Browse Topic: Electronic brake controls

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A Safety and Security Testbed for Assured Autonomy in Vehicles2020-01-129104/14/2020
Connectivity and autonomy in vehicles promise improved efficiency, safety and comfort. The increasing use of embedded systems and the cyber element bring with them many challenges regarding cyberattacks which can seriously compromise driver and passenger safety. Beyond penetration testing, assessment of the security vulnerabilities of a component must be done through the design phase of its life cycle. This paper describes the development of a benchtop testbed which allows for the assurance of safety and security of components with all capabilities from Model-in-loop to Software-in-loop to Hardware-in-loop testing. Environment simulation is obtained using the AV simulator, CARLA which provides realistic scenarios and sensor information such as Radar, Lidar etc. MATLAB runs the vehicle, powertrain and control models of the vehicle allowing for the implementation and testing of customized models and algorithms. Real-time simulation and connectivity with external components are obtained
Appel, Matthew, Oruganti, Pradeep Sharma, Ahmed, Qadeer, Wilkerson, Jaxon, Sekar, Rubanraj
Modeling and Identification of an Electric Vehicle Braking System: Thermal and Tribology Phenomena Assessment2020-01-109404/14/2020
A rapidly shifting market and increasingly stringent environmental regulations require the automotive industry to produce more efficient low-emission Electric Vehicles (EVs). Regenerative braking has proven to be a major contributor to both objectives, enabling the charging of the batteries during braking and a reduction of the load and wear of the brake pads. The optimal sizing of such systems requires the availability of good simulation models to improve their performance and reliability at all stages of the vehicle design. This enables the designer to study both the integration of the braking system with the full vehicle equipment and the interactions between electrical and mechanical braking strategies. This paper presents a generic simulation framework for the identification of thermal and wear behaviour of a mechanical braking system, based on a lumped parameter approach. The thermal behaviour of the system is coupled back to the friction coefficient between the pad and the disk
D’hondt, Thomas, Forrier, Bart, Sarrazin, Mathieu, Favilli, Tommaso, Pugi, Luca, Berzi, Lorenzo, Viviani, Riccardo, Pierini, Marco
Development of General Motors’ eAssist Gen3 Propulsion System2018-01-042204/03/2018
General Motors’ 3rd generation eAssist propulsion systems build upon the experience gained from the 2nd generation 115v system and the 1st generation 36v system. Extensive architectural studies were conducted to optimize the new eAssist system to maintain the performance and fuel economy gains of the 2nd generation 115v system while preserving passenger and cargo space, and reducing cost. Three diverse vehicle applications have been brought to production. They include two similar pickup trucks with 5.3 liter V8 engines and 8 speed transmissions, a 4-door passenger car with 2.5 liter 4 cylinder normally aspirated gasoline engine and a 6-speed automatic transmission, and a crossover SUV with a 2.0-liter turbocharged engine and 9 speed transmission. The key electrification components are a new water cooled induction motor/generator (MG), new water cooled power electronics module, and two major variants of 86v lithium ion battery packs. All three applications share variations of the same
Cottrell, Daniel, Miller, Michael Andrew, Oury, Andrew, Staley, Eric, Mui, Danny, Osterkamp, Dale, Poulos, Stephen
Research on a Novel Electro-Hydraulic Brake System and Pressure Control Strategy2018-01-076404/03/2018
Based on the research and analysis of the current brake systems, this paper presents a novel electro-hydraulic brake system, which can better meet the functional requirements. The system mainly contains a master cylinder, two brake hydraulic cylinders and drive motors, two transmission mechanisms, thirteen solenoid valves, pedal force simulator, etc. Since the proposed brake system uses a dual motor along with two brake hydraulic cylinders, it has advantages in providing fast pressure response, flexible working modes, high precision and strong fault tolerance. In order to facilitate the study of pressure control algorithm for the proposed brake system, a mathematical model of the brake system is firstly established, then a multiplexed time-division pressure control algorithm is proposed to realize the simultaneous or partially simultaneous pressure control, which ensures the high precision and short response time. Finally, based on the model of the proposed brake system, some extensive
Liu, Haizhen, He, Rui, Deng, Weiwen, Yang, Shun, Wu, Jian, Chen, Pengcheng
Autonomous Emergency Braking Control Based on Hierarchical Strategy Using Integrated-Electro-Hydraulic Brake System2017-01-196409/23/2017
Highway traffic safety has been the most serious problem in current society, statistics show that about 70% to 90% of accidents are caused by driver operational errors. The autonomous emergency braking (AEB) is one of important vehicle intelligent safety technologies to avoid or mitigate collision. The AEB system applies the vehicle brakes when a collision is eminent in spite of any reaction by the driver. In some technologies, the system forewarns the driver with an acoustic signal when a collision is still avoidable, but subsequently applies the brakes automatically if the driver fails to respond. This paper presents the development and implementation of a rear-end collision avoidance system based on hierarchical control framework which consists of threat assessment layer, wheel slip ratio control layer and integrated-electro-hydraulic brake (IEHB) actuator control layer. The threat assessment layer continuously calculates threat metrics associated with collision avoidance by braking
He, Xiangkun, Ji, Xuewu, Yang, Kaiming, Liu, Yulong, WU, Jian, Liu, Yahui
Research on Vehicle Stability Control Strategy Based on Integrated-Electro-Hydraulic Brake System2017-01-156503/28/2017
A vehicle dynamics stability control system based on integrated-electro-hydraulic brake (I-EHB) system with hierarchical control architecture and nonlinear control method is designed to improve the vehicle dynamics stability under extreme conditions in this paper. The I-EHB system is a novel brake-by-wire system, and is suitable to the development demands of intelligent vehicle technology and new energy vehicle technology. Four inlet valves and four outlet valves are added to the layout of a conventional four-channel hydraulic control unit. A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) provides a stabilized high-pressure source in the master cylinder, and the four-channel hydraulic control unit ensures that the pressures in each wheel cylinder can be modulated separately at a high precision. Besides, the functions of Anti-lock Braking System, Traction Control System and Regenerative Braking System, Autonomous Emergency Braking can be integrated in this brake-by-wire system. A sliding
