Browse Topic: Bumpers, fasciae and grilles

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A High-Fidelity Transient Fluid-Structure-Interaction Methodology for Evaluation of Rear Bumper Flutter of a Vehicle2026-26-04101/16/2026
The need for fuel efficient and pedestrian safe cars leads to the use of thinner and lighter car exteriors. Interaction of these exterior car components at high speed with an aerodynamic load can lead to undesirable aero-elastic vibration and flutter. Early identification and mitigation of such vibration can bring significant cost and time benefit, by reducing dependence on prototype testing and recalibration of prototype tooling at later stages. The present work demonstrates a transient Fluid-Structure-Interaction based numerical methodology for estimation of aerodynamic-induced flutter of the rear bumper of an SUV. The proposed method performs coupled-high fidelity transient full vehicle aerodynamic Finite Volume based and dynamic rear bumper structural Finite Element based simulations required for flutter estimation. The method has been put through a two-step validation against experimental wind tunnel test data of a prototype car with modified bumper for the specific test-case. The
CHOUDHURY, SATYAJIT, Yenugu, Srinivasa, Walia, Rajat, Zander, Daniel, Gullapalli, Atchyut, BALAN, ARUN, Astik, Pritesh
Effect of Pressure Losses and Reynolds Number on Active Grille Shutter Characteristics and Its Prediction2025-01-50599/10/2025
In the present article it is investigated why active grille shutters (AGS) can have very different aerodynamic characteristics, ranging from progressive to strongly degressive, and which factors influence them. For this purpose, the authority concept known from the field of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) is referred to. According to this theory, the control characteristics of dampers depend primarily on the ratio of the pressure losses at the fully open damper to the pressure losses of the rest of the system. The adaptation of the concept to the automotive field shows that, in addition to the pressure losses, the geometry of the cooling air ducting plays a decisive role in motor vehicles. The effect of driving speed and fan operation on the characteristic curves is also being investigated. In addition, authority theory can also be used to derive the conditions under which the opening characteristic curve of an AGS provides a good prediction of the real characteristic
Wolf, Thomas
Categorizing Simulation Models Using Convolutional Neural Networks2023-01-12176/26/2023
Engineers come across frequent problems solved using artificial intelligence. Tasks of neural networks are often considered solving problems in such an intelligent manner. Whether as an optimization problem or development tool, neural networks help engineers and create a more efficient approach. Furthermore, information is stored in a unique data structure, during a project cycle. Engineers often face a time-consuming search to get an understanding of the project itself. This process of understanding the data needs to be repeated by every engineer, if not further documented. E.g. searching for a past project with similar parameters can be a big task, regarding huge databases. Worker fluctuation can increase the cost of this process as well. To address this issue, neural networks make a significant contribution. The main aspect of this paper is to add meta data to the core files of the project. With such labels it is possible to get access to the content of the model files of an engine
Grbavac, Andrija, Angerbauer, Martin, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, André
ENGINE AIR INTAKE WATER SEPARATION PERFORMANCE USING CFD FOR CLASS-8 TRUCK WITH CORRELATION2022-01-10723/29/2022
Engine air intake water ingestion needs to be estimated and minimized in order to maximize filter life and to ensure optimal engine operation. In addition, air intake water separation features need to be implemented to minimize water ingestion into the filter and then into the engine. In this paper, we replicate the air intake water separation test performed on a Volvo class-8 truck based on SAE J2554 test procedure. Using CFD, two different intake grille configurations were evaluated, first one is without a grille and a second with the intake grille. In the study presented within this paper the engine air intake water separation performance of a class-8 truck with and without the air intake grille are compared using SIMULIA PowerFLOW Lattice Boltzmann based solver. The simulation results were compared to the physical test and show good correlation with the experimental data.
Dasarathan, Devaraj, Sowmianarayanan, Bhargav, Jilesen, Jonathan, Gona, Kiran, Banala, Ajaybabu
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Chipotle's Pioneering Approach to Digital129069/11/2020
How does a quick service restaurant transform itself into a lifestyle brand? For Chipotle Mexican Grill, its all about being real and staying ahead of digital trends to create the ultimate customer experience. Nicole West, Vice President of Digital Strategy and Product for Chipotle, joins us this week to dig into the digital experience that Chipotle has pioneered within the industry. Nicole shares her experience building Chipotle's digital commerce business and how consumer adoption of digital ordering and experiences has led to digital making up 61% of company sales in Q2 2020. She discusses what trends the company saw when it developed the industry's first ordering app and how they continue to experiment with new ways to engage with customers and drive sales. As the conversation continues, Nicole explains the ways that Chipotle has innovated and disrupted the industry when appropriate, including its ordering app, Chipotlanes, Digital Kitchen, packaging, walk-up contactless pickups
Hineman, Marcie
Light-Based Deep Brain Stimulation Relieves Symptoms of Parkinson’s DiseaseTBMG-371156/1/2020
Biomedical engineers at Duke University have used deep brain stimulation based on light to treat motor dysfunction in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Succeeding where earlier attempts have failed, the method promises to provide new insights into why deep brain stimulation works and ways in which it can be improved on a patient-by-patient basis.
