Browse Topic: Bumpers, fasciae and grilles

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A Design and Optimization Method for Pedestrian Lower Extremity Injury Analysis with the aPLI Model2020-01-09294/14/2020
As pedestrian protection tests and evaluations have been officially incorporated into new C-NCAP, more stringent requirements have been placed on pedestrian protection performance. In this study, in order to reduce the injury of the vehicle front end structure to the pedestrian's lower extremity during the collision, the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) model was used in conjunction with the finite element vehicle model for collision simulation based on the new C-NCAP legform test evaluation regulation. This paper selected the key components which have significant influences on the pedestrian's leg protection performance based on the CAE vehicle model, including front bumper, front-cover plate, upper impact pillar, impact beam and lower support plate, to form a simplified model and conducted parametric modeling based on it. Then, the variable correlation analysis was carried out on the sample results obtained from the design of experiment (DOE), and the contribution analysis of design variables to the injury measures was discussed. The sample variables and responses were also used to construct the approximate models for further optimization studies. Taking the pedestrian lower extremity injuries as the optimization target, the front end structural parameters were matched and optimized. Finally, an optimal configuration for parameter matching of key components of the front end structure for pedestrian protection was established, which effectively improve the protection of pedestrian lower extremity.
Fu, Yue, Xu, Huijie, Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Wang, Ping, Chen, Ruyi, Yu, Huili
Need for Personalization and Opportunities in Autonomous & Shared Mobility2019-28-252011/21/2019
In the current scenario, vehicles are majorly owned by individuals where they have their own personal settings or accessories as per their individual preferences. In Shared mobility all features/controls are not personalized to everyone who shares the vehicle, which hinders the usage of shared vehicle. For shared mobility/Autonomous vehicle to be successful, it must play a significant role in customer engagement. To enhance the customer engagement, we need to satisfy individual customer by customizing the vehicle for their needs. This will give a cognitive feel of personal vehicle in a shared environment. We need technologies and design in improving vehicle interior and exterior systems to address personalization. We will involve Design Thinking approach by customer interactions in each zone of vehicle both interior and exterior to identify personalization needs. The zones of study include Frunk & Trunk compartment zone, Interaction zones, interior & exterior zone. We will rank the interaction based on its usage in vehicle and customer satisfaction factors such as privacy, comfort, usage, entertainment, hygiene & ergonomics. The summary will have design concept that will have tailored solutions satisfying each critical customer interactions for all identified zones of vehicle exterior and interior. This approach of Design Thinking will help to improve customer satisfaction and engagement in Autonomous/Shared Mobility. The study is limited to concept design, methods/process. Shared mobility vehicles referred in this paper can be either a space sharing or vehicle shared between different users. This paper gives a thought process of identifying unmet personalization needs in Mobility 4.0.
Dayakar, Suresh, Subramanian, Vijayasarathy, Reddy, Keshava, Shiramgond, Vijaykumar
Design of Lightweight Composites for Vehicle Front End Energy Management of Bumper Beam2019-28-008510/11/2019
Application of advance composites in place of the various conventional materials such as steel can give significant weight and performance advantages. The application of composites is now finding it’s way in the automotive industry due to the growing requirement of the lightweight solutions and high strength to weight ratio. However, their low mechanical properties have limited their application in automotive structural components. The study presented here is focused on the explicit dynamic analysis of a bumper beam and advance composites are used for the study. Different configurations and designs of the bumper are considered to be able to make a comparative study of the stress and deformation levels. The analysis was done in coherence to the Euro NCAP tests and the offset frontal impact analysis was done. The boundary conditions were aligned with the real time impact conditions for proper prediction of the results. Based on stress, deformation, specific strength and weight, the replacing materials for existing steel bumper are considered and the corresponding energy absorption are calculated. Laminated composites such as Glass, Carbon and Hybrid composites are fabricated using Hand lay-up technique followed by Compression molding. The study reveals that we can match steel deflection using composite materials and reduce weight significantly.
Kumar, Praveen, Akella, Sarma Sr, Chakraborty, Ayan, Muthiah, Balasubramanian, Ramachandran, Velmurugan, M Venugopal, Shankar
Low-Speed Impact Bumper System Test Procedure for Passenger VehiclesJ2319_201910 (Current)10/3/2019
The scope of this SAE Recommended Practice is restricted to the testing of original equipment on passenger vehicles and to provide for a uniform industry test procedure.
Motor Vehicle Council
The Placement of Digitized Objects in a Point Cloud as a Photogrammetric Technique09-06-02-00078/8/2018
The frequency of video-capturing collision events from surveillance systems are increasing in reconstruction analyses. The video that has been provided to the investigator may not always include a clear perspective of the relevant area of interest. For example, surveillance video of an incident may have captured a pre- or post-incident perspective that, while failing to capture the precise moment when the pedestrian was struck by a vehicle, still contains valuable information that can be used to assist in reconstructing the incident. When surveillance video is received, a quick and efficient technique to place the subject object or objects into a three-dimensional environment with a known rate of error would add value to the investigation. In addition, once the objects have been placed into the three-dimensional environment, the investigator would then be able to observe the physical evidence and environment from any perspective, including viewing and measuring what cannot be seen in the video perspective. In this research, the proposed photogrammetric technique of visually placing objects within three-dimensional laser scans will be evaluated. This research aims to quantify the rate of error of taking measurements of these objects to known fixed reference points both in and out of view of the camera, and provide an efficient technique that can be employed by reconstructionists using only one software package. As a result of this research, the authors have developed an expedient, less time-intensive photogrammetric technique for the placement of three-dimensionally scanned objects and environments. This technique can take less than half of the time of a conventional photogrammetric solution.
Harrington, Shawn, Lebak, Gabriel
Eleven Instrumented Motorcycle Crash Tests and Development of Updated Motorcycle Impact-Speed Equations2018-01-05174/3/2018
Eleven instrumented crash tests were performed as part of the 2016 World Reconstruction Exposition (WREX2016), using seven Harley-Davidson motorcycles and three automobiles. For all tests, the automobile was stationary while the motorcycle was delivered into the vehicle, while upright with tires rolling, at varying speeds. Seven tests were performed at speeds between 30 and 46 mph while four low-speed tests were performed to establish the onset of permanent motorcycle deformation. Data from these tests, and other published testing, was analyzed using available models to determine their accuracy when predicting the impact speed of Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The most accurate model was the Modified Eubanks set of equations introduced in 2009, producing errors with an average of 0.4 mph and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.8 mph. An updated set of Eubanks-style equations were developed adding data published since 2009, and advancing from two equations (pillars/axles and doors/fenders) to four equations (axles, pillars/bumpers, doors, and fenders). When applied to the subject tests, the newly developed set of equations produced an average error of 3.5 mph (SD = 4.3 mph). With respect to all available data (N = 99), the equations produced an average error of 0.1 mph and a standard deviation of 5.8 mph. The errors were also analyzed for each of the four equations developed here, and confidence intervals offered. This research, which represents the first detailed analysis of Harley-Davidson motorcycles’ collision response, indicates they behave in a manner similar to previously tested motorcycles. Further, the equations developed and presented here give accident investigators a refined method for estimating the impact speed of an upright motorcycle, Harley-Davidson or otherwise, having struck an automobile with its front tire.
