Browse Topic: Battery management systems (BMS)

Items (391)

A Review on Fire Prevention and Suppression Solutions for EV Battery Packs

2024-26-001201/16/2024

The lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires or explosions due to their extremely volatile nature. The energy-dense batteries, such as LiNi_0.8 Mn_0.1 Co_0.1 O_2/Graphite (NMC811) battery that meets the consumer range demands, are most vulnerable under thermal events. A wide number of solutions are being explored to suppress or prevent battery fires. The solutions range from integrating active cooling techniques, passive heat dissipation using heat carrier pads, thermal insulating materials to prevent thermal propagation, safety vents to remove ejecta, and protection circuitries with advanced battery management system. In this paper, we review various safety solutions employed in battery packs for preventing or suppressing potential fire during any thermal runaway event. The identified safety solutions also feature distinctive methods such as usage of hydrogel agents, aerosol fire suppressants and design features. Among the reviewed countermeasures, we provide a detailed analysis

H, Manjunatha, Nambisan T M, Praveen Kumar, R, Pavan, P, Hari Prasad Reddy, G M, Bharath, Kulkarni, Mukund Aravind, Sundaram, Saravanan

Electric Powertrain - Standardization of Adaptable Software in Loop System

2024-26-011701/16/2024

Motivation With an increase in the complexity involved in modern-day ECUs (Electronic Control Unit), it is very important to verify and validate robustness, functionality, and reliability of ECUs. Till date, Hardware in Loop (HiL) based validation or vehicle level validation is generalized approach used for testing. However, this method requires physical setup, which can incur more cost and time during the development phase. Solution We believe in minimizing the software testing time using Software in Loop (SiL) validation. Creating virtual-ECUs and the plant models is an important step in SiL. We are presenting the modularized and scalable plant models in this paper. Adaptable SiL Solution for EV This paper focuses on the standardization of electric vehicle plant models, which can help users to reduce the software development and software testing time. We created the standardized plant models for following virtual ECUs, which can be used as modular units. • Battery Management System

Sajnani, Abhishek, Vernekar, Kiran, Gosavi, Rupesh, Naik, Venkatesh

Sensitivity Analysis of Advanced Non-Linear Observer for States Estimation of Lithium ion Batteries

2023-01-700010/30/2023

Control observer-based estimation methods are getting a very rapid appreciation due to their better reliability, stability and ease of implementation in already controller-packed electric vehicles and energy storage systems. As a careful sensitivity analysis is the one vital tool to enhance the accuracy and robustness of lithium-ion battery’s states estimation, an experimental sensitivity analysis is proposed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of battery states and parameter estimation of non-linear control observer. This paper categorically uses INR21700-M50T cells for experimental characteristic analysis of lithium-ion batteries. The results of this practical work are then used in the successful design, simulation and validation of an advanced proportional integral observer. The validated proportional-integral (PI) observer is then used to carry out the proposed sensitivity analysis, and deviations resulted in estimation accuracy due to the sensitivity of each parameter are

Saeed, Muhammad, Khalatbarisoltani, Arash, Zhongwei, Deng, Lu, Shuai, Xiaosong, Hu

Distributed Co-Simulation for Effective Development of Battery Management Functions

2023-01-120006/26/2023

Electrification calls for a range of system components, that need to be developed and tested. On one hand, these system components include hardware components, like battery cells, modules, and packs, and battery management systems (BMS). On the other hand, software components are used for testing, e.g. algorithms for BMS or simulation models for batteries. Execution of tests on real batteries is typically time- and cost-intense, and includes considerable risks, leading to safety hazards. In this paper, we introduce a novel development and test approach for battery systems, that is driven by a unified, standardized interface between hardware- and software components and physical devices alike. Whereas established Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) systems are built on proprietary systems and environments, our approach is based on both open-source and industrial simulation software solutions. The Distributed Co-Simulation Protocol (DCP) is used to encapsulate and virtualize these components, as

Hrvanovic, Dino, Haberl, Hannes, Krammer, Martin, Scharrer, Matthias K.

Next-Gen Maintenance Framework for Urban Air Mobility Vehicles

2022-26-116505/26/2022

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles are set to revolutionize the mobility of man and material in near future. One of the key areas to explore is how operational efficiency can be maximized through the next generation Maintenance framework. Compared to the traditional aircrafts, the UAM vehicles will introduce many new and unique maintenance challenges such as: 1. The volume of UAM vehicles is going to be very high and involves frequent, short trips resulting in increased need for maintenance. 2. UAMs may be of hybrid nature (rotary and fixed wing) with a complex interplay of actuation and propeller-based controls. In addition, UAMs will have Electric Motors which involve complex maintenance of parts. 3. High Power Battery is another key component which involves handling the removal, replacement and charging, which requires an effective Battery Management System. 4. Efficient Inventory/Parts Management including NFF reduction is going to play a vital role because Parts, not labor, are the

Kulkarni, Sandeep, Elahi, Imtiaz, Kadeppagari, Murali, Panicker, Renju

REVIEW ON ADVANCEMENTS IN BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR FUTURE SCOPE