A Design and Optimization Method for Pedestrian Lower Extremity Injury Analysis with the aPLI Model2020-01-09294/14/2020
As pedestrian protection tests and evaluations have been officially incorporated into new C-NCAP, more stringent requirements have been placed on pedestrian protection performance. In this study, in order to reduce the injury of the vehicle front end structure to the pedestrian's lower extremity during the collision, the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) model was used in conjunction with the finite element vehicle model for collision simulation based on the new C-NCAP legform test evaluation regulation. This paper selected the key components which have significant influences on the pedestrian's leg protection performance based on the CAE vehicle model, including front bumper, front-cover plate, upper impact pillar, impact beam and lower support plate, to form a simplified model and conducted parametric modeling based on it. Then, the variable correlation analysis was carried out on the sample results obtained from the design of experiment (DOE), and the contribution analysis
Fu, Yue, Xu, Huijie, Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Wang, Ping, Chen, Ruyi, Yu, Huili
Need for Personalization and Opportunities in Autonomous & Shared Mobility2019-28-252011/21/2019
In the current scenario, vehicles are majorly owned by individuals where they have their own personal settings or accessories as per their individual preferences. In Shared mobility all features/controls are not personalized to everyone who shares the vehicle, which hinders the usage of shared vehicle. For shared mobility/Autonomous vehicle to be successful, it must play a significant role in customer engagement. To enhance the customer engagement, we need to satisfy individual customer by customizing the vehicle for their needs. This will give a cognitive feel of personal vehicle in a shared environment. We need technologies and design in improving vehicle interior and exterior systems to address personalization. We will involve Design Thinking approach by customer interactions in each zone of vehicle both interior and exterior to identify personalization needs. The zones of study include Frunk & Trunk compartment zone, Interaction zones, interior & exterior zone. We will rank the
Dayakar, Suresh, Subramanian, Vijayasarathy, Reddy, Keshava, Shiramgond, Vijaykumar
Design of Lightweight Composites for Vehicle Front End Energy Management of Bumper Beam2019-28-008510/11/2019
Application of advance composites in place of the various conventional materials such as steel can give significant weight and performance advantages. The application of composites is now finding it’s way in the automotive industry due to the growing requirement of the lightweight solutions and high strength to weight ratio. However, their low mechanical properties have limited their application in automotive structural components. The study presented here is focused on the explicit dynamic analysis of a bumper beam and advance composites are used for the study. Different configurations and designs of the bumper are considered to be able to make a comparative study of the stress and deformation levels. The analysis was done in coherence to the Euro NCAP tests and the offset frontal impact analysis was done. The boundary conditions were aligned with the real time impact conditions for proper prediction of the results. Based on stress, deformation, specific strength and weight, the
Kumar, Praveen, Akella, Sarma Sr, Chakraborty, Ayan, Muthiah, Balasubramanian, Ramachandran, Velmurugan, M Venugopal, Shankar
Low-Speed Impact Bumper System Test Procedure for Passenger VehiclesJ2319_201910 (Current)10/3/2019
The scope of this SAE Recommended Practice is restricted to the testing of original equipment on passenger vehicles and to provide for a uniform industry test procedure.
Motor Vehicle Council
The Placement of Digitized Objects in a Point Cloud as a Photogrammetric Technique09-06-02-00078/8/2018
The frequency of video-capturing collision events from surveillance systems are increasing in reconstruction analyses. The video that has been provided to the investigator may not always include a clear perspective of the relevant area of interest. For example, surveillance video of an incident may have captured a pre- or post-incident perspective that, while failing to capture the precise moment when the pedestrian was struck by a vehicle, still contains valuable information that can be used to assist in reconstructing the incident. When surveillance video is received, a quick and efficient technique to place the subject object or objects into a three-dimensional environment with a known rate of error would add value to the investigation. In addition, once the objects have been placed into the three-dimensional environment, the investigator would then be able to observe the physical evidence and environment from any perspective, including viewing and measuring what cannot be seen in
Harrington, Shawn, Lebak, Gabriel
Optimization Design of Rear-Engine Bus Cooling System Based on 1D/3D Coupling Simulation2018-01-07714/3/2018
This study investigated the effects of underhood structure parameters (two types of air ducts, two types of inlet grilles and the opening angle of inlet grilles) on the cooling characteristics of the rear-engine bus; then, the optimum design scheme of the underhood was determined. The air-side resistance load of the cooling system, which is based on fan performance, was selected as the optimization objective. Simulations were created based on a porous media model and standard a k-ε model. The next step was to build a 1D/3D coupling simulation to utilize the advantages of 1D simulation’s fast convergence speed and 3D simulation’s extensive research range. Besides, the use of 1D/3D coupling simulation can efficiently avoid the errors of simulation results which arise from the non-uniform airflow on the cooling module. Results show that the airflow rate of the rectangular air duct increased by 7 to 11percent. Compared with the airflow rate of the underhood without an air duct, the air
Hao, Zhenzhen, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong
Polypropylene Copolymer Material for Automotive Thin Wall Front Bumper with Integrated Grill Application2018-01-01534/3/2018
This paper describes modified polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) material for thin wall front bumper development (2.5 mm) with integrated grill in automotive application. This compounded PPCP material has optimized flow behavior, tensile strength, modulus, impact strength, and thermal properties to meet the functional requirements. This is a ready to mold material used in injection molding process. Front bumper and grill are functional components with slow speed impact requirement to absorb impact in real world. These parts have precise fitment requirement under sun load condition. Front bumper is also having other critical criteria with respect to vehicle variants such as aesthetic mold-in-color finish as well as painted finish. Grill has air entry performance criteria to ensure cooling efficiency in intercooler compartment. In this paper, PPCP material filled with talc filler has been explored for thin wall front bumper part with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm and with an integration of
