Browse Topic: Computer simulation

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Modal Behaviour in Electric Two-Wheeler Frames2026-26-03101/16/2026
This research investigates the dynamic characteristics of an electric two-wheeler chassis through a combined experimental and numerical approach. The study commences with the development of a detailed CAD model, which serves as the basis for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to predict the chassis's natural frequencies and mode shapes. These numerical simulations offer initial insights into the structural vibration behaviour crucial for ensuring vehicle stability and rider comfort. To validate the FEA predictions, experimental modal analysis is performed on a physical prototype of the electric two-wheeler chassis using impact hammer excitation. Multiple response measurements are acquired via accelerometers, and the resulting data is processed to extract experimental modal parameters. The correlation between the simulated and experimental mode shapes is quantitatively assessed using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). This matrix provides a measure of the consistency and similarity between
Das Sharma, Aritrya, Iyer, Siddharth, Prasad, Sathish, Anandh, Sudheep
Development of Component Level Testing Method for Passenger Car Wheels2026-26-05041/16/2026
In the design of automotive wheels, safety is a crucial factor. Wheels contribute to a vehicle handling, braking and overall driving performance. Wheel are designed to withstand the weight of the vehicle and force generated during driving. It is the medium which isolates the obstacles coming from roads. Impact tests are usually performed after the wheel has been already designed and first prototypes have been produced. The test involves 90-degree free fall dynamic impact to determine the wheel resistance to deformation, cracking and overall structural failure. Its best method to captured the exact results during and post impact. These results are contributes the major role in development of automotive wheel rims. Most of the OEM’s are validating the wheels in virtual environment as FEA analysis software and LS Dyna. In this paper detailed procedure of testing of wheels at component level is presented. This work determines the development of test procedure for passenger car wheels in
Tormal, Uday Bapurao
Reverse Engineering and Digital Twins in Powertrain Design: Enhancing Performance and Sustainability2026-26-00651/16/2026
This study explores the application of reverse engineering (RE) and digital twin (DT) technology in the design and optimization of advanced powertrain systems. Traditional approaches to powertrain development often rely on legacy designs with limited adaptability to modern efficiency and emission standards. In this work, we present a methodology combining 3D scanning, computational modeling, and machine learning to reconstruct, analyze, and enhance internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains. By digitizing physical components through RE, we generate high-fidelity DT models that enable virtual testing, performance prediction, and iterative improvement without costly physical prototyping. Key innovations include a novel mesh refinement technique for scanned geometries and a hybrid simulation framework integrating finite element analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD). Our case study demonstrates a 12% increase in thermal efficiency for a retrofitted ICE
Bernikov, Mark Alexandrovich, Kurmaev, Rinat
A procedure for validation of full vehicle CAE models with physical tests for passive safety applications2026-26-04111/16/2026
With the fast development of computational analysis tools and capacities during the past ten years, complex and substantial computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations are now economically possible. While the cost of crash tests has risen steadily, the fidelity and complexity, which numerical simulations could address, has multiplied keeping the cost of computational analysis more stable. The use of CAE simulations complements physical testing, accelerating the product development process, reducing cost, and ensuring safe and more optimized designs. The fundamental goal of CAE is a significant reduction in the number of physical tests conducted during the product development process. However, validating the CAE model with physical tests is essential to ensure accuracy and reliability. Simulations performed using a validated CAE model could be used to make decisions like airbag deployment or high voltage shutdown without an actual physical test. This paper discusses validating an
UPENDRAN, ANOOP
NN FMU: Deep Learning Models for Next-Gen xiL Vehicle Simulation2026-26-04521/16/2026
Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) have become a standard for enabling co-simulation and model exchange in vehicle system development. However, traditional FMUs derived from physics-based models can be computationally intensive, especially in scenarios requiring real-time performance. This paper presents a Python-based approach for developing a Neural Network (NN) based FMU using deep learning techniques, aimed at accelerating vehicle simulation while ensuring high fidelity. The neural network was trained on vehicle simulation data and developed using Python frameworks such as TensorFlow. The trained model was then exported into FMU, enabling seamless integration with FMI-compliant platforms. The NN FMU replicates thermal behavior of vehicle with high accuracy while offering a significant reduction in computational load. Benchmark comparisons with Physical Thermal Model demonstrate that the proposed solution provides both efficiency and reliability across various driving conditions
Srinivasan, Rangarajan, ASHOK BHARDE, Pooja, MHETRAS, Mayur, CHEHIRE, Marc
Parameterizing External Factors Influencing E-motor Consumption2026-26-01751/16/2026
In recent times, a standard drive cycle is an excellent way to measure the electric range of EVs. This process is standardized and repeatable; however, it has the drawback of testing in a controlled environment with a low content of active functions. This can cause a significant variation in predicted range between drive cycles and actual on-road tests. This problem can be addressed via on-road testing and by using customer-based velocity cycles which involve more active functions. While on-road tests provide a more accurate idea of real-world consumption, the repeatability of these tests is low due to excessive randomness. External factors such as ambient temperature, driver behavior, traffic, terrain, altitude, and load conditions affect the vehicle during on-road testing, making repeatability difficult. No two measurements can have the same consumption even if done on the same road with the same vehicle due to these factors. This paper presents a machine learning-based method to
Kelkar, Kshitij, Kanakannavar, Rohit