2022-01-085303/29/2022

Over the past several decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to increase which estimates that millions of EVs will be on the road in the upcoming years. The heart of these EVs is the Li-ion battery which provides the required energy storage. Batteries have been widely applied in many high-power applications like electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), where a suitable battery management system (BMS) plays an important role in ensuring safe and reliable operation of batteries. This paper aims to give a brief explanation on several key technologies which include Structural Battery, Battery Testing Equipment, Silicone-Based Thermal Interface Materials for Electric Vehicles, New Solid Electrolytes in EV Batteries, Cobalt Free Batteries. It also gives some information about a Battery Recycling Facility, which has come with a simple solution – Recycle the batteries. With the great knowledge of these battery technologies, the different automotive

Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Anbu , Shravan

Methods for State of Health Estimation and Remaining Useful Life Prognostics for EV Lithium-ion Batteries: A Review

2022-01-085003/29/2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) power majority of battery electric vehicles due to their relatively better performance and reliability. LIBs offer high energy density, cycle life, power capability when used in their operating zones. However, LIBs experience ageing and performance degradation due to operating conditions and internal factors which if not characterised lead to unexpected battery failures combined with safety hazards. State of health (SOH) metric provides an effective measure on the battery health and be used to calculate the Remaining useful life (RuL) of the battery. Accurate SOH prediction in Electric vehicles is key to improve pack performance, enable preventive maintenance to reduce unexpected failures, enhance battery life and safety. EV battery packs are equipped with Battery Management Systems (BMS). State of art BMSs are equipped with advanced algorithms for state estimation and are IOT enabled to save field performance data over cloud. Currently, algorithms which

Aphale, Siddharth

Framework for Co-estimation of State of Charge and State of Available Power for Battery Management Systems

2022-01-085903/29/2022

The battery management system (BMS) ensures safe operation of cells defining a safe operation zone for charge/discharge currents, temperatures, provides cell balancing and fault management. The BMS is also responsible for defining limiting currents during acceleration, regenerative braking and gradient climb. Accurate state of charge (SOC) and state of available power (SoAP) estimation is required for these tasks. This enables energy management system to affect regulation over power flow in the vehicle thus improving battery performance and lifetime. The goal is to develop a computationally inexpensive algorithm for Soc and SoAP estimation which can be implemented in BMS for onboard state estimation tasks. In this work, a framework for co-estimation of SOC and SoAP is proposed. The algorithm is developed considering a series – parallel connected battery pack for light electric vehicle (electric scooter or bicycle) application. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) is formulated for the

Aphale, Siddharth

Development of lithium-ion battery test bench

2022-01-086803/29/2022

In order to accurately, conveniently and safely test the relevant mechanical response of lithium-ion battery under various charge and discharge conditions, it is proposed to develop the corresponding test bench. The test bench mainly includes mechanical system and measurement and control system. For the measurement and control system, a monitoring and test system software is developed, which cooperates with the relevant hardware to realize the reliability and convenience of data acquisition. For the mechanical system, in order to ensure the local heat dissipation performance of the test system in the test bench, the heat dissipation simulation comparison of the designed local test systems with different structures is carried out to initially select the better test system structure; in order to ensure the safety of the lithium-ion battery during the charging and discharging test in the test bench and the loss ratio of the expansion force of the lithium-ion battery transmitted by the

qu, jie, huang, meihua

A Novel Fitting Method of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Random Mutation Differential Evolution Algorithm

14-11-02-001810/28/2021

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used to diagnose the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries. One of the essential steps for the diagnosis is to analyze EIS with an equivalent circuit model (ECM) to understand the changes of the internal physical and chemical processes. Due to numerous equivalent circuit elements in the ECM, existing parameter identification methods often fail to meet the requirements in terms of identification accuracy or convergence speed. Therefore, this article proposes a novel impedance model parameter identification method based on the random mutation differential evolution (RMDE) algorithm. Compared with methods such as nonlinear least squares, it does not depend on the initial values of the parameters. The method is compared with chaos particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA), showing advantages in many aspects. The method has a convergence speed much faster than CPSO; the fitting accuracy of RMDE is

Zhang, Luning, Wang, Xueyuan, Dai, Haifeng, Wei, Xuezhe

Battery Heat Load Estimation and modeling its Thermal management using Air Conditioning System of an Electric Vehicle

2021-28-023110/01/2021

The performance of lithium-ion batteries and its service life depends on its operating temperature. Operating the battery above 45 °C degrades the performance of the battery and reduces its service life. The high-temperature operation also leads to thermal runaway. So there is a need to monitor the operating temperature and voltage output of the battery using a battery thermal management system to ensure its safety. Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is a part of the battery management system. The effectiveness of the battery thermal management system depends on the battery pack design, battery chemistry, vehicle operating characteristics and ambient conditions. In this work, a refrigerant-based BTMS is modeled using MATLAB Simulink. Refrigerant R134a used in the air conditioning system of an Electric Vehicle is used as an evaporative cooling medium to cool the batteries. The battery pack is submerged in the pool of refrigerant for cooling and to control the battery temperature

Kaliaperumal, MuthuKrishnan

Analysis of Semiconductor based Pre-charge & Cut-off Circuits for 2W/3W Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems

2021-26-016809/22/2021

As the climate change & CO2 emissions are becoming prime concerns over the globe, Electric Vehicles (EV) are proving to be promising eco-friendly mobility solution. In India, the drive for transition to EV is gaining momentum. Batteries constitute a major chunk of EV cost. Battery Management systems (BMS) are of paramount importance from the aspect of safety, performance, usability & lifetime of EV. Along with fundamental function of monitoring (Cell Voltage, Pack voltage, pack current, cell/pack temperature), BMS must perform function of controlling (Charger/Load Connect, disconnect, Pre-charge) the battery pack in case of failure. In most vehicles, loads & chargers have high capacitance, causing high inrush currents into and from the BMS. This can not only damage the contactors (connect/disconnect circuits) and other load components but also affect the lifetime of cells within battery pack. Conventionally contactor-based cut-off & pre-charge circuits are present in EV's. However

