Browse Topic: Flight management systems

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Best Practices to Prevent, Mitigate and Respond to Cyber Attacks on Air Traffic Management Systems 2022-26-125605/26/2022
Introduction With the digitization and advanced technology inclusions into the Air traffic management systems, there has been an increasing risk of cyber-attacks. The disruption to the computing, communication and control systems has been on an increase. These attacks along with equipment failures can have a far-reaching impact on the performance of the Air Traffic Management Systems. Cybersecurity is still uncommon and is more an after-thought than being engineered into the Systems. Description Deliberate attacks by Hackers have been demonstrated at some of the conferences where a ghost plane has been introduced in to the air space. In 2013, a German technology consultant claimed hacking Flight Management System with a simple android App and some easily available software and hardware. These increasing cyber-disruptions reflect a wider threat to the society which is pervasive, varied, and impactful. In consequence, an intense effort is needed to develop resilient cyber-systems that
Dubey, Kumud Bajaj
Adopting Aviation Safety Knowledge into the Discussions of Safe Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Road Vehicles2021-01-007404/06/2021
The development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is progressing fast. Yet, safety and standardization-related discussions are limited due to the recent nature of the sector. Despite the effort that is initiated to kick-start the study, awareness among practitioners is still low. Hence, further effort is required to stimulate this discussion. Among the available works on CAV safety, some of them take inspiration from the aviation sector that has strict safety regulations. The underlying reason is the experience that has been gained over the decades. However, the literature still lacks a thorough association between automation in aviation and the CAV from the safety perspective. As such, this paper motivates the adoption of safe-automation knowledge from aviation to facilitate safer CAV systems. The authors briefly elaborate on the widely discussed aviation themes, including autopilot and auto-throttle malfunctions, flight management system, human factors, and suggests how
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir, Mehndiratta, Mohit, Adali, Erkan
Automatic Pilots (Turbine Powered Subsonic Aircraft)AS440B (Current)12/22/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers automatic pilots intended for use on aircraft to automatically operate the primary and trim aerodynamic controls to maintain stable flight and/or to provide maneuvering about any of the three axes through servo control. Automatic control functions essential for primary or augmented flight control are excluded.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
Human Engineering Recommendations for Data Link SystemsARP4791B-TEST-REC (Historical)11/03/2020
This document sets forth general, functional, procedural, and design criteria and recommendations concerning human engineering of data link systems. The recommendations are based on limited evidence from empirical and analytic studies of simulated data link communication, and on experience from operational tests and actual use of data link. However, because data are not yet available to support recommendations on all potentially critical human engineering issues these recommendations necessarily go beyond the data link research and include requirements based on related research and human factors engineering practice. It is also recognized that evolution of these recommendations will be appropriate as experience with data link accumulates and new applications are implemented. This document focuses primarily on recommendations for data link communications between an air traffic specialist and a pilot, i.e., air traffic services communications, although some recommendations address use of
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Human Engineering Recommendations for Data Link SystemsARP4791B (Current)11/03/2020
This document sets forth general, functional, procedural, and design criteria and recommendations concerning human engineering of data link systems. The recommendations are based on limited evidence from empirical and analytic studies of simulated data link communication, and on experience from operational tests and actual use of data link. However, because data are not yet available to support recommendations on all potentially critical human engineering issues these recommendations necessarily go beyond the data link research and include requirements based on related research and human factors engineering practice. It is also recognized that evolution of these recommendations will be appropriate as experience with data link accumulates and new applications are implemented. This document focuses primarily on recommendations for data link communications between an air traffic specialist and a pilot, i.e., air traffic services communications, although some recommendations address use of
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Approach to Landing Guidance System for Transport AircraftARP4102/12B (Current)06/11/2020
This document specifies requirements for an Approach to Landing Guidance System (ALGS) electronic device. This equipment shall display relative aircraft position and situation information for flight along precision three-dimensional paths within the appropriate coverage area. The precision three-dimensional path may be an ILS straight-in look-alike path or a complex, curved path. The requirements are applicable to electronic devices capable of receiving signals or other information from one or more sources, including but not limited to ILS, GNSS, or IRU inputs.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP4103A (Current)09/17/2019
This document recommends design and performance criteria for aircraft lighting systems used to illuminate flight deck controls, luminous visual displays used for transfer of information, and flight deck background and instrument surfaces that form the flight deck visual environment. This document is for commercial transport aircraft except for applications requiring night vision compatibility.