Impact of Virtual ECUs on Software Development and Validation Using the Shift Left Strategy2026-26-06811/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift with the integration of Virtual Electronic Control Units (vECUs) in software development and validation processes. Physical ECUs require actual hardware setups, which can be expensive, time-consuming to configure, and may not be readily available during early development stages. This abstract presents the application of a Level 3 vECU to enable early-stage testing in alignment with the Shift Left Strategy, thereby reducing development time and cost. The developed vECU includes production-intent code for the Application Software (ASW), Runtime Environment (RTE), Basic Software (BSW), and Operating System (OS), while adapting the Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (MCAL) and Complex Device Drivers (CDD) for the virtual environment. The vECU replicates the functional behavior of a physical ECU and supports standard automotive communication protocols such as CAN, LIN, Ethernet and FlexRay, allowing system-level validation in a
Bhopi, Amey, Sengar, Bhan
Material-Optimization in Rib-Stiffened Polymer structures: A Computational & Analytical Study2026-26-04981/16/2026
Background The demand for lightweight yet rigid polymer components continue to drive innovation in structural design, particularly for applications requiring optimal stiffness-to-weight ratios. This study examines an alternative rib-stiffening approach for polypropylene plates, where conventional single-rib geometries are reconsidered in favor of parallel micro-rib configurations. While single ribs have been extensively studied, the potential benefits of distributed rib architecture remain less explored, particularly regarding their combined bending and shear performance. Key objective: This study systematically evaluates how parallel rib configurations influence mechanical performance in polypropylene plates, with specific focus on:  Bending stiffness preservation through optimized moment of inertia distribution  Shear resistance enhancement via controlled rib spacing  Coupled effect of the bending and shear resistance Prior art and their limitations: Current literature primarily
Sreejith, M P, Jain, Deepak, Maheshwari, Pankaj, Kumar, Mandeep, Ravi, Abhikrishna
Achieving ride comfort in bus suspension by varying air spring performance2026-26-00811/16/2026
Air springs are widely used in commercial buses to obtain better quality of ride and comfort. Selecting the right air spring is a critical aspect of suspension design. However, this selection process is often constrained by the limited availability of off-the-shelf components as the development of a custom air spring involves long lead time and high tooling cost. This can be justifiable only at high production volumes. Air springs are tunable as compared to conventional mechanical metal springs. Their performance can be adjusted by varying the internal air pressure and volume, enabling them to accommodate a wide range of vehicle load conditions. In actual design practice, component packaging constraints and fixed mounting dimensions often restrict the choice of air spring. Additionally, Front and rear suspension requires air springs with different characteristics. To overcome these limitations, an auxiliary air tank is also called a ping tank that can be used along with an existing
Patre, Kamlesh, Salunkhe, Swapnil, Paranjape, Shekhar
Human-Centric Automotive Interior Lighting assessment: A feedback-Based Approach2026-26-01321/16/2026
Automotive interior lighting systems must comply with rigorous internal standards while aligning with evolving customer expectations across diverse vehicle segments. As technological advancements accelerate and consumer demands grow, these systems have become increasingly advanced. Traditionally, validation relied on physical integration with vehicle and its hardware particularly silver box unit and infotainment systems. However, this conventional approach presents several limitations, including dependency on mature hardware and software, challenges in testing and synchronization across multiple lighting modules, and constraints in design validation accuracy. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an innovative approach that employs real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation for digital lamp testing. This method facilitates autonomous and abuse testing, enabling independent validation of interior lighting systems within a controlled virtual environment while
Shah, Kunal, Joshi, Vivek S., Mandloi, Prince
Enhanced Integrated Cooling-Protection Plate for Battery pack Underbody Impact Resistance in Electric Vehicles2026-26-01691/16/2026
In the quest for enhancing electric vehicle performance and safety, this paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the design and performance of high-voltage (HV) battery cooling plates featuring dedicated cooling channels, integrated with structural bottom protection members positioned at the bottom. The study aims to address the dual challenges of effective thermal management and enhanced crash protection in electric vehicles. Through a combination of Design iterations, Thermal performance evaluation and Crash simulations, the research evaluates the cooling efficiency and structural resilience of the proposed design. Findings reveal that the integrated cooling plates not only maintain optimal battery temperatures under various operating conditions but also significantly improve the vehicle's crashworthiness. The paper concludes with the results of numerical simulations, rigorously validated against the robust design requirement globally accepted for series components to
DUSAD, SAGAR, Kummuru, Srikanth, Joshi, Amarja
Experimental Frequency-Based Substructuring for Full-Vehicle NVH Characterization in Electric Vehicles2026-26-03091/16/2026
Electric vehicles introduce new NVH challenges due to high-frequency excitations from e-motors and associated electronics. These excitations, often in the kilohertz range, are primarily transmitted as structure-borne noise and require advanced experimental methods for accurate characterization and mitigation. Traditional simulation approaches are insufficient to capture the true dynamic behavior of complex components under operational boundary conditions. This study presents a fully experimental Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) methodology applied to a complete electric vehicle. Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) of individual subsystems—such as the e-motor, mounting system, inverter housing, and body connection points—are measured and transformed using Virtual Point Transformation to obtain consistent six-degree-of-freedom representations. These Virtual Point models are assembled into a full-vehicle system to investigate the structure-borne transfer paths to the vehicle interior
Kohlhofer, Daniel, Pingle, Pawan Sharad, de Klerk PhD, Dennis
Engine and After-treatment optimization using Simulation tools2026-26-00571/16/2026
To achieve world-class engineering quality and reduce the effort and cost associated with conventional techniques, it is essential to incorporate digital validation during the development and validation phases. This research paper explores the methodologies and applications of advanced simulation tools for creating models of engines and their sub-components using MATLAB/Simulink, parameterizing these systems with AVL CruiseM, and operating them using ETAS Labcar-Operator. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of optimizing engine and after-treatment parameters, demonstrating their impact on performance and environmental compliance. It presents a series of simulation case studies that illustrate the effects of different parameter settings on the efficiency and emission levels of diesel passenger and commercial vehicle engines. These case studies highlight the overall workflow of model-based system development, emphasize various development milestones, and correlate these with actual