Magar, Pradip, Deshpande, Rohan, Shinde, Rushikesh, Deo, Mayank, Chaudhary, Pramod

Comparative Analysis of the Model Based State of Charge Estimation Methods for Li Ion Batteries used in Electric Vehicle Applications

2021-26-016309/22/2021

Electric vehicles are getting increasing importance because of the absence of vehicular emissions, simpler design and efficient control. Li Ion based battery pack is most preferred in electric vehicles due to higher power and energy density, low discharge rates and longer life. In order to operate Li Ion Cells in a safe and efficient manner, robust battery management system (BMS) is essential. Accurate estimation of State of Charge (SOC) is important BMS function. It affects many functions for e.g. remaining vehicle range estimation, cell balancing and cell protections etc. Coulomb counting method is simplest method to estimate SOC. However, it requires highly accurate and precise current sensor and requires information of initial SOC. Model Based SOC estimation techniques use mathematical model of the Li Ion cell to estimate the cell SOC. They are robust to the variations in the Li ion cell parameters as compared to the coulomb counting method. This paper compares various Model Based

ROUTRAY, SHUVAM, Nidubrolu, Kranthi, Chauhan, Abhisha, Kirtane, Chinmay Ashok, Dhamija, Lohit, Chaudhary, Pramod

Estimation of End of Life of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Artificial Neural Network and Machine Learning Techniques

2021-26-021809/22/2021

Various vehicle manufacturers are launching electric vehicles, which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly. The major component in electric vehicles is the battery, and its performance plays a vital role. Usually the end of life of a battery in the automobile sector is when the battery capacity reaches 80% of its maximum rated capacity. The capacity of a lithium-ion cell decreases with the number of cycles. So, a semi-empirical model is developed for estimating the maximum stored capacity at the end of each cycle. The parameters considered in the model explain the changes in battery internal structure, like capacity losses at different conditions. The capacity estimated using the semi-empirical model is further taken as the inputs for estimating capacity using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques i.e. Linear Regression (LR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Machine methods (SVM). Artificial Neural Network model has been

Lahari, Kothala, Sharma, Minakshi, Baidya, Kapil

Simulink Model for SoC Estimation using Extended Kalman filter

2021-26-038209/22/2021

State of Charge (SoC) estimation of battery plays a key role in strategizing the power distribution across the vehicle in Battery Management System. In this paper a model for SoC estimation using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is developed in Simulink using Simscape library. This model uses second order Resistance-Capacitance (2RC) Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) cell to simulate the cell behaviour. The parameter identification experiments were performed on a new and a used LFP cell respectively to identify two sets of parameters of ECM. The cell parameters are identified for the range of 0% to 100% SoC and it was found that the cell parameters vary as a function of SoC. Hence, variable resistance and capacitance blocks were used in the cell model so that the cell parameters can vary as a function of SoC. This facilitates the simulation of voltage drop due to internal resistances of the cell at the whole range of SoC, as it is impractical to measure the

Kachate, Niranjan, Sharma, Minakshi, Baidya, Kapil

Advanced BEV Battery Pack Thermal Simulation Model Development & Co-relation with Physical Testing

2021-28-013809/15/2021

Battery Thermal management is a major challenge for occupant safety in an electric vehicle. Predicting the battery electrical losses and thermal behaviour is another challenge for the battery management system. Different virtual models are developed for cell level and pack level thermal evaluation. All these models have a varying degree of accuracy and limitation. The latest developed model is more accurate and can predict the battery cell & pack level temperatures. The cell temperature in the battery pack not only depends upon the cell inside physics but also depends upon cell outside cooling physics. Cell outside physics is simulated by 3D CFD software during the design process. The pack level simulations are performed considering extreme conditions and fixed boundary steady-state conditions. Heat transfer coefficient data from thermal simulations are extracted and used in the BMS model, and 1D thermal model is developed. There are two challenges that exist in BMS model. The first is

dol, Yogesh Pradeep, Virmalwar, Ajay, Soni, Gaurav

Battery Terminology

J1715/2_202108 (Current)08/09/2021

This document contains definitions currently used in the automotive industry as they relate to energy storage and batteries for starting, lighting, and ignition applications, as well as for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EVs). It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other battery, HEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices. The use of the term “battery” in this document can be assumed to be a rechargeable battery (secondary battery). The terminology may be applied to other industries if desired.

Battery Terminology Committee

Electric-Drive Battery Pack System: Functional Guidelines

J2289_202108 (Current)

08/03/2021

This SAE Information Report describes common practices for design of battery systems for vehicles that utilize a rechargeable battery to provide or recover all or some traction energy for an electric drive system. It includes product description, physical requirements, electrical requirements, environmental requirements, safety requirements, storage and shipment characteristics, and labeling requirements. It also covers termination, retention, venting system, thermal management, and other features. This document does describe guidelines in proper packaging of the battery to meet the crash performance criteria detailed in SAE J1766. Also described are the normal and abnormal conditions that may be encountered in operation of a battery pack system

Battery Standards Testing Committee

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) Terminology

J1715_202105-TEST-REC (Historical)05/28/2021

This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.

