Browse Topic: Electronic braking systems

Items (1,013)

Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement

2024-01-3356

04/23/2025

ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make

Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus

NASA’s Inspection Technology for Spacecraft Tests Quality of Seacraft Hulls

TBMG-5222312/05/2024

Shipbuilders didn’t have the option of fiberglass when the nonprofit American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) was established 160 years ago to help safeguard life and property on the seas. Fortunately, technology to help better ensure the safety of ocean vessels has also come a long way in that time, in part because people have become a spacefaring species.

Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement

2024-01-3356-TEST-REC11/15/2024

Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus

Experimental Study on Quality Control and Variable Valve Timing Strategy of Hydrogen Engine for High Efficiency and Low Emission at Low Load

2024-01-509510/15/2024

In order to reduce the pumping loss of low loads and maximize the lean combustion advantage of hydrogen, the paper proposes a load control strategy based on hydrogen mass, called quality control, for improving thermal efficiency and emissions at low loads. The advantages of quality control and the effect of VVT on the combustion performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines under low loads were discussed. The results show that when the relative air–fuel ratio (λ) increases to more than 2.5, the NOx emissions are reduced to less than 3.5 g/kW · h at the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) below 8 bar, especially when the BMEP is less than 5 bar, the NOx is within 0.2 g/kW · h. Compared to quantity control based on air mass, the quality control strategy based on hydrogen mass achieves over a 2.0% reduction in pumping loss at BMEP levels lower than 4.4 bar. Furthermore, it enhances thermal efficiency by up to 5% at low loads, while maintaining NOx emissions within 0.2 g/kW · h at

Li, Yong, Chen, Hong, Fu, Zhen, Du, Jiakun, Wu, Weilong

A Study on Effect of Regenerative Braking on Vehicle Range and Axle Life.

2024-26-024001/16/2024

During braking condition in EVs, the braking energy is split between the friction braking & regenerative braking. The friction brake fraction will be lost as heat & regenerative brake fraction is converted into electrical energy. In regeneration mode the amount of energy harnessed depends on the regenerative torque available & the rate at which that torque is achieved. If the regenerative torque is higher and if the rate of achieving that torque is higher, energy harnessed will be higher. But higher regenerative torque & higher rate of torque affect the life of the axle components like bevel gear, crown wheel pinion, spider gear & bearing etc & causes gear failure like gear pitting on coast side if proper regeneration torque maps are not defined. This paper gives an outline on effect of different regenerative braking torque values and their rate on the vehicle range and reliability, failure & life of the axle components. Initially an ideal situation with 100% regeneration torque

S, Srivatsa, Pethkar, Shivanand, Ghosh, Sandeep

Calibration of an Inertial Measurement Unit and its Impact on Antilock Braking System Performance

2024-26-001401/16/2024

An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) provides vehicle acceleration that can be used in Active Vehicle Safety Systems (AVSSs). However, the signal output from an IMU is affected by changes in its position in the vehicle and alignment, which may lead to degradation in AVSS performance. Investigators have employed physics and data-based models for countering the impact of sensor misalignment, and the effects of gravity on acceleration measurements. While physics-based methods utilize parameters varying dynamically with vehicle motion, data-based methods require an extensive number of parameters making them computationally expensive. These factors make the above-explored methods practically challenging to implement on production vehicles. This study considers a 6-axis IMU and evaluates its impact on Antilock Braking System (ABS) performance by considering the IMU signal obtained with different mounting orientations, and positions on a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle (HCRV). It then develops a

Dixit, Chitrartha, Gaurkar, Pavel, Ramakrishnan, Rajesh, Shankar Ram, C S, Vivekanandan, Gunasekaran, Sivaram, Sriram

Anti-Rollback Function for Electric Vehicles without ABS/HSA System.

2024-26-009601/16/2024

In high-end commercial vehicles, technologies like Electronic Braking Systems (EBS) help pull away the vehicle from a standstill on steep gradients with no risk of rolling back. Tata Motors has developed an indigenous Anti-Roll Back (ARB) system that effectively minimizes this risk but without the use of EBS/HSA. The ARB delivers identical functionality to the HSA feature in the EBS but autonomously, and by purely electric means. In the proposed system the electric traction motor develops a high positive torque when the vehicle tries to roll back upon minimal accelerator pedal press. The system is autonomous in the sense that the driver does not need to press any HSA switch on the dashboard and the system works on relatively flatter road also which otherwise is not the case with HSA as it negatively affects the operation on flatter road by locking wheels and vehicle launches with a very high torque when brakes are automatically released by EBS upon threshold torque build-up. The launch

Ganguly, Sutanu, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Sharma, Santosh, Shukla, Amisha, Singh, Upendra, Abhirag, Abhirag