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Collins Aerospace provides avionics for C-130H modernization programSAE-MA-0000209/03/2019
The Lockheed C-130H Hercules fleet operated by the Air National Guard and U.S. Air Force Reserve is getting new Collins Aerospace Systems avionics that will help extend the life of the legacy aircraft by 20 years.
Kucinski, William
A Dynamic Fault Tree Approach for Time-Dependent Logical Modeling of Autonomous Flight Systems2019-01-135803/19/2019
This paper addresses the urgent need for adequate methodologies to use in analyzing autonomous flight systems, including Unmanned Aircraft. These systems are inherently dynamic and require analysis that is explicitly time dependent. Autonomous flight systems are becoming more commonly used, especially for Part 23 aircraft including Business (Corporate) and Regional Jets or Unmanned Aircraft deployed in hazardous environment/situation. Such systems are expected to make their own decisions under uncertain conditions caused by potential system structure changes when entering a new flight phase or switching to a new system configuration due to system degradation or failure(s) [1]. This paper highlights significant modeling errors that can arise in analyzing dynamic scenarios where these time dependencies are ignored. Model-based solutions are provided by incorporating a time-dependent algebraic formalism into Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Dependency Diagram (DD) with updated descriptions
Wang, John
EMBEDDED INTERCHANGE FORMAT FOR OBSTACLE DATABASESARINC815 (Current)12/21/2018
This document defines an open encoding format for obstacle databases. This format, when designed and implemented, will enable a quick, economic, and efficient use of Obstacle Databases (ObsDBs). However, since industry does not require applications to be standardized, data interpretation is not addressed in this document.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
ADVANCED FLIGHT MANAGEMENT COMPUTER SYSTEMARINC702A-5 (Current)08/28/2018
The Advanced FMCS provides expanded functions beyond that defined in ARINC 702 to support the anticipated requirements for operation in the CNS/ATM operating environment. GNSS and RNP based navigation, air-to-ground data link for communications and surveillance, and the associated crew interface control/display definitions are included. The NextGen/SESAR concepts and their relative effects on the FMS are addressed in this document. The functional requirements also apply to a Flight Management Function (FMF) in an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture with software partitions.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Vehicle Management Systems - Flight Control Function, Design, Installation and Test of Piloted Military Aircraft, General Specification ForAS94900A (Current)08/13/2018
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides the general performance, design, installation, test, development, and quality assurance requirements for the flight control related functions of the Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) of military piloted aircraft. It also provides specification guidance for the flight control interfaces with other systems and subsystems of the aircraft.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
ATP360 An Air Carrier First Officer Training ProgramAIR6319 (Current)05/24/2018
ATP360 air carrier training applies to pilots holding a commercial certificate with instrument and multi-engine ratings. This document describes how the ATP360 program achieves its objectives: to educate and train qualified pilots for First Officer and eventually Captain positions with the regional and/or the major airlines. This document also provides an overview of a selection process, an academic curriculum, a flight training program, faculty preparation, and program evaluation. The focus of ATP360 is to develop industry-recognized competencies and instill the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to bring persons up to professional air carrier standards.