He, Xiangkun, Yang, Kaiming, Ji, Xuewu, Liu, Yahui, Deng, Weiwen
A Custom Integrated Circuit with On-chip Current-to-Digital Converters for Active Hydraulic Brake System2016-01-009104/05/2016
This paper presents a custom integrated circuit (IC) on which circuit functions necessary for “Active Hydraulic Brake (AHB) system” are integrated, and its key component, “Current-to-Digital Converter” for solenoid current measurement. The AHB system, which realizes a seamless brake feeling for Antilock Brake System (ABS) and Regenerative Brake Cooperative Control of Hybrid Vehicle, and the custom IC are installed in the 4th-generation Prius released in 2015. In the AHB system, as linear solenoid valves are used for hydraulic brake pressure control, high-resolution and high-speed sensing of solenoid current with ripple components due to pulse width modulation (PWM) is one of the key technologies. The proposed current-to-digital converter directly samples the drain-source voltage of the sensing DMOS (double-diffused MOSFET) with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter (ADC) on the IC, and digitizes it. The conversion characteristic is compensated for the DMOS onresistance variation by an
Watanabe, Hikaru, Segawa, Tsutomu, Okuhira, Takumi, Mima, Hiroki, Hoshikawa, Norishige
The New Era of Infotainment Systems2015-36-023709/22/2015
This paper focuses on present information and technical details about the connectivity and new technologies in automotive infotainment systems, based on an independent research of the authors using public references. The evolution of the consumer electronics and the electronic products in all areas allowed new features in the automotive market. The changes in the microelectronics industries accelerate the release of new technologies. Transistor by transistor, the electronics industry is literally changing the world. Consider this: in 2015, there will be more than seven billion mobile devices in the world consuming and generating massive amounts of data. In addition to that, there are more than one billion transistors for each person in world due to the popularization of computers, smartphones and tablets. In this sense, vehicle’s development is following the same tendency, the leverage of new technology even in the entry level vehicles is a must. Product life cycles are compressing
de Souza, Rafael Navarenho, de Souza Fino, Leonardo Navarenho
Development & Integration of a Charge Sustaining Control Strategy for a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle2014-01-290510/13/2014
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT) is participating in the 2012-2014 EcoCAR 2: Plugging in to the Future Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Lab (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors Corporation (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goals of the competition are to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) petroleum energy consumption (PEU), WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emissions while maintaining vehicle performance, consumer acceptability and safety. Following the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Development Process (VDP), HEVT is designing, building, and refining an advanced technology vehicle over the course of the three year competition using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu donated by GM as a base vehicle. The team selected a series-parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with P2 (between engine and transmission) and P4 (rear axle) motors, a lithium-ion battery pack, an internal combustion engine, and an automatic transmission
Manning, P. Christopher, White, Eli, Marquez, Eduardo, Figueroa, Leonard, Shoults, Lucas, Nelson, Douglas
Vehicle Refinement and Testing of a Series-Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle2014-01-290410/13/2014
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team (HEVT) of Virginia Tech is ready to compete in the Year 3 Final Competition for EcoCAR 2: Plugging into the Future. The team is confident in the reliability of their vehicle, and expects to finish among the top schools at Final Competition. During Year 3, the team refined the vehicle while following the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Development Process (VDP). Many refinements came about in Year 3 such as the implementation of a new rear subframe, the safety analysis of the high voltage (HV) bus, and the integration of Charge Sustaining (CS) control code. HEVT's vehicle architecture is an E85 Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), which has many strengths and weaknesses. The primary strength is the pure EV mode and Series mode, which extend the range of the vehicle and reduce Petroleum Energy Usage (PEU) and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. A primary weakness is the architectures complexity, which made it difficult for the team to truly reap the
Manning, P. Christopher, Marquez, Eduardo D., Figueroa, Leonard, Nelson, Douglas J., White, Eli Hampton, Shoults, Lucas Wayne
Experimental Study of Interaction between Brake-Disc Surface Texture and Friction Material on Friction and Wear through Small-Scale Tests on Tribotester2014-01-250209/28/2014
There are various processes for finishing the friction surfaces of a brake disc, which affect the braking effectiveness of a vehicle in the early stages of use in some cases. To examine the interaction between the disc surface texture, rotational direction, and friction material, a series of experiments on a tribotester using small-scale specimens was conducted. In a previous paper (2013-01-2056), the results from the first series of experiments, which involved of thirty disc surface textures and a less aggressive non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction material in on-brake-drag conditions combining constant speed and normal-load, was reported. Disc surfaces were finished by the following finishing processes in two rotational directions: turning under four cutting conditions, roller burnishing after turning, turning with a wiper insert, and grinding with two stones. Contact-pressure dependency of friction and wear was confirmed. Roller-burnished and wiper-turned discs exhibited different
Okamura, Toshikazu
Development of a Control Strategy and HIL Validation of Electronic Braking System for Commercial Vehicle2014-01-007604/01/2014
This article focuses on the research of control algorithm and control logic for the pneumatic EBS (Electronic Braking System) of commercial vehicle. An overall technical program was proposed which develops conventional braking and emergency braking for commercial vehicle EBS. According to the overall scheme, the methods of vehicle state estimation and driver's braking intention were determined, modeling and simulation for key components of commercial vehicle EBS were then carried out. This lead to the development of deceleration control, braking force distribution, brake assist and ABS control. Simulation models for key components of EBS and control strategy were validated through hardware-in-the-loop simulation tests. Simulation results show that the control strategy improves vehicle braking stability and vehicle active safety.