Regulatory trends for enhancement of Road Safety

2024-26-016501/16/2024

Various Advanced Driver Assistance systems are being introduced to the Indian Market with the aim of reducing the road fatalities and injuries leading to severe trauma. India being one of the largest markets for the automobile sector always stands committed towards providing safe and sustainable transportation to its citizens. Advanced Driver Systems such as Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS), Autonomous Emergency Braking systems (AEBS), Lane Departure Warning Systems, Auto Lane Correction Systems, Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Systems, Speed Limiting and Assisting Systems, Automated Crusing Control Systems, Automated Commanded Steering Functions, Traffic Jam assist systems etc., assist the driver during driving. They tend to reduce road accidents and related fatalities by their advanced and artificial intelligent fed programs. This paper will share an insight on the past, recent and the upcoming developments in the regulations with respect to driver assist systems, that are being enforced

Nayak, Pratik, Rawal, Vishal, Patil, Kamalesh, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar

Study on Range Improvement Controls and Method for Electric Vehicles

2024-26-013201/16/2024

Electric Vehicles are rapidly growing in the market yet various failure incidents were noted all along the globe. On the other hand, range anxiety has greatly inspired manufacturers to explore new practices to improve. One of the most important components of an EV is the battery, which converts chemical energy to electrical energy thereby liberating heat energy as the loss. This heat loss when high, capability of system to deliver required energy to wheels is reduced significantly. With a higher heat loss in the battery, system is prone to failure or reduced mileage. Therefore, controlling/maintaining system temperature under safe usable zone even during harsh conditions is ideal. Simple reduction in energy consumption of electrical cooling/heating devices used with regenerative energy techniques can greatly help in range improvement. The intention of this paper is to explore easy methods to improve electric vehicle range in different ambient conditions. Few of the key benefactors here

MR, Vikram, Pattalwar, Ashutosh, Verma, Mrinal, Bawa, Vikas

Regeneration Calibration for optimum Range and effective brakes performances in eSUV

2024-26-011001/16/2024

Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to extend their driving range. To enhance the braking performances and regenerative energy, regenerative braking control strategy based on multi objective optimisation is explained in this paper. This technical paper would be focusing on extracting optimum Range with effective brake performances without affecting drivability and performances in different drives modes. An extensive research study on public road driving patterns is done to understand the percentage utilisation of brakes at various (low-mid-high) speeds as per the customer driving behavior. Multi-Objective optimisation function with three vital factors is defined where output generated power, torque smoothness and current smoothness are selected as optimisation objective to improve the driving range, braking comfort, and battery lifetime respectively. Braking regeneration maps are calibrated along with optimised foundation brake hardware’s to get

KUMAR, Prabhakar, K, Rajakumar, Krishnan, Nandhakumar, Suhail, Mohammed thamjeed

Recurrent Neural Network Model for On-Board Estimation of the Side-Slip Angle in a Four-Wheel Drive and Steering Vehicle

15-17-01-0003

09/23/2023

Abstract A valuable quantity for analyzing the lateral dynamics of road vehicles is the side-slip angle, that is, the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and its speed direction. A reliable real-time side-slip angle value enables several features, such as stability controls, identification of understeer and oversteer conditions, estimation of lateral forces during cornering, or tire grip and wear estimation. Since the direct measurement of this variable can only be done with complex and expensive devices, it is worth trying to estimate it through virtual sensors based on mathematical models. This article illustrates a methodology for real-time on-board estimation of the side-slip angle through a machine learning model (SSE—side-slip estimator). It exploits a recurrent neural network trained and tested via on-road experimental data acquisition. In particular, the machine learning model only uses input signals from a standard road car sensor configuration. The model

Giuliacci, Tiziano Alberto, Ballesio, Stefano, Fainello, Marco, Mair, Ulrich, King, Julian

Recurrent Neural Network Model for On-Board Estimation of the Side-Slip Angle in a Four-Wheel Drive and Steering Vehicle

15-17-01-0003-TEST-REC09/23/2023

Giuliacci, Tiziano Alberto, Ballesio, Stefano, Fainello, Marco, Mair, Ulrich, King, Julian

Electric Bus NVH Challenges and Refinement Using Innovative Approach

2025-01-008005/05/2023

The trend towards electrification propulsion in the automotive industry is highly in demand due to zero-emission and becoming more significant across the world. Battery electric vehicles have lower overall noise as compared to conventional I.C Engine counterparts due to the absence of combustion engine noise. However, other narrowband and tonal noises are becoming dominant and are strongly perceived inside the cabin. With the ongoing push towards electrification, there is likely to be increased focus on the noise impact of gearing required for the transmission of power from the electric motor to the road. Direct coupling of E-motors with Axle has resulted in severe tonal noises from the driveline due to instant e-motor torque ramp up from 0 rpm and reverse torque on driving axle during regenerative braking. The tonal noises from the rear axle during vehicle running become very critical for customer perception. For automotive NVH engineers, it has become a challenge to balance expected

Doshi, Sohin, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Sawangikar, Pradeep, Suresh, Vineeth, Sharma, Manish

Comparison of On-Road Highway Fuel Economy and All-Electric Range to Label Values: Are the Current Label Procedures Appropriate for Battery Electric Vehicles?

