Browse Topic: Switches

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High-Efficiency SiC-Based PSFB DC-DC Converter Using Peak Current Control with Digital Slope Compensation for LV Battery Charging In EV Applications2026-26-04221/16/2026
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-efficiency Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) DC-DC converter utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs for low-voltage (LV) battery charging in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The converter operates with Peak Current Mode Control (PCMC), enhanced by a digitally implemented slope compensation technique to ensure control loop stability, counter subharmonic oscillations and accurate current regulation across a wide load range. The use of SiC devices enables high switching frequencies operation with reduced conduction losses, contributing to improved efficiency and power density of converter. The hardware design utilizes a planar transformer with shim inductance to enable Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) of the primary switches, thereby reducing switching losses and mitigating transformer flux imbalance. The secondary stage employs diode rectification, while the overall PCB layout is optimized to minimize parasitics and
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Inamdar, Sumer
Totem-Pole PFC and LLC resonant converter based 6.6kW On-Board Charger for LEV Applications2026-26-01601/16/2026
As light electric vehicles (LEVs) gain popularity, the development of efficient and compact on-board chargers (OBCs) has become a critical area of focus in power electronics. Conventional AC-DC topologies often face challenges, including high inrush currents during startup, which can stress components and affect system reliability. Furthermore, DC-DC converters often have a limited soft-switching range under light load conditions, leading to increased switching losses and reduced efficiency. This paper proposes a novel 6.6 kW on-board charger architecture comprising a bridgeless totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) stage and an isolated LLC resonant DC-DC converter. The main contribution lies in the specific focus on enhancing startup behavior and switching performance. In PFC converters, limiting inrush current during startup is crucial, especially with fast-switching wide-bandgap devices like SiC or GaN. Conventional soft-start techniques fall short in of ensuring smooth voltage
Patil, Amruta, Bagade, Aniket
A method of selectively elevating a Seamless Switch Integrated in Fabric2026-26-05961/16/2026
This research presents the construction and working principle of Selectively Elevated Seamless Fabric Switch technology aimed at advancing automotive interior design through enhanced aesthetics, functionality, and user experience by providing a tactile surface that is available for operation only during the activated, elevated state. Traditional mechanical switches often suffer from issues such as dust and water ingress, accidental activation, and a fragmented visual profile. The proposed system integrates concealed controls sandwiched with a fabric surface, with switches selectively elevated only upon user interaction. The design incorporates conductive fabric layers and electromagnetic actuation to achieve seamless integration with vehicle interiors while maintaining responsive tactile feedback. The input provided for activating the switch can be a signal such as gesture or proximity of the user’s finger. Upon activation the switch is selectively elevated and ready for operation due
Mohunta, Sanjay, Panchal, Girish, Puthran, Shaunak
DC Link Capacitor Size Reduction Using Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques for Pole Phase Modulated Induction Machine Drive2026-26-01701/16/2026
Multiphase machines i.e. electrical machines with more than three phases have many advantages compared to the three-phase machines for high power density applications. The major advantages of multiphase machines include lower space harmonics thereby reduced losses and improved efficiency, reduced torque pulsations leading to lesser vibrations and acoustical noise, higher fault tolerance which retains the self-starting ability with minimum deration in the output power in case of fault in one or more phases and enhancement of torque density by adding higher order harmonic currents into the stator currents. Requirement of power electronic switches with reduced rating compared three phase motor drives for a given power rating is another important advantage which supports employing multiphase machines in high power applications. Wider speed and torque ranges are other important requirements of a drive for high power traction and propulsion application. Conventional machines need to be over
A, Rajeshwari
Review on the flyback converter design for multi-output2026-26-02001/16/2026
With the increasing demand for DC loads, DC-DC converters have become indispensable in modern power electronic architectures. With high-voltage applications typical DC-DC converter topologies are required which include isolation for safety and voltage level conversion. Among various isolated converter topologies, the flyback converter is widely favored for low-power applications, typically under 100 W, due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Like other DC-DC topologies, the flyback converter can operate in either continuous conduction mode or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The work have focused on the design and performance analysis of a flyback converter operating in DCM, with a specific emphasis on magnetic component design and loss evaluation. A 55 W multi-winding flyback converter employing a passive snubber circuit is studied and implemented. The loss analysis is done with switch losses around 3.4W and the coupled inductor core losses around 1.5W and copper losses
