Browse Topic: Vehicle front ends

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An experimental approach to investigate the FEAD cover failure & its design optimization.2024-26-037101/16/2024
In automotive Front End Accessory Drives (FEAD), the crankshaft supplies power to accessories like alternators, pumps, etc. FEAD undergoes forced vibration due to crankshaft excitation, dynamic tension fluctuations can cause the belt to slip on the accessory pulleys. By considering the criticality of the system, when engine mounting is longitudinally to the vehicle which makes it directly exposed to the air flow containing foreign particles which may cause the damage to the FEAD system and deteriorate the intended functionality. FEAD cover is introduced in the system to enhance belt-pully system functionality by restricting the entry of foreign particles during engine operation. This paper contains study of FEAD cover failure and provide the stepwise approach to capture such issue during novel model development for 4 cylinder naturally aspirated engine during engine bench testing. Failure mechanism was studied using various methodology such as CAE and G-Load measurement to identify the
PATEL, HARDIK MANUBHAI, KUMAR, NITISH, Chand, Subhash, Gupta, Vineet
Saddle type structure design for electric vehicle2022-01-087603/29/2022
Abstract: Electric vehicle are likely to gain market share in near future as technology is getting evolved and cost of ownership is also reducing. Focus on pure electric vehicle is need of an hour and vehicle manufacturers are investing heavily on future trends. Conventional vehicle has BIW front end which is used to protect from crash. With recent development in vehicle architecture, it is learned that secondary load path can be created with help of saddle structure to and there can be huge weight saving in BIW front end which still can meet safety norms. Saddle structure is also helping to have idealistic engine mount locations in vehicle. A & B mount can be packaged exactly on TRA (Torque Roll Axis) to get the best NVH performance. With saddle type structure all three mount can be weight carrying member and easy to handle high torque. This paper explains how saddle type structure is beneficial for crash point view and engine mounting system best performance, Keywords: - Engine
Deshmukh, Sagar
Modeling and analysis of dynamic hysteresis behavior of an automatic tensioner2022-01-074903/29/2022
The automatic tensioner of the engine front end accessory drive system was taken as a study object, and the mechanical structure and working principle of the automatic tensioner were analyzed. The dynamic hysteresis behavior test of tensioner torque-angular displacement was carried out, and the effects of different excitation frequencies and excitation amplitudes on the hysteresis behavior of tensioner were analyzed. Based on the modified Dahl hysteresis model, the identification method of tensioner model parameters and method of hysteresis behavior in the stick and slip process were proposed. Based on the established model and the identified model parameters, the hysteresis behavior of the tensioner were calculated, and the calculation model accuracy was verified with the test results. The influence of the hysteresis curve transition area exponent on the automatic tensioner behavior was studied. The dynamic behaviors of the engine front end accessory drive system were simulated using
Wan, Lixiang, Wang, Haoran, Ding, Quanyu
Investigations of Honeycomb and Foam structures of Automotive Front rails During Frontal crashes and its affinity with Optimum Energy Absorption2022-01-104903/29/2022
Energy dissipation in frontal crash of the vehicles normally occurs through the deformation in the engine compartment zone and especially on longitudinal front rails. In this article, the details of the crash tests is presented which involves an interpretation of the damage profiles and understanding the origin of the stiffness coefficients in main particular member which is front rails of a passenger vehicle. Moreover, the present experimental work is used to estimate the energy dissipated during deformation based on crush measurements. Furthermore, it explains the implementation of experimental test to investigate the influence of design characteristics on the deformation behavior of the proposed front rails. The current experimental work deals with the influences of geometric shape modifications of conventional steel members with flange configurations compared to honeycomb structures and structural foam with the same members length. The observations in this work led to conclude the
Elhussieny, Sayed Abbas, Oraby, Walid
Influence of Manufacturing Processes on the Structural behavior of Truck Frame Rail Sections2022-01-091403/29/2022