Hybrid - EV Committee

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) Terminology

J1715_202105 (Historical)

05/28/2021

This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.

Hybrid - EV Committee

Traction Control System of Electric Vehicle with 4 In-Wheel Motors using Lyapunov Stability Analysis Algorithm

2021-01-012204/06/2021

A TCS strategy of electric vehicle with 4 in-wheel motors is proposed in this paper. The control method consists of three parts: target slip rate calculation, target torque calculation and coordination control. By using Lyapunov stability analysis algorithm, the target slip rate boundary which makes the system stable is obtained. The target torque of each wheel is calculated by PI controller. According to the engineering experience, the TCS coordinated control strategy under split friction coefficient (split-μ) road, and friction coefficient jump(μ jump) road is proposed. The test results show that this strategy can improve the acceleration comfort and yaw stability of vehicles on uniform low friction coefficient (low μ) , split-μ and μ jump road.

Zhao, Yongqiang, Hui, ZhouZehui, Cui, Jinlong

Communication for Plug-in Vehicles as a Distributed Energy Source

J2847/3_202103 (Historical)03/23/2021

This document applies to a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) which is equipped with an onboard inverter and communicates using IEEE 2030.5-2018. It is a supplement to the SEP2 standard, which supports the use cases defined by SAE J2836/3. It provides guidance for the use of the SEP2 distributed energy resource function set with a PEV. It also provides guidance for the use of the SEP2 flow reservation function set, when used for discharging. It is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to the use of SEP2 in a PEV. Note that in this document, SEP2 is used interchangeably with IEEE 2030.5-2018.

Hybrid - EV Committee

018 - Simulation of Advanced Regenerative Braking Strategies in a Series Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

SAE-PP-0014101/23/2021

Regenerative braking is an important factor in improving hybrid electric vehicle efficiency. This paper proposes a new regenerative braking strategy that activates preemptively during a distracted driving scenario, before service brakes are utilized. The strategy uses onboard advanced driver assistance systems, such as forward facing radar, to detect when an object is approaching fast enough to enable regenerative braking in response. The proposed strategy is simulated on a full-vehicle model of a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. A driver model is developed to mimic the behavior of a distracted driver through delayed response time to the changing speed of a lead vehicle. Multiple trials are simulated using different combinations of existing regenerative braking strategies along with the proposed strategy. Results show that a preventative regenerative braking control strategy can recuperate significant amounts of energy while also improving vehicle safety. Coupling the proposed

Mutagaana, Festo

016 - State-of-Health Online Estimation for Li-Ion Battery

SAE-PP-0013901/22/2021

To realize a fast and high-precision online state-of-health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery, this article proposes a novel SOH estimation method. This method consists of a new SOH model and parameters identification method based on an improved genetic algorithm (Improved-GA). The new SOH model combines the equivalent circuit model (ECM) and the data-driven model. The advantages lie in keeping the physical meaning of the ECM while improving its dynamic characteristics and accuracy. The improved-GA can effectively avoid falling into a local optimal problem and improve the convergence speed and search accuracy. So the advantages of the SOH estimation method proposed in this article are that it only relies on battery management systems (BMS) monitoring data and removes many assumptions in some other traditional ECM-based SOH estimation methods, so it is closer to the actual needs for electric vehicle (EV). By comparing with the traditional ECM-based SOH estimation method

011 - State-of-Health Online Estimation for Li-Ion Battery

SAE-PP-0012301/21/2021

To realize a fast and high-precision online state-of-health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery, this article proposes a novel SOH estimation method. This method consists of a new SOH model and parameters identification method based on an improved genetic algorithm (Improved-GA). The new SOH model combines the equivalent circuit model (ECM) and the data-driven model. The advantages lie in keeping the physical meaning of the ECM while improving its dynamic characteristics and accuracy. The improved-GA can effectively avoid falling into a local optimal problem and improve the convergence speed and search accuracy. So the advantages of the SOH estimation method proposed in this article are that it only relies on battery management systems (BMS) monitoring data and removes many assumptions in some other traditional ECM-based SOH estimation methods, so it is closer to the actual needs for electric vehicle (EV). By comparing with the traditional ECM-based SOH estimation method

MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay

New SAE Wireless Charging standard is EV game-changer

20TOFHP12_0512/01/2020

SAE International on October 22 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document, both the electric vehicle and supply equipment (EVSE) ground-system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV). The new standard, SAE J2954 (www.sae.org/standards/content/j2954_202010/), helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in - widely considered to be a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of EVs and autonomous vehicles. The new standard was more than a decade in the making. SAE kicked off its pioneering pre-competitive research at a time when few contemporary electric cars existed and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for EVs were an unproven concept. The SAE J2954 Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Taskforce worked since 2007 to thoroughly vet and test the technology, in partnership with government agencies, regulatory bodies and private-industry groups including the American Association of Medical

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

New SAE wireless charging standard is EV game-changer

20AUTP11_0611/01/2020

SAE International on October 22 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document, both the electric vehicle- and supply equipment (EVSE) ground-system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV). The new standard, SAE J2954 [https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2954_202010/], helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in - widely considered to be a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of EVs and autonomous vehicles. The new standard was more than a decade in the making. SAE kicked off its pioneering pre-competitive research at a time when few contemporary electric cars existed and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for EVs were an unproven concept. The SAE J2954 Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Taskforce worked since 2007 to thoroughly vet and test the technology, in partnership with government agencies, regulatory bodies and private-industry groups including the American Association of Medical