S, Denis, Deshpande, Prathamesh Pravin, Deshpande, Rohan
A systematic debugging methodology for identifying electric vehicle level EMC issues2026-26-05251/16/2026
Electric two and three-wheelers present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching, and low shielding practices. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying and mitigating radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement, Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 MHz to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case studies on 2W and 3W EVs
M, Gokul, Patel, Jinay, Mulay, Abhijit B
A Method to Improve the System Efficiency of an Electronic Drive Unit: Variable Switching Frequency-Loss Optimization2026-26-00621/16/2026
In electrical engineering, designing and improving inverter and induction motor systems is very important for many industrial uses. Even though these systems are flexible and widely used, one of the main challenges is accurately measuring how much power is lost when they run. Usually, people check the system’s efficiency, but that doesn’t fully explain how or why the power loss happens inside these systems. This paper presents a new way to study power losses without focusing on efficiency. Instead, it uses analytical methods supported by MATLAB programming. The goal is to explore the complex reasons behind power losses in both inverters and induction motors. To do this, the study develops mathematical formulas that describe the different types of losses, such as those from conduction, switching, and magnetic effects. These formulas are based on basic physics and are turned into MATLAB code, which helps connect theory with real-world application. In the end, the project creates a
BANDA, Gururaj, Sengar, Bhan
Review on Conducted EMI by different PWM schemes in the EV Inverters2026-26-01811/16/2026
The advent of wide bandgap (WBG) switching MOSFET devices enables high-frequency operation, allowing for significant reductions in the size of passive components such as inductors and capacitors, and improving the overall efficiency of inverter systems. However, these benefits come with the trade-off of increased electromagnetic interference (EMI), which imposes stringent requirements on filter design. The complexity of designing EMI filters, which depends heavily on switching frequency and applicable EMI standards, presents a significant challenge and can impact development timelines. Carrier wave modulation technique is considered as an effective method for minimizing conducted EMI in traction inverters. This article presents various carrier wave modulation schemes that successfully reduce conducted EMI. The evaluated strategies aim to eliminate noise fluctuations and simplify the design of demanding EMI filters. Additionally, the impact on output voltage, output current, total
R, Kodeeswaran, Kuncham, Sateesh Kumar, Kolhatkar, Yashomani
Infotainment-Free Sunroof Control Testing Using National Instruments Framework2026-26-05191/16/2026
Verification of sunroof operation via voice commands conventionally necessitates a fully assembled vehicle platform integrated with an updated Body Control Module (BCM) and infotainment software. This hardware-software dependency presents significant limitations, particularly during the early stages of development, where rapid validation and iteration are critical. Additionally, vehicle availability and software readiness often act as bottlenecks in the validation process. To address this, a novel approach has been developed to simulate sunroof operations—including both physical switch and voice command inputs—using a National Instruments (NI) system. This setup eliminates the reliance on the vehicle’s BCM and infotainment system by simulating LIN commands directly through the NI interface. The integration of the sunroof module with the NI system facilitates comprehensive bench-level testing, including functional validation, endurance evaluation, and abuse case simulation. This
GHANWAT, HEMANT, Lad, Aniket Suryakant, Joshi, Vivek, More, Shweta
Arc Damage Assessment of Arc Plume and Physical DamageAIR6982 (Current)11/26/2025
Describes the relative measurement of assessing the damage zone of arc plasma to determine appropriate separation/segregation requirements between a wire harness and nearby components
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
400Hz High Speed Static Transfer Switch2008-01-287711/11/2024
The objective of this project was to replace electromechanical power line contactors with a Static Transfer Switch (STS) to improve the transfer of electrical power between aircraft generators and decrease required maintenance. The switch requirements include high reliability, lightweight, and high speed (less than 15mS) power transfer. An STS can shorten the bus transfer time to less than the “ride-through” of aircraft electronic loads and therefore have the ability to control and transfer electrical power while maintaining critical mission requirements. The content of this paper and presentation will discuss the initial problem, the research and development approach, design, and initial testing of the STS.