Govindaraj, Karthik, Junankar, Ashish, Venkateshwara, Rao, Papanal, Vijay
Analysis and Simulation of Low-Speed Collision of Car Front Bumpers2018-01-14604/3/2018
Bumper systems are vital to improving automotive passive safety and reducing the maintenance cost in low-speed collision. Automotive companies need to develop bumpers with adequate strength, high energy absorption rate, minimum weight and least expense. To shorten the product development period and lower the development cost, four evaluation conditions were proposed to assess the behaviors of car front bumpers based on the three main low-speed collision regulations of the US Part 581, the Canadian CFVSS215 and the European ECE-R42. A finite element method was put forward to model the car front bumper and to analyze the low-speed collision performance of the bumper system. A drop hammer impact test was carried out to verify the validity of the method, and experiment results indicated the correctness of the finite element model. The dynamic response and the energy absorption parameters of the bumper system were calculated, including structural deformation, collision force and energy
Li, Min, Xia, Zhangyang, Shangguan, Wenbin
Eleven Instrumented Motorcycle Crash Tests and Development of Updated Motorcycle Impact-Speed Equations2018-01-05174/3/2018
Eleven instrumented crash tests were performed as part of the 2016 World Reconstruction Exposition (WREX2016), using seven Harley-Davidson motorcycles and three automobiles. For all tests, the automobile was stationary while the motorcycle was delivered into the vehicle, while upright with tires rolling, at varying speeds. Seven tests were performed at speeds between 30 and 46 mph while four low-speed tests were performed to establish the onset of permanent motorcycle deformation. Data from these tests, and other published testing, was analyzed using available models to determine their accuracy when predicting the impact speed of Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The most accurate model was the Modified Eubanks set of equations introduced in 2009, producing errors with an average of 0.4 mph and a standard deviation (SD) of 4.8 mph. An updated set of Eubanks-style equations were developed adding data published since 2009, and advancing from two equations (pillars/axles and doors/fenders) to
Peck, Louis, Manning, Joseph, Bartlett, Wade, Dickerson, Charles, Deyerl, Eric
Modelling a Rear Bumper of Goods Transport Vehicle Made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer2017-36-041311/7/2017
Due to the mass production process of the automobile industry, develop a product by reducing its cost has become an important aspect in its elaboration. This goal is to replace the higher cost material for an alternative that offers the same performance at a lower cost. The use of composite materials in the automotive industry has gradually evolved over the years. However, the use of composite materials in the structure of the automobile depends on a number of factors, such as large production scale, fast manufacturing process and economy, suiting the high demand of the automobile industry. Fiberglass composites are widely used in the market because of their good mechanical and physical properties combined with the comparatively low cost of production. Therefore, the objective of the work is to analyze the feasibility of other inputs as alternatives to the manufacture of rear bumper of transporting goods vehicle, using composite materials with satisfactory performances in this
Branco, César T. N. M., Figueiredo, Jullyane M. S., Veloso, Mauro J. G., Fujiyama, Roberto T.
Optimizing the Rear Fascia Cutline Based On Investigating Deviation Sources of the Body Panel Fit and Finish2017-01-16003/28/2017
A vehicle’s exterior fit and finish, in general, is the first system to attract customers. Automotive exterior engineers were motivated in the past few years to increase their focus on how to optimize the vehicle’s exterior panels split lines quality and how to minimize variation in fit and finish addressing customer and market required quality standards. The design engineering’s focus is to control the deviation from nominal build objective and minimize it. The fitting process follows an optimization model with the exterior panel’s location and orientation factors as independent variables. This research focuses on addressing the source of variation “contributed factors” that will impact the quality of the fit and finish. These critical factors could be resulted from the design process, product process, or an assembly process. An empirical analysis will be used to minimize the fit and finish deviation. Experimental approach as well as Response Surface Methodology “RSM” will be used for
Mansour, James, Jawad, Badih, Liu, Liping, Fernandez, Vernon, Abro, Sabah, Tibbenham, Jeff
Influence of Honeycomb Cellular Meso-structure on Frontal Crash Analysis for Passenger Vehicle2017-01-13013/28/2017
Frontal collisions account for majority of car accidents. Various measures have been taken by the automotive OEMs’ with regards to passive safety. Honeycomb meso-structural inserts in the front bumper have been suggested to enhance the energy absorption of the front structure which is favorable for passive safety. This paper presents the changes in energy absorption capacity of hexagonal honeycomb structures with varying cellular geometries; under frontal impact simulations. Honeycomb cellular metamaterial structure offers many distinct advantages over homogenous materials since their effective material properties depend on both, their constituent material properties and their cell geometric configurations. The effective static mechanical properties such as; the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and Poisson’s ratio of the honeycomb cellular meso-structures are controlled by variations in their cellular geometry. While the crushing responses in terms of energy absorption and
Patil, Deepak A., Buddhe, Hrishikesh
External Biofidelity Evaluation of Pedestrian Leg-Form Impactors2017-01-14503/28/2017