Shukla, Saurabh, Shilledar, Aneesh
Qualitative and Quantitative Correlation Study for Exterior Aerodynamics for Automotive Vehicle2026-26-04071/16/2026
The objective of the exterior aerodynamic performance assessment of automotive vehicles is to reduce the aerodynamic drag pressure and rear side wake zone, which improves overall energy consumption of the vehicle. Almost 30 to 40% of the energy is required to overcome the drag force and wake zone pressure offered by the air on the automotive vehicle. With the increase in high performance computing power (HPC) and its affordability, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a popular and more effective tool for aerodynamic design and analysis in the automobile industry. In the real-world scenario, automotive vehicle is subjected to varying wind and operating conditions which affect its aerodynamic characteristics, and therefore it is difficult to reproduce such physical phenomenon in a conventional wind tunnel. Hence, the entire aerodynamic assessment was done in wind tunnel which is equipped with advanced aerodynamic assessment techniques like wheel rotations, boundary layer
Chalipat, Sujit, Biswas, Kundan, Tare, Kedar
Virtual Powertrain Development and Calibration methodology: The Role of Model-in-the-Loop in Calibration and Testing of EV power Train integrated with real road simulation tools.2026-26-04721/16/2026
The automotive industry has witnessed significant advancements in powertrain development over recent years, with further evolution expected in the near future. Modern vehicle propulsion systems now encompass a broad spectrum, including fully electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid models, mild 48V hybrid powertrains, and traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This growing variety demands extensive engineering efforts for development and testing across different powertrain configurations. To facilitate the simultaneous advancement of multiple powertrain technologies while keeping costs manageable, optimizing calibration and testing processes is crucial. A combination of cutting-edge simulation techniques and state-of-the-art testing equipment offers an effective solution, introducing innovative testing methodologies that streamline the development of sophisticated propulsion architectures. This paper explores the implementation of Model-in-the-Loop (MIL) testing as a key methodology
Elumalai, Elakkia, P, SahayaSurendiraBabu, S, Sivashankar, J, Frederick Royston, S, Gowtham
Automated evaluation of drive file simulation accuracy2026-26-05281/16/2026
In the area of structural durability testing using servo-hydraulic actuators, developing drive files for the actuators is a major step. Testing outcomes depend on ensuring the simulation accuracy of each drive file. These drive files are developed in an iterative process for different test track surfaces at different road and load combinations till the time we achieve better correlation. Evaluation of simulation accuracy of the drive files is an extensive manual review process, making it time-consuming and resource-intensive. To address this challenge, an application has been developed to automate the comparison of actuator signals with predefined target signal files. This tool enables quick and accurate analysis of each drive file in a test run, facilitating a comprehensive review of signal deviations. Each test run has thousands of drive files based on road-load mix and actuator settings. This application helped us significantly optimize the simulation workflow by reducing the manual
SONI, YASH, Katake, Vrishali, Mullapudi, Dattatreyudu, Chaskar, Mithun
Tractor Cabin Structure Borne Noise Reduction in the Virtual Environment2026-26-01011/16/2026
In recent days, cabin variants in the tractor are preferred by the farmers for the Coziness and longer field hour operation with less fatigue. Noise perceived by customer is the most important factor taken into account during the design stage, as it’s directly linked with operator’s comfort. Observed noise levels has to be within the defined limits as per national/international standards Overall cabin noise levels is contributed by the structure borne noise below 630 Hz. Structure borne noise is the noise typically radiated by the door, roof, windshield, floor, fender and structure assembly due to the engine excitation through the transmission housings and backstories. This paper depicts the process of tractor cabin structure borne noise prediction in the virtual environment. Firstly, Engine bearing loads and axle bearings has been extracted in the virtual stage from the vehicle level driveline model using commercially available MBD software. The finite element (FE) model of the cabin
gunasekaran, pandiyanayagam, K, Somasundaram, Chavan, Amit
3D CFD simulation methodology for safe and efficient hydrogen refueling for hydrogen internal combustion engines2026-26-02521/16/2026
As conventional fossil fuels are on the verge of depletion, the search for alternative fuel for automotive applications has intensified. Among these, hydrogen stands out due to its high energy content per unit mass, high octane number, and compatibility with Internal combustion engines (ICE). However, the volatility of hydrogen (H2) presents challenges, particularly during the refueling process, where uncontrolled temperature rise occurs because of negative Joule-Thomson (JT) effect. This brings an alarming bell for the safety of fueling stations, vehicles and mankind. This paper investigates the physics involved in hydrogen tank filling, focusing on maintaining the hydrogen gas temperature below 85 °C during the process. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to model the temperature and pressure behavior of hydrogen during filling. The study provides insights into the optimal fill rates, temperature distribution, and the evolution of peak temperature locations
Khanna, Gourav, Veerbhadra, Swati, Sahu, Abhay Kumar
Modelling of Turbulent Combustion of Liquid Ammonia in Dual Fuel CI Engine2026-26-04421/16/2026
Combustion of fossil fuel results in CO2 emission which is considered to be a leading cause of global warming. Alternative fuels with little or no carbon foot is being actively considered. Direct combustion of ammonia is being actively investigated as it is considered to be a carbon neutral fuel that does not emit CO 2 . It is one of the largest industrially produced chemicals and is easy to store and transport with a well-established supply-chain system. Compared to conventional fuels, ammonia has inferior combustion properties like high ignition delay, low flame speed and a high propensity to produce NOx due to the availability of fuel bound nitrogen. This study uses numerical simulations and a chemical kinetic model to examine the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel blend in a dual fuel compression ignition IC engine. Both liquid ammonia and diesel are directly injected into the cylinder, with ammonia as the primary fuel and diesel as a pilot to initiate combustion. An