Cooper, Ronald C., Cooper, Evan C.
Comparison between state of art performance parameter of GaN and SiC Converters for electric vehicle application.2024-26-01341/16/2024
Various aspects of vehicle design, such as powertrain, infotainment, connectivity, and driving assistance systems, are undergoing significant advancements and innovations in the automotive industry. To enhance the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles, designers are exploring advanced technologies beyond the conventional silicon-based solutions. One such technology that is gaining popularity is the use of wide-bandgap materials like silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) for power-semiconductor devices in electric vehicles. Wide-bandgap-based hard-switching voltage source converters made of these materials are superior to their silicon counterparts in terms of efficiency, but their performance depends on their utilization at high switching frequencies. To determine the best technology for future electric vehicle applications, researchers compared the efficiency of SiC and GaN devices by analyzing factors such as blocking voltage, conduction loss, switching loss, and
Mehrotra, Soumya, Ray, Rakesh Kumar, Pandey, Devbrat, Naithani, Hardik
Adaptive Steering System for Improved User Experience2024-26-00231/16/2024
A car's steering is the first touchpoint for the driver and one of the most important factor which governs the buying decision of the vehicle. Currently steering system has a single EPAS map leading to constant steering feel during both low and high speed manoeuvres. Some vehicles are equipped with steering system having fixed driving modes which need manual intervention. In order to achieve the needs and to overcome the limitation of fixed mode steering system, this paper proposes Machine Learning based Adaptive Steering System which automatically switches from comfort to sports mode and vice a versa to provide soft and hard steering feel as per the user's requirement. The system identifies driving pattern and zone based on vehicle response to driver input and accordingly adapts steering assist / torque. The system comprises of two modules namely driving pattern recognition for sport and comfort mode and zone detection for city and highway driving. Both modules used already available
BHAMBRI, MIHIR, sheth, Malav, Iqbal, Shoaib, Salunkhe, Swapnil
Smart Molecules Act as Computer TransistorsTBMG-459776/1/2022
Researchers have discovered a single-molecule switch that can act like a transistor and store binary information such as the 1s and 0s used in classical computing. The molecule is around five square nanometers in size — more than one billion of them would fit onto the cross-section of a human hair. The researchers believe that molecules like the ones they have discovered could offer information density of around 250 terabits per square inch, which is around 100 times the storage density of current hard drives.