Current state-of-the-art vehicles implement pedestrian protection features that rely on pedestrian detection sensors and algorithms to trigger when impacting a pedestrian. During the development phase, the vehicle must “learn” to discriminate pedestrians from the rest of potential impacting objects. Part of the training data used in this process is often obtained in physical tests utilizing legform impactors whose external biofidelity is still to be evaluated. This study uses THUMS as a reference to assess the external biofidelity of the most commonly used impactors (Flex-PLI, PDI-1 and PDI-2). This biofidelity assessment was performed by finite element simulation measuring the bumper beam forces exerted by each surrogate on a sedan and a SUV. The bumper beam was divided in 50 mm sections to capture the force distribution in both vehicles. This study, unlike most of the pedestrian-related literature, examines different impact locations and velocities. The results show how the Flex-PLI
Perez-Rapela, Daniel, Forman, Jason, Crandall, Jeff, Jeon, Haeyoung
A Tailgate(Trunk) Control System Based on Acoustic Patterns2017-01-16343/28/2017
When customers use a tailgate (or trunk), some systems such as power tailgate and smart tailgate have been introduced and implemented for improving convenience. However, they still have some problems in some use cases. Some people have to search for the outside button to open the tailgate, or they should take out the key and push a button. In some cases, they should move their leg or wait a few seconds which makes some people feel that it is a long time. In addition, they have to push the small button which is located on the inner trim in order to close the tailgate. This paper proposes a new tailgate control technology and systems based on acoustic patterns in order to solve some inconvenience. An acoustic user interaction (AUI) is a technology which responds to human’s rubbing and tapping on a specific part analyzing the acoustic patterns. The AUI has been recently spotlighted in the automotive industry as well as home appliances, mobile devices, musical instruments, etc. The AUI is
Lee, Hui Sung
Development of GFRTP Crush Box with Consideration of Use Environment and Effect of Fiber Orientation2017-01-04983/28/2017
Regulation of automotive CO2 emissions is becoming increasingly stringent throughout the world in response to global warming. For automakers, this means a focus not only on increasing the fuel economy of powertrains, but also on reducing automotive driving resistance. High expectations are held for thermoplastic fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) for the realization of automotive weight savings while also offering high levels of productivity and recyclability. Thermoplastic FRP crush boxes display a higher level of energy absorption performance than metal (steel, aluminum, etc.) crush boxes. This will contribute to automotive weight savings and improved package design. In the case of automotive front bumper beam systems, it is necessary to realize stable load characteristics irrespective of the use environment. It is therefore necessary to consider the effects of temperature and thermoplastic resin degradation. The molding process for discontinuous fiber-reinforced FRP produces
Yabu, Tomoya, Yasuhara, Shigeto, Kashiwagi, Masakazu
Experimental Investigation with R1234yf Condenser Airflow Blockages of Non-Hotspot and Hotspot Objects to Impact on A/C System Performance2016-01-02554/5/2016
This paper addresses R1234yf A/C system performance impacted by condenser airflow passage blockages of nonhotspot and hotspot objects. With the modern vehicle design trend, more and more chances exist in blocking condenser airflow passages by objects such as TOC (transmission oil cooler) or fine grills etc. These objects create hotspots and narrowed airflow passages to the condenser and result in A/C performance degradation. It is important to understand the specific area of the condenser which is most impacted by a blockage so this area can be avoided in the design/packaging of front end components. In addition, it is important to understand the magnitude of performance loss associated with the specific areas of blockage. As a result of this understanding, optimal design locations for these blockages (including hotspots and grilles) can be proposed in order to mitigate the impact on A/C cooling performance. The study indicated that blocking condenser airflow passages by both the
Zheng, Yinhua
Implications of Manufacturers’ Bumper Ratings in Low Speed Collision Analysis2016-01-14734/5/2016
Evaluation of the severity of low speed motor vehicle crashes has been the subject of significant research for more than 25 years. These crashes typically result in little if any damage to the vehicles involved and therefore the ability to determine the threshold of damage would be very useful in analysis of such cases. One such threshold, which has been used by accident reconstructionists, is the manufacturer’s published bumper rating in compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for vehicle bumpers. The rationale is that if there is any damage to the bumper system of the vehicle in question, the impact must have had a severity greater than the rated bumper speed. This paper examines the FMVSS bumper standards upon which the published bumper ratings are reportedly in compliance, historical low speed testing damage results, and engineering considerations of bumper damage in low speed impacts. The results demonstrate that using manufacturers’ bumper ratings as a
Keifer, Orion P., Reckamp, Bradley, Moody, Charles, Timpanaro, Anthony
Conceptual Development of a Multi-Material Composite Structure for an Urban Utility/Activity Vehicle2016-01-13344/5/2016
The Deep Orange framework is an integral part of the graduate automotive engineering education at Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR). The initiative was developed to immerse students into the world of an OEM. For the 6th generation of Deep Orange, the goal was to develop an urban utility/activity vehicle for the year 2020. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a multimaterial lightweight Body-in-White (BiW) structure to support an all-electric powertrain combined with an interior package that maximizes volume to enable a variety of interior configurations and activities for Generation Z users. AutoPacific data were first examined to define personas on the basis of their demographics and psychographics. The resulting market research, benchmarking, and brand essence studies were then converted to consumer needs and wants, to establish vehicle target and subsystem requirement, which formed the foundation of the Unique Selling
Flegel, Christopher, Bhivate, Parth, Li, Liang, Mathur, Yash, Phalgaonkar, Sanket, Benton, Mark, Muralidharan, Prasanth, Brooks, Johnell, Pilla, Srikanth, Venhovens, Paul, Lewis, David, DeBry, Garrett, Payne, Craig
Jeep will test pickup concepts at Moab 50th16AUTP04_114/1/2016
Military vehicle strength, functionality, and styling underscore two Jeep-based concept trucks that took on the challenging off-road trails of Moab, Utah, during the recent annual Jeep Safari. “It's a very, very important event this year because it's the 50th anniversary of the Easter Jeep Safari, and it's coinciding with the 75th anniversary of Jeep,” asserted Mike Manley, Head of Jeep Brand for FCA Global.