Peck, Louis, Manning, Joseph, Bartlett, Wade, Dickerson, Charles, Deyerl, Eric
Analysis and Simulation of Low-Speed Collision of Car Front Bumpers2018-01-14604/3/2018
Bumper systems are vital to improving automotive passive safety and reducing the maintenance cost in low-speed collision. Automotive companies need to develop bumpers with adequate strength, high energy absorption rate, minimum weight and least expense. To shorten the product development period and lower the development cost, four evaluation conditions were proposed to assess the behaviors of car front bumpers based on the three main low-speed collision regulations of the US Part 581, the Canadian CFVSS215 and the European ECE-R42. A finite element method was put forward to model the car front bumper and to analyze the low-speed collision performance of the bumper system. A drop hammer impact test was carried out to verify the validity of the method, and experiment results indicated the correctness of the finite element model. The dynamic response and the energy absorption parameters of the bumper system were calculated, including structural deformation, collision force and energy absorption ratio. The maximum longitudinal deformation and the energy absorption ratio were chosen as the evaluation standards to determine whether the bumper meets the collision requirement or not. The influence of beam thickness on the collision performance of the bumper was also discussed, and a two-mm-thick beam was adopted after comparison.
Li, Min, Xia, Zhangyang, Shangguan, Wenbin
Optimization Design of Rear-Engine Bus Cooling System Based on 1D/3D Coupling Simulation2018-01-07714/3/2018
This study investigated the effects of underhood structure parameters (two types of air ducts, two types of inlet grilles and the opening angle of inlet grilles) on the cooling characteristics of the rear-engine bus; then, the optimum design scheme of the underhood was determined. The air-side resistance load of the cooling system, which is based on fan performance, was selected as the optimization objective. Simulations were created based on a porous media model and standard a k-ε model. The next step was to build a 1D/3D coupling simulation to utilize the advantages of 1D simulation’s fast convergence speed and 3D simulation’s extensive research range. Besides, the use of 1D/3D coupling simulation can efficiently avoid the errors of simulation results which arise from the non-uniform airflow on the cooling module. Results show that the airflow rate of the rectangular air duct increased by 7 to 11percent. Compared with the airflow rate of the underhood without an air duct, the air resistance load of an underhood with a rectangular air duct was less than that of an underhood without an air duct. The airflow rate of the vertical bar-shaped grille was higher than that of the horizontal bar-shaped grille, and it was highest at the 45°opening angle. According to the results, the air duct and grille were chosen as the critical design variables. The optimal design scheme of the underhood was obtained by investigating the combined effects of air ducts and inlet grilles on the cooling performance of the engine. When the underhood structure consists of the rectangular air duct and the 45°opening-angle of the vertical bar-shaped grille, the air flow rate attains its maximum state. In addition, the cooling air resistance load becomes lower; the lowering speed of air resistance gets quicker as the vehicle speed accelerates, and it tends to be steady at 90 km/h. The new scheme is effective at improving the cooling capacity.
Hao, Zhenzhen, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong
Optimizing the Rear Fascia Cutline Based On Investigating Deviation Sources of the Body Panel Fit and Finish2017-01-16003/28/2017
A vehicle’s exterior fit and finish, in general, is the first system to attract customers. Automotive exterior engineers were motivated in the past few years to increase their focus on how to optimize the vehicle’s exterior panels split lines quality and how to minimize variation in fit and finish addressing customer and market required quality standards. The design engineering’s focus is to control the deviation from nominal build objective and minimize it. The fitting process follows an optimization model with the exterior panel’s location and orientation factors as independent variables. This research focuses on addressing the source of variation “contributed factors” that will impact the quality of the fit and finish. These critical factors could be resulted from the design process, product process, or an assembly process. An empirical analysis will be used to minimize the fit and finish deviation. Experimental approach as well as Response Surface Methodology “RSM” will be used for developing the analysis. Models that accurately describe the response values by experiments will help identify the most critical factors and an analytical model and RSM will be used to optimize the acceptable values on these factors. Expected results are to improve the exterior quality that show the consistency of the gab and flush along the rear fascia cutline as well as reduce the offset issue.
Mansour, James, Jawad, Badih, Liu, Liping, Fernandez, Vernon, Abro, Sabah, Tibbenham, Jeff
Influence of Honeycomb Cellular Meso-structure on Frontal Crash Analysis for Passenger Vehicle2017-01-13013/28/2017
Frontal collisions account for majority of car accidents. Various measures have been taken by the automotive OEMs’ with regards to passive safety. Honeycomb meso-structural inserts in the front bumper have been suggested to enhance the energy absorption of the front structure which is favorable for passive safety. This paper presents the changes in energy absorption capacity of hexagonal honeycomb structures with varying cellular geometries; under frontal impact simulations. Honeycomb cellular metamaterial structure offers many distinct advantages over homogenous materials since their effective material properties depend on both, their constituent material properties and their cell geometric configurations. The effective static mechanical properties such as; the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and Poisson’s ratio of the honeycomb cellular meso-structures are controlled by variations in their cellular geometry. While the crushing responses in terms of energy absorption and densification of strains have been extensively researched and reported, a gap has been identified in the generalized study of honeycombs with controlled varying of geometric parameters. Unit assembly model technique is used to evaluate the performance of the honeycomb inserts in frontal impact simulations. This paper addresses the study through a series of finite element (FE) simulations where the cell angles and the wall thicknesses are varied. Sensitivity analysis of absorbed energy has been done; to determine the parameters enhancing the crushing energy absorption of honeycombs.