Han, Jongchol, Changfu, Zong, Weiqiang, Zhao
Regenerative Braking Control Algorithm for an Electrified Vehicle Equipped with a By-Wire Brake System2014-01-179104/01/2014
Regenerative braking, which can effectively improve vehicle's fuel economy by recuperating the kinetic energy during deceleration processes, has been applied in various types of electrified vehicle as one of its key technologies. To achieve high regeneration efficiency and also guarantee vehicle's brake safety, the regenerative brake should be coordinated with the mechanical brake. Therefore, the regenerative braking control performance can be significantly affected by the structure of mechanical braking system and the brake blending control strategy. By-wire brake system, which mechanically decouples the brake pedal from the hydraulic brake circuits, can make the braking force modulation more flexible. Moreover, its inherent characteristic of ‘pedal-decouple’ makes it well suited for the implementation in the cooperative regenerative braking control of electrified vehicles. With the aims of regeneration efficiency and braking performance, a regenerative braking control algorithm for
Lv, Chen, Zhang, Junzhi, Li, Yutong, Yuan, Ye
Experimental Study of Effect of Brake-Disc Surface Texture on Friction and Wear through Small-Scale Tests on Tribotester2013-01-205609/30/2013
The surface texture of a brake disc in some cases affects the braking effectiveness of a vehicle in the early stages of use. Brake discs usually turn in one rotational direction during their finishing process but are turn in two directions on a vehicle. This causes a difference in friction or wear between two wheels. Directional surface textures of brake discs finished by turning or roller burnishing may cause this interaction to become more severe than those finished by grinding. Full-scale tests using actual friction pairs are effective for estimating the total braking performance of a full vehicle or its corners. However, they are exposed to various factors and different brake-disc locations creating different friction and wear histories. The author, therefore, concluded that fundamental experiments using small-scale specimens are necessary to examine the details of the interaction between the disc surface texture, rotational direction, and friction material. In this paper, the
Okamura, Toshikazu
Prototype of Distributed Electro-Hydraulic Braking System and its Fail-Safe Control Strategy2013-01-206609/30/2013
Prototype of a brake-by-wire (BBW) system named Distributed Electro-hydraulic Braking System (DEHB) has been developed. As a BBW system, DEHB is suitable to be used in electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Comparing to the ‘dry’ type distributed BBW systems such as Electro-mechanical Braking System (EMB) or Electric Wedge Brake (EWB), the ‘wet’ feature of DEHB brings benefits to system cost, installation, performance and reliability. In this paper, prototype of the DEHB was described. Based on its ‘wet’ feature, a new fail-safe control for DEHB was proposed. Two types of DEHB architectures that can perform the proposed fail-safe control were described. Superiority of the proposed fail-safe control and architectures for DEHB were examined and verified through simulations and HIL experiments, which helps DEHB to reach a high level of safety and reliability with reduced cost on electro/electronic redundancy.