The sequence of manufacturing processes involved in the making of ladder shaped truck frame rail assembly leave certain amount of manufacturing and assembly imperfections in the form of plastic deformation and residual stresses in some areas of frame rail ‘C’ sections. The plastic deformation and the resulting residual stress should not be allowed to cross the safer limit as it would affect the structural behaviour of the frame rail while interacting with the externally induced loading stresses from extreme road operating conditions. If the combined stress level crosses the yield limit of the frame material, it may lead to premature failure of frame rail much before it gives the expected life. One such manufacturing induced premature failure in a truck frame rail assembly during proving ground trials was studied in detail using experimental analyses and presented in this paper. As part of this study, the local material crowding due to plastic deformation occurring at certain sections
K, Chinnaraj, KR, Balaji, Gopal, Gopi
A Hybrid Heavy-Duty Diesel Power System for Off-Road Applications - Concept Definition2021-01-044904/06/2021
A multi-year Power System R&D project was initiated with the objective of developing an off-road hybrid heavy-duty concept diesel engine with front end accessory drive-integrated energy storage. This off-road hybrid engine system is expected to deliver 15-20% reduction in fuel consumption over current Tier 4 Final-based diesel engines and consists of a downsized heavy-duty diesel engine containing advanced combustion technologies, capable of elevated peak cylinder pressures and thermal efficiencies, exhaust waste heat recovery via SuperTurbo™ turbocompounding, and hybrid energy recovery through both mechanical (high speed flywheel) and electrical systems. The first year of this project focused on the definition of the hybrid elements using extensive dynamic system simulation over transient work cycles, with hybrid supervisory controls development focusing on energy recovery and transient load assist, in Caterpillar’s DYNASTY™ software environment. Three key off-road applications were
Koci, Chad, Steffen, Jay, Kruiswyk, Rich, Guo, Fang, Bazyn, Tim, McDavid, Robert, Ivanov, Radoslav, Sirimalla, Dheeraj
The Analytical Method for Calculating the Hysteretic Behavior of an Asymmetry Tensioner2021-01-065504/06/2021
An automatic tensioner with an asymmetric damping structure used in an engine front end accessory drive system is analyzed. An analytical model is established to calculate the hysteretic behavior of the tensioner. The contact characteristics of contact pairs are modeled and investigated for disclosing relation between contact pair, friction and hysteretic loop of an automatic belt tensioner. The presented models are validated by a torque measurement versus angular displacement of a tensioning arm. The errors between the calculation and the measurement are analyzed. The working torques of the tensioner during loading and unloading process are described by a bilinear hysteretic model and are written as a function with a damping ratio. The influence of damping structure parameters on the hysteretic torque is investigated. The method presented in this paper can be used for predicting the nonlinear characteristics of a tensioner before prototyping.
Deng, Zheng, Zhen, Ran, Li, Ruilong, Sun, Yi, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Modeling and Analysis for Dynamic Performances of a Two-Layer Engine Front End Accessory Drive System with an Overrunning Alternator Decoupler2021-01-065604/06/2021
Two-layer engine front end accessory drive systems (TEFEADS) are adopted generally by commercial vehicles due to the characteristics of the accessory pulleys, which have large torque and moment of inertia. An overrunning alternator decoupler (OAD) is an advanced vibration isolator which can reduce the amplitude of torsional vibration of alternator rotor effectively by an one-way transmission and they are more and more widely used in vehicles. This paper established a model of a generic layout of a TEFEADS with an OAD. The coupling effect between the TEFEADS, the nonlinear characteristics of OAD, the torsional vibration of crankshaft and the creeping on the belt were taken into account. A nine pulleys model was provided as a study example, the dynamic responses, which are respectively under steady and accelerating conditions, of the system were calculated by the established method and compared with the bench experiment. The influence of different belt material, the stiffness of OAD
Sun, Yi, Li, Liping, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Nissan's 2021 Rogue is a COVID beater21AUTP02_1402/01/2021
Nissan staff truly pulled out the stops to get the all-new 2021 Rogue into the market during the global pandemic. Rogue is the company's best-selling product in North America, by far - a testament to a well-considered overall package that designers, engineers and product planners have steadily evolved and improved since the model's launch in 2007. Now in its third generation (coded T33), the latest Rogue is underpinned by Nissan's C/D-segment architecture that shares more geometries with Sentra, itself a vastly upgraded and improved vehicle for 2021. “Last March, I was reviewing our program schedules and it looked like everything was going to get delayed due to Covid,” said Chris Reed, executive VP of R&D at Nissan Technical Center in Farmington, Mich. “At this time, we had delays in other programs due to a ‘development overload’ situation between suppliers and prototypes. The hatches were being battened down.