Patil, Deepak A., Buddhe, Hrishikesh
Development of GFRTP Crush Box with Consideration of Use Environment and Effect of Fiber Orientation2017-01-04983/28/2017
Regulation of automotive CO2 emissions is becoming increasingly stringent throughout the world in response to global warming. For automakers, this means a focus not only on increasing the fuel economy of powertrains, but also on reducing automotive driving resistance. High expectations are held for thermoplastic fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) for the realization of automotive weight savings while also offering high levels of productivity and recyclability. Thermoplastic FRP crush boxes display a higher level of energy absorption performance than metal (steel, aluminum, etc.) crush boxes. This will contribute to automotive weight savings and improved package design. In the case of automotive front bumper beam systems, it is necessary to realize stable load characteristics irrespective of the use environment. It is therefore necessary to consider the effects of temperature and thermoplastic resin degradation. The molding process for discontinuous fiber-reinforced FRP produces disordering of the fiber orientation. Research concerning the performance of thermoplastic FRP crush boxes produced findings that assisted in the design of a thermoplastic FRP crush box that would maintain a stable load characteristic in all use environments. It was found that the temperature-dependency of the compression load characteristic of thermoplastic FRP crush boxes in progressive crushing mode in compression tests is low, and that it is necessary to realize an Euler buckling load higher than the progressive crushing load in order to produce a stable crushing mode. This paper discusses a design method for a thermoplastic FRP crush box based on the above-mentioned conditions in order to realize a stable compression load characteristic, with consideration of the use environment and the effect of fiber orientation.
Yabu, Tomoya, Yasuhara, Shigeto, Kashiwagi, Masakazu
A Tailgate(Trunk) Control System Based on Acoustic Patterns2017-01-16343/28/2017
When customers use a tailgate (or trunk), some systems such as power tailgate and smart tailgate have been introduced and implemented for improving convenience. However, they still have some problems in some use cases. Some people have to search for the outside button to open the tailgate, or they should take out the key and push a button. In some cases, they should move their leg or wait a few seconds which makes some people feel that it is a long time. In addition, they have to push the small button which is located on the inner trim in order to close the tailgate. This paper proposes a new tailgate control technology and systems based on acoustic patterns in order to solve some inconvenience. An acoustic user interaction (AUI) is a technology which responds to human’s rubbing and tapping on a specific part analyzing the acoustic patterns. The AUI has been recently spotlighted in the automotive industry as well as home appliances, mobile devices, musical instruments, etc. The AUI is a technology that can extend to rich-touch beyond multi-touch. The AUI can be easily applied and adapted even to the systems which need a large touch recognition area or have complex shape and surface. This paper addresses how to recognize the users’ intention and how to control the tailgate using acoustic sensors and patterns. If someone who has the smart key wants to open the tailgate, he or she only needs to knock on the outer panel of the tailgate twice. When they want to close the tailgate, just touching anywhere of the inner trim of the tailgate will do. Various digital filters and algorithms are used for acoustic signal processing, and the effectiveness of the proposed methods is shown by a real tailgate system with a micro control unit. Finally, we suggest other applications of vehicles which use AUI technology.
Lee, Hui Sung
External Biofidelity Evaluation of Pedestrian Leg-Form Impactors2017-01-14503/28/2017
Current state-of-the-art vehicles implement pedestrian protection features that rely on pedestrian detection sensors and algorithms to trigger when impacting a pedestrian. During the development phase, the vehicle must “learn” to discriminate pedestrians from the rest of potential impacting objects. Part of the training data used in this process is often obtained in physical tests utilizing legform impactors whose external biofidelity is still to be evaluated. This study uses THUMS as a reference to assess the external biofidelity of the most commonly used impactors (Flex-PLI, PDI-1 and PDI-2). This biofidelity assessment was performed by finite element simulation measuring the bumper beam forces exerted by each surrogate on a sedan and a SUV. The bumper beam was divided in 50 mm sections to capture the force distribution in both vehicles. This study, unlike most of the pedestrian-related literature, examines different impact locations and velocities. The results show how the Flex-PLI and the PDI-1 exert greater forces on the bumper beam than the THUMS, while the PDI-2 produced bumper beam forces similar to the THUMS. The PDI-2 is often used to represent the Hardest To Detect (HTD) surrogate in pedestrian detection assessments. These results indicate that the PDI-2 produces bumper forces similar to what would be produced by a 50th percentile male, suggesting that an alternative means may be needed to evaluate HTD scenarios. These results also suggest that the Flex-PLI or the PDI-1 are likely to produce bumper forces greater than would be produced by contact with a human. Studies with different vehicle and pedestrian sizes would be needed to fully understand the impactors’ performance.
Perez-Rapela, Daniel, Forman, Jason, Crandall, Jeff, Jeon, Haeyoung
Implications of Manufacturers’ Bumper Ratings in Low Speed Collision Analysis2016-01-14734/5/2016
Evaluation of the severity of low speed motor vehicle crashes has been the subject of significant research for more than 25 years. These crashes typically result in little if any damage to the vehicles involved and therefore the ability to determine the threshold of damage would be very useful in analysis of such cases. One such threshold, which has been used by accident reconstructionists, is the manufacturer’s published bumper rating in compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for vehicle bumpers. The rationale is that if there is any damage to the bumper system of the vehicle in question, the impact must have had a severity greater than the rated bumper speed. This paper examines the FMVSS bumper standards upon which the published bumper ratings are reportedly in compliance, historical low speed testing damage results, and engineering considerations of bumper damage in low speed impacts. The results demonstrate that using manufacturers’ bumper ratings as a threshold of damage for real world low speed impacts, while attractive due to its simplicity, is not supported by the data.
Keifer, Orion P., Reckamp, Bradley, Moody, Charles, Timpanaro, Anthony
Experimental Investigation with R1234yf Condenser Airflow Blockages of Non-Hotspot and Hotspot Objects to Impact on A/C System Performance2016-01-02554/5/2016
This paper addresses R1234yf A/C system performance impacted by condenser airflow passage blockages of nonhotspot and hotspot objects. With the modern vehicle design trend, more and more chances exist in blocking condenser airflow passages by objects such as TOC (transmission oil cooler) or fine grills etc. These objects create hotspots and narrowed airflow passages to the condenser and result in A/C performance degradation. It is important to understand the specific area of the condenser which is most impacted by a blockage so this area can be avoided in the design/packaging of front end components. In addition, it is important to understand the magnitude of performance loss associated with the specific areas of blockage. As a result of this understanding, optimal design locations for these blockages (including hotspots and grilles) can be proposed in order to mitigate the impact on A/C cooling performance. The study indicated that blocking condenser airflow passages by both the hotspot and non-hotspot objects results in A/C performance degradation, i.e. increasing evaporator discharge air temperature and raising up compressor discharge pressure and temperature. With non-hotspot object blocking, the A/C performance with idle conditions has less impact than that with driving conditions. No significant difference for A/C performance impact between vertical and horizontal blockage was found. Hotspot object blockage located at the bottom of the condenser shows worse A/C performance than blockage located at the top of the condenser. A/C performance further degrades as the hotspot object temperature increases. From the study, it is concluded that in order to minimize A/C performance impact from condenser airflow passage blockages, the blocking object located at the top of the condenser is the better choice than that at the bottom of the condenser, assuming the blockage is unavoidable altogether. Thus, the larger grille opening should be reserved for the bottom of the condenser, and any hotspots should be at a low temperature if possible.