G-10G Realistic Training Committee
MULTI-MODE RECEIVER (MMR) - DIGITALARINC755-5 (Current)01/25/2018
ARINC Characteristic 755 defines a multi-mode receiver capable of providing flight path deviation guidance (corrections) to the aircraft during the approach and landing phase. The data source may be from an Instrument Landing System (ILS), a Microwave Landing System (MLS) or an GNSS Landing System (GLS). Supplement 5 adds annunciations defined in RTCA/DO-253D – MOPS for GPS LAAS Airborne Equipment. GNSS Data and GLS Config Validity ARINC 429 Labels are also updated. The range for Selected Glide Path Angle is corrected.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Autopilot, Flight Director, and Autothrust SystemsARP5366 (Current)01/04/2017
This document recommends criteria for the design and installation of Autopilot, Flight Director and Autothrust Systems. These three systems are highly interrelated and will be referred to generically as an Integrated Flight Guidance System (IFGS).
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Aeronautical Data Link and Radar Simulator (ADRS)TBMG-2570311/01/2016
Air traffic management research needs to adequately address all players, including flight crews, air traffic controllers/managers, and airline dispatchers. Interactions between the different stakeholders are crucial elements for the viability of a given concept. A simulation capable of addressing this type of distributed decision-making needs to meet several requirements in terms of fidelity, operator proficiency, and number of participants. Most research facilities and laboratories can provide a sufficient fidelity for one particular aspect, but lack in the other aspects because of budget, personnel, and proprietary constraints.
Aircraft Flight Control Systems DescriptionsAIR4094A (Current)07/18/2016
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) supplies information on the flight control systems incorporated on various current and historic fixed wing, rotary wing, and tilt rotor aircraft. A brief description of the aircraft is followed by a description of the flight control system, some specific components, drawings of the internal arrangement, block diagrams, and schematics. System operation redundancy management is also presented.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Descriptions of Systems Integration Test Rigs (Iron Birds) For Aerospace ApplicationsAIR5992 (Current)10/16/2015
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on systems integration rigs, commonly referred to as “Iron Birds” for aerospace applications. a It includes background historical information including descriptions of Iron Birds produced to date, important component elements and selection rationale, hydraulic system design and operational modes and illustrates the design approaches to be considered. b It provides illustrations of the various systems that should be considered for Iron Bird testing in the development phase and utilization during the production program. c It includes recommendations for simulation, component development tests, system integration and lessons learned.
A-6A3 Flight Control and Vehicle Management Systems Cmt
Aircraft Vertical Route Optimization Deterministic Algorithm for a Flight Management System2015-01-254109/15/2015
This paper describes an optimization algorithm that provides an economical Vertical Navigation profile plan by finding the combinations of climb, cruise and descent speeds, as well as the altitudes for an aircraft to minimize flight costs. The computational algorithm profits from a space search reduction algorithm to reduce the initial number of speed and altitude combinations. Additional search space reductions were performed with the implementation of the branch and cut algorithm. A bounding function that correctly estimates the flight cost considering step climbs was developed to reduce the number of calculations. The full flight fuel burn cost was obtained using a performance database- based method. The fuel flight cost was computed using the cost index. This algorithm used a performance database instead of equations of motion to compute fuel burn. This database was developed and validated by our industrial partner using real flight experimental data. To validate the algorithm, its
Murrieta-Mendoza, Alejandro, Botez, Ruxandra
Development of a High-Fidelity Simulation Model for a Research Environment2015-01-256909/15/2015
During aircraft development, mathematical models are elaborated from our knowledge of fundamental physical laws. Those models are used to gain knowledge in order to make the best decisions at all development stages. Depending on the application, different models can be used to describe, in one way or another, the aircraft behavior. The goal of this paper is to develop a high-fidelity aircraft simulation model that is exceptionally capable, flexible and responsive to the needs of the researchers. The proposed model includes nonlinear aerodynamic coefficients, a generic engine model and a complete autopilot with auto-landing. The simulation model has been designed to help researchers develop and validate new algorithms for trajectory optimization, control design, stability analysis and parameter estimation. To make it easy to use, the simulation model also includes algorithms for stability and control analysis. Methodologies based on Nelder-Mead's optimization algorithm with a friendly
Ghazi, Georges, Botez, Ruxandra
Flight Altitude Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms Considering Climb and Descent Costs in Cruise with Flight Plan Information2015-01-254209/15/2015