Buchholz, Kami
GT350 Mustang features novel composite structural component16MEIP03_173/1/2016
A lightweight composite material shaped by a unique assembly technique forms a grille opening reinforcement (GOR) designed specifically for the high-performance 2016 Ford Shelby GT350 Mustang. The two-piece GOR is an industry first, and the automaker is in the process of applying for a patent, according to Peter Thai, Performance Body Exterior Engineer at Ford Motor Co. Developing a GOR that would fit in a packaging space smaller than the 2015 Mustang was no easy task, noted Gari Schalte, Magna Exteriors' Product Line Engineering Manager-Front End Modules.
Buchholz, Kami
AS4886 Bumper PadAS4886-1 (Current)12/4/2015
No scope available.
Engine and Airframe Technical Standards Committee (TSC)
Optimization of Front Bumper Beam for RCAR Performance using Design of Six Sigma and Finite Element Analysis2015-01-14934/14/2015
Research Council for Automotive Repairs (RCAR) has developed a bumper test at 10 km/h to assess the damageability and repairing cost during a low speed collusion. For minimum damage and minimum repairing cost during low speed collusion it is necessary to design a bumper beam which provides structural stiffness and reduced deflection. Often it is challenging to design a front bumper beam to meet all safety requirements including, RCAR, high speed offset barrier and pedestrian protection, since these requirements are not necessarily compatible with each other. Design changes in rails and packaging constraints add to this challenge. In this study, design of six sigma (DFSS) and finite element analysis are used to study the parameters that affect the stiffness and deflection of the front bumper beam. For the DFSS study, bumper beam geometry and reinforcements are investigated as control factors, vehicle rail widths as noise factors, and back of beam displacement and mass of front bumper
Virupaksha, Vinay L., Brown, Stuart
Lightweight Optimal Design of a Rear Bumper System Based on Surrogate Models2015-01-13624/14/2015
A bumper system plays a significant role in absorbing impact energy and buffering the impact force. Important performance measures of an automotive bumper system include the maximum intrusions, the maximum absorbed energy, and the peak impact force. Finite element analysis (FEA) of crashworthiness involve geometry-nonlinearity, material-nonlinearity, and contact-nonlinearity. The computational cost would be prohibitively expensive if structural optimization directly perform on these highly nonlinear FE models. Solving crashworthiness optimization problems based on a surrogate model would be a cost-effective way. This paper presents a design optimization of an automotive rear bumper system based on the test scenarios from the Research Council for Automobile Repairs (RCAR) of Europe. Three different mainstream surrogate models, Response Surface Method (RSM), Kriging method, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method were compared. First, design of experiment (DOE) was conducted to
Li, Chao, Kim, Il Yong
Impact Of Condenser Opening Area On A/C Performance of the Automotive HVAC System2015-01-03684/14/2015
Bumper opening area projected on condenser to total condenser core area is referred to as condenser opening area. The condenser opening area plays a vital role in A/C Performance of vehicle particularly during idling and initial cooling of vehicle. This paper presents detail study on effects of condenser opening area on A/C performance. Based on theory, the effect of condenser opening area is studied and it is validated by experimental results. Depending on these results an optimum value of condenser opening area required for best A/C performance is concluded.