Zheng, Yinhua
Conceptual Development of a Multi-Material Composite Structure for an Urban Utility/Activity Vehicle2016-01-13344/5/2016
The Deep Orange framework is an integral part of the graduate automotive engineering education at Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR). The initiative was developed to immerse students into the world of an OEM. For the 6th generation of Deep Orange, the goal was to develop an urban utility/activity vehicle for the year 2020. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a multimaterial lightweight Body-in-White (BiW) structure to support an all-electric powertrain combined with an interior package that maximizes volume to enable a variety of interior configurations and activities for Generation Z users. AutoPacific data were first examined to define personas on the basis of their demographics and psychographics. The resulting market research, benchmarking, and brand essence studies were then converted to consumer needs and wants, to establish vehicle target and subsystem requirement, which formed the foundation of the Unique Selling Points (USPs) of the concept. The various sub-systems within the vehicle were then developed; a systems integration approach was used to balance design, engineering, and project (cost, weight, and timing) compromises. The paper discusses the BiW as an enabler of the vehicle USPs, including an very low, flat floor, a utility-oriented asymmetric door concept, and an integrated hatch and rear bumper which create a low lift-over height for loading and unloading. The development of the topology, geometry, and properties of the BiW structure in relation to the chassis, powertrain, and occupant packaging elements required balancing design space, functionality, cost, and weight. Novel manufacturing processes, materials, and joining techniques are described in addition to elaborations on the final realization of the BiW concept.
Flegel, Christopher, Bhivate, Parth, Li, Liang, Mathur, Yash, Phalgaonkar, Sanket, Benton, Mark, Muralidharan, Prasanth, Brooks, Johnell, Pilla, Srikanth, Venhovens, Paul, Lewis, David, DeBry, Garrett, Payne, Craig
AS4886 Bumper PadAS4886-1 (Current)12/4/2015
No scope available.
Engine and Airframe Technical Standards Committee (TSC)
Impact Of Condenser Opening Area On A/C Performance of the Automotive HVAC System2015-01-03684/14/2015
Bumper opening area projected on condenser to total condenser core area is referred to as condenser opening area. The condenser opening area plays a vital role in A/C Performance of vehicle particularly during idling and initial cooling of vehicle. This paper presents detail study on effects of condenser opening area on A/C performance. Based on theory, the effect of condenser opening area is studied and it is validated by experimental results. Depending on these results an optimum value of condenser opening area required for best A/C performance is concluded.
Kumar Reddy, Janampally Sandeep, Deopa, Shailendra, Sharma, Abhay, Aggarwal, Piyush
Optimization of Front Bumper Beam for RCAR Performance using Design of Six Sigma and Finite Element Analysis2015-01-14934/14/2015
Research Council for Automotive Repairs (RCAR) has developed a bumper test at 10 km/h to assess the damageability and repairing cost during a low speed collusion. For minimum damage and minimum repairing cost during low speed collusion it is necessary to design a bumper beam which provides structural stiffness and reduced deflection. Often it is challenging to design a front bumper beam to meet all safety requirements including, RCAR, high speed offset barrier and pedestrian protection, since these requirements are not necessarily compatible with each other. Design changes in rails and packaging constraints add to this challenge. In this study, design of six sigma (DFSS) and finite element analysis are used to study the parameters that affect the stiffness and deflection of the front bumper beam. For the DFSS study, bumper beam geometry and reinforcements are investigated as control factors, vehicle rail widths as noise factors, and back of beam displacement and mass of front bumper system as the output response. The results show that the beam depth, horizontal rib thickness and width of bumper beam reinforcements are the most sensitive parameters to improve the RCAR performance of front bumper system.
Virupaksha, Vinay L., Brown, Stuart
Snowmobile and Snowmobile Cutter Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated EquipmentJ292_201404 (Historical)4/16/2014
This SAE Recommended Practice describes requirements for lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment for signaling to enable safe operation in darkness and other conditions of reduced visibility.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Natural Convection in a Simplified Engine Bay Enclosure under Soak Conditions2014-01-06514/1/2014
At the onset of soak, air and surface temperatures in an engine bay enclosure are elevated since temperature of heat sources are high while convective cooling is sharply reduced as a result of airflow being shut off from the inlet grilles of the vehicle leading to temperature spikes. Accurate simulation of this important thermal and flow regime that is natural convection driven, highly transient and complex is therefore very important. In this investigation, we simulate flow in the engine bay at the onset of soak with fixed thermal boundary conditions where the geometries representing the engine bay and components are simplified. Good agreement was observed with detailed experimental data available in references for both velocities and temperatures.
Wang, Zun, Han, Jaehoon, Mukutmoni, Devadatta
Development of High Efficiency and Compact Bumper Recycling Equipment2014-01-19734/1/2014
This paper describes the development of high efficiency and compact bumper recycling equipment for facilitating bumper recycling globally. Various equipment to remove paint coat from bumper has been developed since 90s', using mechanical, physical or chemical method. However, it is difficult to promote bumper recycling without realizing cost effective overall system from paint coat removal to pelletizing. Our company jointly developed method of mechanically removing paint coat and has committed to bumper recycling in the form of outsourcing since 2000. In 2010, a dedicated plant for recycling bumpers was launched on the premises of our Oppama Assembly Plant in Japan. In the future, promoting bumper recycling at other overseas assembly plants is necessary as vehicle production will expand globally. Having more compact and cost effective recycling system compared to the one at the Oppama plant is required since the scale of the system including bumper crushing, paint coat removal, and pelletizing has to match processing capacity at these plants rather than equipping large one like Oppama's. With this reason, the newly developed equipment includes renewed machines for bumper crushing, paint coat removal and pelletizing. The paint coat removal process was developed on the basis of an environmentally friendly mechanical technology that Nissan developed approximately ten years ago. This process makes use of differences in material property changes of the polypropylene base material, paint coat and primer that occur accompanying a temperature rise during the churning of crushed bumper fragments. Optimum temperature control in the churning vessel enabled the equipment to be downsized and to achieve highly efficient paint removal. The geometry of the extruder screw used in the pelletizing process was optimized along with optimizing the conditions for suppressing vent-up resin flow due to a pressure rise in the vessel. These improvements made possible more compact equipment than the existing bumper recycling system. The newly developed equipment combined with more simplified auxiliary units enabled the entire recycling process from bumper crushing through paint removal to pelletizing to be substantially downsized.