Warghat, Ketan Vinayak, Prabhakaran, Dinesh, Banerjee, Sayak, kolhe, Pankaj, Banerjee, Raja
Virtual Validation of ADAS Algorithms Using Driver-in-the-Loop Simulation2026-26-00501/16/2026
Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulators have become crucial tools across automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries in enabling the evaluation of design concepts, testing of critical scenarios and provision of effective training in virtual environments. With the diverse applications of DIL simulators highlighting their significance in vehicle dynamics assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle development, testing of complex control systems is crucial for vehicle safety. A comprehensive review of current research trends reveals key areas of focus such as realism of simulated experiences through improved vehicle dynamics models and advanced sensory feedback. The integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies help to create more immersive and informative simulations to improve the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of DIL simulation platforms. By examining the current landscape of DIL simulator use cases, this paper critically focuses on
Sharma, Chinmaya, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Standard SWS Requirement based Integration testing for classic AUTOSAR modules.2026-26-05071/16/2026
In the development of automotive ECUs, to keep performance in desired level, what remains constant is to verify, evaluate and validate ECU. Nowadays, Cars have multiple ECUs even in range of 50. Software is validated using target ECU, CAN communication and some I/O simulation techniques. Also, in some applications, virtual environment is created for testing. In this paper, method of Integration testing of AUTOSAR modules is presented which uses AUTOSAR SWS as its input. This makes standard test cases as SWS remains same for a AUTOSAR standard release. It enables a platform to efficiently test all layers of a AUTOSAR BSW modules after integration. For demonstration, we will use TriCore micro controller TC377TX from Infineon. Same controller is usually used in the development of automotive ECUs for various applications. Using winIDEA debugger from iSYSTEM, setup becomes easier to operate for any new person as it supports both debug and flash mode operation. Simplistic approach will be
Kelkar, Renu, Patil, Vardhman
Accelerating Product Development Life Cycle through Digitalization of Fatigue Life for Structural Components2026-26-04961/16/2026
In today’s competitive market, accelerating product development without compromising durability is critical. Durability is a key benchmark for assessing the quality and reliability of automotive products. To meet rising customer expectations and regulatory demands, the industry must develop vehicles that offer high performance and reduced weight while ensuring safety. A well-engineered vehicle must retain structural integrity and functionality under normal operating conditions and withstand extreme load events without critical failure. Achieving this requires effective Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA), integrated with robust design practices and efficient validation processes. However, physical RLDA is time-consuming and costly, as it depends on prototype vehicles that are often available only in the later development stages. Failures identified during these late-stage tests can delay the product launch significantly. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a digital
Kokare, Sanjay, Dwivedi, Sushil, Siddiqui, Arshad, Iqbal, Shoaib
Model Based Design of Gear Shift Control for Twin Clutch AMT2026-26-00541/16/2026
Model Based Design (MBD) uses mathematical modelling to create, test and refine systems in simulated environment, primarily applied in control system development. This paper discusses an approach to control gear shifting using shift logic on vehicle level for twin clutch transmission using prototype controller. Twin clutch transmission is a concept with two clutches, one at input end of the transmission called primary clutch and the other at output end of the transmission called secondary clutch. This concept is proposed to counter the challenges with conventional transmission which include increased gear shift time and effort in lower gears, potential rollback of vehicle in uphill condition and chance of missed shifts. The advantages of this concept include reduced gear shift effort and improved synchronizer life with potential for reducing the size of the synchro pack. This paper proposes a methodology to develop shift logic, integrate hardware with software, flashing and calibration
Patel, Hiral, Thambala, Prashanth, Tongaonkar, Yogesh, Mosthaf, Joerg, Malpure, Khushal
Optimization of Electric Drive Unit Mounting for Vibration Isolation in EV Powertrains Using Multibody Dynamics2026-26-00801/16/2026
With growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs), their powertrains—while naturally quieter than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains—pose new NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) challenges. These are triggered mainly from high-frequency disturbances caused by electric motors and gear interactions. Isolation of such excitations is essential for securing cabin refinement and customer expectations for acoustic comfort. This paper offers a simulation-based approach to optimal placement of the electric drive unit (EDU), which houses the electric motor and gearbox, with the objective of reducing vibration transfer to the chassis of the vehicle. The methodology explores the effect of spatial mount repositioning under actual dynamic load conditions through multibody dynamics (MBD) modeling and integrated optimizer using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The suggested workflow helps in effective investigation of mount positioning within packaging
Mane, Prashant, Shah, Swapnil, Back PhD, Arthur, Pinjari, Abrar, Emran, Ashraf, Mane PhD, Shrikala
Reverse Gear Duty Cycle Generation Using Virtual RLD Simulation2026-26-04051/16/2026
Keywords: RLD (Road Load Data), AVL VSM, AVL Route Studio, Duty Cycle, Transmission, Reverse Gear, Durability The development of transmission systems involves creating duty cycles for bench-level durability evaluations for both forward and reverse gears. For forward gear, vehicles are driven under various real-world conditions over thousands of kilometers, equipped with numerous sensors and components tailored for data collection. In contrast, duty cycles for reverse gear are often based on prior experience or rough estimations due to the lack of clear definition of real world use case. Reverse gear RLD is particularly scarce, especially for heavy-duty vehicles operating in off-road or mining environments, where specific reverse driving paths are not typically followed. This paper presents a detailed methodology highlighting the importance of reverse gear duty cycles by leveraging virtual RLD simulations on various gradients using tools such as AVL Route Studio and AVL VSM. By