Brooke, Lindsay
Four RF Technology Trends You Need to Know for Satellite Communication Device Design20AERP10_0510/01/2020
Over the past four decades, the sheer amount and complexity of information transmitted through satellite communication (satcom) has substantially increased. At the same time, more mission-critical applications - such as aeronautical, maritime, and military navigation - have become increasingly reliant on these communications. As a result, the RF circuit building blocks that make up satcom technology have been through many changes to accommodate the latest advancements in the industry including miniaturization, increased reliability, and the ability to rapidly transmit even more complex data. This article examines four RF technology trends today that are helping satcom design engineers meet the data demands of their military and aerospace clients while also making RF components that are lighter by size, weight, and power and more cost-effective to produce (SWaP-C).
Four RF Technology Trends You Need to Know for Satellite Communication Device DesignTBMG-3788610/01/2020
Over the past four decades, the sheer amount and complexity of information transmitted through satellite communication (satcom) has substantially increased. At the same time, more mission-critical applications — such as aeronautical, maritime, and military navigation — have become increasingly reliant on these communications. As a result, the RF circuit building blocks that make up satcom technology have been through many changes to accommodate the latest advancements in the industry including miniaturization, increased reliability, and the ability to rapidly transmit even more complex data.
Roush Lands in AV Country20AVEP05_0605/01/2020
An auto-industry icon for engineering, prototyping, testing and manufacturing services establishes its West Coast presence. Famous as an engineering-services company, a NASCAR racing icon, and the name behind many high-performance Ford cars and trucks, the Roush brand is a go-to for OEMs and suppliers needing projects executed on schedule with high quality. Engineering, prototyping, testing and manufacturing are the four pillars of “the company that Jack built” in the Detroit suburbs. That reputation is being extended through Roush's new sales office in San Luis Obispo, on California's Central Coast. “We'd been thinking about establishing a West Coast presence for quite a while,” says Jason Furr, executive director of sales at Roush's Livonia, Michigan, HQ. “There is so much going on there, and our peer-to-peer reputation among OEMs and Tier 1s has brought many Silicon Valley companies to Detroit to find us. But we want to be part of the fabric, energy and pulse of what's going on in
Brooke, Lindsay
A Design and Optimization Method for Pedestrian Lower Extremity Injury Analysis with the aPLI Model2020-01-092904/14/2020
As pedestrian protection tests and evaluations have been officially incorporated into new C-NCAP, more stringent requirements have been placed on pedestrian protection performance. In this study, in order to reduce the injury of the vehicle front end structure to the pedestrian's lower extremity during the collision, the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) model was used in conjunction with the finite element vehicle model for collision simulation based on the new C-NCAP legform test evaluation regulation. This paper selected the key components which have significant influences on the pedestrian's leg protection performance based on the CAE vehicle model, including front bumper, front-cover plate, upper impact pillar, impact beam and lower support plate, to form a simplified model and conducted parametric modeling based on it. Then, the variable correlation analysis was carried out on the sample results obtained from the design of experiment (DOE), and the contribution analysis
Fu, Yue, Xu, Huijie, Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Wang, Ping, Chen, Ruyi, Yu, Huili
Using Vehicle EDR Data to Calculate Motorcycle Delta-V in Motorcycle-Vehicle Lateral Front End Impacts2020-01-088504/14/2020
This research focuses on the use of Event Data Recorders (EDR) to assist in calculating speed loss or ΔV undergone by a motorcycle in a broadside type impact into a vehicle. If the struck vehicle has EDR data, this could be a useful tool in calculating motorcycle ΔV or corroborating motorcycle ΔV calculations from crush or other methodologies. Certain parameters critical to calculation of motorcycle ΔV must be considered, including the appropriate effective mass to use for the motorcycle/rider combination. This study used crash test data to determine a method of applying parameter values to accurately calculate motorcycle ΔV in a motorcycle-vehicle collision. In this study, three crash tests were performed in which a motorcycle with a dummy rider traveling in the range of 42 to 51 mph collided into the right front corner of a vehicle traveling between 5 and 16 mph. In all three tests, both the vehicle and motorcycle were instrumented with triaxial accelerometers and triaxial rate gyros
Fatzinger, Edward, Landerville, Jon
Multi-Objective Discrete Robust Optimization for Pedestrian Head Protection2020-01-093404/14/2020
Optimization design for vehicle front-end structures has proven rather essential and been extensively used to improve the vehicle performance. Nevertheless, the front-end structure needs to meet the requirement of both pedestrian safety and structural stiffness which are somewhat contradicting to each other. Furthermore, an optimal design could become less meaningful or even unacceptable when some uncertainties present. In the paper, a multi-objective discrete robust optimization (MODRO) algorithm is used to minimize the injury of head and maximize the structural stiffness involving uncertainties. MODRO algorithm is achieved by coupling grey relational analysis (GRA) and principal component analysis (PCA) with Taguchi method. The optimized result shows that the MODRO algorithm improved performance of pedestrian head injury and robustness of the vehicle front-end structure.