Flight trajectory optimization algorithms reduce flight cost and fuel consumption, thereby reducing the polluting emissions released to the atmosphere. Ground teams and avionics equipment such as the Flight Management System evaluate different routes to minimize flight costs. The optimal trajectory represents the flight plan given to the crew. The resulting flight plan contains waypoints and weather information such as the wind speed and direction and the temperature for each waypoint. The flight plan is normally introduced manually into the Flight Management System. In this paper, genetic algorithms were applied to the waypoints available in a flight plan to find the altitudes that minimize total fuel consumption, taking into account the cruise-climb and cruise-descent steps' costs. The genetic algorithms emulate the evolution process through a predefined number of generations. Here, an individual is defined as a set of altitudes, whose fitness depends on its ability to improve the
Murrieta-Mendoza, Alejandro, Botez, Ruxandra Mihaela, Félix Patrón, Roberto S
Automated ATM System Enabling 4DT-Based Operations2015-01-253909/15/2015
As part of the current initiatives aimed at enhancing safety, efficiency and environmental sustainability of aviation, a significant improvement in the efficiency of aircraft operations is currently pursued. Innovative Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) technologies and operational concepts are being developed to achieve the ambitious goals for efficiency and environmental sustainability set by national and international aviation organizations. These technological and operational innovations will be ultimately enabled by the introduction of novel CNS/ATM and Avionics (CNS+A) systems, featuring higher levels of automation. A core feature of such systems consists in the real-time multi-objective optimization of flight trajectories, incorporating all the operational, economic and environmental aspects of the aircraft mission. This article describes the conceptual design of an innovative ground-based Air Traffic Management (ATM) system featuring
Gardi, Alessandro, Sabatini, Roberto, Ramasamy, Subramanian, Marino, Matthew, Kistan, Trevor
Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Performance Criteria for Safety-Critical Avionic Systems2015-01-254409/15/2015
Avionic system developers are currently working on innovative technologies that are required in view of the rapid expansion of global air transport and growing concerns for environmental sustainability of aviation sector. Novel Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) system designs are being developed in the CNS/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) and Avionics (CNS+A) context for mission-and safety-critical applications. The introduction of dedicated software modules in Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS), which are the primary providers of automated navigation and guidance services in manned aircraft and Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), has the potential to enable the significant advances brought in by time and trajectory based operations. High-integrity, high-reliability and all-weather services are required in the context of four dimensional Trajectory Based Operations / Intent Based Operations (TBO/IBO). The NG-FMS and the Next Generation Air Traffic
Ramasamy, Subramanian, Sabatini, Roberto
Simulation-Driven Methodology for the Requirements Verification and Safety Assessment of Innovative Flight Control Systems2015-01-247809/15/2015
The paradigm shift to focus on an enhancement of existing aircraft systems raises the question which of the many possible incremental improvements results in an advantageous solution still considering all existing requirements. Hence, new methodologies for aircraft system design are a prerequisite to cope with such huge and complex design spaces. In the case of flight control system optimization, major design variables are the control surface configuration and actuation as well as their functional allocation. Possible architecture topologies have to be verified inter alia with respect to system safety requirements. In this context, flight dynamic characteristics and handling qualities of the fully operational as well as of several degraded system states of each topology have to be evaluated and checked against common specifications. A model-based verification of the requirements is favorable, resulting in a rapid reduction of the design space. Safety objectives for valid configurations
Kreitz, Tobias, Bornholdt, Riko, Krings, Matthias, Henning, Karsten, Thielecke, Frank
FMS and AFCS Interface for 4D Trajectory Operations2015-01-245809/15/2015
The future revolution of the air traffic system imposes the development of a new class of Flight Management Systems (FMS), capable of providing the aircraft with real-time reference flight parameters, necessary to fly the aircraft through a predefined sequence of waypoints, while minimizing fuel consumption, noise and pollution emissions. The main goal is to guarantee safety operations while reducing the aircraft environmental impact, according to the main international research programs. This policy is expected to affect also the Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs), as soon as they will be allowed to fly beyond the restricted portions of the aerospace where they are currently confined. In the future, in fact, UASs are expected to fly within the whole civilian airspace, under the same requirements deriving from the adoption of the Performance Based Navigation (PBN). For UASs, the most attractive strategy to reach this goal consists in adopting the mature technology developed for the civil
Sirigu, Giuseppe, Battipede, Manuela, Gili, Piero, Cassaro, Mario
Air-Ground Communications System Aims to Make Flying SaferTBMG-2229806/01/2015
Reliance on old-fashioned radio contact by pilots and vulnerable tracking systems is still high, but satellites are set to change sky safety, thanks to international collaboration. The European Space Agency’s Iris program is looking to satellites to make aviation safer through modern communications. Worldwide digital data links via satellite, offering much higher capacity, will become the standard for cockpit crews, with voice communications kept as backup.