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

Braking Systems for High Performance Electric Vehicles - A Design Study

2020-01-161210/05/2020

Any young person who has taken delight in playing with toy slot cars knows that the world of racing and the world of electric cars has been intertwined for a long time. And anyone who has driven a modern performance electric vehicle knows that the instant acceleration, exhilarating speeds, and joy of driving of slot cars is reflected in these full sized “toys”, with the many more practical benefits that come from being full-sized and steerable. There is strong foreshadowing of a vibrant future for performance cars in some of the EV’s on the market now and in the near future, some offering “ludicrous” acceleration, and others storied nameplates with performance to match. The ease at which powerful electric drives can capably hurtle a massive vehicle around the track at high speeds, combined with the potential for the same electric drives to exert powerful regenerative braking, creates a very interesting situation for brake engineers. What wins out in the end - raw power or regenerative

Antanaitis, David, Robere, Matthew

Recommended Practices for Shipping Transport and Handling of Automotive-Type Battery System - Lithium Ion

J2950_202006-TEST-REC (Historical)06/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) aids in the identification, handling, and shipping of lithium batteries to and from specified locations. It is the specific intent of this RP to identify, utilize, and reference existing U.S. and international hazardous materials (dangerous goods) transportation regulations, which are the only methodologies to be used to establish transportability. It is also the intent of this RP to provide recommendations to be used by service and shipping personnel for the purpose of determining a possibly damaged/defective battery’s transportability. In support of the service and shipping personnel, these recommendations seek to use standard tools of the trade and avoid laboratory type equipment.

Battery Transportation Committee

Recommended Practices for Shipping Transport and Handling of Automotive-Type Battery System - Lithium Ion

J2950_202006 (Current)

06/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) aids in the identification, handling, and shipping of lithium batteries to and from specified locations. It is the specific intent of this RP to identify, utilize, and reference existing U.S. and international hazardous materials (dangerous goods) transportation regulations, which are the only methodologies to be used to establish transportability. It is also the intent of this RP to provide recommendations to be used by service and shipping personnel for the purpose of determining a possibly damaged/defective battery’s transportability. In support of the service and shipping personnel, these recommendations seek to use standard tools of the trade and avoid laboratory type equipment.

Battery Transportation Committee

Open approach to propulsion

20TOFHP06_0206/01/2020

Deutz CEO sees combination of sustainable-fuel combustion engines and electric drive systems powering the off-highway market. The economic climate has fast soured in recent months due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but Deutz has reason to be optimistic about the coming months and years. Prior to halting large parts of its production in Europe in April, the German drive-systems manufacturer showcased at ConExpo/Con-Agg 2020 a range of advanced technologies that it believes are necessary for future competitiveness. “It is vital that we make the necessary investment in order to secure the long-term success of the company, and that includes steadfastly pursuing the growth projects that we have already initiated,” said Dr. Frank Hiller, CEO and chairman of the Deutz AG board of management, in a recent statement about the negative impact of the coronavirus crisis on its engine business.

48 V High-power Battery Pack for Mild-Hybrid Electric Powertrains

2020-01-044104/14/2020

Mild hybridisation, using a 48 V system architecture, offers fuel consumption benefits approaching those achieved using high-voltage systems at a much lower cost. To maximise the benefits from a 48 V mild-hybrid system, it is desirable to recuperate during deceleration events at as high a power level as possible, whilst at the same time having a relatively compact and low cost system. This paper examines the particular requirements of the battery pack for such a mild-hybrid application and discusses the trade-offs between battery power capabilities and possible fuel consumption benefits. The technical challenges and solutions to design a 48 V mild-hybrid battery pack are presented with special attention to cell selection and the thermal management of the whole pack. The resulting battery has been designed to achieve a continuous-power capability of more than 10 kW and a peak-power rating of up to 20 kW. The pack has been built and has been subjected to a series of tests at a range of

Hall, Jonathan, Borman, Stephen, Hibberd, Benjamin, Bassett, Michael, Reader, Simon, Berger, Martin

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle for Mexico City

2020-01-1169-TEST-REC04/14/2020

The search for alternative fuel for transport vehicles and also replacement of internal combustion engines in order to reduce the harmful emissions have been forcing the vehicle manufacturers to innovate new technology solutions for meeting the stringent legislative targets. Mexico’s commitment for de-carbonisation of transport sector and meeting the environmental goals is shaping it especially, and with this, it favours the move towards electrification of the vehicles. The aim of the present work is to numerically evaluate the possibility of replacing the IC engine in the existing hybrid vehicles with the Hydrogen fuel cell system. This work modelled a Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle based on Toyota MIRAI and validated the fuel economy performance of the vehicle using experimental data. This validated model was used to estimate the fuel economy for real-world drive cycles generated in 2019 from Mexico City. It considered three different drive cycles representing real-world driving in the

Samuel, Stephen, Gonzalez-Oropeza, Rogelio, Cedillo Cornejo, Eduardo

Optimization of Diesel Engine and After-treatment Systems for a Series Hybrid Forklift Application

2020-01-065804/14/2020

This paper investigates an optimal design of a diesel engine and after-treatment systems for a series hybrid electric forklift application. A holistic modeling approach is developed in GT-Suite® to establish a model-based hardware definition for a diesel engine and an after-treatment system to accurately predict engine performance and emissions. The used engine model is validated with the experimental data. The engine design parameters including compression ratio, boost level, air-fuel ratio (AFR), injection timing, and injection pressure are optimized at a single operating point for the series hybrid electric vehicle, together with the performance of the after-treatment components. The engine and after-treatment models are then coupled with a series hybrid electric powertrain to evaluate the performance of the forklift in the standard VDI 2198 drive cycle. In addition, the thermal management strategies like retarding injection timing and late post-injection of fuel during cold start