Lv, Xiaojiang, Lei, Fei, Yang, Heping, Zhang, Haiyang, Zhou, Dayong, Gu, Pengyun, Lv, Xiaojiang
Adaptive sampling in the design space exploration of the automotive front end cooling flow2020-01-014904/14/2020
Adaptive sampling in the design space exploration of the automotive front end cooling flow (Author)Venkata Krishna Mohan Chagarlamudi, FCA NA - mohan.chagarlamudi@fcagroup.com, (Co-Author) Arturo Guzman FCA NA - arturo.guzman@fcagroup.com, (Co-Author) Mark Doroudian FCA NA - mark.doroudian@fcagroup.com, (Co-Author) Dr. Malik KAYUPOV Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp - malik.kayupov@3ds.com One of the key inputs 1-D transient simulation takes is a detailed front end cooling flow map. These maps that are generated using a full vehicle 3D CFD model require expensive computational resources and time. This paper describes how an adaptive sampling of the design space allowed the reduction of computational efforts while keeping desired accuracy of the analysis. The idea of the method was to find a pattern of DOE sampling points for 3D CFD simulations that would allow a creation of an approximation model accurate enough to predict output parameter values in the entire design space of interest
Chagarlamudi, Venkata KrishnaMohan, Doroudian, Mark, Kayupov, Malik, Guzman, Arturo
Case Study on the Challenges and Responses of a Large Turnkey Assembly Line for the C919 Wing2020-01-001003/10/2020
Design and production of an assembly system for a major aircraft component is a complex undertaking, which demands a large-scale system view. Electroimpact has completed a turnkey assembly line for producing the wing, flap, and aileron structures for the COMAC C919 aircraft in Xi’an, China. The project scope includes assembly process design, material handling design, equipment design, manufacture, installation, and first article production support. Inputs to the assembly line are individual component parts and small subassemblies. The assembly line output is a structurally completed set of wing box, flaps, and ailerons, for delivery to the Final Assembly Line in Shanghai. There is a trend toward defining an assembly line procurement contract by production capacity, versus a list of components, which implies that an equipment supplier must become an owner of production processes. The most significant challenge faced was the amount of front end engineering work required to develop
Forbes, Mark
CONNECTORS, RECEPTACLE, ELECTRICAL, BOX MOUNTING, SOLDER CONTACT, HERMETIC, AN TYPEAS31421A (Current)02/14/2020
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Finite Element Modeling of an Energy-Absorbing Guardrail End Terminal02-12-04-002102/07/2020
Guardrail end terminals are specifically designed to decelerate vehicles during impact and protect vehicle occupants from severe injuries. The main objective of this research was to develop and validate a Finite Element (FE) model of the ET-Plus, a commonly used energy-absorbing guardrail end terminal. The ET-Plus FE model was created based on publicly available data on ET-Plus dimensions and material properties. The model was validated against the NCHRP-350 crash tests 27-30 and 31-30 by performing crash simulations with a vehicle model at 100 km/h (62 mph) pre-impact velocity. To check the model robustness, crash simulations with vehicle pre-impact velocities from 97 km/h (60 mph) to 113 km/h (70 mph) were also performed. The developed ET-Plus FE model has a high-quality mesh and can replicate the energy-absorbing mechanism. The time histories of the vehicle yaw angle predicted in the FE simulations of the two NCHRP 350 crash tests showed good agreement with the corresponding test
Meng, Yunzhu, Hu, Wen, Untaroiu, Costin Daniel
Modeling and Validation for the Hysteretic Behavior of an Automatic Belt Tensioner2019-01-154606/05/2019