Hoping CAN DB approach for enhanced security2022-01-01263/29/2022
Controller Area Network (CAN) is very popular data transportation mechanism in all modern vehicles. CAN bus by design is not security oriented. It is an open communication with transparent messaging. Messages transmitted on bus can be easily read/decoded/spoofed by intruder This paper explores specific method of in-vehicle network security for CAN. This paper presents new method which is based on principal of changing CAN message ID’s during vehicle run time. This method uses vehicle sensors to change CAN message ID on bus. This paper also describes various possible combinations in which network sensors can be connected to various ECU on system. Also covered are aspects of timelines when these messages are shifted, how all ECUs sync with each other and participates in the encoding process. Paper covers below 3 aspects (A) System design System will be based on N number of different CAN database (DB) each having same messages with different ordering inside. All ECU’s involved in CAN bus
Kulkarni, Ashwin
INBUILT SANITIZING SPRAYER AT DOOR HANDLE2022-01-04033/29/2022
It is specially designed for people who have to travel by a cab or a car during COVID 19 pandemic. We can get rid of portable sanitizers inside car. This technology mainly focuses on the benefit of people to sanitize their hands along with their belongings before entering into the car during pandemic. We are planning to implement our products on door handles of the cars. This technology comprises of Press button request switch, Car's Door handle, Controller, Motor Driver, Sensor & Pump. Whenever the request switch is pressed for sanitizing, communication signal will be sent to the controller to enable disinfection mode. The controller then activates the motor driver, which is responsible for Pump operation. The pump then sprays the sanitizing fluid through the nozzle at door handle and the belongings can be sanitized. In parallel, controller enables the sensor into monitoring mode for detecting the disinfection mode and thereby communicating to controller. Motor driver will be turned
Mani, Megala
Design of Smart Dual-Stage Battery Isolator for Commercial Vehicles2022-01-08643/29/2022
The battery isolator is a pivotal safety component in the complete commercial vehicle electrical system and with the reinforcement in safety norms has witnessed several modifications over time. Generally mounted and operated within proximity of the vehicle battery bank, the latest safety norms demand its operation to be controlled remotely from the driver cabin with its operation switch in close vicinity of the driver. While this mandate improves the general accessibility and ease of use of the isolator, it also imposes new challenges to the newer and more sophisticated electronics control network demanded by the present ever stringent emission norms. Driven by habit and lack of knowledge in the composure of the vehicle control system, the human tendency inclines to use the isolator out of its intended utility zone- immediately, post ignition switch-off. While this habit seems innocuous at first glance, it imposes a detrimental impact on the vehicle controllers (ECU and Telematics) and
Saha, Satya, Gaurav, Kumar, Patidar, Rahul, Patra, Arka
Modelling of switching characteristics of hydrogen-nitrogen filled DC contactor under external magnetic field 2022-01-08853/29/2022
With an increasing demand for hybrid and battery electric vehicles, it has become imperative to make the electrical switching process safe. In electric vehicles, this process is carried out by compact DC contactors which are designed to withstand years of use over millions of cycles. The quick disconnection is often enabled by an external magnetic field and pressurized hydrogen-nitrogen environment in the contactor. The disconnection process of these contactors leads to the formation of an arc which results from the breakdown of the gas inside the contactor chamber. The breakdown occurs in the inter-connection gap; however, the arc starts to move across the gap between the connectors due to the self-induced magnetic field. The interaction of arcs to the connector's body could lead to undesired metal vapours which could further decrease the creepage distance. In order to contain the arc, an external magnetic field could be applied to move the arc in a fashion that allows for its quick
Ranjan, Rakesh, Thiruppathiraj, Sudharshanaraj, Karpatne, Anand, Breden, Douglas, Raja, Laxminarayan
Crane Boom Hoist Disengaging DeviceJ999_202109 (Current)9/20/2021
This SAE Standard applies to cranes which are equipped to adjust the boom angle by hoisting and lowering means through rope reeving.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Platform for All-Optical ComputingTBMG-383601/1/2021
Researchers have developed a new platform for all-optical computing, meaning computations done solely with beams of light. Most computation right now uses hard materials such as metal wires, semiconductors, and photodiodes to couple electronics to light. All-optical computing removes the rigid components and controls light with light.
Raising the Ergonomics Bar with Smart Electric ActuatorsTBMG-3814512/1/2020
Electric linear actuators have long delivered ergonomic benefits by automating tasks that are repetitive, dirty, or dangerous. Recently, the integration of onboard intelligence into electric actuators has raised their ergonomic contribution to a new level. Smart features such as digital motor control, position feedback, synchronization, and real-time monitoring make it even easier to apply automation to improve workplace comfort, safety, and efficiency.
Atomically Thin Light-Emitting Device for Invisible DisplaysTBMG-3820812/1/2020
A bright-light-emitting device that is millimeters wide and fully transparent was developed. The light-emitting material in this device is a monolayer semiconductor that is three atoms thick, allowing it to conform to curved surfaces.