Maharjan, Roman, Shahbakhti, Mahdi, Rezaei, Reza, Möllmann, Rico, Huang, Yinyan, Delebinski, Thaddaeus

Energy Management of Dual Energy Source of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2020-01-059504/14/2020

With the growing shortage of oil resources and the increasingly strict environmental regulations, countries are vigorously developing new energy vehicles, and as a truly zero-emission vehicle in the application, fuel cell electric vehicles can not only completely replace gasoline cars in term of fuel, but also have the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, short hydrogenation time and long driving range. For Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCEV), and the Energy Management Control Strategy is the "core" of the whole vehicle control system, which has a direct and significant effect on the power and economy of the vehicle. In this paper, the "dual energy source system" composed of fuel cell and power battery is taken as the research object. Based on the proposed power system structure, a fuel cell hybrid power management control strategy is designed, and the simulation model based on Matlab/Simulink and real vehicle are adopted to perform performance verification on standard

Zhao, Yongqiang, Song, Haoyuan, Liu, Yuanzhi, Yu, Zhao

Revealing Lithium-Ion Battery Internal Uncertainty through a Combined Electrochemical Based Degradation Battery Model with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach

2020-01-045004/14/2020

The battery electrodes are porous and have complicated microstructures due to irregular sizes and shapes of pores. Electrode design parameters like porosity, thickness, particle size, and conductivity can vary from one local area to another in one cell. Even under the normal operating current, some local areas may experience over-charge/over-discharge, extensive degradation, and rapid heat generation. These local events are not easy to observe or measure at onset and can eventually lead to catastrophic failure of the whole cell if no actions are taken. Battery design parameters are treated as constant values in many electrochemical battery models. However, the uncertainty of these parameters has an adverse effect on the longevity and safety of batteries. To prevent any catastrophic failure, a battery model is needed to predict any potential over-charge/over-discharge and rapid heat generation caused by internal uncertainty. In this work, a new method is developed to simulate random

Dynamic Load Identification for Battery Pack Bolt Based on Machine Learning

2020-01-086504/14/2020

Batteries are exposed to dynamic load during vehicle driving. It is significant to clarify the load input of the battery system during vehicle driving for battery pack structural design and optimization. Currently, bolt connection is mostly applied for battery pack constraint to vehicle, as well as for module assembly inside the pack. However, accurate bolt load is always difficult to obtain, while directly force measurement is expensive and time consuming in engineering. In this paper, a precise data driven model based on Elman neural network is established to identify the dynamic bolt loads of the battery pack, using tested acceleration data near bolts. The dynamic bolt force data is measured at the same time with the acceleration data during vehicle running in different driving conditions, utilizing customized bolt force sensors. A data preprocessing method synthesizing Wavelet denoising method and machine learning algorithm is designed to improve model precision under dynamic

Liu, Ruixue, Hou, Zhichao, Wang, Shuyu, Sheng, Deke, Liu, Yuan

Direct Yaw Moment Control of Electric Vehicle with 4 In-Wheel Motors to Improve Handling and Stability

2020-01-099304/14/2020

More and more OEMs are interested in in-wheel-motor drive vehicles. One of the in-wheel-motor drive vehicle key technologies is multi-motor torque distribution. A direct yaw moment control strategy for torque distribution was introduced in this paper to improve 4 in-wheel-motor electric vehicle’s handling and stability. The control method consists of three components: feedback control based on target yaw rate, feedforward control based on current lateral acceleration and deceleration control based on under/oversteer situation. Feedback control is used to make vehicle’s real yaw rate following the driver’s target yaw rate and improve vehicle yaw rate response and stability. The target yaw rate is calculated by 2DOF vehicle model and limited by lateral acceleration and vehicle current steering condition. The feedforward control is used to increase the vehicle yaw rate gain and reduce the vehicle understeer characteristic when accelerating in a curve. The deceleration control can reduce

Zhao, Yongqiang, Cui, Jinlong, Zhou, Zehui, Fang, Yang, Wang, Deping, Zhang, Tianqiang, Wu, Aibin, Sun, Qichun, Zhao, Yang

Development and Demonstration of a New Range-Extension Hybrid Powertrain Concept

2020-01-084504/14/2020

A new range-extension hybrid powertrain concept, namely the Tongji Extended-range Hybrid Technology (TJEHT) was developed and demonstrated in this study. This hybrid system is composed of a direct-injection gasoline engine, a traction motor, an Integrated Starter-Generator (ISG) motor, and a transmission. In addition, an electronically controlled clutch between the ISG motor and engine, and an electronically controlled synchronizer between the ISG motor and transmission are also employed in the transmission case. Hence, this system can provide six basic operating modes including the single-motor driving, dual-motor driving, serial driving, parallel driving, engine-only driving and regeneration mode depending on the engagement status of the clutch and synchronizer. Importantly, the unique dual-motor operation mode can improve vehicle acceleration performance and the overall operating efficiency. The hybrid system controls and energy management strategy based on equivalent fuel