Mizutani, Atsushi
Characterization of Force Deflection Properties for Vehicular Bumper-to-Bumper Interactions2014-01-19914/1/2014
This is the complete manuscript and replacement for SAE paper 2014-01-0482, which has been retracted due to incomplete content. This paper reports on 76 quasi-static tests conducted to investigate the behavior of road vehicle bumper systems. The tests are a quasi-static replication of real world low speed collisions. The tests represented front to rear impacts between various vehicles. Force and deflection were captured in order to quantify the stiffness characteristics of the bumper-to-bumper system. A specialized test apparatus was constructed to position and load bumper systems into each other. The purpose was to replicate or exceed damage that occurred in actual collisions. The fixture is capable of positioning the bumpers in various orientations and generates forces up to 50 kips. Various bumper-to-bumper alignments were tested including full overlap, lateral offset, and override/underride configurations. Force and displacement were recorded and the data was analyzed to develop system stiffness and crush parameters. These parameters can be used in a collision-based model to calculate vehicle delta-v (ΔV) and acceleration. The simulation uses an impact mechanics-based numerical algorithm published by Scott [6]. The paper reports on the test results of various combinations of vehicle categories. Vehicle type includes passenger, light transport and heavy vehicle bumper systems.
Bonugli, Enrique, Wirth, Jeffrey, Funk, James, Cormier, Joseph, Guzman, Herbert, Gwin, Lisa, Freund, Mark
Further Assessment of the Uncertainty of CRASH3 ΔV and Energy Loss Calculations2014-01-04774/1/2014
In a 2012 paper, Brach, Brach, and Louderback (BBL) investigated the uncertainty that arises in calculating the change in velocity and crush energy with the use of the CRASH3 equations (2012-01-0608). They concluded that the uncertainty in these values caused by variations in the stiffness coefficients significantly outweighed the uncertainty caused by variations in the crush measurements. This paper presents a revised analysis of the data that BBL analyzed and further assesses the level of uncertainty that arises in CRASH3 calculations. While the findings of this study do not invalidate BBL's ultimate conclusion, the methodology utilized in this paper incorporated two changes to BBL's methodology. First, in analyzing the crash test data for several vehicles, a systematic error that is sometimes present in the reported crush measurements was accounted for and corrected. This systematic error arises when a vehicle's plastic bumper fascia rebounds more than the underlying structure, creating an air gap and causing the reported crush measurements both to underestimate the actual deformation and to exhibit more scatter than they otherwise would. This scatter translates into uncertainty in the stiffness coefficients. Second, linear regression was used to obtain the stiffness coefficients and to quantify their uncertainty. Instead of using linear regression, BBL assumed the same damage onset speed (b0) for each crash test. In essence, this means that BBL assumed a value for one of the stiffness coefficients, with the only variability in that coefficient coming from the differences in vehicle weights from test to test. The methodology employed in this paper eliminated the need to assume a damage onset speed.
Rose, Nathan A., Carter, Neal
The Automatic Aerodynamic CFD Framework Employing Vehicle Specifications at the Concept Stage of Development2013-01-06044/8/2013
This paper describes tool development with which makes it possible for vehicle stylists and aerodynamicists to easily use Computational Fluid Dynamics, i.e., CFD, and evaluate aerodynamic performance at the concept stage of car development. This tool automatically provides CFD results to the user by preparing the vehicle exterior geometries and car specifications. The vehicle exterior, floor, and tires are the essential geometry data. This tool automatically generates the floor and tires based on the vehicle specifications. It, thereafter, executes the following process: automatic mesh generation, solver settings, calculations and standard post-processing. The user is able to obtain results within two hours. The tool enables stylists and aerodynamicists to understand flow phenomena in a timely fashion.
Takiguchi, Takashi, Ogawa, Kenta, Tateyama, Hiroyuki, Oda, Tatsuya
An Experimental Study on Flow Pattern of Door Trim Speaker Grille Shape2013-01-13694/8/2013
Recently the automotive industry has focused on reducing product development time to correspond with the customer's demands. Especially when quickly changed. The decreased product development time shortens the quality assurance period. It makes difficult to guarantee the quality of the products. The improved quality assurance is required so that customer's expectations are actually higher quality than in the past. Most automotive interior parts are manufactured by using plastic. It is very sensitive to focus on quality, because it is exposed to a passenger's sight. So automotive interior companies make full use of injection molding CAE in an effective ways to reduce costs and reduce elements of poor quality. This paper suggests a methodology that improves reliability for injection molding analysis in grille shapes of door trim. And it involves an experimental analysis of flow pattern in speaker grille shapes. To analyze it, use an authentic mold of speaker grilles in door trim and Mold flow software.
Yang, Heeseung, Jo, Hyunkwon, Jang, Ikkeun, Park, Hyunmin, Yoon, Sungyun, KIM, Heejoong
Development of TPO Based Rear Bumper Back Beam2013-01-13964/8/2013
TPO (thermoplastic olefin) composite for rear bumper back beams was developed. In this study, the composition of PP (polypropylene), rubber and mineral fillers was optimized to minimize the intrusion and the failure after crash. The optimization of the composition was achieved using the mixture design of experiments. The physical properties of TPO composites with various compositions were investigated and the effect of each material on the crash performance of back beam was studied through CAE (computer-aided engineering). The back beams made of the optimized TPO composite for a subcompact car were prepared for the ECE 42 crash test and the TPO-based back beam showed even better performance than conventional PC/PBT-based counterpart. In addition, the newly developed composite has delivered a 15 ~ 40% cost saving and 4 ~ 10% weight reduction versus conventional PC/PBT and GMT (glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic).
Sohn, Chang Hee, Kim, Ok, Chun, Yong, Lee, Jong Wook
LED Inspection LampTBMG-1523111/1/2012
Spectronics Corporation (Westbury, NY) has introduced the powerful Spectroline® TRITAN ™ 365, an ultra-high-intensity, multi-LED, broad-beam UV-A inspection lamp perfect for NDT applications. The TRITAN 365 features three ultra-hi-flux UV-A LEDs for NDT inspection, plus a white light LED to illuminate dark areas. It produces a nominal steady-state 365nm intensity of 9,000 μW/cm² at a distance of 15 inches (38 cm). This versatile lamp meets MIL and ASTM intensity specs for FPI and MPI.