Selecting the Best Power Supply for Your Stepper or Servo Motor ApplicationTBMG-3814212/1/2020
Motion control applications have some unique requirements compared to most applications; two are particularly unique: 1) they have a peak power demand that is typically very high relative to the average demand and 2) the motors often act as a generator rather than as a load, and pump current into the power supply rather than drawing from it (regenerated energy or “regen”).
Quantum Switch Turns Metals into InsulatorsTBMG-3781510/1/2020
Most modern electronic devices rely on tiny, finely tuned electrical currents to process and store information. These currents dictate how fast computers run, how regularly pacemakers tick, and how securely money is stored in the bank. Researchers have demonstrated a new way to precisely control such electrical currents by leveraging the interaction between an electron's spin (the quantum magnetic field it inherently carries) and its orbital rotation around the nucleus.
The Use of a Low Frequency Vibration Signal in Detecting the Misfire of a Cylinder of an Aircraft Piston Engine2020-01-20239/15/2020
The following article describes the low frequency vibration analysis of aircraft piston engine Rotax 912 ULS. The results are based on the vibration signal made by the engine in the frequency range up to 400 Hz measured on the engine block in three axes. The aim of the research was to determine the method of detecting the misfire of individual cylinders based on the power spectrum of the selected frequencies analysis. Frequencies resulting from the periodicity of engine operation related to the frequency of the work cycle, rotational speed and ignition frequency were considered for the analysis. The tests were carried out in one point of operation. The highest levels of changes were recorded in the Y axis - the axis of piston movement. It was shown that the vibration level changes after switching off one of the cylinders. An indicator describing the vibration level was developed based on the value of amplitude of the power spectrum of vibrations two selected frequencies and it was
Czarnigowski, Jacek Andrzej, Jaklinski, Piotr, Ścisłowski, Karol, Rękas, Daniel, Skiba, Krzysztof
Soft Robotic Insect Survives Being Flattened by a FlyswatterTBMG-376319/1/2020
Researchers have developed a soft robotic insect propelled at 3 cm per second by artificial muscles.
Coordination Control Strategy for Mode Switching of a Parallel Hybrid Electric System Based on Continuously Variable Transmission02-13-02-00108/11/2020
This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed
Zeng, Xiaohua, Li, Xiaojian, Dong, Bingbing
Room-Temperature Magnon SwitchTBMG-374498/1/2020
Researchers have demonstrated a potentially new way to make switches inside a computer’s processing chips, enabling them to use less energy and radiate less heat. The practical technique controls magnons, which are essentially waves that travel through magnetic materials and can carry information. To use magnons for information processing requires a switching mechanism that can control the transmission of a magnon signal through the device.