An automatic tensioner used in an engine front end accessory drive system (EFEADS) is taken as a study example in this paper. The working torque of the tensioner, which consists of the spring torque caused by a torsional spring and the frictional torques caused by the contact pairs, is analyzed by a mathematic analysis method and a finite element method. And the calculation and simulation are validated by a torque measurement versus angular displacement of a tensioner arm. The working torques of the tensioner under a loading and an unloading process are described by a bilinear hysteretic model, and are written as a function with a damping ratio. The rule of the action for the damping devices is investigated based on the simulation and a durability test of the tensioner. A finite element method for the tensioner without damping device is established. Then the radial deformation for the torsional spring under an unconstrained state is obtained. The analysis results have a good
Long, Shangbin, Zhao, Xuezhi, Xu, Pu, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
EDITORIAL: The unforgettable pyramid on the hood19AUTP06_0806/01/2019
If you're old enough to remember 1990, you may recall the best television ad of the year. It showed the front end of the all-new Lexus LS400 sedan against a black background. A multi-level pyramid of champagne glasses glistened in the center of the car's hood. It was demonstration time, and the demo was all about Noise, Vibration and Harshness-and the lack of it.
Brooke, Lindsay
Flexible, Spinning Heat Shield for SpacecraftTBMG-3391203/01/2019
Heat shields are essentially used as the brakes to stop spacecraft from burning up and crashing on entry and reentry into a planet's atmosphere. Current spacecraft heat shield methods include huge inflatables and mechanically deployed structures that are often heavy and complicated to use.
Nissan concept sport sedan is all-electric, driver-optional19AUTP03_1203/01/2019
Nissan looks to pump up the fun factor with the IMs, an all-electric sports sedan concept with autonomous driving capability. The car made its global debut at the 2019 North American International Auto Show. “While still being a driver's car, this concept lives within our very graspable future of creating/engineering a thrilling autonomous ride, bringing the car into the realm of ‘entertainment’, Giovanny Arroba, Nissan's program design director, told Automotive Engineering. IMs features dual electric motors in the front and the rear with an estimated 483 hp (360 kW) and 590 lb·ft (800 N·m) for all wheel drive capability. The 115 kWh battery pack, packaged under the floor, provides an estimated 380-mi (611.5-km) driving range. The sedan's dedicated EV platform essentially mirrors that of Nissan's IMx KURO electric crossover concept that debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2017.
Buchholz, Kami
Styling and Packaging Approach to Meet Pedestrian Upper Leg Requirements as per Euro NCAP Protocol2019-26-000701/09/2019
In most of the countries all over the world, thousands of pedestrians and vulnerable road users are struck by motor vehicles and getting killed or get severe injuries. Accident research data shows that pedestrians are a significant proportion of all road user casualties []. In pedestrian impact with vehicle front end, several organ forms impact directly to front end of the vehicles and get severe injuries in head, lower leg and pelvis region. Pelvis region of pedestrian get severe injuries due to hit by Bonnet Leading Edge. Impact force is major injury driving parameter in case of pelvis region. In earlier Euro NCAP Pedestrian Protocol -v7.1.1 [], upper leg impact energy calculation was based on BLE (Bonnet Leading Edge) height and bumper lead. Vehicle front end styling was not playing any role in deciding upper leg impact energy. Upper leg impact performance was purely dependent on BLE height and package space available. Whereas in current Euro NCAP Pedestrian Protocol -v8.4 [], upper
Mhaskar, Dnyaneshwar, Mahapatre, Ashish Kumar, Bhagat, Milind
A Robust Waveguide Millimeter-Wave Noise SourceTBMG-3323911/01/2018
A noise source is an enabling technology for passive millimeter-wave remote sensing applications such as atmospheric sounding, and precipitation and ice cloud measurements. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a packaged noise source that will allow calibration of the front end at the sensing frequency. This capability will eliminate or reduce the requirement of a clear view to cold space, which will reduce the mass and complexity as well as the total cost of the system.