2023-01-0349

04/11/2023

As consumers transition from internal combustion engine (ICE)-powered vehicles to battery electric vehicles (BEV), they will expect the same fuel economy label-to-on-road correlation. Current labeling procedures for BEVs allow a 0.7 or higher multiplier to be applied to the unadjusted fuel economy and range values. For ICE-powered vehicles, the adjustment factor decreases with increasing unadjusted fuel economy and can be lower than 0.7. To better inform consumers, starting in 2016, Car and Driver added an on-road highway fuel-economy test, conducted at 120 kph (75 mph), that augments the performance metrics that it's been measuring since the 1950s. For electric vehicles, testing includes an evaluation of the all-electric range.The on-road test results were aligned with the certification information for each vehicle model including unadjusted and label fuel economy and range, road load force coefficients, and labeling options. Tractive energy and kinetic energy available for

Pannone, Gregory, VanderWerp, Dave

Improving Functionalities of Existing Electronic Stability Controller by adding Sensor Detection Based Algorithm for Collision Avoidance using CarSim.

2022-01-116809/19/2022

With the advent of autonomous driving into mobility industry, passenger safety is of paramount importance. Electronic Stability Control (ESC) has been widely employed as an active safety feature in most of the modern cars, ESC is majorly based on differential braking, steer by wire or active torque distribution to prevent the vehicle from going off-course. However, ESC is limited to the discretion of the driver. Thus, the objective of this paper is to improve functionalities of existing electronic stability control by adding sensor detection-based algorithm for collision avoidance. The subject vehicle is installed with an existing default ESC & ABS system along with two range tracking sensors at front and rear and two blind spot detection sensors. The algorithm for collision avoidance has been tested in CarSim 2021.1. The procedure is tuned on different complex highway driving scenarios where a crate falls off from a traffic vehicle moving ahead of the subject vehicle along with

Shaikh, Parvez, Debnath, Sarnab, Kamble, Vijay, Mallikarjunaiah, Umesh

Estimating Brake Pad Life in Regenerative Braking Intensive Vehicle Applications

2022-01-116109/19/2022

Regenerative braking without question greatly impacts brake pad service life in the field, in most cases extending it significantly. Estimating its impact precisely has not been an overriding concern - yet – due in part to the extensive sharing of brake components between regen-intensive battery-electric and hybrid vehicles, and their more friction-brake intensive internal combustion engine powered sibling. However, a multitude of factors are elevating the need for a more accurate estimation, including the emerging of dedicated electric vehicle architectures with opportunities for optimizing the friction brake design, a sharp focus on brake particulate emissions and the role of regenerative braking, a need to make design decisions for features such as corrosion protection for brake pad and pad slide components, and the emergence of driver-facing features such as Brake Pad Life Monitoring. Tackling this question raises questions such as “is the proven braking energy and temperature

Antanaitis, David, Robere, Matthew

Onboard Sensor and Actuator Calibration of a Tripod Electric Vehicle Using Circular, Linear, and Cornering Motion Tests

02-16-01-000608/09/2022

This article aims at the calibration of an onboard sensor and actuator parameters as well as the identification of the open-loop transfer function of the steering and traction control systems of tripod electric vehicles (EVs). Tripod EVs are commonly used as forklifts and automatic guided vehicles in a factory or wheelchairs in a hospital. A test procedure called the circular, linear, and cornering motions (CLCM) test is introduced in this article for making the corrections which are caused by many factors including the potentiometer of the steering angle error, hall sensor error of the traction speed, the backlash of the steering system, and the tire slip angle that can lead the tripod EV to deviate from the path. The CLCM test is subdivided into circular, linear, and cornering motion subtasks for each individual identification and calibration purposes. The effect of the CLCM test has been verified by both simulation and experiment via an 8-shape navigation path consisting of all