Kansagara, Smit, Patel, Hiral, kira, Lucas, Sutar, Suresh, Soor, Debasis
Dog Clutch Engagement Probability Simulation for Heavy-Duty Automated Mechanical Transmissions2026-26-04371/16/2026
This study presents a simulation-based approach to estimate the dog clutch engagement probability maps under different vehicle operating conditions. The developed probability function incorporates multiple critical parameters including initial speed differential between engaging components, application of countershaft brake, dog tooth quantity, friction coefficients at tooth interfaces, applied actuation force, dog tooth geometry, and component inertia. Using MATLAB and Simulink, comprehensive simulation models were developed to analyse engagement dynamics and produce detailed probability maps at different vehicle speeds, effectively outlining optimal operational zones for successful engagement while identifying critical regions prone to tooth clash and engagement failure. The effect of tooth geometry on engagement probability has been investigated using simulation model results. The resulting engagement maps serve as valuable diagnostic tools for identifying potential system
Khan, Mohammad Adeeb, KHAN, Dr. NURUZZAMA MEHADI, Koona, Rammohan
Integrating V2V and V2I Communications for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks2026-26-02711/16/2026
This paper presents a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Our study focuses on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic signals to share real-time data about speed, position, and road conditions. Using both analytical models and experimental simulations built in MATLAB/Simulink, we developed a system that predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. In our design, a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) feature suggests an ideal speed for drivers so that they can pass through green lights without unnecessary stopping. This not only improves traffic flow but also reduces fuel consumption and lowers the risk of accidents. We validated our system through a series of simulations and real-time traffic scenarios. The results show that our approach can adapt dynamically to changes in vehicle behavior and traffic density
PINTO, COLIN AUBREY, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala
A Noval methodology of compact cooling unit design for Truck applications by using CAE CFD simulation2026-26-04601/16/2026
The implementation of AC unit on truck as compulsory as per government guideline demands the AC supplier to design a compact and modular AC unit within the available package space. The installation of AC unit inside the vehicle helps the driver to drive safely due to better cabin comfort. This will reduce fatigue due to the long driving of the truck drivers. Thereby the safety of the truck and driver will be saved with the implementation. But there are challenges for AC manufactures to design the compact size AC unit. The challenges like performance, durability, cost and less noise to be met as per customer requirement. To overcome the issue of design at the early stage and compact AC unit within small space is possible with the support of simulation software. AE and CFD plays a major role in this regard. So first unit level CAE and CFD analysis conducted to predict the result. AE used for checking the strength of the mounting bracket of cooling unit and CFD used for verifying the air
Parayil, Paulson
Evaluation of Shear Trim Edge in HSLA Steel for Automotive Application2026-26-02861/16/2026
Quality of the Shear Trimmed edge of HSLA 550 steels is significantly affected by process variations such as Shear Trimming Clearance, trim tolerance, burr height and clamping force. All these parameters largely influence the characteristics of the Shear Affected Zone, a region on sheet metal where it undergoes deformation during the trimming process. The Shear Affected Zone is predominantly vulnerable to failure due to work hardening and the effects of strain rate, induced by the tonnage during the trimming operation. To assess the edge ductility of these materials, Tensile, Fatigue Strength, Die Punch Clearance, Roughness and Hardness Tests are carried out. These tests are crucial for applications that demand high formability and resistance to edge failure. Virtual simulation of edge trimming operation using elastoplastic material models in LS-Dyna have been performed to gain insights into burr formation and damage evolution during shearing. These simulations act as a precursor to
Thota, Badri Vishal, Kashyap, Amit, Bhuvangiri, Jaydev
A numerical approach to optimize the flow characteristics for the enhancement of casting soundness of Al 6061 alloy die-casting2026-26-02841/16/2026
The optimization of flow characteristics such as filling time, flow velocity, viscosity and temperature play a vital role in the die-casting to enhance the casting soundness. Experimental trial and error methods for optimizing the flow characteristics of mold filling are costlier and time-consuming methods. A digital approach could significantly minimize the cost and time for the prediction of the flow characteristics of the casting. Z-Cast Pro is the casting simulation software used for simulating the whole casting process such as filling, solidification etc. This software basically utilizes the finite difference and finite volume approximation techniques to numerically unravel the molten metal flow and solidification equations. In this study, A 3D model of the valve housing is used to analyze the mold-filling behavior through high and low-speed plunger movement of the molten Al 6061 alloy using Z-Cast Pro software version 24. Higher-speed plunger movement required a total mold
Choudhary, Chandan, Subramaniam, Anand, Karle, Manish, Karle, Ujjwala
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis control Strategies for Electric & hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-04231/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in Torque Management with several ADAS features being integral part of the EV's/xHEV's. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric-chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, Steering Assist, powertrain and validate using 0D-1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through the co-simulation. Co-Simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicle that requires detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Optimization of the Rodip CED Process Suitability through Strategic Fixture System for Enhanced Hood Gap and Flushness Control in Automotive Manufacturing2026-26-04861/16/2026
The Ro-dip Cathodic Electrodeposition (CED) process is latest technology used by Automotive Manufacturers for higher quality corrosion protection in new generation Automobiles. This process involves multiple 360-degree rotation of automotive body in white (BIW) which exert higher hydrostatic forces on large surface panels like Hood. For maintaining consistent gaps & flushness control at vehicle level, it is important to safeguard the dimensional stability of light weight (crash performance sensitive) steel Hood panel while undergoing through this CED process. This study investigates the enhancement of hood panel alignment through strategic optimization of support rod placement and quantity within the Ro-dip CED system. By conducting experimental trials and computational simulations, the research identifies critical deformation points and evaluates the impact of varying support rod configurations on dimensional stability. The outcome results demonstrate that positioning support rods at