Kumar Reddy, Janampally Sandeep, Deopa, Shailendra, Sharma, Abhay, Aggarwal, Piyush
Snowmobile and Snowmobile Cutter Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated EquipmentJ292_201404 (Historical)4/16/2014
This SAE Recommended Practice describes requirements for lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment for signaling to enable safe operation in darkness and other conditions of reduced visibility.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Further Assessment of the Uncertainty of CRASH3 ΔV and Energy Loss Calculations2014-01-04774/1/2014
In a 2012 paper, Brach, Brach, and Louderback (BBL) investigated the uncertainty that arises in calculating the change in velocity and crush energy with the use of the CRASH3 equations (2012-01-0608). They concluded that the uncertainty in these values caused by variations in the stiffness coefficients significantly outweighed the uncertainty caused by variations in the crush measurements. This paper presents a revised analysis of the data that BBL analyzed and further assesses the level of uncertainty that arises in CRASH3 calculations. While the findings of this study do not invalidate BBL's ultimate conclusion, the methodology utilized in this paper incorporated two changes to BBL's methodology. First, in analyzing the crash test data for several vehicles, a systematic error that is sometimes present in the reported crush measurements was accounted for and corrected. This systematic error arises when a vehicle's plastic bumper fascia rebounds more than the underlying structure
Rose, Nathan A., Carter, Neal
Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Natural Convection in a Simplified Engine Bay Enclosure under Soak Conditions2014-01-06514/1/2014
At the onset of soak, air and surface temperatures in an engine bay enclosure are elevated since temperature of heat sources are high while convective cooling is sharply reduced as a result of airflow being shut off from the inlet grilles of the vehicle leading to temperature spikes. Accurate simulation of this important thermal and flow regime that is natural convection driven, highly transient and complex is therefore very important. In this investigation, we simulate flow in the engine bay at the onset of soak with fixed thermal boundary conditions where the geometries representing the engine bay and components are simplified. Good agreement was observed with detailed experimental data available in references for both velocities and temperatures.
Wang, Zun, Han, Jaehoon, Mukutmoni, Devadatta
Development of High Efficiency and Compact Bumper Recycling Equipment2014-01-19734/1/2014
This paper describes the development of high efficiency and compact bumper recycling equipment for facilitating bumper recycling globally. Various equipment to remove paint coat from bumper has been developed since 90s', using mechanical, physical or chemical method. However, it is difficult to promote bumper recycling without realizing cost effective overall system from paint coat removal to pelletizing. Our company jointly developed method of mechanically removing paint coat and has committed to bumper recycling in the form of outsourcing since 2000. In 2010, a dedicated plant for recycling bumpers was launched on the premises of our Oppama Assembly Plant in Japan. In the future, promoting bumper recycling at other overseas assembly plants is necessary as vehicle production will expand globally. Having more compact and cost effective recycling system compared to the one at the Oppama plant is required since the scale of the system including bumper crushing, paint coat removal, and
Mizutani, Atsushi
Characterization of Force Deflection Properties for Vehicular Bumper-to-Bumper Interactions2014-01-19914/1/2014
This is the complete manuscript and replacement for SAE paper 2014-01-0482, which has been retracted due to incomplete content. This paper reports on 76 quasi-static tests conducted to investigate the behavior of road vehicle bumper systems. The tests are a quasi-static replication of real world low speed collisions. The tests represented front to rear impacts between various vehicles. Force and deflection were captured in order to quantify the stiffness characteristics of the bumper-to-bumper system. A specialized test apparatus was constructed to position and load bumper systems into each other. The purpose was to replicate or exceed damage that occurred in actual collisions. The fixture is capable of positioning the bumpers in various orientations and generates forces up to 50 kips. Various bumper-to-bumper alignments were tested including full overlap, lateral offset, and override/underride configurations. Force and displacement were recorded and the data was analyzed to develop
Bonugli, Enrique, Wirth, Jeffrey, Funk, James, Cormier, Joseph, Guzman, Herbert, Gwin, Lisa, Freund, Mark
An Experimental Study on Flow Pattern of Door Trim Speaker Grille Shape2013-01-13694/8/2013
Recently the automotive industry has focused on reducing product development time to correspond with the customer's demands. Especially when quickly changed. The decreased product development time shortens the quality assurance period. It makes difficult to guarantee the quality of the products. The improved quality assurance is required so that customer's expectations are actually higher quality than in the past. Most automotive interior parts are manufactured by using plastic. It is very sensitive to focus on quality, because it is exposed to a passenger's sight. So automotive interior companies make full use of injection molding CAE in an effective ways to reduce costs and reduce elements of poor quality. This paper suggests a methodology that improves reliability for injection molding analysis in grille shapes of door trim. And it involves an experimental analysis of flow pattern in speaker grille shapes. To analyze it, use an authentic mold of speaker grilles in door trim and Mold
Yang, Heeseung, Jo, Hyunkwon, Jang, Ikkeun, Park, Hyunmin, Yoon, Sungyun, KIM, Heejoong
Development of TPO Based Rear Bumper Back Beam2013-01-13964/8/2013
TPO (thermoplastic olefin) composite for rear bumper back beams was developed. In this study, the composition of PP (polypropylene), rubber and mineral fillers was optimized to minimize the intrusion and the failure after crash. The optimization of the composition was achieved using the mixture design of experiments. The physical properties of TPO composites with various compositions were investigated and the effect of each material on the crash performance of back beam was studied through CAE (computer-aided engineering). The back beams made of the optimized TPO composite for a subcompact car were prepared for the ECE 42 crash test and the TPO-based back beam showed even better performance than conventional PC/PBT-based counterpart. In addition, the newly developed composite has delivered a 15 ~ 40% cost saving and 4 ~ 10% weight reduction versus conventional PC/PBT and GMT (glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic).
