Browse Topic: Quantum computing

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Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security2026-26-0622To be published on 01/16/2026
The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed public-key cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) – typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict
Mishra, Abhigyan
Intuitive Programming Language for Quantum ComputersTBMG-3848202/01/2021
Quantum computing has seen increased attention over the past decade since these computers, which function according to the principles of quantum physics, have enormous potential. These computers may one day be able to solve certain problems faster than classical computers, since they use entangled quantum states in which various bits of information overlap at a certain point in time. This means that in the future, quantum computers will be able to efficiently solve problems that classical computers cannot solve within a reasonable timeframe.
Supercool Mini-ThermometerTBMG-3833501/01/2021
Researchers have developed a miniature superconducting thermometer that measures temperatures below 1 kelvin (-272.15 °C or -457.87 °F), down to 50 millikelvin (mK) and potentially 5 mK. It is smaller, faster, and more convenient than conventional cryogenic thermometers for chip-scale devices and could be mass-produced.
“One-Way” Electronic DevicesTBMG-3779910/01/2020
Waves — whether they are light waves, sound waves, or any other kind — travel in the same manner in forward and reverse directions. This is known as the principle of reciprocity. If waves could be routed in one direction only — breaking reciprocity — many applications could be transformed by enabling “one-way” components such as circulators and isolators that enable two-way communication, which could double the data capacity of today's wireless networks. These components are essential to quantum computers that read a qubit without disturbing it. They are also critical to radar systems in self-driving cars or those used by the military.
Quantum Error Correction MethodTBMG-3765509/01/2020
An Army project devised a novel approach for quantum error correction that could provide a key step toward quantum computing that would enable the military to potentially solve previously intractable problems or deploy sensors with higher magnetic and electric field sensitivities. The approach, developed by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology with Army funding, could mitigate certain types of the random fluctuations, or noise, that are a longstanding barrier to quantum computing. These random fluctuations can eradicate the data stored in such devices.
Method Verifies that Quantum Chips are Computing CorrectlyTBMG-3746108/01/2020
In a step toward practical quantum computing, researchers have designed a system that can verify when quantum chips have accurately performed complex computations that classical computers can’t.
Quantum Computing at Room TemperatureTBMG-3719507/01/2020
For years, solid-state quantum technology that operates at room temperature seemed remote. While the application of transparent crystals with optical nonlinearities had emerged as the most likely route to this milestone, the plausibility of such a system always remained in question. Scientists have now demonstrated the feasibility of a quantum logic gate comprised of photonic circuits and optical crystals.
Graphene Device with Superconducting, Insulating, and Magnetic PropertiesTBMG-3703206/01/2020
Thinner than a single strand of DNA yet 200 times stronger than steel, graphene is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat and it can conform to any number of shapes, from an ultrathin 2D sheet to an electronic circuit.
Moving Precision Communication, Metrology, Quantum Applications from Lab to ChipTBMG-3687805/01/2020
The field of photonic integration — the area of photonics in which waveguides and devices are fabricated as an integrated system onto a flat wafer — is relatively young compared to electronics. Photonic integration has focused on communications applications traditionally fabricated on silicon chips, because these are less expensive and more easily manufactured.
Low-Energy Device Rapidly Reroutes Light in Computer ChipsTBMG-3596202/01/2020
Researchers have developed an optical switch that routes light from one computer chip to another in just 20 billionths of a second — faster than any other similar device. The compact switch is the first to operate at voltages low enough to be integrated onto low-cost silicon chips and redirects light with very low signal loss.
Method Manipulates Electrons and Transmits Information Quantum-MechanicallyTBMG-3571812/01/2019
A quantum computer operates on the principles of quantum mechanics, a unique set of rules that governs at the extremely small scale of atoms and subatomic particles. When dealing with particles at these scales, many of the rules that govern classical physics no longer apply and quantum effects emerge. A quantum computer is able to perform complex calculations, factor extremely large numbers, and simulate the behaviors of atoms and particles at levels that classical computers cannot.
Direct-Write Quantum Calligraphy in Monolayer SemiconductorsTBMG-3462106/01/2019
In contrast with conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit billions of photons simultaneously to form a steady stream of light, a single photon emitter (SPE) generates exactly one photon on demand, with each photon indistinguishable from another. These characteristics are essential for photon-based quantum technologies under development. In addition, such capabilities should be realized in a material platform that enables precise, repeatable placement of SPEs in a fully scalable fashion compatible with existing semiconductor chip manufacturing.