Flight Management System SoftwareTBMG-2230106/01/2015
Thales Paris La Défense Cedex, France +33 (0)1 57 77 86 26
ADVANCED FLIGHT MANAGEMENT COMPUTER SYSTEMARINC702A-4 (Current)12/15/2014
The Advanced FMCS provides expanded functions beyond that defined in ARINC 702 to support the anticipated requirements for operation in the CNS/ATM operating environment. GNSS and RNP based navigation, air-to-ground data link for communications and surveillance, and the associated crew interface control/display definitions are included.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Trajectory Specification for High-Capacity Air Traffic ControlTBMG-1958305/01/2014
The doubling or tripling of airspace capacity that will be needed over the next several decades will require that tactical separation guidance be automated for appropriately equipped aircraft in high-density airspace. Four-dimensional (4D) trajectory assignment (three-dimensional position as a function of time) will facilitate such automation. A standard trajectory specification format based on XML (Extensible Markup Language) is proposed for that purpose.
ACTIVE SAFETY STARTS IN THE PILOT'S SEAT14MOMP02_0302/01/2014
Dassault Aviation's next-generation integrated digital avionics systems contribute to enhanced air safety in civil applications. As the basic configuration of any new business jet is likely to differ little in comparison to rival airplanes, the key to making a significant leap forward in technology while offering a competitive advantage is to be found beneath the skin, rather than in its shape. Increased safety is paramount in any new aircraft program, and modern digital avionics has considerably eased the pilot workload over the years, though the sheer quantity of data that is available in flight now brings additional challenges in the cockpit.
Gardner, Richard
Active safety starts in the pilot's seat14AERD01_0101/15/2014
Dassault Aviation's next-generation integrated digital avionics systems contribute to enhanced air safety in civil applications. As the basic configuration of any new business jet is likely to differ little in comparison to rival airplanes, the key to making a significant leap forward in technology while offering a competitive advantage is for the immediate future always going to be found beneath the skin, rather than in its shape. Increased safety is paramount in any new aircraft program, and modern digital avionics has considerably eased the pilot workload over the years, though the sheer quantity of data that is available in flight now brings additional challenges in the cockpit.
Gardner, Richard
David Wing, Air Traffic Management Researcher, Langley Research Center, Hampton VATBMG-1900801/01/2014
David Wing is the principal investigator for the Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Requests (TASAR) concept and software application. The cockpit technology, while taking aircraft traffic, weather, and other data sources into account, will compute trajectory changes during the flight to save pilots time and fuel.