Sohn, Chang Hee, Kim, Ok, Chun, Yong, Lee, Jong Wook
The Automatic Aerodynamic CFD Framework Employing Vehicle Specifications at the Concept Stage of Development2013-01-06044/8/2013
This paper describes tool development with which makes it possible for vehicle stylists and aerodynamicists to easily use Computational Fluid Dynamics, i.e., CFD, and evaluate aerodynamic performance at the concept stage of car development. This tool automatically provides CFD results to the user by preparing the vehicle exterior geometries and car specifications. The vehicle exterior, floor, and tires are the essential geometry data. This tool automatically generates the floor and tires based on the vehicle specifications. It, thereafter, executes the following process: automatic mesh generation, solver settings, calculations and standard post-processing. The user is able to obtain results within two hours. The tool enables stylists and aerodynamicists to understand flow phenomena in a timely fashion.
Takiguchi, Takashi, Ogawa, Kenta, Tateyama, Hiroyuki, Oda, Tatsuya
LED Inspection LampTBMG-1523111/1/2012
Spectronics Corporation (Westbury, NY) has introduced the powerful Spectroline® TRITAN ™ 365, an ultra-high-intensity, multi-LED, broad-beam UV-A inspection lamp perfect for NDT applications. The TRITAN 365 features three ultra-hi-flux UV-A LEDs for NDT inspection, plus a white light LED to illuminate dark areas. It produces a nominal steady-state 365nm intensity of 9,000 μW/cm² at a distance of 15 inches (38 cm). This versatile lamp meets MIL and ASTM intensity specs for FPI and MPI.
A Close-Range Photogrammetric Solution Working with Zoomed Images from Digital Cameras2012-01-06124/16/2012
Close-range photogrammetry (CRP) is traditionally based on a network captured with the camera lens at a fixed focal length. A zoom lens is not desirable without solving the intrinsic camera parameters for varying focal length and lens distortion. When using a zoom lens camera, multiple focal lengths can be used if the camera is calibrated for each varying focal length, but most consumer grade lenses are not designed to accurately return to (or stay at) mid-range focal lengths. Similarly, using close-range photogrammetric software systems to accurately recover three-dimensional (XYZ) data from Point and Shoot (PAS) digital cameras has been problematic when the images were not intended for CRP. PAS cameras are automatically refocused and easily zoomed so the focal length and lens distortion are typically unknown for CRP mensuration purposes. In such circumstances, traditional CRP analysis can be both laborious and difficult without the correct camera parameters. Previously a CRP network
DeChant, Lee, Kinney, John R.
A Displacement-Approach for Liftgate Chucking Investigation2012-01-02174/16/2012
A displacement-based CAE analysis is applied to liftgate chucking noise problems. A CAE simulation model of a small-size sport utility vehicle (SUV) is simulated with a set of realistic road loads as a time transient simulation. The model contains a trimmed vehicle, a liftgate and structural body-liftgate interface components such as the latch-striker wire, contact wedges and slam bumpers. Simulation design of experiments (DOE) is carried out with the model. As performance measures, the relative displacements at the contact points of the interface components are selected, since they are considered the direct cause of liftgate chucking. As design variables, body structure stiffness, liftgate stiffness, liftgate opening stiffness, stiffness characteristics of the interface components and additional liftgate mass are selected. Results of the simulation DOE is post-processed, and response surface models (RSM) are fit for the performance measures. Then, a sensitivity study is carried out by
Hyun, Yul Woong, Warden, Greg, Blenman, James, Thorpe, Scott, Imam, Altaf, Garett, Roger, Tebbe, James, ukpong, Tye, Wienckowski, Steven, Chinta, Balakrishna
Reconstruction of Low-Speed Crashes using the Quasi-Static Force vs. Deformation Characteristics of the Bumpers Involved in the Crashes2012-01-05984/16/2012
The purpose of this study was to determine if quasi-static (QS) bumper force-deformation (F-D) data could be used in a low-speed bumper-to-bumper simulation model (1) in order to reconstruct low-speed crashes. In the simulation model, the bumpers that make contact in a crash are treated as a system. A bumper system is defined as the two bumpers that interact in a crash positioned in their orientation at the time of the crash. A device was built that quasi-statically crushes the bumpers of a bumper system into each other and measures the compression force and the deformation of the bumper system. Three bumper systems were evaluated. Two QS F-D measurements were performed for each bumper system in order to demonstrate the repeatability of the QS F-D measurement. These measurements had a compression phase and a rebound phase. A series of crash tests were performed using each bumper system. In each crash test, a stationary target vehicle was struck on the rear bumper by the front bumper of
Scott, William, Bonugli, Enrique, Guzman, Herbert, Swartzendruber, Daniel
A Study of Rear Bumper Integrated Carrier System2011-28-003210/6/2011
This study deals with general consideration points of developing a rear bumper integrated carrier system, especially in view of optimized layout for SUV.