Ismail, Hasan, Chiang, Chien-Hsun, Chieng, Wei-Hua

V4-002 FK test

SAE-PP-0095504/26/2022

Heavy vehicles are essential for the modern economy, delivering critical food, supplies, and freight throughout the world. Connected heavy vehicles are also driven by embedded computers that utilize internal communication using common standards. However, some implementations of the standards leave an opening for a malicious actor to abuse the system. One such abuse case is a cyber-attack known as the “Address Claim Attack.” Proposed in 2018, this attack uses a single network message to disable all communication to and from a target electronic control unit, which may have a detrimental effect on operating the vehicle. This article demonstrates the viability of the attack and then describes the implementation of a solution to prevent this attack in real time without requiring any intervention from the manufacturer of the target devices. The defense technique uses a bit-banged Controller Area Network (CAN) filter to detect the attack. Once an attack is discovered, the defender induces a

Mutagaana, Festo

Methodology and application on load monitoring using strain-gauged bolts in brake calipers

2022-01-112103/29/2022

As technology evolves, the number of sensors and available data on vehicles grow exponentially. In this context, it is essential to use sensors for monitoring key components, increasing safety and reliability, and gathering data useful for mechanical dimensioning and control systems. This paper presents an application of strain-gauged bolts brake calipers fixation of two electric vehicles. With this approach it was possible to obtain the loads applied to the brake pads and correlate them with braking behavior, therefore gaining insights on braking conditions and system state. The goal of the study is analyzing the strengths and limitations of the method and proposing developments to deploy it in real applications. This topic is particularly important and novel for electric vehicles, where powertrains can create positive and negative torques and generate complex interactions with braking system. Strain-gauges are a long-known technology applied in many fields, and its usage in bolts and

de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Sisca, Lorenzo, Carello, Massimiliana, Ferraris, Alessandro, Airale, Andrea Giancarlo, Falossi, Marco, Carlevaris, Alberto

Hardware-in-the-loop testing of a hybrid Brake-by-wire system for electric vehicle

2022-01-111603/29/2022

Recent trends in automotive engineering, such as electrification and automation, are opening chances as well as challenges due to the need of new chassis components (e.g., drivetrain, brakes, steering, suspension etc.) and control methods. Mechatronic components, so called X-by-wire systems, seem to become game-changers since they allow more efficient vehicle control with a higher operational speed for improving active safety, efficiency and driving comfort. Especially brake-by-wire (BBW) applications step into foreground, since they affect the bespoken aspects but have a limited use on serial vehicles yet due to the current maturity and the high impact of the systems on vehicle architecture. On the other hand, those systems have many advantages e.g., adjustable pedal feel, continuous wheel slip control and more effective recuperation of brake energy. Electromechanical brakes (EMBs) do not need brake fluid which make them easier to integrate (no pipes, no bleeding) and increase

Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin, Büchner, Florian, Bertagna, Alessandro, Rossi, Alessandro, Mazzoni, Matteo

Novel Nanocrystalline Silver Alloy Coatings to Boost Performance of EV High Voltage Interconnects and Charging Interfaces

2022-01-087403/29/2022

Electric vehicle performance needs challenge connector designers and powertrain engineers with new paradigms for performance under more rigorous operational conditions. Traditional connector design protocols direct the engineer to silver plating for the contact interface, but these coatings have a maximum interface temperature of 170 C (ambient temperature plus T-rise). To avoid thermal runaway, engineers have to derate the ampacity of powertrain connections, which reduces available energy delivery as the temperature increases. This is especially true during transient power events like regenerative braking and acceleration. The soft nature of silver coatings make them well suited for power delivery and low contact resistance, but requires an engineering trade-off for wear durability. This is especially problematic for charging connectors which require tens of thousands of mating cycles before failure. In this work, we demonstrate the performance enhancements that can be achieved using

Griffiths, Peteris, HILTY, Robert, Chan, Lisa, Cahalen, John

Off-Road Rover Mobility Simulation Using a Continuum Representation of Deformable Terrains

2022-01-041803/29/2022

We seek to develop control policies for optimized rover mobility on deformable granular material terrains using a co-simulation framework implemented in an open-source simulation platform. An elasto-plastic continuum model is employed for the purpose of increasing the simulation speed in capturing the dynamics of the deformable granular material terrain. The solution of the continuum problem is obtained using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method; the rover is handled as a multibody system with constraints. Both the rover body and wheels are defined via geometries specified through triangular meshes. The two-way coupling between each wheel and the deformable terrain is implemented using so-called boundary conditions enforcing (BCE) particles attached to the rover wheel. A traction control algorithm is proposed to reduce wheel slip and hence power/energy usage in a hill-climbing scenario. The study is carried out in an in-house developed open source code called Chrono. The