Reconstruction of Low-Speed Crashes using the Quasi-Static Force vs. Deformation Characteristics of the Bumpers Involved in the Crashes2012-01-05984/16/2012
The purpose of this study was to determine if quasi-static (QS) bumper force-deformation (F-D) data could be used in a low-speed bumper-to-bumper simulation model (1) in order to reconstruct low-speed crashes. In the simulation model, the bumpers that make contact in a crash are treated as a system. A bumper system is defined as the two bumpers that interact in a crash positioned in their orientation at the time of the crash. A device was built that quasi-statically crushes the bumpers of a bumper system into each other and measures the compression force and the deformation of the bumper system. Three bumper systems were evaluated. Two QS F-D measurements were performed for each bumper system in order to demonstrate the repeatability of the QS F-D measurement. These measurements had a compression phase and a rebound phase. A series of crash tests were performed using each bumper system. In each crash test, a stationary target vehicle was struck on the rear bumper by the front bumper of a bullet vehicle. Both vehicles were instrumented with accelerometers. The bullet vehicle had load cells at the front that measured crash forces and a displacement sensor that measured the deformation of the bumper system during the crash. The crash tests were performed over a range of impact speeds for the bullet vehicle. The compression QS F-D data were used as an input to the simulation model in order to reconstruct the vehicle motions in the crash tests. The other inputs required to simulate a crash test were the impact speed of the bullet vehicle, the vehicle masses and the coefficient of restitution measured in the crash test. The study demonstrated that the simulation model with the QS F-D data accurately recreated the velocities of the target and bullet vehicle in the crash tests.
Scott, William, Bonugli, Enrique, Guzman, Herbert, Swartzendruber, Daniel
A Close-Range Photogrammetric Solution Working with Zoomed Images from Digital Cameras2012-01-06124/16/2012
Close-range photogrammetry (CRP) is traditionally based on a network captured with the camera lens at a fixed focal length. A zoom lens is not desirable without solving the intrinsic camera parameters for varying focal length and lens distortion. When using a zoom lens camera, multiple focal lengths can be used if the camera is calibrated for each varying focal length, but most consumer grade lenses are not designed to accurately return to (or stay at) mid-range focal lengths. Similarly, using close-range photogrammetric software systems to accurately recover three-dimensional (XYZ) data from Point and Shoot (PAS) digital cameras has been problematic when the images were not intended for CRP. PAS cameras are automatically refocused and easily zoomed so the focal length and lens distortion are typically unknown for CRP mensuration purposes. In such circumstances, traditional CRP analysis can be both laborious and difficult without the correct camera parameters. Previously a CRP network involving imagery with unknown focal lengths, required identifying control points to back-calculate the camera's inner orientation and camera aim for each image. This paper describes a new tool capable of accurately and efficiently determining the focal length, principal point offsets and lens distortion for zoomed imagery of consumer grade digital cameras throughout the full telephoto zoom range. This new computational algorithm, called Zoom-Dependent (Z-D) calibration, ensures all zoomed images are usable for mensuration within a traditionally accomplished photogrammetric network. The Z-D process is described, the requirements of a suitable network are also described, and the Z-D results demonstrated on small scale (vehicle) and large scale (pavement) networks. Two Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) cameras and several PAS cameras are compared to a control network captured with an off-the-shelf consumer grade DSLR camera that had been metrically calibrated.
DeChant, Lee, Kinney, John R.
A Displacement-Approach for Liftgate Chucking Investigation2012-01-02174/16/2012
A displacement-based CAE analysis is applied to liftgate chucking noise problems. A CAE simulation model of a small-size sport utility vehicle (SUV) is simulated with a set of realistic road loads as a time transient simulation. The model contains a trimmed vehicle, a liftgate and structural body-liftgate interface components such as the latch-striker wire, contact wedges and slam bumpers. Simulation design of experiments (DOE) is carried out with the model. As performance measures, the relative displacements at the contact points of the interface components are selected, since they are considered the direct cause of liftgate chucking. As design variables, body structure stiffness, liftgate stiffness, liftgate opening stiffness, stiffness characteristics of the interface components and additional liftgate mass are selected. Results of the simulation DOE is post-processed, and response surface models (RSM) are fit for the performance measures. Then, a sensitivity study is carried out by analysis of variance methods (ANOVA) based on the RSMs. The sensitivity results show that liftgate opening stiffness and contact wedge stiffness characteristics are the two most significant parameters influencing the relative displacements at the interface components. This paper describes the CAE methodology employed including DOE model generation, RSM fitting and functional ANOVA sensitivity analysis. Physical tests performed to verify CAE results are also presented.
Hyun, Yul Woong, Warden, Greg, Blenman, James, Thorpe, Scott, Imam, Altaf, Garett, Roger, Tebbe, James, ukpong, Tye, Wienckowski, Steven, Chinta, Balakrishna
A Study of Rear Bumper Integrated Carrier System2011-28-003210/6/2011
This study deals with general consideration points of developing a rear bumper integrated carrier system, especially in view of optimized layout for SUV.
Lee, Seung Mok, Cha, Dong Eun, Kim, Sung Won, Jang, Rae Ung, Cho, Hoo Taek
Strength Prediction of Bumper by Correlating FEA with Test2011-01-21559/13/2011
To develop new markets and to respond to voice of the customers, new specifications for special components are developed from time to time. To meet new specification, the strength and durability of components need to be reevaluated in a relatively short time. The cost associated with design lead-time, re-tooling, physical prototypes, test validation and fabrication of late changes are big challenges. The industrial leading golf and utility vehicles from E-Z-GO are equipped with impact-protecting components, such as front bumper, rear bumper, floorboard, front cowl, rear body and operator station. To respond to the voice of the customer, new requirements for corner impact protection were added to existing vehicle specification for 360 degree impact protection. Virtual prototyping was introduced to accelerate redesign process and to save valuable time and money. The crash mechanism itself is complex and difficult to analyze sometimes. The life of the component including fracture and fracture propagation is relatively difficult to predict, if the required impact is less than 100 impacts. The material properties of polymer and its fiber orientation present additional complicating factors. The simplifications and assumptions in FEA modeling require verifications. This article introduces a relative simple and practical virtual prototyping method for such redesigned components. Initially, the rear corner impact was designed to be taken by other vehicle components besides the bumper. Therefore, the original rear bumper was unable to withstand corner impact. A simple reinforced rear bumper as a starting stage was built and tested. Although it did not pass the new requirement, it was used for FEA correlation and served as a reference for redesign. A FEA model for this reinforced rear bumper was developed and correlated with test results. The redesigned model was developed based on correlated parameters and analyzed in order to optimize design and predict the strength. By means of correlating a simplified FEA model with test results, this application was used to predict the strength of future new products and to improve the design. Based on the analysis, the design was optimized, a group of physical prototypes was built and these samples have passed all required tests. Field usage by our customers has proven the success of this design and analysis process.