Wang, Zhizhong, Yu, Liangyao, Wang, Yufeng, You, Changxi, Ma, Liangxu, Song, Jian
Analysis of Input Power, Energy Availability, and Efficiency during Deceleration for X-EV Vehicles2013-01-147304/08/2013
The recovery of braking energy through regenerative braking is a key enabler for the improved efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric, and Battery Electric Vehicles (HEV, PHEV, BEV). However, this energy is often treated in a simplified fashion, frequently using an overall regeneration efficiency term, ξrg [1], which is then applied to the total available braking energy of a given drive-cycle. In addition to the ability to recapture braking energy typically lost during vehicle deceleration, hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles also allow for reduced or zero engine fueling during vehicle decelerations. While regenerative braking is often discussed as an enabler for improved fuel economy, reduced fueling is also an important component of a hybrid vehicle's ability to improve overall fuel economy. Much like energy captured though regenerative braking, engine fueling during deceleration is also often treated using an estimated deceleration fueling rate which is then
Rask, Eric, Santini, Danilo, Lohse-Busch, Henning
Mass Estimation and Axle Load Distribution Algorithm for EBS of Large Bus2013-01-041704/08/2013
The paper describes an algorithm, which estimates the mass of large buses and axle load distribution using pedal position, wheel speed and the wheel cylinder pressure sensors. This algorithm is allowed to achieve the purpose without additional sensors by using the rotational speed sensors from ABS system and air pressure sensors in brake cylinders form ESP system. The axle load distribution algorithm mainly consists of three steps. Firstly, deceleration of the bus is estimated and then the mass of the bus is estimated. After that, the position of the mass centre is estimated. Taking account of the tire nonlinear characteristics under longitudinal forces and vertical forces, mass estimation, deceleration and the position of the mass centre of buses is corrected by the coefficient, which is determined by the wheel cylinder pressure, the wheel speed and mass estimation. When the deceleration, mass of the large bus and the mass center of the whole bus are completely estimated, load of each
Nie, Zhigen, Zong, Changfu, Wan, Ying
Development of the Electrically-Controlled Regenerative Braking System for Electrified Passenger Vehicle2013-01-146304/08/2013
As one of the key technologies of electrified vehicles, regenerative braking offers the capability of fuel saving by converting the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into electric energy during deceleration. To coordinate the regenerative brake and friction brake, improving regeneration efficiency and guaranteeing brake performance and brake safety, development of special brake systems for electrified vehicles is needed. This paper presents a new type of electrically-controlled regenerative braking system (EABS) that has been developed for electrified passenger vehicles, which has the potential to be brought into production in China. By utilizing as much as possible mature components, integrating cooperative regeneration with ABS/TCS functions, EABS can achieve high regeneration efficiency and brake safety while providing system reliability, low development cost and development risk. This article describes the layout of the newly developed regenerative braking system. The operation
Zhang, Junzhi, Lv, Chen, Yue, Xiaowei, Qiu, Mingzhe, Gou, Jinfang, He, Chengkun
Integrated HIL Test and Development System for Pneumatic ABS/EBS ECU of Commercial Vehicles2012-01-203109/24/2012
The quality of the brake system is a significant safety factor in commercial vehicles on the roads. With the development of automobile technology, the single function ABS system didn't meet active safety requirements of the user. The Electronically Controlled Brake System (EBS) system will replace the ABS system to become the standard safety equipment of commercial vehicles in the near future. EBS can be said an enhanced ABS system, it contains load sensor, brake valve sensor and pressure sensor of chamber, etc, and it is more advantages than ABS. This paper describes a flexible integrated test bench for ABS/EBS Electronic Control Unit (ECU) based on Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation technique. It consists of most commercial vehicle pneumatic braking system components (from brake pedal valve, brake caliper to brake chambers), and uses the dSPACE real-time simulation system to communicate to the hardware I/O interface. A precise fifteen degrees of freedom (DOF) commercial vehicle
Weiqiang, Zhao, Zong, Changfu, Zheng, Hongyu, Wang, Huaji, Yang, Shengnan
A New Approach to the Electronic Wedge Brake2012-01-180109/17/2012
The aim of this research is to develop a new electronic braking system based on an electric powered controlled friction brake with high self-reinforcement capability which has performance advantages over the conventional electromechanical brake systems. To avoid jamming, a special control technology was developed. Thus, by intelligently controlling a brake wedge, the kinetic energy of a vehicle is transformed into braking power. The physical effects involved, lead to a significant reduction of energy consumption of the brake actuator compared to “conventional” brake-by-wire systems. The performance of the “Electronic Wedge Brake” (EWB) in a vehicle was studied using a quarter vehicle model. A sliding mode controller was designed for an optimum wheel slip control, and the control simulation results show significant shorter braking distance in comparison to other conventional braking systems.
Ghajari, Amirhossein, Kazemi, Reza
An Innovative 4WD PHEV Utilizing a Series-Parallel Multiple-Regime Architecture2012-01-176409/10/2012
The focus of this paper is the design and implementation of a series-parallel multiple-regime plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu as a platform. The University of Victoria EcoCAR team used a 3-year vehicle development process (VDP) modeled after those used by Tier 1 automotive manufacturers, and maintained by the rules of EcoCAR 2: Plugging into the Future. Intensive research was conducted to determine the ideal architecture selection based on overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, criteria air contaminant (CAC) emissions, fuel economy, petroleum use, and vehicle performance. As a result, a series-parallel design was pursued, using a high power rear traction motor and large BAS electric machine tied to an E85 compatible 4-cylinder internal combustion engine (ICE). This architecture platform provides for multiple regimes of operation including electric only operation provided by the 14.8 kWh lithium ion battery. The architecture is very flexible in
Kaban, Stefan, Nelford, Jason Clancy, Dong, Zuomin, Dong, Jian, Killy, David, Prescott, Daniel, Crawford, Curran
Development of General Motors' eAssist Powertrain2012-01-103904/16/2012
General Motors' (GM) eAssist powertrain builds upon the knowledge and experience gained from GM's first generation 36Volt Belt-Alternator-Starter (BAS) system introduced on the Saturn VUE Green Line in 2006. Extensive architectural trade studies were conducted to define the eAssist system. The resulting architecture delivers approximately three times the peak electric boost and regenerative braking capability of 36V BAS. Key elements include a water-cooled induction motor/generator (MG), an accessory drive with a coupled dual tensioner system, air cooled power electronics integrated with a 115V lithium-ion battery pack, a direct-injection 2.4 liter 4-cylinder gasoline engine, and a modified 6-speed automatic transmission. The torque-based control system of the eAssist powertrain was designed to be fully integrated with GM's corporate common electrical and controls architectures, enabling the potential for broad application across GM's global product portfolio.