Programming Light on a ChipTBMG-3460606/01/2019
Microwave signals are ubiquitous in wireless communications but interact too weakly with photons. A technique was developed to fabricate high-performance optical microstructures using lithium niobate, a material with powerful electro-optic properties. The new integrated photonics platform can store light and electrically control its frequency (or color) in an integrated circuit. The platform draws inspiration from atomic systems and could have a wide range of applications including photonic quantum information processing, optical signal processing, and microwave photonics.
Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryTBMG-3394203/01/2019
Since 1967, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) has been the United States’ premier particle physics laboratory, working on the world's most advanced particle accelerators and digging down to the smallest building blocks of matter.
Individual Quantum Dots Imaged in 3-D for the First TimeTBMG-3389603/01/2019
Researchers have developed an imaging technique that uses a tiny, super sharp needle to nudge a single nanoparticle into different orientations and capture 2-D images to help reconstruct a 3-D picture. The method demonstrates imaging of individual nanoparticles at different orientations while in a laser-induced excited state.
Ferroelectric Switching in 2D Tungsten Produces Spontaneous Electrical PolarizationTBMG-3325911/01/2018
The general public might think of the 21st century as an era of revolutionary technological platforms, such as smart-phones or social media. But for many scientists, this century is the era of another type of platform: two-dimensional materials, and their unexpected secrets.
Quantum Dots Monitor Brain ActivityTBMG-3326311/01/2018
Luminescent quantum dots are finding new and exciting applications in current nano-science research, including improved solar energy collectors, LEDs, and quantum computers. A recent thrust from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Nanoscience Institute is focused on applying them as tools for neuroscience, opening the doors for a new way to observe brain activity and its functions.
Inorganic Compound for Use in Quantum ComputingTBMG-3323211/01/2018
Quantum computers will be able to solve problems well beyond the reach of existing computers while working much faster and consuming vastly less energy. An inorganic compound was developed that adopts a crystal structure capable of sustaining a new state of matter known as quantum spin liquid — an important advance toward quantum computing.
Quantum Computing: Learning to Speak a Whole New TechnologyTBMG-3311510/01/2018
Imagine trying to use a computer that looks and acts like no computer you've ever seen. There is no keyboard or screen. Code designed for a normal computer is useless. The components don't even follow the laws of classical physics. Quantum computing would be radically new and fundamentally different from the classical computers we're used to.
Faster Photons Could Make Data Totally SecureTBMG-3283909/01/2018
Transferring data using light passed along fiber optic cables has become increasingly common over the past decades, but each pulse currently contains millions of photons. That means that in principle, a portion of these could be intercepted without detection. Secure data is already encrypted, but if an eavesdropper was able to intercept the signals containing details of the code, in theory they could access and decode the rest of the message.
Fabrication Process Produces Nanostructures for Electronic DevicesTBMG-2903106/01/2018
Demands for improved computer processing power have led researchers to explore both new processes and other materials beyond silicon to produce electronic components. Semiconductor devices are created on wafers through a multi-step process to coat, remove, or pattern conductive materials. Traditional processes are wet etch, in which a sample with blocked aspects is immersed in an acid bath to remove substances, and reactive ion etching, in which ions bombard exposed surfaces on the wafer to change its chemical properties and remove materials in those exposed regions. Both have been used to develop the intricate electronic patterns on circuits, and use silicon as a foundation for this type of patterning.
Electron-to-Photon Communication for Quantum ComputingTBMG-2652203/01/2017
Princeton University researchers have built a device in which a single electron can pass its quantum information to a particle of light. The particle of light, or photon, then acts as a messenger to carry the information to other electrons, creating connections that form the circuits of a quantum computer.
Epitaxial Growth of Rhenium with SputteringTBMG-2609512/01/2016
Epitaxial superconducting films of refractory metals are a promising new template for single crystal tunnel barriers in Josephson junction quantum bit (qubit) devices. In existing Josephson junction qubits, it is believed that the widely-used amorphous AlOx tunnel barriers have undesirable two-state fluctuators. It is speculated that single-crystal tunnel barriers such as sapphire (α-Al2O3) may be free of such decoherence sources.