2019 Yamaha Niken steers a radical path18AUTP11_1311/01/2018
When Yamaha debuted the MWT-9 concept three-wheeler at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 2015, many were impressed by its technology and almost unnerving, mantis-like visual presence. Yamaha has a history of stunning concepts for the Tokyo show, so it's likely few thought a production version would ever see real roads. But two years later at the same show, Yamaha unveiled the world's first 3-wheel leaning motorcycle and amazingly, production of the Niken began in the second half of this year. The Niken is a brazen mechanical-engineering statement, in the vein of Yamaha's 1993 forkless GTS1000. Based at the company's HQ in Iwata, Japan, the main Niken development team was comprised of eight Yamaha Motor Company (YMC) staff, four of whom were engineers. Takahiro Suzuki was the Project Leader for Niken development, with chassis development handled by Ryuta Mitsuoka.
Seredynski, Paul
Tech Briefs: August 201818AERP0808/01/2018
Designing a High-Speed Decoy Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Using Thermoplastics in Aerospace Applications In-Flight Real-Time Avionics Adaptation Using Turbine Flow Meters for Aerospace Test and Measurement Applications Communicating from Space: The Front End of Multiscale Modeling Laser-Based System Could Expand Space-to-Ground Communication Hydraulic Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite 102mm Tube Section Research could lead to development of a composite material that can be processed at a low temperature and still be used at 1000°F. Permeation Tests on Polypropylene Fiber Materials Study attempts to determine if polypropylene nanofiber materials can be used in air filtration systems to remove toxic vapors. Inter-Laboratory Combat Helmet Blunt Impact Test Method Comparison Ensuring consistent test methods could reduce the risk of head injuries.
New Pulse Analysis Techniques for Radar and EWTBMG-2909006/01/2018
Pulsed signals are widespread in radar and other electronic warfare (EW) applications, and they must be accurately measured for manufacturing, design of countermeasures, and threat assessment; however, pulse measurements are an especially challenging area for signal analysis due to these factors:
Truck and Sport Utility Vehicle Front End Stiffness Corridors2018-01-051804/03/2018
The purpose of this study was to characterize front stiffness response of contemporary sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and trucks. Vehicle front impact test data were obtained from data published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA]. For all tests, force data were obtained from barrier load cells and stroke data were derived from accelerometers. Data from 53 truck and SUV tests were aggregated by vehicle product segment according to body style to obtain mean ± standard deviation (SD) stiffness corridors: (1) compact unibody SUV/crossover, (2) small unibody SUV/crossover, (3) mid-size unibody SUV/crossover, (4) frame SUV, and (5) frame truck. To compare between vehicle product segments, this study also considered the average stiffness (slope) within the stroke region required to achieve 300 kN total barrier force. Across unibody SUV segments, average stiffness varied from 1.4–1.8 kN/mm. Stiffness of frame SUVs and trucks was up to 93% higher than stiffness of
Hallman, Jason, Buck, Jessica, Ham, Suk Jae
A Study on Front End Auxiliary Drive(FEAD) System of 48V Mild Hybrid Engine2018-01-041404/03/2018
48V mild hybrid engine is one of major eco-friendly technology for global CO2 reduction policy. The 48V mild hybrid engine enables to operate torque boost, recuperation and ISG status by MHSG(Mild Hybrid Starter and Generator). The FEAD(Front End Auxiliary Drive) system is a very important role to transfer MHSG power to crankshaft at the mild hybrid engine. The conventional FEAD configuration is relatively simple because it transfers power from crankshaft to auxiliary drive components in one direction. But the FEAD configuration of 48V mild hybrid engine is not simple due to bidirectional power transmission between crankshaft and MHSG. For instance, in case of torque boost mode, the tight side of auxiliary belt is entry span of MHSG. On the contrary, the tight side of auxiliary belt is exit span of MHSG at recuperation mode. As a result, to continue auxiliary belt tension constantly is very difficult and important for 48V mild hybrid engine development because the change of belt
Yoon, Kibong, Hong, Jisoo, Shim, JaeYoung
Virtual Development of a Robust FlexPLI Impactor Surrogate for Sensor Tests at High Impact Speeds at Different Temperatures2018-01-105004/03/2018
For fine-tuning of the parameters of algorithms used for activation of deployable pedestrian protection safety systems, quite a number of impact tests have to be performed on real vehicles. The impactors used for these purposes comprise misuse-objects, hardest-to-detect pedestrian impactors, but also impactors that represent larger pedestrians, such as the WG17 legform or the FlexPLI. Such tests are performed with impact speeds up to 55 kph and at ambient temperatures between −35 °C and 90 °C. Especially for the more complex FlexPLI there is a high risk of damage to the impactor under such conditions. Additionally, the required calibration procedures after such test series and an obligatory exchange of parts (e.g. ligaments) after each test are a source for further costs. Therefore, the aim of this study was the development of an impactor surrogate that correctly represents all relevant impact properties of the FlexPLI for sensor testing, but being much more robust, offering the
