structures composed of multiple metal layers. The accelerometer achieves 1 μG level resolution that has been a challenging task with conventional MEMS technology. The team previously proposed a method of using gold material to downscale the proof mass size of MEMS accelerometers to less than one-tenth. In this work, they have increased the proof mass per area by employing multiple layers of gold for the MEMS structures, thereby increasing the sensitivity over 100 times and reducing noise less than one-tenth when compared with conventional accelerometers.
Tiny “Walking” Motor Moves in Discrete Mechanical StepsTBMG-3526110/01/2019
A set of five tiny fundamental parts can be assembled into a wide variety of functional devices including a tiny “walking” motor that can move back and forth across a surface or turn the gears of a machine. The work offers an alternative to current approaches to constructing robots, which largely fall into one of two types: custom machines that work well but are relatively expensive and inflexible, and reconfigurable ones that sacrifice performance for versatility.
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