Analysis of Personal Routing Preference from Probe Data in Cloud2020-01-07404/14/2020
Routing quality always dominates the top 20% of in vehicle- navigation customer complaints. In vehicle navigation routing engines do not customize results based on customer behavior. For example, some users prefer the quickest route while some prefer direct routes. This is because in vehicle navigation systems are traditionally embedded systems. Toyota announced that new model vehicles in JP, CN, US will be connected with routing function switching from the embedded device to the cloud in which there are plenty of probe data uploaded from the vehicles. Probe data makes it possible to analyze user preferences and customize routing profile for users. This paper describes a method to analyze the user preferences from the probe data uploaded to the cloud. The method includes data collection, the analysis model of route scoring and user profiling. Furthermore, the evaluation of the model will be introduced at the end of the paper. The analysis not only focuses on the routes chosen by the
Jin, Xin, Takayama, Toshinori, Yashiro, Ai, Nakamura, Taiki
Design of a Flexible Hybrid Powertrain Using a 48 V-Battery and a Supercapacitor for Ultra-Light Urban Vehicles2020-01-04454/14/2020
Global warming has put the transport sector, a major contributor of CO2 emissions, under high pressure to improve efficiency. In this context, ultra-light vehicles weighting less than 500 kg, as well as hybrid powertrains, are nowadays seen as promising development trends. The design process of the powertrain of a vehicle combining the advantages of the two concepts is presented in this paper. Through a performance study based on a simple MATLAB model, and mathematical simulation, a proposal is made. A powertrain using a battery and supercapacitor 48V dual power source network, two electric motors and clutches to switch between conventional, parallel, series and full electric modes proves to be an interesting system in terms of performance and costs. A simulation study conducted on a scenario with different outcome possibilities showed that high modularity of the system allows to achieve fuel efficiencies equivalent to approximately 3 l/100 km on the Artemis cycle. Finally, integration
El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae, Miliani, El Hadj, Carlos Da Silva, Daniel, Couillandeau, Matthieu, Gonod, Charlie, Miller, Guillaume
Guiding and Harnessing Transition Waves in Multi-Stable Mechanical StructuresTBMG-363674/1/2020
A deployable structure can transition from a compact state to an expanded one. Such structures usually require rather complicated locking mechanisms to hold them in place. Today’s deployable structures aren’t always reliable or autonomous. Harnessing the domino effect, researchers have designed deployable systems that expand quickly with a small push and are stable and locked into place after deployment.
Using Sound and Light for Ultrafast Data TransferTBMG-364014/1/2020
Researchers have developed a method to control terahertz quantum cascade lasers, which could lead to the transmission of data at the rate of 100 gigabits per second. That ultrafast data transfer would be about 1,000 times quicker than a fast Ethernet operating at 100 megabits a second.
High-Reliability Radio Frequency MEMS SwitchTBMG-364004/1/2020
The two types of MEMS switches — metal-to-metal contact and capacitive — are prone to failure because of sagging cantilever structures. Metal-to-metal contact switches consist of a metal transmission line and a metal bridge/cantilever that are separated by an air gap. The metal contacts in these switches are susceptible to wearing down and welding over time. Capacitive switches use both a thin insulator and an air gap between the transmission line and the bridge/cantilever, preventing the two metal structures from touching in an effort to stop the metal connects from welding together. Both of these types suffer from their reliance on metal bridge/cantilever structures that are prone to severe sagging and eventual failure through prolonged operations.
Transistors Both Process and Store InformationTBMG-359602/1/2020
A computer chip can process and store information using two different devices. If these devices could be combined into one or put next to each other, there would be more space on a chip, making it faster and more powerful. Engineers have developed a way that the millions of tiny switches used to process information (transistors) could also store that information as one device.
Photonic Switch Increases Speed and Efficiency of Light Through Optical FibersTBMG-3570612/1/2019
A photonic switch was developed that can control the direction of light passing through optical fibers faster and more efficiently than ever. This optical “traffic cop” could improve how information travels through high-performance supercomputers used for artificial intelligence and other data-intensive applications.
Simulation Analysis of Single-Phase Matrix Converter for Cycloconverter Operation Using SPWM with Under and Over Modulation Technique2019-28-012010/11/2019
This paper discusses the implementation of ac-ac converter using a matrix converter. A MATLAB Simulink model of single-phase matrix converter has been developed for matrix converter with a step up and step down of input frequency. Selection of power switches differentiates the conventional cycloconverter from that of matrix converter based cycloconverter. Conventional cycloconverters requires thyristors whereas matrix converter based cycloconverter requires IGBT which is formed as a bidirectional switch module. The performance of matrix converter based cycloconverter using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique (SPWM) has been analyzed for resistive and inductive loads at varying frequency. This paper presents the output results for various frequencies such as 12.5 Hz, 25 Hz (step-down operation) and 100 Hz (step-up operation).