Small Airplane Considerations for the Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems2013-01-223309/17/2013
On September 30, 2011, certification authorities released Advisory Circular 20-174[1], Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems, which recognizes the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 4754A and the European equivalent ED-79A [2], in order to address “the concern of possible development errors due to the ever increasing complexity of modern aircraft and systems.” ARP4754A/ED-79A describes a process of development assurance which helps reduce the risk of design errors in the development of aircraft systems. This process is necessary for complex systems not easily comprehended by deterministic analyses or tests. This ARP was developed “in the context of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 25,” a category which includes complex systems such as full fly-by-wire flight controls. However, this paper shows that such systems are the exception to most, recent civil airplane designs. Of new airplanes designed in the last 10 years
Voros, Robert E.
Model-Based Design Flow Driven by Integrated Modular Avionic Simulations2013-01-221109/17/2013
The Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture has been a crucial concern for the aerospace industry in developing more complex systems, while seeking to reduce space, weight and power (SWaP), as well as development, certification and production time. From a software perspective, that objective pushes developers to migrate toward safety critical space and time partitioning environment. However, mainstream commercial real-time operating systems (RTOS) offering such partitioning can be restrictive in early development due to very high licensing costs. That situation is even more striking when considering that low-cost alternatives could instead be used for system modeling and early simulation before acquisition of a target platform. This paper reviews existing low-cost and open-source development environments to propose a novel design flow. The proposed methodology starts with model-based analysis in the AADL modeling language. Then, configuration files and software integration code
Savard, Julien, Bao, Lin, Bois, Guy, Boland, Jean-François
Bob Reisse, ALHAT Project Manager, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA.TBMG-1601303/01/2013
Bob Reisse coordinates the design and testing of ALHAT (Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology) sensors. In December, ALHAT instruments were melded to HUEY helicopters, which used sensors and an integrated computer system to provide guidance and assist pilots. The technology will also enable landing near specific resources and locations across the solar system, including the moon, Mars, and other asteroids.
Advances in Cockpit Display and Crew Information Management Capabilities2012-01-212110/22/2012
Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Systems have gradually entered the Flight Deck environments of Air Transport and General Aviation aircraft to support ‘paperless cockpit’ needs. The EFB delivers information management capabilities as an open computing and touch screen-based display in the cockpit. As reflected by the Air Transport Association (ATA) Spec 2200, which defines Information Standards for Aviation Maintenance, there is a generic need for Aircraft Systems that support methods of storing, updating and retrieving digital information traditionally provided on paper: Chapter 46 of this document classifies such needs in terms of Flight Deck Information Systems, Maintenance Information Systems and Passenger Cabin Information Systems. This article outlines how the EFB system capabilities may evolve along with aircraft maintenance information systems to deliver further levels of information management capabilities to pilots as well as flight operations data integration benefits. The way
Begis, Jean-Marie
Developing an ARINC 661 Cockpit Display System Server with the SCADE Solutions for ARINC 661 Compliant Systems2012-01-211310/22/2012
Embraer began development of an ARINC 661-compliant cockpit display system with Esterel Technologies SCADE Solutions for ARINC 661 Applications. Over the past two years, Embraer has been able to build a fully-functional ARINC 661 demonstrator that includes all components necessary for CDS deployment under the ARINC 661 standard. The ARINC 661 demonstrator includes a fully-compliant ARINC 661 server based originally on Esterel Technologies SCADE 661 Server Creator using an automatic server generator. Embraer had successfully integrated a custom ARINC 661-4, widgets library, with Esterel Technologies widget library, designed with SCADE as the base. Embraer has also developed and integrated User Applications running on a IMA hardware system and communicating with the server using UDP over AFDX within a flight simulator system. This paper discuss the process followed by Embraer for development of the ARINC 661 demonstrator.