Hawkins, Shawn, Billotto, Fred, Cottrell, Daniel, Houtman, Alan, Poulos, Stephen, Rademacher, Roger, Van Maanen, Keith, Wilson, Daryl
Integrated Control of Dynamometer Using LabVIEW Platform - Hardware2011-36-007110/04/2011
The paper addresses the development of an electromagnetic brake control and data capture of torque and rotation, using a graphical interface implemented in LabVIEW for evaluating the performance of internal combustion engines. To control the electromagnetic brake is used like a SMPS Buck, and programming interface developed in LabView is responsible for generating the pulses of voltage that feeds the brake and the data capture system. This project started with the need for improved equipment control and data acquisition dynamometers, eddy-current, installed at the Automotive Laboratory, Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC). In the system of control and data acquisition parameters can be added as temperatures, pressures etc., further improving the precision of torque and power these devices.
Luca, Andrei Moro de, Victorette, Milena, Vandresen, Marcelo, Alves Neto, José de Pinho
Brake Design and Safety, Third EditionR-39810/04/2011
The objectives of this third edition of an SAE classic title are to provide readers with the basic theoretical fundamentals and analytical tools necessary to design braking systems for passenger vehicles and trucks that comply with safety standards, minimize consumer complaints, and perform safely and efficiently before and while electronic brake controls become active. This book, written for students, engineers, forensic experts, and brake technicians, provides readers with theoretical knowledge of braking physics, and offers numerous illustrations and equations that make the information easy to understand and apply. New to this edition are expanded chapters on: • Thermal analysis of automotive brakes • Analysis of hydraulic brake systems • Single vehicle braking dynamics
Limpert, Rudolf
Effect of Directional Surface Finish of Brake Discs on Friction Behavior During Running-in2011-01-238209/18/2011
This paper focuses on the interaction in friction behavior between the surface texture of brake discs, rotational directions in braking operations and metal-cutting process, and friction materials with different degrees of aggressiveness. A factorial experiment for front brake discs was conducted by combining eight discs with directional surface finishes, two rotational directions, and two NAO friction materials on a brake dynamometer. The author analyzed several test results, such as the friction coefficients, disc wear, roughness, and the correlation between them. An assumed mechanism describing the friction behavior is discussed using the experimental results and by introducing the contribution of the aggressiveness and adhesiveness to the friction and confirmed by the test results.
Okamura, Toshikazu
Design, Modeling and Hardware Implementation of a Next Generation Extended Range Electric Vehicle2010-01-083004/12/2010
Advances in battery and hybrid powertrain technology have significantly expanded the automotive design space. In this work, the design process of a new extended range electric vehicle (E-REV) is presented, following the industry standard vehicle development process (VDP). To effectively achieve the design targets, the team developed the project following a model-based design (MBD) approach which is similar to what is used in industrial practice. The design process started from a vehicle technical specification, which defines the required vehicle performance characteristics. Then models were built to exam various design options against the design targets. Improved vehicle performance was demonstrated through model-in-loop (MIL), software-in-loop (SIL) and hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulations. The designed vehicle uses a 2009 Saturn VUE as a baseline platform and incorporates a new powertrain which includes a GM 2-Mode transmission, a GM E85 flex-fuel engine, a rear traction motor and a
Zhou, Leon, Wise, Jeremy, Bowman, Shaun, Crawford, Curran, Dong, Zuomin
Braking System Definitions—Truck and BusJ2627_200908-TEST-REC (Historical)08/03/2009
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies and defines terms specifically related to truck and bus braking systems including Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) and Electronically Controlled Braking Systems (ECBS).
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Research on Control of Vehicle Stability Control Based on Electro-Hydraulic Brake System2007-01-365008/05/2007
Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHB) system is a kind of active control brake systems of automobile, the pedal from the calipers actuation separated and no longer limited by conventional hardware. The system may come together with ABS, ESP, and ASR function, also the communication with other systems is done via the CAN network. EHB system may be classified a “stepping stone” technology to full brake-by-wire and brings huge transform for the performance of braking system. In this paper, vehicle dynamic models were established and accomplished the control strategy for vehicle stability control with EHB system which can adjust wheel and vehicle motion, improve the lateral and longitudinal vehicle stability. This result was verified by simulation which shows that the controller is effective on improving the vehicle stability.
Zheng, Hongyu, Zong, Changfu, Zhu, Tianjun, Tian, Chengwei
Development of Hydraulic Servo Brake System for Cooperative Control with Regenerative Brake2007-01-086804/16/2007
A new brake system, able to make efficient use of regenerative braking while maintaining excellent brake feel, has been developed to increase the fuel economy of hybrid vehicles. A hydraulic servo was used as a base to enable mechanical operation of the service brakes; solenoid valves and brake fluid pressure sensors were added to this base to make it possible to control brake line pressure as demanded. The use of a stroke simulator in the hydraulic servo prevents brake feel from being affected by the control of the brake pressure. In addition, high-accuracy brake pressure control that functions cooperatively with the regenerative brakes is enabled, resulting in stable braking effectiveness.