Tile, Vikrant, Unadkat, Siddharth, ASKARI, HASAN, Jadhav, Devidas
Cross-ICA Trust Mechanism in Automotive Cybersecurity2026-26-06151/16/2026
With the ever increasing complexity and connectivity in modern vehicles, cybersecurity has become an indispensable technology. In the era of Software Defined Vehicles (SDVs) and Ethernet-based architectures, robust authentication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) is critical to establish a trust. Further, the cloud connected ECUs must perform authentication with backend servers. These authentication requirements often demand multiple certificates to be provisioned within a vehicle, ensuring secure communication between various combinations of ECUs. As a result, a single ECU may end up storing multiple certificates, each serving a specific purpose. This work proposes a method to limit the number of certificates required in a given ECU without compromising security. We introduce a Cross-Intermediate Certificate Authority (Cross-ICA) Trust Architecture, which enables the use of a single certificate per ECU for inter-ECU communication as well as backend server authentication. In this
Venugopal, Vaisakh, Goyal, Yogendra, Raja J, Solomon, Rai, Ajay, Rath, Sowjanya
A Method to Improve the System Efficiency of an Electronic Drive Unit: Variable Switching Frequency-Loss Optimization2026-26-00621/16/2026
In electrical engineering, designing and improving inverter and induction motor systems is very important for many industrial uses. Even though these systems are flexible and widely used, one of the main challenges is accurately measuring how much power is lost when they run. Usually, people check the system’s efficiency, but that doesn’t fully explain how or why the power loss happens inside these systems. This paper presents a new way to study power losses without focusing on efficiency. Instead, it uses analytical methods supported by MATLAB programming. The goal is to explore the complex reasons behind power losses in both inverters and induction motors. To do this, the study develops mathematical formulas that describe the different types of losses, such as those from conduction, switching, and magnetic effects. These formulas are based on basic physics and are turned into MATLAB code, which helps connect theory with real-world application. In the end, the project creates a
BANDA, Gururaj, Sengar, Bhan
Experimental Study to Investigate and Control Image Blurriness due to IRVM Vibration2026-26-03211/16/2026
Vibration is one of the prominent factors that determine the quality & comfort level of a vehicle. Moreover, if vibration occurs in areas that are almost entirely within customer touchpoints (during either city or highway driving conditions), it could become a critical factor behind the deterioration of brand image within the market. The interior rear-view mirror (IRVM) is one of the important components inside passenger cabin, providing drivers with a clear view of the rear traffic. However, vibrations induced by engine operation, road irregularities, and aerodynamic forces can cause the IRVM to oscillate, leading to image blurriness and compromised visibility and safety. This paper investigates the underlying causes of IRVM vibrations and their impact on image clarity. Through a combination of experimental analysis and computational modelling, we identify key factors contributing to mirror instability. The findings indicate the specific frequencies of vibration, particularly those
Khan, Aamir Naved, Saraswat, Vivek, Jha, Kartik, SINGH, HEMENDRA, Seenivasan, Gokulram, Khan, Nafees
Integrated Powertrain Domain Controller Using Wide Band Gap Devices For EV Applications2026-26-00551/16/2026
The rapid evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) has amplified the demand for highly integrated, efficient, and intelligent powertrain architectures. In the current automotive landscape, EV powertrain systems are often composed of discrete ECUs such as the OBC, MCU, DC-DC Converter, PDU, and VCU, each operating in isolation. This fragmented approach adds wiring harness complexity, control latency, system inefficiency, and inflates costs making it harder for OEMs to scale operations, lower expenses, and accelerate time-to-market. This paper addresses the core issue of fragmented control architectures in EV powertrains by proposing an integrated domain controller-based solution for EV powertrain. The technical gap lies in the absence of a centralized intelligence capable of seamlessly managing and synchronizing the five key powertrain aggregates: OBC, MCU, DC-DC, PDU, and VCU under a unified software and hardware platform. This fragmentation leads to redundancy in computation, increased
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Inamdar, Sumer, Tayade, Nikhil
Analytical and Experimental Study of Cam Follower Wear in a Diesel Engine2026-26-01061/16/2026
The valve train system plays a critical role in the performance and longevity of internal combustion engines. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the performance and durability of valve train systems in diesel engines, uncovering significant findings during durability validation. Extensive durability evaluations were conducted, including valve train overspeed test cycles and fatigue test cycles, to simulate real-world scenarios and assess component resilience. This study focuses on wear patterns observed in the cam and follower arrangements, highlighting their critical influence on engine performance and lifespan. The research investigates the root cause of wear by analysing wear patterns and evaluating the kinematic and dynamic behaviour of the valve train system through analytical calculations. The impact of combustion forces, pushrod rotation at the hydraulic rocker arm, and follower rotation are also explored in depth. Leveraging insights from these evaluations
Roop Rai PE, Vishnu, singh, Shakti Kumar
Hardware in Loop Validation of Gear Selection Switch2026-26-05401/16/2026
The increasing complexity of modern automotive drive control systems necessitates the adoption of robust validation methods to ensure functional safety, reliability and customer satisfaction. This paper presents the development and implementation of a comprehensive Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing framework designed specifically for a specific ECU known as Gear Selection Switch (GSS)/Drive control switch (DCS) system. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing is a simulation-based testing technique where real physical hardware (like an electronic control unit, switch or sensor) is tested by connecting it to a virtual simulation of the rest of the system — instead of testing it inside a real vehicle. Following the analysis of all the field failure incidents reported till date for GSS, detailed root cause investigations were conducted using in-house testing and Ishikawa diagram analysis. A critical failure mode was identified and addressed through targeted mechanical design modification and