Lopes Nunes, Carlos, Mirachi, Samoel, Bento Melo, Alexander, Macauley, John
Automatic PilotsAS402C (Current)08/22/2012
This Aeronautical Standard covers Automatic Pilots intended for use on aircraft to automatically operate the aerodynamic controls to maintain flight and/or to provide maneuvering about the three axes through servo control.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
Towards Cooperation of Formal Methods for the Analysis of Critical Control Systems2011-01-255810/18/2011
Critical systems are subject to drastic certification constraints (DO178-B for avionic systems, SIL-4 for railway systems, ISO26262 for the automotive domain), which require system providers to produce strong evidence for the correctness, reliability, or performance of their systems. Today, the early use of formal modeling and verification methods is recognized as favorable by the industry. Formal methods, which started to appear in the 60's, have now reached a maturity level allowing them to be used in an industrial context. The approach of control system modeling as proposed by the MathWorks with MATLAB Simulink, by Esterel Technologies with the SCADE language or by the academic community with the Lustre language, is extensively used for reactive systems design and often allows the automatic generation of the embedded code. However, despite the existence of a few formal verification tools supporting these languages, few system builders actually rely on formal approaches to
Champion, Adrien, Delmas, Rémi, Garoche, Pierre-loïc, Roux, Pierre
A Discussion on the Use of an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) Architecture to Simulate an Aerospace Control System2011-36-018210/04/2011
The use of control architectures with the Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) concept (“IMA architectures”) in aerospace and the Integrated Modular Electronics (IME) concept (“IME architectures”) in automotive applications is growing due to its reduced number of hardware such as processors, Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) and Electronic Control Units (ECUs), thereby reducing weight and costs. Furthermore, IMA architectures can perform complex reconfigurations in the case of failures and adapt themselves to changes in network functioning or operating modes, which make a control system very robust. The objective of this work is to discuss the use of an IMA architecture to simulate an aerospace control system responsible for maintaining a vehicle in a predetermined trajectory. To do that, we review the current literature related to IMA architectures and give an overview of their characteristics. Then, we choose an aerospace control system and discuss its simulation using an IMA platform. The
Tagawa, Gitsuzo B. S., Souza, Marcelo L. O.
NextGen soon10AEMD0707_0107/07/2010
With ADS-B operations under way in Philadelphia and Louisville, the FAA takes another major step forward to NextGen. Commercial aviation has engaged in a bit of a chicken-and-egg scenario over the last couple years when it comes to the FAA's NextGen air-traffic-control initiative. A number of airline CEOs have said they would like to equip their aircraft with the avionics systems necessary for satellite-based navigation but don't want to spend the money necessary to do so if the infrastructure is incomplete and only a fraction of other airplanes are so equipped. In essence, they say, the business case needs to be made first before they will invest in the technological leap to NextGen. Well, in late May, the FAA said that the decision whether to equip aircraft with the proper avionics or to not equip is not the airlines' to make. It mandated that aircraft operating within certain airspace must begin broadcasting their position via Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) by
Rosenberg, Barry
MULTI-MODE RECEIVER (MMR)-DIGITALARINC755-4 (Current)06/30/2010
This document defines an ILS/MLS/GLS multi-mode receiver that provides the flight path deviation guidance to the aircraft during the final approach and landing phase. The data sources may be Instrument Landing System (ILS), Microwave Landing System (MLS) or GNSS Landing System (GLS). Supplement 4 adds ILS look-alike data (ARINC 429) in support of GLS CAT II/III operation. It also defines Final Approach Segment Data Messages (FASDM) input labels to the MMR for new aircraft.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Aircraft Level Steering Runaway Failure Analysis2009-01-313611/10/2009
Integration of aircraft landing gear systems requires a high level of knowledge and understanding of these systems and how they contribute to aircraft performance. This paper considers a specific design requirement for the steering system. Failure of the steering system, resulting in the aircraft leaving the runway at high speed, can be considered hazardous or even catastrophic. The ability of the system to detect such a failure and take appropriate action is a key aspect of the design. This paper describes an aircraft level steering runaway failure analysis using an aircraft level mechanical and hydraulic control coupled simulation model. The aircraft level simulation model includes aircraft structure, weight and inertia. Appropriate loads and forces (engine thrust, aerodynamic forces, lift, drag) and moments are then applied. The model also includes nose and main landing gears, brakes and tires. The steering system model includes all hydraulic and control components, with failure
Wang, Phillip, Dacko, Les, Keller, Nicolas, Wu, Jiangning
Driver Override for Safety-Critical Vehicles and Networks2009-01-075104/20/2009
Operator error is a primary cause of vehicle accidents, yet human ingenuity is critical to effectively react in situations automation is not prepared to handle. Human operators have always been the ultimate authority, but their decisions may or may not be safe. This paper explores the constraints and requirements of vehicle systems that support automation override of a human operator. We adopt the view that a human operator remains the ultimate authority until grave risk is encountered, at which time the automation overrides strictly to re-establish a safe operating state. An override system must continually monitor vehicle state, predict near-term risk levels, compute a strategy to mitigate substantial risk, and warn the operator of the impending risk given sufficient time. Override action must occur just-in-time to re-establish a safe state before risk increases beyond the “grave” threshold. Controlled flight into terrain and aircraft damage/failure override case studies are
Atkins, E.