Nallathambi, Kalaiarasi, Daniel, Anitha, Rangarajan, Uthra
Using Monolithic Filters to Address EMI in Medical DevicesTBMG-351009/1/2019
Many factors are conspiring to increase the amount of “noise” or interference that can disturb the functionality and even damage electronic devices, starting with the sheer number used in our vicinity at any given time. Today’s Wi-Fi or Bluetooth-enabled medical instruments and even medical implants provide a prime example.
Guarding of Starter System EnergizationJ1493_201908 (Current)8/8/2019
This SAE Standard describes guarding to help prevent hazardous machine movement caused by activation of the starter motor by bypassing the starter control system. This document is applicable to off-road, self-propelled work machines, as identified in SAE J1116, and agricultural tractors, as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, which have the potential for hazardous machine movement as a result of bypassing the starter control system and powering of the starter motor.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Tiny Device Speeds up Memory While Saving PowerTBMG-348878/1/2019
Smart objects are required to store and retrieve massive amounts of data quickly without consuming too much power. Millions of new memory cells could be part of a computer chip and provide that speed and energy savings, thanks to the discovery of a previously unobserved functionality in a material called molybdenum ditelluride. The two-dimensional material stacks into multiple layers to build a memory cell.
Integrated Silicon Photonic Switch Demonstrates Lowest Signal Loss Ever in High-Speed Data TransmissionTBMG-347707/1/2019
Experimental photonic switches developed at UC Berkeley have shown promise toward the goal of fully optical, high-capacity switching for future high-speed data transmission networks. The switch developed and tested for this research demonstrated capabilities not seen before in photonic switches. Key to this success, is the scale-up of a 240 × 240 integrated silicon photonic switch. The device is so-named because it accepts 240 optical communication input channels and sends them into 240 output channels.
Fast Accurate Non-Destructive Measurement of Absorber Impedance and Absorption2019-01-15846/5/2019
Cabin acoustic comfort is a major contributor to the potential sales success of new aircraft, cars, trucks, and trains. Recent design challenges have included the increased use of composites, and the switch to electrically powered vehicles, each of which change the interior noise spectral content and level. The role of acoustic absorption in cabins is key to the optimisation of cabin acoustic comfort for modern vehicles, with acoustic impedance data needed in order to assess and optimise the impact of each component of a given lay-up. Measurements of absorbing interior trim are traditionally performed using either sample holder tests in a static impedance tube (impedance and absorption), or through tests in reverberation rooms (absorption only). Both of these procedures present challenges. In-tube absorption and impedance measurements are destructive, requiring highly accurate sample cutting and sealing. Reverberation room absorption measurements are subject to the effects of varying
Murray, Paul B., Alexander, Jon, Kunio, Jason, Larsen, Flemming
ONR Short Pulse Research, Evaluation and non-SWaP Demonstration for C-sUAV StudyTBMG-345296/1/2019
The OSPRES (ONR Short Pulse Research, Evaluation and non-SWaP) program performed fundamental work in the areas of Silicon (Si) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) based photoconductive switch development, measurement of HPM waveform dependent effects on small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV), adaptive design of experiments, noise injection, RF coupling to sUAV's, minimally dispersive wave theory, and positive feedback non-linear transmission line (NLTL) development.
All-Fiber, Optically Controlled Optical SwitchTBMG-346226/1/2019
An optical switch is a device where information-bearing light may be directed to one of several outputs. Prior art optical switches have mainly been integrated optical waveguide structures such as titanium-diffused (Ti) waveguides in lithium-niobate (LiNbO3) or gallium-arsenide (GaAs) structures, or other compound semiconductors.