Aoki, Yasushi, Suzuki, Kenji, Nakano, Hiroshi, Akamine, Kohei, Shirase, Takaomi, Sakai, Kouji
Lexus hybridizes sports sedanAUTOOCT06_0810/01/2006
The GS450h is the world's first series production ICE-electric hybrid in a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive configuration, according to Toyota. What makes a GS a Lexus GS is the spirit of a sports sedan, possessing exceptional vehicle dynamics that stimulate the driver,” declares Chief Engineer Shigetoshi Miyoshi, who had tested the excitement of sports and GT car driving during his tenure in Europe. The Lexus GS450h is a premium high-performance sedan endowed with extraordinary driving performance due to its hybrid drive system. In conjunction with a conventional 3.5-L V6 internal combustion engine (ICE), it allows the car to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.6 s and reaches a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph)-the “allowable limit” by its powertrain for most markets. The Japanese-market model is governed not to exceed 180 km/h (112 mph) by an unwritten decree/agreement among the manufacturers there. For America, quoted numbers are 5.2 s from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) and a 131-mph
Yamaguchi, Jack
Advances in Indoor Tire Tread Wear Simulation2006-01-147704/03/2006
Indoor or laboratory testing of tire tread wear offers many advantages over vehicle fleet testing. Advances in test equipment capabilities and the technologies for defining and simulating meaningful tire loading histories has made indoor tread wear testing a reality. Tire loading histories are influenced by vehicle characteristics, wear course and driving style, and tire stiffnesses. Methods for independently characterizing each of these are reviewed. A simulation technique, TS-Sim, is also described that combines specific vehicle, course and tire characterizations to create a tire load history. The vehicle characterization is critical to the process since both wear rate and various forms of uneven and irregular wear are strongly dependent on vehicle suspension/steering characteristics and on dynamic load transfer behavior. The characterization process involves mapping the vehicle over a practical range of acceleration, deceleration and cornering maneuvers. This mapping can be carried
Knuth, Erik F., Stalnaker, David O., Turner, John L.
Hybridization gathers momentumAUTOMAR06_0103/01/2006
Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles continue to grow in popularity, with many incremental advances coming from Japanese OEMs and suppliers. Hybridization endeavors by Toyota and Honda are well known, each now offering multiple vehicle types, and in Toyota's case multiple hybrid configurations. Suzuki has a micro two-seat car called Twin Hybrid in its catalog, equipped with a powertrain consisting of a 660-cm3 gasoline engine and single motor assist/regenerative system. The Japanese commercial vehicle manufacturers offer several hybrid trucks and buses. Hybrid diversity continues to expand. Nissan is readying its Altima Hybrid for the North American market based on the Toyota system-a “Hybrid with an attitude” is the description from a Nissan engineer of its lively “kick-down-like” acceleration. Daihatsu has a hybrid light van for delivery duties. Mazda is said to be considering a hybrid Tribute (Escape twin, courtesy of Ford and Aisin). Toyota has let it be known that it will add THS-II
Yamaguchi, Jack
Latest Developments on Independent Front Suspensions for Class A Motorhome Chassis and an Outlook to Truck Applications2003-01-343511/10/2003
This paper focuses on the design of a new independent front suspension (IFS) that ZF Passau GmbH has developed for application in class A motorhomes (also known as Recreational Vehicles, RV's). The new IFS gives the customer various benefits such as better handling and higher wheel cuts. Additionally, the suspension module features disc brakes. The background of suspension design (kinematics, parts and bearing properties) and disc brake technology are covered. In a further section, the presentation highlights the application potentials and benefits of IFS systems in heavy-duty trucks. The expected advantages, corresponding ride and handling simulation results from ZF and a design concept that has been produced by ZF in a prototype vehicle are shown.
Eickhoff, Mathias, Vincent, Richard
In-Depth Analysis of the Influence of High Torque Brakes on the Jackknife Stability of Heavy Trucks2003-01-339811/10/2003
Published NHTSA rulemaking plans propose significant reduction in the maximum stopping distance for loaded Class-VIII commercial vehicles. To attain that goal, higher torque brakes, such as air disc brakes, will appear on prime movers long before the trailer market sees significant penetration. Electronic control of the brakes on prime movers should also be expected due to their ability to significantly shorten stopping distances. The influence upon jackknife stability of having higher performance brakes on the prime mover, while keeping traditional pneumatically controlled s-cam drum brakes on the trailer, is discussed in this paper. A hybrid vehicle dynamics model was applied to investigate the jackknife stability of tractor-semitrailer rigs under several combinations of load, speed, surface coefficient, and ABS functionality. These simulations were run to simulate brake-in-turn (B.I.T.) scenarios for a tractor-semitrailer articulated vehicle which is near the maximum drive-through
Dunn, Ashley L., Heydinger, Gary J., Rizzoni, Giorgio, Guenther, Dennis A.
New Model for Simulating the Dynamics of Pneumatic Heavy Truck Brakes with Integrated Anti-Lock Control2003-01-132203/03/2003
This paper introduces a new nonlinear model for simulating the dynamics of pneumatic-over-mechanical commercial vehicle braking systems. The model employs an effective systems approach to accurately reproduce forcing functions experienced at the hubs of heavy commercial vehicles under braking. The model, which includes an on-off type ABS controller, was developed to accurately simulate the steer, drive, and trailer axle drum (or disc) brakes on modern heavy commercial vehicles. This model includes parameters for the pneumatic brake control and operating systems, a 4s/4m (four sensor, four modulator) ABS controller for the tractor, and a 2s/2m ABS controller for the trailer. The dynamics of the pneumatic control (treadle system) are also modeled. Finally, simulation results are compared to experimental data for a variety of conditions.
Dunn, Ashley L., Heydinger, Gary J., Rizzoni, Giorgio, Guenther, Dennis A.