Hu, Wei, Zhou, Zhenhao, Serban, Radu, Negrut, Dan

Hybrid Drivetrain Design Using a Power Curve Heuristic Method

2022-01-079403/29/2022

Emerging electrified powertrains benefit from efficient conversion and regenerative braking by storing energy in batteries rather than liquid or gaseous fuels. The downside of batteries, however, is that they're heavy and expensive compared to Diesel or Hydrogen fuel. A hybrid drivetrain, compared to a purely electric vehicle, can provide many of the same benefits with a much smaller battery. A heuristic is proposed to design hybrid vehicle architectures which achieve high energy efficiency while minimizing the mass and cost of onboard components. The heuristic uses vehicle power-energy curves to size motor, battery, engine, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage components to meet the required peak power and total energy storage requirements for various commercial vehicles configured as parallel, series, or powersplit hybrids. Commercial vehicles have distinct duty cycles to which a hybrid system must be closely tailored. The heuristic design method is verified using a vehicle drivetrain

Miller, Eric

Hierarchical Vehicle Stability Control Strategy Based on Unscented Kalman Filter Estimation

2022-01-034303/29/2022

High-speed vehicle is prone to instability under bad road conditions, causing many safety accidents such as tail-flicking and overturning. Stability control could assist vehicle to drive safely and stably by adjusting the additional yaw moment. However, most of the existing stability control strategies directly invoke the information of the sideslip angle of the centroid that is difficult to obtain on the vehicle, and carry out complex controller design, which deviates from the actual application. In order to achieve a complete set of stability control architecture oriented to practical applications, this paper designs a hierarchical vehicle stability control strategy based on differential braking and state estimation technology. Firstly, a model oriented to state estimation and controller design is built according to the vehicle's motion state; Secondly, the sideslip angle of the centroid is accurately estimated through the unscented Kalman filter algorithm; Subsequently, the sliding

Zhang, Jian, Jiang, Hongwei, Li, Linrun, Liu, Qiuzheng, Wang, Yu, Liu, Jinbo, Gao, Yuan, Chen, Zhicheng

Active brake wheel cylinder pressure control based on integrated electro-hydraulic brake system

2022-01-034203/29/2022

With the development of automobile industry, the requirements of quick response, high performance are put forward for the braking system. Since the traditional braking system cannot achieve these, the international brake parts manufacturers put forward an integrated electronic braking system -the 1-Box. It can realize active braking through the servo motor. In addition, by controlling the pressure of servo cylinder and working with solenoid valves, the wheel cylinder pressure can be controlled. However, it has some problems, such as hydraulic hysteresis disturbance and complex friction obstruction, which cause obstacles to the accurate control of wheel cylinder pressure. In this paper, the active brake pressure control strategy of wheel cylinders is designed based on 1-Box. First, introduce the configuration and the working principle of wheel cylinder pressure control; Next, design the servo cylinder active brake pressure control strategy composed of servo ring and pressure ring. Servo

Zhang, Jian, Li, Linrun, Jiang, Hongwei, Liu, Qiuzheng, Wang, Yu, Yuan, Wenjian, Wu, Jian, Zhang, Xuhan

Visual System Analysis of High Speed on-off Valve Based on Multi-physics Simulation

2022-01-046503/29/2022

High speed on-off valves(HSV) are widely used in advanced hydraulic braking actuators, including the regenerative braking system and the active safety system, which take crucial part in improving the energy efficiency and safety performance of vehicles. As a component involving multiple physical fields, the HSV is affected by interaction of fluid, electromagnetic, mechanical, and even the temperature. Since the opening of the HSV is small and the flow speed is high, cavitation and vortex are inevitably brought out so that increase the valve’s noise and instability. However, it is costly and complex to observe the flow status by visual fluid experiments. Hence a visual multi-physics system simulation model of HSVs is explored in this paper, in which the flow field model of the HSV built by the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is co-simulated with the model of hydraulic control actuator established by AMESim. Accordingly, the pressure and the opening of the HSV are variable with actual

Meng, Aihong

Design and Hardware in the Loop testing of AEB controllers

2022-01-010603/29/2022

Current ADAS systems can improve vehicle safety directly influencing its dynamics, reducing the impact of human error while driving. These functionalities have a high impact on the complexity of each unit installed on the car, potentially increasing the development time. In this work, a Hardware in the Loop testing methodology for Autonomous Emergency Braking system is presented, aiming to enable a faster system development process. A commercial production brake by wire unit has been installed on a real-time driving simulator. The AEB functionality of the unit is activable in real-time during the simulation, by the means of a customizable control strategy. Three different AEB controllers have been implemented: the first one reproduces the unit stock functionality, while the two remaining compute the requested deceleration using a PID and a Fuzzy control strategy. The three controllers have been tested in standardized EuroNCAP Car-to-Car Rear (CCR) collision scenarios, implemented on