Han, Zhiyu, Wu, Zhenkuo, Gao, Xiaojie, Sun, Yongzheng, Ni, Runyu, Feng, Jian, zhong, Jian, Chen, Xinbo, Zhao, Zhiguo, Yu, Zhuoping

Sensorless Individual Cell Temperature Measurement by Means of Impedance Spectroscopy Using Standard Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles

2020-01-086304/14/2020

Lithium ion technology is state of the art for actual hybrid and electrical vehicles. It is well known that lithium ion performance and safety characteristics strongly depend on temperature. Thus, reliable temperature measurement and control concepts for lithium ion cells are mandatory for applications in electrical cars. Temperature sensors for all individual cells increase the battery complexity and cost of a battery management system. Normally, temperature is measured on module level in current battery packs, without observation of the individual cell temperature. Sensorless cell impedance-based temperature measurement concepts have been published and are validated in laboratory studies. Dedicated test equipment is usually applied, which is not useful for automotive series application. This work describes a practical approach to enable impedance-based sensorless internal temperature measurement for all individual cells using state-of-the art battery management system components

Haussmann, Peter, Melbert, Joachim

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle for Mexico City

04/14/2020

The search for alternative fuel for transport vehicles and also replacement of internal combustion engines in order to reduce the harmful emissions have been forcing the vehicle manufacturers to innovate new technology solutions for meeting the stringent legislative targets. Mexico’s commitment for de-carbonisation of transport sector and meeting the environmental goals is shaping it especially, and with this, it favours the move towards electrification of the vehicles. The aim of the present work is to numerically evaluate the possibility of replacing the IC engine in the existing hybrid vehicles with the Hydrogen fuel cell system. This work modelled a Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle based on Toyota MIRAI and validated the fuel economy performance of the vehicle using experimental data. This validated model was used to estimate the fuel economy for real-world drive cycles generated in 2019 from Mexico City. It considered three different drive cycles representing real-world driving in the

Samuel, Stephen, Gonzalez-Oropeza, Rogelio, Cedillo Cornejo, Eduardo

Using Design of Experiments to Size and Calibrate the Powertrain of Range-Extended Electric Vehicle

2020-01-084904/14/2020

A Range-Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV) usually has an auxiliary power source that can provide additional range when the main Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) runs out. The range extender can be a fuel cell, a gas turbine, or an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) bolted to a generator. Sizing the powertrain for a REEV is primarily to investigate the relationship between the capacity of the main RESS and the power rating of the range extender. Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP) introduced a Utility Factor (UF) which is a curve used to calculate the weighted test results for the Off-Vehicle Charging-Hybrid Electric Vehicle (OVC-HEV) from the measured Charge Depleting (CD) mode range result, and the Charge Sustaining (CS) mode Fuel Consumption (FC). Therefore, the RESS capacity, the range extender power rating, the control strategy, and the UF are the key factors affecting the weighted FC of a REEV on the test cycle. The aim of this study is to demonstrate

Bao, Ran, Baxter, James, Revereault, Pascal

Trade-Off Analysis and Systematic Optimization of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Hybrid Powertrain

2020-01-084704/14/2020

While significant progress has been made in recent years to develop hybrid and battery electric vehicles for passenger car and light-duty applications to meet future fuel economy targets, the application of hybrid powertrains to heavy-duty truck applications has been very limited. The relatively lower energy and power density of batteries in comparison to diesel fuel and the operating profiles of most heavy-duty trucks, combine to make the application of hybrid powertrain for these applications more challenging. The high torque and power requirements of heavy-duty trucks over a long operating range, the majority of which is at constant cruise point, along with a high payback period, complexity, cost, weight and range anxiety, make the hybrid and battery electric solution less attractive than a conventional powertrain. However, certain heavy-duty applications, such as Class 6-7 urban vocational trucks, can benefit from hybridization due to their transient operating profiles and

Joshi, Satyum, Dahodwala, Mufaddel, Koehler, Erik W., Franke, Michael, Tomazic, Dean, Naber, Jeffrey

SOC Estimation Based on an Adaptive Mixed Algorithm

2020-01-118304/14/2020

SOC (State of charge) plays an important role in vehicle energy management, utilization of battery pack capacity, battery protection. Model based SOC estimation algorithm is widely regarded as an efficient computing method, but battery model accuracy and measuring noise variance will greatly affect the estimation result. This paper proposed an adaptive mixed estimation algorithm. In the algorithm, the recursive least squares algorithm was used to identify the battery parameters online with a second-order equivalent circuit model, and an adaptive unscented Kalman method was applied to estimate battery SOC. In order to verify the effect of the proposed algorithm, the experimental data of a lithium battery pack was applied to build a simulation model. The results show that the proposed joint algorithm has higher estimation accuracy and minimum root mean square error than other three algorithms.