Lee, Seung Mok, Cha, Dong Eun, Kim, Sung Won, Jang, Rae Ung, Cho, Hoo Taek
Strength Prediction of Bumper by Correlating FEA with Test2011-01-21559/13/2011
To develop new markets and to respond to voice of the customers, new specifications for special components are developed from time to time. To meet new specification, the strength and durability of components need to be reevaluated in a relatively short time. The cost associated with design lead-time, re-tooling, physical prototypes, test validation and fabrication of late changes are big challenges. The industrial leading golf and utility vehicles from E-Z-GO are equipped with impact-protecting components, such as front bumper, rear bumper, floorboard, front cowl, rear body and operator station. To respond to the voice of the customer, new requirements for corner impact protection were added to existing vehicle specification for 360 degree impact protection. Virtual prototyping was introduced to accelerate redesign process and to save valuable time and money. The crash mechanism itself is complex and difficult to analyze sometimes. The life of the component including fracture and
Wen, Jingheng, Neely, Michael
Dual Rate Jounce Bumper Design2011-01-07914/12/2011
Jounce bumpers are the primary component by which vertical wheel travel is limited in our suspensions. Typically, the jounce bumper is composed of closed or open cell urethane material, which has relatively low stiffness at initial compression with highly progressive stiffness at full compression. Due to this highly progressive stiffness at high load, peak loads are extremely sensitive to changes in input energy (affected by road surface, tire size, tire pressure, etc.) A “Dual Rate Jounce Bumper” concept is described that reduces this sensitivity. Additionally, various mechanizations of the concept are described as well as the specific program benefits, where applicable.
Schudt, Joseph A., Tsai, Maolin, Patil, Ravindra, Geisler, Robert
Design Optimization of Front Bumper System for Low Speed Impact Insurance Industry Impact Test using DFSS and CAE Analysis2011-01-00704/12/2011
In 2006, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) released a new Low Speed Bumper Test Protocol for passenger cars1. The new test protocol included the development of a deformable barrier that the vehicle would impact at low speeds. IIHS positioned the new barrier to improve correlation to low speed collisions in the field, and also to assess the ability of the bumper system to protect the vehicle from damage. The bumper system must stay engaged to the barrier to protect other vehicle components from damage. The challenge is to identify the bumper system design features that minimize additional cost and mass to keep engagement to the barrier. The results of the Design for Six Sigma analysis identified the design features that increase the stiffness of the bumper system enable it to stay engaged to the barrier and reduce the deflection.
Brown, Stuart J.
AUTOSAR on the Road2008-21-001910/20/2008
The AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture (AUTOSAR) Development Partnership has published early 2008 the specifications Release 3.0 [1], with a prime focus on the overall architecture, basic software, run time environment, communication stacks and methodology. Heavy developments have taken place in the OEM and supplier community to deliver AUTOSAR loaded cars on the streets starting 2008 [2]. The 2008 achievements have been: Improving the specifications in order to secure the exploitation for body, chassis and powertrain applications Adding major features: safety related functionalities, OBD II and Telematics application interfaces.
Kinkelin, Gerulf, Gilberg, Alain, Delord, Bertrand, Heinecke, Harald, Fürst, Simon, Moessinger, Juergen, Lapp, Andreas, Virnich, Ulrich, Bunzel, Stefan, Weber, Thomas, Spinner, Noë, Lundh, Lennart, Svensson, Daniel, Heitkämper, Peter, Mattsson, Fredrik, Nishikawa, Kenji, Hirano, Hiroyuki, Lange, Klaus, Kunkel, Bernd
Advanced Driver Assist System: Its Challenges and Solutions from the Customer's Point of View2008-21-003110/20/2008
As demand for an accident free society intensifies, people have come to look to new technologies for solutions. This has facilitated development of a variety of advanced driver assist systems (ADAS). However, despite existing technologies, due to lack of standardizations and inability to asses the value of a system which cannot be understood without test driving, customers are left unable to make appropriate decisions when determining what kind of features to purchase. Furthermore, not all vehicles offer the same options. If we are to tackle the challenges from the customer's point of view, we must establish a standardized performance criterion that will help customers and furthermore challenge the auto industry to healthy competition by establishing clear playing fields. This paper will discuss possible solutions and suggestions for the industry to create an accident free society.
Nakajima, Toyohei (Tony)
Framework to Aid Process Maturity Model Definition for Product Development in Global Environment2008-21-004010/20/2008
The speed of innovations and pressure for reducing cost has forced automotive industry to move towards standardization. This standardization enhances the ease and success of Global Product Development (GPD) from a technology viewpoint. However, for overall success, an effective process model shall, additionally, support GPD. The process needs of the present day GPD programmes and more so the future ones, heavily, challenge the prevalent process maturity models. This paper presents a process framework that can be adapted by the industry to achieve industry-wide process maturity for GPD.
Somashekhar, R. H.
PLM Promotes a Smart Outsourcing Model that Balances Cost with Intellectual Property Protection2008-21-004410/20/2008
Capitalism has followed cheap labor since before the Industrial Revolution. However, high-skilled work like programming and engineering has recently begun traveling to low-cost nations, and as a result, the eternal challenge of balancing cost and risk has even more serious consequences. The new outsourcing models that help companies stay cost-competitive in the short run, may hurt them in the long run by creating competitors who adapt or outright steal their intellectual property. This paper outlines how product lifecycle management (PLM) solutions can be used to outsource engineering without sacrificing cost controls, intellectual property integrity, or in-house engineering talent. It describes collaboration models built around advanced design technology that inject efficiency into engineering processes at every level, enabling companies to balance short and long term concerns.
Brincheck, Bob
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