ONR Short Pulse Research, Evaluation and non-SWaP Demonstration for C-sUAV Study19AERP06_096/1/2019
Research project is designed to map small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) effects space, empirically and by simulation, as a function of high power microwave (HPM) waveform to develop effective countermeasures. Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia The OSPRES (ONR Short Pulse Research, Evaluation and non-SWaP) program performed fundamental work in the areas of Silicon (Si) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) based photoconductive switch development, measurement of HPM waveform dependent effects on small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV), adaptive design of experiments, noise injection, RF coupling to sUAV's, minimally dispersive wave theory, and positive feedback non-linear transmission line (NLTL) development. The photoconductive solid state switch (PCSS) subgroup worked to develop a fundamental understanding of the limitations of Silicon and Gallium Nitride based photoconductive switches and their application to pulsed power. With an estimated 2 megawatts (MW) peak power generation
Data-Driven Optimal Basis Clustering To Characterize Cycle-to-Cycle Variations in Dynamic Stall MeasurementsF-0075-2019-145345/13/2019
Pitching airfoil measurements are known to exhibit significant scatter at near- and post-stall angles of attack. Applying data-driven algorithms revealed the presence of bimodal distribution within the data scatter, suggesting that the statistical mean and standard deviation often used to represent cycle-to-cycle variations are incorrect. Considering the historical significance of dynamic stall measurements, a thorough assessment was undertaken to ascertain that the observed furcation in the data is not a result of facility or post processing error. Once confirmed, cluster-averages, associated variances, and group probability were identified as the best alternative to represent groups in the data. Several existing clustering techniques were tested, however, their shortcomings led to the development of two new data-driven algorithms. A uniqueness that is common to both of the new algorithms is that the clustering process is based on the flow phenomena that contribute the most energy to
Ramasamy, Manikandan, Harms, Tanner, Sanayei, Armaun, Wilson, Jacob, Martin, Preston, Nikoueeyan, Pourya, Naughton, Jonathan
Singlet-Based Magnet for Enhanced Data StorageTBMG-344045/1/2019
Anew type of magnet — called a singlet-based magnet — was discovered that differs from conventional magnets in which small magnetic constituents align with one another to create a strong magnetic field. By contrast, the singlet-based magnet has fields that pop in and out of existence, resulting in an unstable force, but one that potentially has more flexibility than conventional counterparts.
Understanding the “Black Art” of RF and Microwave SwitchingTBMG-341264/1/2019
Understanding RF, especially microwave switching, can be a challenge. In many cases, test systems have been compromised because a test engineer did not consider all the components of their test system: instruments, switching, cabling, Mass Interconnect (test fixture interface), fixture design, and so on. Each component has its own set of characteristics. With RF and microwave components, effects including insertion loss, VSWR, bandwidth, and so on all need to be considered as well.
Understanding the “Black Art” of RF and Microwave Switching19AERP04_064/1/2019
Understanding RF, especially microwave switching, can be a challenge. In many cases, test systems have been compromised because a test engineer did not consider all the components of their test system: instruments, switching, cabling, Mass Interconnect (test fixture interface), fixture design, and so on. Each component has its own set of characteristics. With RF and microwave components, effects including insertion loss, VSWR, bandwidth, and so on all need to be considered as well. Higher bandwidth is a constant demand. The most obvious current example is the emergence of 5G systems that will be hitting the market in the near future, but there are many defense systems - often with their own protocols - that are now operating at RF and high-frequency bandwidths. In short, the need to employ repeatable, accurate RF and microwave switching systems is only going to increase, and while this may appear to be a “sexy” subject, without a proper appreciation of the challenges involved, test
“Light-Written” Photonic Memory DevicesTBMG-339113/1/2019
Light is the most energy-efficient way to move information; however, light shows one big limitation: it is difficult to store. Data centers, for example, rely primarily on magnetic hard drives in which information is transferred at an energy cost that is increasing. A hybrid technology was developed that shows advantages of both light and magnetic hard drives.
MEMS Switch Extends Life of CellphonesTBMG-339173/1/2019
A new type of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) was developed that uses electrostatic levitation to provide a more robust system. All cellphones use MEMS switches for wireless communication, but traditionally there are just two electrodes. The switches open and close numerous times during just one hour, but their current lifespan is limited by the two-electrode system.
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