Bhuyan, Anurag, Jahagirdar, Shweta, Khandekar, Dhiraj Baburao
Advancing Welding Excellence through Numerical Simulation Based Approach: A Multi Pass Welding Case Study on Cast Iron Coupons2026-26-04571/16/2026
The Automotive industry extensively uses cast iron for its exceptional mechanical performance and cost-effectiveness. However, repair welding or assembly of cast iron components remain highly challenging due to the material’s high carbon content, inherent brittleness, rapid thermal conductivity, and complex microstructural transformations. Multi-pass welding exacerbates these challenges by subjecting materials to repeated thermal cycling, accumulating residual stress, and inducing distortion – all of which potentially degrade the integrity of welded joints. A comprehensive understanding of welded joint behavior is essential to effectively mitigate these effects. Finite element analysis (FEA) serves as a powerful tool, enabling accurate prediction of thermal profiles, phase transformations, residual stress development, and resulting deformations. These valuable insights are critical for optimizing welding processes and enhancing overall joint quality. This study investigates and
Vidhate, Digambar, Nalawade, Rahul, Dabhadkar, Mandar, Vaidya, Abhijit, AMMASI, VINOTH, Rajagopalan, Sridhar
Multibody Dynamic Analysis of Belt-Type CVT Systems in Two-Wheelers: A Study on Slip, Misalignment, and Transmission Efficiency2026-26-00791/16/2026
More efficient drivetrain technologies are in greater demand in the two-wheeler market as a result of the introduction of BS6.2 emission standards. In order to satisfy these performance and regulatory requirements, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) systems—which are renowned for their stepless gear shifting and increased fuel efficiency—are being given more and more consideration. However, because CVT is nonlinear and multibody dynamic, accurately predicting its behavior is still a difficult task. With an emphasis on variables like belt slip, pulley misalignment, and transmission efficiency, this study provides a thorough multibody dynamic analysis of a belt-type CVT system used in two-wheelers. High-fidelity analysis of the belt-pulley interaction under various load and speed conditions is now possible thanks to the development of a novel modeling methodology using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The method makes early design validation
Mane, Prashant, Shah, Swapnil, Voncken PhD, Antonius, Pinjari, Abrar, Emran, Ashraf, Mane PhD, Shrikala
Simplified Simulation of Electric Vehicle Battery packs Using deep learning based Reduced Order Models2026-26-04031/16/2026
Accurate yet computationally efficient simulation of electric vehicle (EV) batteries is essential for system design, performance evaluation, and real-time control applications. This paper presents a simplified simulation framework for lithium-ion EV battery systems using reduced order models (ROMs) that balance fidelity and computational speed. The EV system simulation environment has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment to analyze Battery Management System (BMS) control system design and EV system performance. This simulation platform consists of BMS and other important EV controller models and high-fidelity plant models for battery and powertrain systems, which are modelled using Simulink and Simscape library blocks. Performing virtual testing, control design and system-level analysis with such high-fidelity plant models poses significant computational challenges and poor simulation performance. The focus of this paper is to enhance system level simulation performance by
Vernekar, Kiran
Accurate Component Load Prediction with Hybrid Test – FEA Approach.2026-26-03661/16/2026
Knowing accurate loads acting on the structure is still a main pain area for analyst. Accurate fatigue analysis through FEA is still a difficult task because of uncertainties associated with component load profile. Even for known duty cycle, approximation involved in measurements and load cascading techniques (MBD simulation models) put limits on accuracy of component load prediction. Small error in loads can lead to very large error in fatigue life calculations. Various researches proposed various innovative alternate means for accurate component load prediction and published in literature over past few decades. Author has explored and developed hybrid Test-FEA approach to estimate component loads based on robust strain-load transformation and pseudo inverse technique. This approach is based on effective use of strain transformations along with accurately measured strain data to calculate accurate load histories. The accuracy of load estimates depends upon number of factors such as
Pratap, Rajat, Apte Sr, Amol, Babar, Ranjit
Shaping the Future of Mobility with Innovative Power Tailgate Testing Solutions2026-26-04731/16/2026
Abstract With increasing demand for automation and user convenience in modern vehicles, Power Operated Tailgates (POT) have become standard in premium and mid-segment cars. However, validating such systems—comprising electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, actuators, and mechanical components poses significant challenges in safety, reliability, and cost. This paper introduces a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) based validation framework that allows comprehensive, automated, and safe testing of POT systems without depending on full vehicle prototypes. The HiL platform integrates Real Time Hardware and Real Time software with dynamic models to simulate real-world behaviors. It enables automated validation of normal and fault scenarios—such as open/close commands, anti-pinch protection, voltage sensitivity, and communication errors—ensuring robust system performance. The proposed framework accelerates development, improves test coverage, and supports early fault detection, making it a
More, Shweta, GHANWAT, Hemant, Shetti, Suraj, Jape, Akshay, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Jagdale, Nitin
Artificial Intelligence in Aeronautical Systems: TaxonomyAIR6987 (Current)11/26/2025
Establish a comprehensive taxonomy of Artificial Intelligence in aviation
G-34, Artificial Intelligence in Aviation
Analysis of the Water Exit Process of a Vehicle Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis2025-99-000210/10/2025
The study investigated the fluid dynamics characteristics of a navigational body during emerging from water. It focus on the patterns of pressure and velocity changes in the flow field. Using numerical simulation methods, we explored the fluid-structure interaction between the navigational body and the surrounding water. It revealed the phenomenon of decreasing impact forces on the object’s surface over time and the resulting changes in surface pressure distribution. Additionally, the study demonstrated the dynamic evolution of the velocity field during emergence. This further elucidated the impact of flow state changes on the navigational body’s motion performance and stability. These findings would provide important theoretical foundations and technical support for optimizing the design of navigational bodies.