Alfatti, Federico, Garinei, Michele, Annicchiarico, Claudio, Capitani, Renzo

Rule-based Power Management Strategy of Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles: Case Study of A Class 8 Heavy-Duty Truck

2022-01-090103/29/2022

Mobility in the automotive and transportation sector has been experiencing a period of unprecedented evolution. A growing need for efficient, clean and safe mobility has made a strong momentum toward sustainable technologies in this sector. Toward this end, battery electric vehicles have drawn keen interest and the market share is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, especially in light-duty applications such as passenger cars. Although battery electric vehicles feature high performance and zero emissions characteristics, economic and technical issues such as high battery cost, a short driving range, and limited infrastructure should be tackled. In particular, the low power density of battery electric vehicles limits their broad adoption in heavy-duty applications such as class 8 long haul trucks due to a size and weight of battery. In this work, motivated by the high power density and potential for improving energy efficiency through regenerative braking of a hydraulic

Yoon, Yongsoon, Romero, Giovanni, Nkemdilim-Dantzler, Emil, DelVescovo, Dan, Guessous, Laila

Proving Ground Durability Test Schedule Development for Electrified Vehicle Drivelines using Virtual Simulations

2022-01-079003/29/2022

A new method is presented for developing proving ground durability tests for electrified vehicle (xEV) drivetrains. For xEVs, the durability tests must be able to capture the added driveline torques due to regenerative braking, customer battery charge/recharge usage, and battery power degradation over time. In terms of xEV duty cycle test schedule development, using actual vehicle data from specific proving ground test events might prove to be costly and time consuming. Furthermore, newer electrified prototype vehicles might not be available for trackside testing while still undergoing the design stage. The new method presented here aims to reduce the complexities of xEV proving ground duty cycle development with the use of a high-fidelity vehicle dynamics simulation model for electrified powertrains. The xEV model uses a mixture of forward (to predict speeds, given torque demands) and inverse dynamics (to predict torques, given constant speed requirements) to predict driveline

Mohamed, Richard, Salvatori, David, Ramakrishnan, Venkat, Magistrali, Stefano

A Study on the Improvement of EV One-Pedal Driving System Interface and Cost Reduction

2022-01-077903/29/2022

Recently, electric vehicles are rapidly increasing in the global automobile market. As many brands are striving to switch to electric models, the global EV market is expected to account for 31 million units sale on 2030. However, the EV driveline interface is still just a similar way of the operating the internal combustion engine (ICE). The interface of the new era should be new while embracing drivers familiar with the existing design. This study is to achieve better 'one-pedal driving', a key topic among electric vehicle driving methods. 'One-Pedal Driving' refers to a system in which a user controls a vehicle only with an accelerator pedal and regenerative braking power without using a brake pedal in an electric vehicle. The purpose of this study is to provide a true one-pedal driving experience to customers with minimal design improvement while reducing costs for manufacturers. For this study, first of all, we would like to analyze the big data of 3.8 million driving record and

Won, Myung Won

On-board estimation of road adhesion coefficient based on ANFIS and UKF

2022-01-034703/29/2022

The road adhesion coefficient has a great impact on the performance of vehicle tires, which in turn affects vehicle safety and stability. A low coefficient of adhesion can significantly reduce the tire's traction limit. Therefore, the measurement of the coefficient is much helpful for automated vehicle control and stability control. Considering that the road adhesion coefficient is an inherent parameter of the road and it cannot be known directly from the information of the on-vehicle sensors. The novelty of this paper is to construct a road adhesion coefficient observer which considers the noise of sensors and measures the unknown state variable by the trained neural network. A Butterworth filter and Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS) are combined to provide the lateral and longitudinal velocity which cannot be measured by regular sensors. Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) considering vehicle model, wheel model, and tire model is proposed to estimate the road adhesion

Chen, Zixuan, Duan, Yupeng, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing

Modeling Rack Force for Steering Maneuvers in a Stationary Vehicle

2021-01-128710/11/2021

A steering system converts circular motion of the steering wheel into yaw motion of the road-wheels. In absence of a steering assist mechanism, the driver torque overcomes the tire-road friction forces, which is transmitted to the steering rack through tie rods attached to the road-wheels. The net force acting on the rack is then transmitted to the steering wheel through mechanical linkages which results in a natural haptic feedback, commonly referred to as the steering feel. In an electric/hydraulic power steering, an electro-mechanical actuator applies assist force, which reduces the torque required by the driver. In order to maintain stability of the power steering system while generating a desired steering feel, it is therefore crucial to accurately model steering rack force. We present a model for the rack force, which is generated while performing steering maneuvers in a stationary vehicle. In contrast to the well-known LuGre tire friction model, our rack force model is simpler