Reduction of Stopping Distance Through Chassis System Networking2002-21-002710/21/2002
This article reports on a Continental Teves compact class demonstration vehicle (the “30m-car”) that uses a control network of selected, in part newly developed chassis systems to show a solution helping “Mr. or Mrs. everyday driver” to shorten their entire stopping distance (normal reaction distance plus brake force build-up distance plus braking distance) in emergency braking situations. The car is fitted with special concept tires with magnetized sidewalls that communicate with the newly developed SWT (Sidewall Torsion) Sensor, a brake-by-wire electro-hydraulic brake system and an electronic chassis system with controllable airsprings and hydraulic shock absorbers. The driver’s reactions are monitored by accelerator and brake pedal sensors, an ACC distance sensor unit serves to monitor the traffic in front of the vehicle. All chassis subsystems were cross-linked within one control network. The shortening of stopping distance was effected in two steps: Nowadays the stopping power of
Rieth, Peter E., Eberz, Thomas
Commercial Vehicle Braking System DefinitionsJ2627_200209 (Historical)09/30/2002
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies and defines terms specifically related to commercial vehicle braking systems including ABS and ECBS.
Truck and Bus Electronically Controlled Brake Systems Comm
Development of Vehicle Dynamics Management System for Hybrid Vehicles - ECB System for Improved Environmental and Vehicle Dynamic Performance -2002-01-158605/07/2002
In anticipation of the increased needs to further reduce exhaust gas emissions and improve fuel consumption, a new brake-by-wire system called an “Electronically Controlled Brake” system (hereafter referred to as “ECB”) has been developed. With this brake system, which is able to smoothly control the hydraulic pressure that is applied to each of the four wheel cylinders on an individual basis, functional enhancements can be added by appropriately modifying its software. This paper discusses the necessity of the ECB, the system configuration, and the results of its application on hybrid vehicles.
Soga, Masayuki, Shimada, Michihito, Sakamoto, Jyun-ichi, Otomo, Akihiro
Development of Electronically Controlled Brake System for Hybrid Vehicle2002-01-030003/04/2002
We expect to reduce exhaust gas emissions further and improve fuel consumption, by developing a new brake system (called brake-by-wire system) to control the friction brake force and the regenerative brake force of the two motors, one each at front and rear axle. Within this new system we developed the new technology listed below. 1 To compensate the changes of the regenerative brake force of front and rear motors, the friction brake force is controlled by adjusting the wheel cylinder hydraulic pressures. 2 The pressure of each wheel cylinder is controlled by linear solenoid valves. So the hydraulic pressure of wheel cylinders is controlled individually and smoothly. This brake system also operates ABS, VSC, TRC functions. The vehicle stability performance is improved by controlling the braking and driving torque of two motors and also controlling the friction brake torque cooperatively. By using this new brake system, it is possible to make maximum use of the regenerative brake, which
Nakamura, Eiji, Soga, Masayuki, Sakai, Akira, Otomo, Akihiro, Kobayashi, Toshikazu
A Model-Based Failsafe System for the Continental TEVES Electronic-Stability-Program (ESP)2000-01-163505/15/2000
The Electronic Stability Program (ESP) is a vehicle dynamics control system that supports the driver in critical driving situations. A basic component integrated in the ESP-system is an on-line sensor monitoring system which is mainly used for detecting faults in sensors as early as possible so that an erroneous control or system malfunction can be prevented. Aim of this contribution is to present a model based sensor monitoring system for ESP that was developed, implemented, and is produced in large volumes by Continental Teves.
Fennel, H., Ding, E. L.
Verification of Heavy Truck EBS and ABS Using MatrixX Hardware in the Loop Tools1999-01-371311/15/1999
The development of advanced ABS, EBS, and vehicle dynamics control systems requires significant resources and testing. Even in the most controlled environment, on-track vehicle tests are not repeatable. A heavy vehicle model combined with pneumatic brake hardware connected to actual brake system controllers creates a powerful engineering tool. This tool is useful for control system development, electro-mechanical actuator development, and brake system development. An existing heavy vehicle model is modified to interact with the realtime simulation hardware and the pneumatic brake system hardware. Data from several hardware in the loop simulations are presented.
Amato, William P., Bennett, Mark A.
Electronic Braking System EBS - Status and Advanced Functions98278111/16/1998
Since 1996 a 2nd Generation EBS has been available in Europe as an advanced brake system offering a variety of advantages to the OEM as well as to the truck and fleet owner. EBS enhances vehicle safety and improves the braking performance to a “passenger car like” braking feel, allowing less experienced drivers better vehicle handling. The brake lining wear control and retarder integration allow the reduction of operational costs. The safety enhancements achieved by EBS in conjunction with disc brakes, are rewarded by European truck insurance companies by lower insurance fees. The importance of EBS will still gain significantly through the developments in process. EBS is the platform for ESP and ACC, which will be a major contributer to better integration of trucks in dense traffic flow.
Beyer, C., Schramm, H., Wrede, J.