Huang, Denggao, Zhu, Zhongwen, Liu, Zhihong, Wang, Xu, Li, Cheng, Liu, Runqin

Performance Evaluation of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Retrofitted with Waste Heat Recovery and Hybrid Electric Systems

08-09-01-000403/11/2020

The interest of long-hauling companies about the conversion of their fleets into low-emission and fuel-efficient vehicles is growing, and retrofitting options may represent a suitable solution. Powertrain hybridization and waste heat recovery are considered among the most promising methods to further improve the fuel economy of road vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. In this article, not only the effect of retrofitting a heavy-duty truck with an electrification-oriented ORC unit or with a series hybrid system is investigated, but also the possibility of implementing both at the same time. The conventional vehicle is powered by a heavy-duty 12.6 liters diesel engine. It is shown that, despite such a large engine has high potential for waste heat recovery, on the other hand it represents a very challenging constraint when designing a hybrid retrofitting. Four powertrain options are considered: conventional vehicle (engine-only powered), waste heat recovery retrofit, hybrid

Villani, Manfredi, Lombardi, Simone, Tribioli, Laura

Optimal Sizing and Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Turboelectric Aircraft

2020-01-005003/10/2020

Hybrid-electric gas turbine generators are considered a promising technology for more efficient and sustainable air transportation. The Ohio State University is leading the NASA University Leadership Initiative (ULI) Electric Propulsion: Challenges and Opportunities, focused on the design and demonstration of advanced components and systems to enable high-efficiency hybrid turboelectric powertrains in regional aircraft to be deployed in 2030. Within this large effort, the team is optimizing the design of the battery energy storage system (ESS) and, concurrently, developing a supervisory energy management strategy for the hybrid system to reduce fuel burn while mitigating the impact on the ESS life. In this paper, an energy-based model was developed to predict the performance of a battery-hybrid turboelectric distributed-propulsion (BHTeDP) regional jet. A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of ESS sizing and cell selection on the optimal power split between the turbogenerators

Sergent, Aaronn, Ramunno, Michael, D'Arpino, Matilde, Canova, Marcello, Perullo, Christopher

Powertrain Hardware In The Loop X Vehicle Hardware In the Loop: How to Optimize Their Use During the Software Development Cycle

2019-36-031101/13/2020

The advance of technology and the demand for new features on vehicles has been challenging the automotive industry to find ways to speed up its development process, while increases the robustness and quality of its products. On this context, the embedded software development for vehicles has been directly impacted. In other words, the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) considerably increased on the past few years and the number of lines of code, as well as their complexity, have been exponentially increased. In order to deal with this new reality, besides the automotive test prototypes used during the development, the automotive industry has been using different virtual environment to develop, verify and validate its products. As an example, we can see an increase in the use of different Hardware In The Loop system architectures (HILs) such as Powertrain HIL (with real Engine and Transmission Control Modules - ECM and TCM) and Vehicle HILs (with real ECM, TCM, several other ECUs

Lopes dos Santos, Jeeves, Silva, Elaine Cristina Guglielmoni, Marques, Cleber Albert Moreira, Urquiza de Sá, Gustavo Maximo, Silva, José Henrique, Vianna de Resende, Mauricio

Pulsating Heat Pipe Automotive Application

2019-36-022701/13/2020

It is proposed a study to evaluate PHP (pulsating heat pipes) device application in battery thermal management systems for HEV (hybrid-electric vehicle) and EV (electric vehicle). Firstly, it is necessary to understanding Li-ion (lithium ion) batteries for HEV/EV, the electrical energy supply state-of-the-art. The analyzed aspects were battery framework and configuration; working principles and mechanisms; and market penetration and potential. Secondly, the adverse effects of temperature over such batteries were discussed. After understanding the case study, a battery modeling survey was performed in order to later evaluate BTMSs (battery thermal management systems). Well comprehended case study and battery modeling, then, it was possible to examine current automotive battery cooling and heating solutions. Finally, PHP was evaluated as a possible BTMS regarding technical and commercial aspects, explaining what would be the requisites in order to attend automobile heat dissipation

Barbosa de Oliveira, Rafael Beicker, Villalva, Sergio Gradella, Filho, Luiz Paulo Rodrigues, Windlin, Fernando Luiz, Alegre, Guilherme Henrique Mayer, Gonçalves do Santos, Rogério

Balancing Strategy for a Battery Applied in HEV Based on Bi-directional Flyback Converter and Outlier Detection

2019-36-024201/13/2020

Dissipative cell balancing generates heat during its operation. Current techniques do not guarantee optimal balance of battery pack energy, requiring a high-cost Battery Management System (BMS) solution and wasting energy in the form of heat. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles uses the combustion engine to recharge the battery. Therefore, this feature requires a BMS balancing system capable of optimizing battery capacity and still be energy efficient. In this way, a non-dissipative balancing system would be interesting, especially if an algorithm works with the former non-dissipative balancing method, which efficiently determines which cells are unbalanced. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to perform non-dissipative balance of lithium-ion cells. This method considers which cells inside a certain range are considered balanced and cells outside this range are considered unbalanced. The range is given by the median of the cells terminal voltage summed with a threshold defined by

Marques, Felipe L. R., Aranha, Juliana C. M. S., Padela, Fernando F., Rosolem, Maria de Fátima N. C., Beck, Raul F.

Battery cell modeling for energy and power estimations in a battery pack applied to a HEV

2019-36-024301/13/2020

In this paper we present the concept of cell battery modeling and its importance to the battery management system of a HEV. A review of possible equivalent circuits to model the battery electric behavior is made and we present the proposed equivalent circuit to this application. This model takes into consideration the temperature, current and state of charge conditions in which the battery is being used, without adding equations to state-space model. Then, we discuss the laboratory tests that need to be performed to provide information for the models. A test procedure is presented in 6 different scenarios. Finally, the results of the application of this methodology for a NMC battery cell are showed. The maximum RMSE found between real and estimated voltage by the model was 1.0041e-4. A state of charge estimation using this model showed a 1.995e-6 mean squared error.

Aranha, Juliana C M S, Marques, Felipe Lima, Chiachio CPqD, Thiago

Items per page:

1 – 50 of 391