Kant, Nilay, Chitkara, Raunav, Pramod, Prerit

In-Depth Considerations for Electric Vehicle Braking Systems Operation with Steep Elevation Changes and Trailering

2021-01-126310/11/2021

As the automotive industry prepares to roll out an unprecedented range of fully electric propulsion vehicle models over the next few years – it really brings to a head for folks responsible for brakes what used to be the subject of hypothetical musings and are now pivotal questions for system design. How do we really go about designing brakes for electric vehicles? What is really an “optimal’ design for brakes considering the imperatives for the entire vehicle? What are the real “limit conditions” for usage that drive the fundamental design? Are there really electric charging stations planned for or even already existing in high elevations that can affect regenerative brake capacity on the way down? What should be communicated to drivers (if anything) about driving habits for electric vehicles in routes with significant elevation change? The present work attempts to consolidate past published information and combine it with new information and makes a sincere effort to answer these

Antanaitis, David

Empowering the brake systems

2021-01-126110/11/2021

Some researches show that the transport system is one of the main responsible for the emission of pollutants in the atmosphere. The growing demand for automobiles contrasts directly with the scarcity of inputs, planet temperature increasing and air quality degradation in large cities. This counterpoint is explored and discussed a lot, demanding that studies would be conducted to find out sustainable solutions in the production to end-customers. Instead of use fossil resources, one of the options to reduce gas emissions is the use of vehicles powered by electricity. When converting part of the vehicle's kinetic energy into electrical one its reduces emissions in the production electricity – power plants - as well burning gases in transport. Through technological innovations applied in brake systems with stability control embark safety and environment considering a single system.

Batagini, Emerson

Application of Brake System Failed State Performance and Reliability Requirements to System Architecting and Control of Autonomous Vehicles

2021-01-126710/11/2021

The modern braking system in the field today may be controlled by over a million lines of computer code and may feature several hundred moving parts. Although modern brake systems generally deliver performance, even with partial failures present in the system, that is well above regulatory minimums, they also have a level of complexity that extends well beyond what the authors of current regulations envisioned. Complexity in the braking system is poised for significant increases as advanced technologies such as self-driving vehicles are introduced, and as multiple systems are linked together to provide vehicle-level “features” to the driver such as deceleration (which can invoke service braking, regenerative braking, use of the parking brake, and engine braking). Rigorous safety-case analysis is critical to bring a new brake system concept to market, but may be too tedious and rely on too many assumptions to be useful in the early architecting stages of new vehicle development. A set

Antanaitis, David, Heil, Edward

EV System Modelling And Co-simulation With Integrated HVAC And Auxiliary Models

2021-26-017209/22/2021

The current simulation models of EV and ICE Vehicles are well known in industry for their use in estimating the fuel economy or Range benefits because of controller calibrations and component sizing. However, there is a gap in understanding the behavior of accessories such as HVAC, power steering and other such auxiliary loads and the energy losses associated with them. Impact of thermal behavior of electronics on vehicle range also needs to be studied in detail. These kinds of studies help OEM and tier 1 manufactures in improving their design concepts significantly with minimum cost and development time. Hence, the focus of this study is on building simulation models of thermal, electrical, traction and control circuits of a typical electric vehicle. These models are then integrated, and analysis is performed to understand vehicle system level performance metrics. Individual models have been built for HVAC and thermal circuit of on EV in AMESim, HV and LV electrical power distribution

Sadaraboina, Moses Vidya Sagar, Joshi, Parth, Negi, Aditya, Zulkefli PhD, Mohd Azrin

SAE J1698-1A Pedestrian Protection EDR Output Data Definition, Appendix to SAE J1698-1 Event Data Recorder - Output Data Definition

J1698/1A_202104 (Current)04/30/2021

SAE J1698-1A creates an appendix to SAE J1698-1. The appendix contains EDR Record parameters and definitions related to light duty passenger vehicle pedestrian protection systems.

Event Data Recorder Committee

Research on Parallel Regenerative Braking Control of the Electric Commercial Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Logic

2021-01-011904/06/2021

Regenerative braking is an effective technology to extend the driving range of electrified vehicles by recovering kinetic energy from braking. This paper focuses on the design of the regenerative braking control strategy for a commercial vehicle which requires significantly larger braking power than passenger cars. To maximize the energy recovery while ensuring the braking efficiency of the vehicle and its braking safety, this paper proposed a fuzzy logic strategy for regenerative braking control, and a feasibility study was conducted for an electric van. The work includes in three steps. Firstly, state variables that significantly affect regenerative braking performance, i.e., vehicle speed, battery State-of-Charge (SOC), and braking intensity, are identified based on mathematical modelling of the vehicle system dynamics in braking maneuver. With the three state variables as control inputs, the fuzzy logic controller is then developed to allocate the required braking force to the