Zhang, Chaoyang, Zhang, Zhihua, Liu, Zongkui, Sui, Jiuling
Toward the Development of Processes for Assessing the Response of RPAS and UAS to Complex Flow FieldsF-0081-2025-01305/20/2025
With recent advancements in the field of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), including Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL), Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), and Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), it is beneficial to understand the impact of complex flow features on operations in urban and shipboard environments. Testing methods for studying these impacts, including simulated environments such as wind-tunnel flows and engineered equivalence tests, will need to be adapted to prepare for when the vehicles of interest are too large for the available testing facilities, and to permit low-cost alternatives for industry and government. This work demonstrates a development process that can be used to ensure the complex-flow-environment phenomena can be studied. First, this work illustrates the development of downdraft and turbulence flow types in a wind tunnel setting, and assesses the response of an M600 RPAS to these flows. Then, the same parameters are compared for a Mission Task
Wall, Alanna, Barber, Hali, Lebrasseur, Jacob, Comeau, Perry
Investigation of Blade Vortex Interaction Noise Reduction with Leading-Edge Serrations Using High-Fidelity Numerical SimulationsF-0081-2025-01735/20/2025
Blade Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise primarily occurs in rotorcraft when tip vortices generated by the blades interact with other blades. When BVI noise occurs, it dominates at mid and high blade passing frequency harmonics. To mitigate BVI noise, we employ leading-edge serrations on the OLS rotor between 75% blade span and the tip. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations, using delayed detached eddy simulation, combined with an acoustic analogy, are conducted to analyze various leading-edge serration geometries with different serration height and wavelength parameters. The results show that rotor BVI noise is reduced by up to 5 dB at the rear of the vehicle when serrations are applied, with higher serration height-to-wavelength ratios proving more effective. The findings demonstrate that when vortices directly impinge on the rotor blades, the serrations disrupt the vortices and generate a fluctuating pressure field on the blade surface, leading to destructive phase
Tran, Huy, Lee, Seongkyu
Critical Aerodynamic and Performance Upgrades to Enable Larger Mars Rotorcraft Such as the Chopper PlatformF-0081-2025-03885/20/2025
Leveraging lessons learned from NASA's Ingenuity Mars helicopter and concepts such as the Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter, and Mars Science Helicopter has enabled partners at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA Ames, and AeroVironment, Inc. to mature a hexacopter vehicle concept (Chopper) with the ability to support a wide range of mission scenarios. This work focuses on the critical aeronautics-related challenges encountered transitioning from an Ingenuity-size vehicle to a much larger vehicle (˜15 times the mass) and discusses engineering efforts to address these challenges. Critical upgrades include optimized airfoils, higher solidity blades, and higher fidelity computational models. Because multiple rotors are required to lift the heavier vehicle, increased understanding of the impact of rotor-to-rotor interactions is also necessary. Rotors have been designed that are tailored to more demanding missions and will be validated in a joint test campaign between the partners
Withrow-Maser, Shannah, Johnson, Wayne, Koning, Witold, Aagren, Tove, Ruan, Allen, Bowman, Joshua, Kaweesa, Dorcas, Malpica, Carlos, Sahragard-Monfared, Gianmarco, Jones-Wilson, Laura, Izraelevitz, Jacob, Delaune, Jeff, Mier-Hicks, Fernando, Dana Ainza Sneeder, Kimberly, Veismann, Marcel
Physics of the Interactional Proprotor-Wing Aerodynamics During the Tiltrotor Conversion ManeuverF-0081-2025-02715/20/2025
This paper presents findings from a joint computational-experimental venture that seeks to advance the physical understanding and validation-quality database for a model-scale generic tractor proprotor–wing system during the tiltrotor conversion maneuver. This study evaluates the interactions in a quasi-static manner for various proprotor tilt angles (θ) across the tiltrotor conversion maneuver. Independent experimental measurements of the wing and proprotor loads accompany synchronous wing surface pressure measurements along with stereoscopic particle image velocimetry flow field measurements at discrete spanwise locations. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations leverage the multi-disciplinary rotorcraft simulation tool CREATE™-AV Helios to assess the interactional aerodynamics of the proprotor–wing configuration across the tiltrotor conversion maneuver. Computational simulations use a newly implemented Helios module to trim to the experimental proprotor thrust
Sridhar, Pranav, Srivathsan, Shreyas, Rauleder, Juergen, Smith, Marilyn J.
Ground Coverage Simulations for Firefighting HelicopterF-0081-2025-00395/20/2025
This study numerically investigates the relationship between airspeed, drop height, and ground water coverage during helicopter-based aerial firefighting. With the effect of global warming and human activities the threat of forest fires has increased and finding optimal water dumping strategies for effective suppression is a crucial part of the firefighting operations. How varying airspeed and water drop height influence water dispersion and ground coverage has been analyzed utilizing numerical simulations with the VOF model in STAR-CCM+. Findings show that to maximize firefighting efficiency, balancing two contradicting phenomena is essential. These are, minimizing ineffective mist formation due to high drop height/high airspeed and fueling of the fire from rotor downwash due to low height/low airspeed passing by over the fire zone.
Goksan, Arin, Güngör, Osman, Ezertaş, Ahmet Alper
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