VDC Systems Development and Perspective98023502/23/1998
Since its introduction in March 1995, the market demand for Vehicle Dynamic Control systems (VDC) has increased rapidly. Some car manufacturers have already announced their plans to introduce VDC on all their models. Particularly for compact and subcompact cars the system price needs to be reduced without sacrificing safety and performance. Originally designed for optimal performance with economically feasible components (sensors, hydraulics and microcontrollers) and using a unified control approach for all vehicle operating situations the system has been extended to include various drive concepts and has continuously been improved regarding performance, safety and cost. This paper describes the progress made in the development of the Bosch VDC system with regard to the design of the hydraulic system, the sensors, the electronic control unit, the control algorithm and safety.
van Zanten, Anton T., Erhardt, Rainer, Landesfeind, Klaus, Pfaff, Georg
EBS and Tractor Trailer Brake Compatibility97328311/17/1997
In late 1996, Daimler-Benz together with WABCO and Scania together with Bosch presented the first electronically controlled brake systems (EBS) in their towing vehicles. Since then roughly 2000 ACTROS per month have been produced with EBS. Other vehicle manufacturers will introduce EBS in the near future [5]. The technical advantages of EBS combined with the increased application of disc brakes, are: improved safety through shortened stopping distance better vehicle stability and brake comfort optimized brake monitoring and higher profitability However, with this first step the technical possibilities are limited to towing vehicles combined with conventionally braked trailers. The overall braking performance of the combination unit can be further improved when the trailers are equipped with an electronically controlled brake system. Compared with conventional European brake systems, electronically controlled brake systems for trailers contain less components and are easier to install
Lindemann, Klaus, Petersen, Erwin, Schult, Manfred
CAN-Based Electronics in the Mercedes-Benz Actros97319511/17/1997
The paper shows the completely new designed concept for electronics in the Mercedes-Benz Actros. The basic rules are explained, and on the example of the engine management the advantages of such an entire-vehicle promise are shown. At last it is pointed out, that the presented concept will be the basis for future developments on integration of electric's and electronics.
Appel, Wolfgang
New Chances for the Drum Brake Through Electronically Controlled Self Energizing?97103602/24/1997
A new approach to cope with the disadvantages of the self energizing drum brake by means of mechatronics is described. The introduced system allows for control of the brake factor of a duplex drum brake from C*=2 to C*=6. Variations of the friction factor μ due to fading will be compensated to a certain extent using an electronically controlled mechanism adjusting the support base of the leading shoes of the brake. The required application forces are up to seven times lower compared to a disk brake at equal braking torques. Theory, design and measurements of a prototype brake with mechatronically controlled self energizing are the topics of this paper. The described research work was carried out at the Department of Automotive Engineering (fzd) of the University of Darmstadt.
Leber, Matthias, Bill, Karlheinz
J1939 High Speed Serial Communications, The Next Generation Network for Heavy Duty Vehicles93180901/09/1993
Data link interfaces are a very important part of the heavy duty vehicle industry; sharing information between subsystems is vital. SAE Recommended Practices J1708, J1587 and J1922 were developed to provide standards for proprietary communications, general information sharing, diagnostic definition and early powertrain controls. The industry realized, however, that these standards would not accomplish the ultimate goal-that of a high speed control and communications network. The development of more capable serial data communications for the heavy duty vehicle industry was prompted by the following: the desire of component suppliers to integrate subsystems for improved performance; the advancement of technology; customer expectations; and government regulations. Therefore, the Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Subcommittee began development of SAE Recommended Practice J1939 even as the J1708, J1587 and J1922 standards were being completed-this new standard would enhance
Stepper, Mark R.
Design of a Lightweight Braking System for Electric Cars92064902/01/1992
As the community is becoming more and more aware and conscious of the pollution problems caused by the internal combustion engine and its use in transportation, we are now seeing the first projects and prototypes regarding hybrid and electrically-powered vehicles. One of the main problems witnessed by engineers has been that of the relatively low operating range provided by the storage batteries available on the market today, and so, recovering the energy that is inevitably lost during braking is of primary importance. The concept of regenerative braking is fairly simple as it consists in making the electric motors function as generators. In many of today's applications we find two indipendent controls for the operation of the hydraulic brake and for the activation of regenerative braking. The choice on which braking mode to use, or in which sequence the two modes are to be used is left to the driver who, at the onset of braking, is forced to make mental considerations in order to
Giorgetti, Alberto, Cavestro, Luigi, Rampazzo, Matteo
Development of a Mathematical Model for the Calculations of the Pneumo-Hydraulic Braking Systems88130509/01/1988
In this paper a method for the calculation of combined pneumo-hydraulic motion control systems is presented. The applicability of the method is discussed on the basis of the dynamic characteristic analysis of different brake control systems for trailers. The mathematical model developed includes both braking and unbraking states. Computer results show good compatibility with the experimental data. Major outcome of the solution is the fact that the pneumatical part is governing the time for trailer braking operation. The proposed method can effectively be used in order to minimize trailer braking operation times and to optimize vehicle-trailer braking process synchronization. It can also be applied on antislip device development.
Sowul, H.
Brake Force Control and Distribution in Passenger Cars, Today and in the Future84506201/01/1984
Today and in the future, a decisive importance is to be attached to the optimum brake force distribution. The increasing introduction of anti-locking controlled brake systems does not alter this fact. After a detailed dealing with the layout principles and the factors influencing them, the conventional brake force distribution, conditioned by the wheel brakes, as well as its dispersion due to friction coefficient variations, is described. A short survey of hydraulic pressure valves follows. After that, for the first time, the adaptive brake force distribution principle is described; the characteristics of this principle are by means of electronic control the brake pressure increase at the rear axle is controlled dependent of the actual tire-to-road adherence of at least one front or rear wheel. This type of brake force distribution controls the given relation of front axle and rear axle tie-to-road adhesion, irrespective of each given design parameter, the loading and driving
Klein, Hans-Christof
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