Simple Impedance Matched Planar Microwave Blocking FilterTBMG-2452405/01/2016
Thermal blocking filters find wide use in cryogenic applications ranging from quantum computing to ultra-low-noise detectors. They can be used to provide the environmental isolation between cooled devices and the warmer temperature supporting bias and readout circuitry. In particular, they are effective in rejecting thermal radiation, limiting radio frequency interference, and providing a convenient means of heat sinking or realizing a vacuum feedthrough for signal lines.
Piezoelectricity in 2D Semiconductor Holds Promise for Future MEMsTBMG-2160902/18/2015
A door has been opened to low-power off/on switches in micro-electro- mechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectronic devices, as well as ultrasensitive bio-sensors, with the first observation of piezoelectricity in a free standing two-dimensional semiconductor by a team of researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). Xiang Zhang, director of Berkeley Lab’s Materials Sciences Division and an international authority on nanoscale engineering, led a study in which piezoelectricity – the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity or vice versa – was demonstrated in a free standing single layer of molybdenum disulfide, a 2D semiconductor that is a potential successor to silicon for faster electronic devices in the future.
NIST Studies Why Quantum Dots Suffer from ‘Fluorescence Intermittency’TBMG-2018308/01/2014
Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), working in collaboration with the Naval Research Laboratory, have found that a particular species of quantum dots that weren't commonly thought to blink, do. Although the blinks are short — on the order of nanoseconds to milliseconds — even brief fluctuations can result in efficiency losses that could cause trouble for using quantum dots to generate photons that move information around inside a quantum computer or between nodes of a future high-security internet based on quantum telecommunications.
Dr. Vadim Smelyanskiy, Principal Scientist, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CATBMG-1933103/27/2014
Dr. Vadim Smelyanskiy: As a principal scientist in physics-based methods, I oversee a number of activities that require this approach. One of them is related to critical physics-based analysis of failure mode development and fault management, as well as assessment of various risks in the integrated vehicle environment.
Discovery Could Lead to More Efficient Solar Cells and Super Bright LEDsTBMG-1440707/01/2012
Ateam of physicists headed by Dr. Vinod M. Menon, who is a member of The City University of New York Photonics Initiative and teaches at Queens College, has discovered a new method to manipulate light that could eventually result in more efficient solar cells, super bright LEDs, ultra-high sensitive sensors, and single photon sources necessary for quantum communication protocols and quantum computers.
Hidden Statistics of Schrödinger EquationTBMG-961004/01/2011
Work was carried out in determination of the mathematical origin of randomness in quantum mechanics and creating a hidden statistics of Schrödinger equation; i.e., to expose the transitional stochastic process as a “bridge” to the quantum world. The governing equations of hidden statistics would preserve such properties of quantum physics as superposition, entanglement, and direct-product decomposability while allowing one to measure its state variables using classical methods. In other words, such a system would reinforce the advantages and minimize the limitations of both quantum and classical aspects, and therefore, it will be useful for implementation of quantum computing.
Simulation Concept Exploits Tools for Computing HybridsTBMG-776604/01/2010
The Simulation Concept – How to Exploit Tools for Computing Hybrids (SCHETCH) project is exploring the design modeling and simulation (M&S) process for developing advanced computing technology for future intelligent systems. The goal is to integrate new alternative computing concepts with existing silicon-based computing technology in hybrid computing architectures. A main premise behind this project is that, for an alternative-computing concept to move from the laboratory to a technology ready for the field, the proper M&S process must be in place. Adaptation and integration of commercially available software provides an opportunity to take advantage of existing functionality without investing time into developing new tools for new concepts. It was decided to focus on hardware concepts rather than software implementations, initially looking at three concepts: nanomechanical quantum computing, membrane computing, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) computing.
Dr. Peter Shirron, Senior Research Scientist, Cryogenics and Fluids Group, Goddard Space Flight CenterTBMG-533106/01/2009
Dr. Peter Shirron, a senior research scientist with NASA’s Cryogenics and Fluids Group, led the team of researchers credited with developing the first continuous duty multi-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) used to cool sophisticated space-borne detector arrays to temperatures below 2 Kelvin.