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS DATABASEARINC424-19 (Current)12/19/2008
THE CURRENT VERSION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS 424-21. THIS PREVIOUS VERSION IS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE. This standard provides a data base comprising standards used for the preparation of a navigation system data base. This data may be used with the operational flight software in a wide range of navigational equipment.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Airborne Landing Guidance System for Transport AircraftARP4102/12A (Historical)06/04/2008
This document specifies requirements for an Airborne Landing Guidance System (ALGS) electronic device. This equipment shall derive relative aircraft position and situation information for flight along precision three-dimensional paths within the appropriate coverage area. The precision three-dimensional path may be an ILS straight-in look-alike path or a complex, curved path. The requirements are applicable to electronic devices capable of receiving signals or other information from one or more sources, including but not limited to ILS, MLS, GNSS, or IRU inputs.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
HUMAN ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DATA LINK SYSTEMSARP4791A (Historical)02/16/2008
This document sets forth general, functional, procedural, and design criteria and recommendations concerning human engineering of data link systems. The recommendations are based on limited evidence from empirical and analytic studies of simulated data link communication, and on experience from operational tests and actual use of data link. However, because data are not yet available to support recommendations on all potentially critical human engineering issues these recommendations necessarily go beyond the data link research and include requirements based on related research and human factors engineering practice. It is also recognized that evolution of these recommendations will be appropriate as experience with data link accumulates and new applications are implemented. This document focuses primarily on recommendations for data link communications between an air traffic specialist and a pilot, i.e., air traffic services communications, although some recommendations address use of
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Subsystem Design and Integration of A Robust Modular Avionics Suite for UAV Systems Using the Time Triggered Protocol (TTP)2007-01-380209/17/2007
A robust modular open source avionics system which can be ported between different types of uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs) and ground based autonomous systems is a part of the UAV research systems at The University of Kansas. Using a modular subsystem design approach, new solutions for sensors, communication, navigation, and control have been integrated. This research involves the implementation of a bus system for the on-board UAV hardware systems using the Time Triggered Protocol (TTP), where the data communication occurs at predefined time intervals (typically milliseconds). An interface between the UAV's Flight Management System (WePilot AG) and the TTP bus is also being established. Data communications using TTP which is a fault tolerant system reduces the uncertainty in control and communications, increasing the reliability of the UAV's subsystems.
Samuel, Allwyn, Brown, Nelson, Colgren, Richard, Kelly, Gene
DATA LINKARP4102/13A (Current)07/11/2007
This document recommends criteria for a system designed to manage and communicate information via data link to support flight operations.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Airborne Windshear SystemsARP4102/11C (Current)07/11/2007
This document recommends criteria for Airborne Windshear Systems, including operational objectives, characteristics, and functional requirements. The recommendations in this document apply to transport aircraft, and describe the operational objectives of windshear alerting systems, situational displays, guidance systems, and avoidance/ detection systems.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
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