Ye, Meng, Tan, Gangfeng, Lei, Fushou, Chen, Kailang, Feng, Jiaming, Zhao, Feng‘an

Accurate Pressure Control Based on Driver Braking Intention Identification for a Novel Integrated Braking System

2021-01-010004/06/2021

With the development of intelligent and electric vehicles, higher requirements are put forward for the active braking and regenerative braking ability of the braking system. The traditional braking system equipped with vacuum booster has difficulty meeting the demand, therefore it has gradually been replaced by the integrated braking system. In this paper, a novel Integrated Braking System (IBS) is presented, which mainly contains a pedal feel simulator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a series of transmission mechanisms, and the hydraulic control unit. As an integrative system of mechanics-electronics-hydraulics, the IBS has complex nonlinear characteristics, which challenge the accurate pressure control. Furthermore, it is a completely decoupled braking system, the pedal force doesn’t participate in pressure-building, so it is necessary to precisely identify driver’s braking intention. To improve the control accuracy of the system, this paper proposed a novel pressure

Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Yihan, Zhao, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng, Jin, Wanli

Monarch's automated, electric tractor ready for 2021 deliveries

21TOFHP02_1002/01/2021

“If you want to fundamentally improve your economics,” said Monarch Tractor co-founder and CTO Zachary Omohundro to farmers and growers everywhere, “you go electric.” During a webcast with SAE International's Southern California Section featuring his startup company's battery-electric compact tractor, Omohundro offered markedly reduced operational costs as only one of many reasons for using the Monarch tractor, for which he said deliveries will start this fall for the “several hundred working farms” that have reserved the tractor that starts at $50,000.

Visnic, Bill

Braking Systems for High Performance Electric Vehicles - A Design Study

2020-01-161210/05/2020

Any young person who has taken delight in playing with toy slot cars knows that the world of racing and the world of electric cars has been intertwined for a long time. And anyone who has driven a modern performance electric vehicle knows that the instant acceleration, exhilarating speeds, and joy of driving of slot cars is reflected in these full sized “toys”, with the many more practical benefits that come from being full-sized and steerable. There is strong foreshadowing of a vibrant future for performance cars in some of the EV’s on the market now and in the near future, some offering “ludicrous” acceleration, and others storied nameplates with performance to match. The ease at which powerful electric drives can capably hurtle a massive vehicle around the track at high speeds, combined with the potential for the same electric drives to exert powerful regenerative braking, creates a very interesting situation for brake engineers. What wins out in the end - raw power or regenerative

Antanaitis, David, Robere, Matthew

Applying Automotive EDR Data to Traffic Crash Reconstruction Virtual Pre-Conference Certification

C201608/07/2020

EDR\'s were first installed in 1994 and are now installed in 99% of new light vehicles sold in the US. In the US EDR’s are not required, but vehicles with EDR’s made after 9/1/2012 must meet minimum standardized content requirements of 49 CFR, Part 563 including speed, throttle, brake on/off and Delta V. Data must be retrievable with a publicly available tool. Only a few manufacturers install EDR’s worldwide currently, but the EU and China are adopting regulations to require them in the next few years. Some manufacturers provide stability control system data far beyond the US regulation that aid in understanding vehicle movement in the 5 seconds prior to the crash. This course will provide the participant with the skills necessary to analyze EDR data that has already been imaged, apply it to crash reconstruction, and reconcile it with calculations using other data sources. The course will enable the participant to analyze current and potential future EDR data set without regard to

Articulated Vehicle Lateral Stability Management via Active Rear-Wheel Steering of Tractor Using Fuzzy Logic and Model Predictive Control

02-13-02-0008

07/01/2020

In-phase rear-wheel steering, where rear wheels are steered in the same direction of front wheels, has been widely investigated in the literature for vehicle stability improvements along with stability control systems. Much faster response can be achieved by steering the rear wheels automatically during an obstacle avoidance maneuver without applying the brakes where safe stopping distance is not available. Sudden lane change movements still remain challenging for heavy articulated vehicles, such as tractor and semitrailer combinations, particularly on roads with low coefficient of adhesion. Different lateral accelerations acting on tractor and semi-trailer may cause loss of stability resulting in jackknifing, trailer-swing, rollover, or slip-off. Several attempts have been made in the literature to use active steering of semi-trailer’s rear wheels to prevent jackknifing and rollover. However, loss of stability in an articulated vehicle is usually caused by an oversteered tractor, and

Sahin, Hasan, Akalin, Ozgen