Scheme for Quantum Computing Immune to DecoherenceTBMG-266903/01/2008
A constructive scheme has been devised to enable mapping of any quantum computation into a spintronic circuit in which the computation is encoded in a basis that is, in principle, immune to quantum decoherence. The scheme is implemented by an algorithm that utilizes multiple physical spins to encode each logical bit in such a way that collective errors affecting all the physical spins do not disturb the logical bit. The scheme is expected to be of use to experimenters working on spintronic implementations of quantum logic.
Modeling Magnetic Properties in EZTBTBMG-235309/01/2007
A software module that calculates magnetic properties of a semiconducting material has been written for incorporation into, and execution within, the Easy (Modular) Tight-Binding (EZTB) software infrastructure. [EZTB is designed to model the electronic structures of semiconductor devices ranging from bulk semiconductors, to quantum wells, quantum wires, and quantum dots. EZTB implements an empirical tight-binding mathematical model of the underlying physics.]
Spintronic Effects in Semiconductor NanostructuresTBMG-458304/01/2007
Progress has been made in calculation of spintronic effects in semiconductor nanostructures. The calculations contribute to the body of theoretical knowledge complementing recent experimental advances in generating, transporting, and detecting coherent spin-polarized populations of electron and nuclear spins in semiconductors. The experimental advances have demonstrated that spintronic effects could be harnessed as the basis of novel nanoscale devices. Theoretical advances are needed to understand and extend the experimental advances by enabling inference of previously unknown phenomena from results of experiments and incorporation of these phenomena into realistic models of operation and performance of spintronic devices, including devices that could be used in quantum computation.
Exploiting Quantum Resonance to Solve Combinatorial ProblemsTBMG-105210/01/2006
Quantum resonance would be exploited in a proposed quantum-computing approach to the solution of combinatorial optimization problems. In quantum computing in general, one takes advantage of the fact that an algorithm cannot be decoupled from the physical effects available to implement it. Prior approaches to quantum computing have involved exploitation of only a subset of known quantum physical effects, notably including parallelism and entanglement, but not including resonance. In the proposed approach, one would utilize the combinatorial properties of tensor-product decomposability of unitary evolution of many-particle quantum systems for physically simulating solutions to NP-complete problems (a class of problems that are intractable with respect to classical methods of computation). In this approach, reinforcement and selection of a desired solution would be executed by means of quantum resonance. Classes of NP-complete problems that are important in practice and could be solved by
SCB Quantum Computers Using iSWAP and 1-Qubit RotationsTBMG-15607/01/2005
Units of superconducting circuitry that exploit the concept of the single-Cooper-pair box (SCB) have been built and are undergoing testing as prototypes of logic gates that could, in principle, constitute building blocks of clocked quantum computers. These units utilize quantized charge states as the quantum information-bearing degrees of freedom.
Scheme for Entering Binary Data Into a Quantum ComputerTBMG-76103/01/2005
A quantum algorithm provides for the encoding of an exponentially large number of classical data bits by use of a smaller (polynomially large) number of quantum bits (qubits). The development of this algorithm was prompted by the need, heretofore not satisfied, for a means of entering real-world binary data into a quantum computer. The data format provided by this algorithm is suitable for subsequent ultrafast quantum processing of the entered data. Potential applications lie in disciplines (e.g., genomics) in which one needs to search for matches between parts of very long sequences of data. For example, the algorithm could be used to encode the N-bit-long human genome in only log2N qubits. The resulting log2N-qubit state could then be used for subsequent quantum data processing — for example, to perform rapid comparisons of sequences.
Simulation of Laser Cooling and Trapping in Engineering ApplicationsTBMG-14601/01/2005
An advanced computer code is undergoing development for numerically simulating laser cooling and trapping of large numbers of atoms. The code is expected to be useful in practical engineering applications and to contribute to understanding of the roles that light, atomic collisions, background pressure, and numbers of particles play in experiments using laser-cooled and -trapped atoms. The code is based on semiclassical theories of the forces exerted on atoms by magnetic and optical fields. Whereas computer codes developed previously for the same purpose account for only a few physical mechanisms, this code incorporates many more physical mechanisms (including atomic collisions, sub-Doppler cooling mechanisms, Stark and Zeeman energy shifts, gravitation, and evanescent-wave phenomena) that affect laser-matter interactions and the cooling of atoms to submillikelvin temperatures. Moreover, whereas the prior codes can simulate the interactions of at most a few atoms with a resonant light
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