Wen, Jingheng, Neely, Michael
Design Optimization of Front Bumper System for Low Speed Impact Insurance Industry Impact Test using DFSS and CAE Analysis2011-01-00704/12/2011
In 2006, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) released a new Low Speed Bumper Test Protocol for passenger cars1. The new test protocol included the development of a deformable barrier that the vehicle would impact at low speeds. IIHS positioned the new barrier to improve correlation to low speed collisions in the field, and also to assess the ability of the bumper system to protect the vehicle from damage. The bumper system must stay engaged to the barrier to protect other vehicle components from damage. The challenge is to identify the bumper system design features that minimize additional cost and mass to keep engagement to the barrier. The results of the Design for Six Sigma analysis identified the design features that increase the stiffness of the bumper system enable it to stay engaged to the barrier and reduce the deflection.
Brown, Stuart J.
Dual Rate Jounce Bumper Design2011-01-07914/12/2011
Jounce bumpers are the primary component by which vertical wheel travel is limited in our suspensions. Typically, the jounce bumper is composed of closed or open cell urethane material, which has relatively low stiffness at initial compression with highly progressive stiffness at full compression. Due to this highly progressive stiffness at high load, peak loads are extremely sensitive to changes in input energy (affected by road surface, tire size, tire pressure, etc.) A “Dual Rate Jounce Bumper” concept is described that reduces this sensitivity. Additionally, various mechanizations of the concept are described as well as the specific program benefits, where applicable.
Schudt, Joseph A., Tsai, Maolin, Patil, Ravindra, Geisler, Robert
Making FlexRay a Reality in a Premium Car2008-21-002310/20/2008
In this paper, we present some of the main tasks that have to be addressed and solved for FlexRay to become a reality in series production at Audi. The results will be used for future generations of vehicles in the Volkswagen Group. The methods established and products developed build the base for Audi's FlexRay series development.
Kötz, Jens, Poledna, Stefan
AUTOSAR on the Road2008-21-001910/20/2008
The AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture (AUTOSAR) Development Partnership has published early 2008 the specifications Release 3.0 [1], with a prime focus on the overall architecture, basic software, run time environment, communication stacks and methodology. Heavy developments have taken place in the OEM and supplier community to deliver AUTOSAR loaded cars on the streets starting 2008 [2]. The 2008 achievements have been: Improving the specifications in order to secure the exploitation for body, chassis and powertrain applications Adding major features: safety related functionalities, OBD II and Telematics application interfaces.
Kinkelin, Gerulf, Gilberg, Alain, Delord, Bertrand, Heinecke, Harald, Fürst, Simon, Moessinger, Juergen, Lapp, Andreas, Virnich, Ulrich, Bunzel, Stefan, Weber, Thomas, Spinner, Noë, Lundh, Lennart, Svensson, Daniel, Heitkämper, Peter, Mattsson, Fredrik, Nishikawa, Kenji, Hirano, Hiroyuki, Lange, Klaus, Kunkel, Bernd
Driver Interface/HMI Standards to Minimize Driver Distraction/Overload2008-21-000210/20/2008
This paper describes (1) the telematics distraction/overload problem, (2) what distraction and overload are and how they differ, (3) the standards and guidelines that apply to the design and evaluation of driver interfaces/human-machine interfaces (HMI) for telematics (and their strengths and weaknesses), and (4) what standards and research are needed to support the development of driver interfaces. Most of the paper is a detailed discussion of evaluation standards, in particular SAE Recommended Practices J2364 (Task Time and Occlusion Tests) and J2365 (Task Time Estimation), ISO Standards 16673 (Occlusion Test) and 26022 (Lane-Change Test), and the AAM Driver Focus Guideline.
Green, Paul
Competitive Opportunity Management2008-21-003910/20/2008
Competitive Opportunity Management (COM) is a set of innovation-based concepts, tools and processes that provide structure for the comprehensive identification of business opportunities. This structure evolves in a logical, step-by-step manner and is a means of developing a solid foundation for defining the totality of future business opportunities in a context that can be highly leveraged. The culmination of this effort results development of an underlying structure that clearly maps how virtually all business opportunities can and will evolve toward clearly defined long-range trends. COM provides definitive tools at the front end of the generic product development cycle where only vague methods exist today, allows for the sequencing of opportunities and provides a basis for combining discrete elements into new strategies that enable decision making at the top levels of the organization.
Clarke, Dana W., Pine, William C.
PLM Promotes a Smart Outsourcing Model that Balances Cost with Intellectual Property Protection2008-21-004410/20/2008
Capitalism has followed cheap labor since before the Industrial Revolution. However, high-skilled work like programming and engineering has recently begun traveling to low-cost nations, and as a result, the eternal challenge of balancing cost and risk has even more serious consequences. The new outsourcing models that help companies stay cost-competitive in the short run, may hurt them in the long run by creating competitors who adapt or outright steal their intellectual property. This paper outlines how product lifecycle management (PLM) solutions can be used to outsource engineering without sacrificing cost controls, intellectual property integrity, or in-house engineering talent. It describes collaboration models built around advanced design technology that inject efficiency into engineering processes at every level, enabling companies to balance short and long term concerns.
Brincheck, Bob
Safe and Pleasurable Human Machine Interfaces for Automobile2008-21-000510/20/2008
As a consequence of the integration of additional systems to support and entertain drivers and passengers the interactions with those systems become more and more time consuming and distracting. It is therefore a basic requirement for the design of Human Machine-Interfaces to minimize the distraction from driving when interacting with those new assistance and entertainment systems. Whereas the safety is a Must-be for the design of HMI for automobiles the joy-of-use is an important aspect for the excitement of drivers. To fulfil the sometimes conflicting demands for safety and pleasure a human centred design approach for HMI design is needed.
Bruder, Ralph, Abendroth, Bettina, Didier, Muriel, Schreiber, Michael, von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Margeritta
Model-Based Design for Safety-Related Applications2008-21-003310/20/2008
Production code generation with Model-Based Design has replaced document-based development and manual coding in various automotive domains such as chassis and powertrain. Safety-related applications are increasingly developed using Model-Based Design as well. For these applications, software development and quality assurance activities within Model-Based Design must meet the requirements of the safety standard relevant to the particular domain. For in-vehicle applications, currently this standard is typically IEC 61508. This paper discusses workflows for developing safety-related application software components and specific requirements with respect to Model-Based Design. Generally, the objectives of IEC 61508-3 influence the entire software development process. However, some activities are of particular importance. This paper is concerned with the following activities exhibiting certain specifics if they are carried out as part of Model-Based Design: traceability between work products, production code generation, dynamic testing, and design for robustness and reliability.
Fey, Ines, Müller, Jürgen, Conrad, Mirko
The Connected Vehicle Proving Center: A Collaborative, Architecture-Neutral Development Environment2008-21-000810/20/2008
This paper will present one method and architecture-neutral means for accomplishing a collaborative development environment that would virtually link the needed hard facilities such as roads and test tracks, utilize embedded and nomadic devices, provide the software development tools and support multiple communication protocols. The proposed capability would be able to be linked to any other facility globally, thereby allowing public and private entities an ability to both clearly evaluate what is created elsewhere, improve or demonstrate their developments, and provide a means of advancing vehicle communications research.
McCormick, Scott J.
Advanced Driver Assist System: Its Challenges and Solutions from the Customer's Point of View2008-21-003110/20/2008
As demand for an accident free society intensifies, people have come to look to new technologies for solutions. This has facilitated development of a variety of advanced driver assist systems (ADAS). However, despite existing technologies, due to lack of standardizations and inability to asses the value of a system which cannot be understood without test driving, customers are left unable to make appropriate decisions when determining what kind of features to purchase. Furthermore, not all vehicles offer the same options. If we are to tackle the challenges from the customer's point of view, we must establish a standardized performance criterion that will help customers and furthermore challenge the auto industry to healthy competition by establishing clear playing fields. This paper will discuss possible solutions and suggestions for the industry to create an accident free society.
Nakajima, Toyohei (Tony)
Framework to Aid Process Maturity Model Definition for Product Development in Global Environment2008-21-004010/20/2008
The speed of innovations and pressure for reducing cost has forced automotive industry to move towards standardization. This standardization enhances the ease and success of Global Product Development (GPD) from a technology viewpoint. However, for overall success, an effective process model shall, additionally, support GPD. The process needs of the present day GPD programmes and more so the future ones, heavily, challenge the prevalent process maturity models. This paper presents a process framework that can be adapted by the industry to achieve industry-wide process maturity for GPD.
Somashekhar, R. H.
Effect of Stress Softening in Bumper Foams on the Low Speed Impact Performance of Vehicles2008-01-11264/14/2008
The experimental findings have revealed that there is a significant stress softening phenomenon for the polymer foams used in vehicle bumpers after they are loaded repeatedly from the raw undeformed state. With a series of loading-unloading test data under different maximum strains, dependence of the stress softening on the deformation history is analyzed. The corresponding material models in ABAQUS are chosen to characterize such special features of the polymer foams in FEA. The low speed impact models of a subsystem consisting of a bumper assembly and front-rails are established, and a process for transferring the deformation history of the bumper foams between the consecutive impact-loading cases is set up in the environment of ABAQUS. Based on the FE simulations, it can be seen that the stress softening of the polymer foams compromises the low speed impact performance of bumpers in subsequent impacts. Therefore the stress softening effect of polymer foams should be taken into account during safety designs of vehicle bumpers.
Xia, Yong, Yang, Xin, Zhou, Qing
Evaluation of a New Tubular Energy Absorber Designed to Meet Bumper System Pedestrian Lower Leg Impact and 5 & 6 MPH Impact Series Requirements2008-01-13754/14/2008
Current and proposed pedestrian test procedures in Europe and Japan evaluate lower extremity injury risk by employing a leg-form propelled into the front bumper system of a stationary vehicle. Although there are currently no pedestrian regulations in North America, North American vehicle bumper systems are influenced by the proposed pedestrian test procedures and pending regulations. The main objective of this study is to present the results to-date in an evaluation conducted to determine the effectiveness of a new tubular energy absorber in meeting all bumper impact requirements. The study compares computer simulations and impact test results. An LS_DYNA model of the absorber with recommended material and property cards is described which will allow CAE groups to conduct vehicle application studies.
Glance, Paul, Tokarz, Bryant
Component Nomenclature—Articulated Log Skidder, Rubber-TiredJ1109_200708 (Historical)8/22/2007
This SAE Standard includes names of major components and parts particular to this type of machine. Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing commercial machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been chosen to describe the principles to be used in applying this document (see Figures 1 and 2). 1 Engine 2 Sweep 3 Operator Enclosure 4 Seat 5 Rear Frame 6 Winch 7 Arch 8 Fairlead 8(a) Main Fairlead Roller 8(b) Auxiliary Fairlead Rollers 9 Tire 10 Rim 11 Axle 12 Driveline 13 Steering Cylinder 14 Front Frame 15 Blade Arm1 16 Blade 17 Decking Lug 18 Blade Cylinder 19 Radiator 20 Log Bumper
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Bumper as the Impact-Safety-Device for the Car and Pedestrians2007-01-37258/5/2007
This paper summarizes the result of the bumper's role investigation in the process of reducing the energy-absorbing level during frontal collisions of vehicle. The paper is citing the detailed review and analysis of the stages of bumper's construction evolutions from the point of view of realizing of the passive safety's functions for frontal collision. Also the paper cites the examples of FEM-calculations of the front bumper's panel with the purpose of discovering the fields of strains and deformations. The paper is based on the research performed by the authors for discovering the optimal areas of variation of the bumper's rigidity and mass and, as a result, the construction of impact-safety bumper patented in Russia. The paper contains the recommendations on further bumper's transformations into an impact-safety and trauma-free device for vehicles and pedestrians.
Balabin, I. V., Bogdanov, V. V.
An Ergonomic Investigation for Control Types and Menu Design Types of In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS)2007-01-35148/5/2007
The purpose of the study is to investigate the ergonomic issues for control types and menu design types of in-vehicle information system (IVIS). The results showed that 1) linear-type controls with linear-type menu design had better performance 2) rotary-type control with rotary-type menu design had good subjective preference score 3) the performance and subjective preference of IVIS interface were strongly influenced by the compatibility between control types and menu design types of IVIS 4) there was a tendency that the performance of IVIS tasks was better when the display was located at higher level on center fascia. The results can be applied to develop a new control and menu design of IVIS from ergonomic view points.
Lim, Sunghyun, Jang, Cheehwan, Lee, Kyu-Oh, Jung, Eui S., Park, Sungjoon, Choe, Jaeho
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