Pauer, Gernot, Svetina, Taja
Compact Device Can Detect Rheumatoid ArthritisTBMG-2783611/01/2017
University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands
Electronic Bi-Directional Shift Control Design and Calibration for Farm Vehicle2017-01-220510/08/2017
Agricultural tractors are often subjected to various applications like front end loading work, cultivation work, where frequent forward and reverse gears are needed. Most of Indian agricultural tractors are equipped with mechanical transmission system which demands repeated clutching and de-clutching operation for such applications resulting in increased operator fatigue and lesser productivity. Also need of electronics in Indian agricultural industry for better farm mechanization is growing high. This research work depicts development of electronic bi-directional shifting (power shuttle) control design and calibration for farm vehicle fitted with wet clutch transmission. This research also reduces operator fatigue via frequent directional shift through electronic transmission. The control system is designed without any electronic interfacing with engine and also provides clutch-less gear shifting and auto-launch which offers ease to drive even for novice driver. The power shuttle
M A, Velmurugan, Rajagopal, MahendraMohan
Digital-to-Analog Transformation and Reconstruction of ECG DataTBMG-2721307/01/2017
The innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a new method and device for specialized digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) and reconstruction of multichannel electrocardiograms (ECGs), including 12-lead ECGs. Current devices do not have the functionality that allows for the transmission of stored digital ECG data collected from one manufacturer’s ECG machine to another for an automated second opinion. With this technology, the physician has the opportunity to compare results by transferring the ECG data to another ECG machine — regardless of location — when a patient’s results are difficult to interpret for a second opinion. The technology also allows for the use of less expensive 12-lead ECG front ends or analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) hardware that is advantageous when in remote locations or with patients who are mobile during research studies. The digital-to-analog transformation and reconstruction of ECG data technology is available for licensing.
Integration Drives the Future of Portable Healthcare DevicesTBMG-2700806/01/2017
Pulse Analysis Techniques for Radar and Electronic WarfareTBMG-2667304/01/2017
Pulsed signals are widespread in radar and other electronic warfare (EW) applications, and they must be accurately measured for manufacturing, design of countermeasures, and threat assessment. Pulse measurements are an especially challenging area for signal analysis due to a combination of factors. Fortunately, many of the improving signal processing and analog-digital conversion technologies behind the generation of complex pulse environments also enable new techniques for effective pulse analysis.
Pulse Analysis Techniques for Radar and Electronic Warfare17AERP04_0604/01/2017
Pulsed signals are widespread in radar and other electronic warfare (EW) applications, and they must be accurately measured for manufacturing, design of countermeasures, and threat assessment. Pulse measurements are an especially challenging area for signal analysis due to a combination of factors. Fortunately, many of the improving signal processing and analog-digital conversion technologies behind the generation of complex pulse environments also enable new techniques for effective pulse analysis. In the past, basic pulse measurements generally were made with swept spectrum analyzers. The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth or resolution bandwidth (RBW) of the spectrum analyzer was generally narrower than the effective bandwidth of the pulse, so the spectrum analyzer was used to measure the resulting pulse spectrum. The pulse spectrum could then be used to measure basic signal characteristics such as pulse repetition rate or interval (PRI), duty cycle, power, etc. Spectrum
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Vehicle Drive and Thermal Soak Conditions in a Simplified Engine Bay2017-01-014703/28/2017
Driven by the demand to continuously reduce the development time of new vehicles, it is of critical importance to robustly develop design and packaging concepts early within a new vehicle program using CAE methods. As the underhood and underbody package is constantly getting tighter and the engine power increases, the development of a sophisticated heat protection concept requires much more attention. For many years, heat protection CAE is an integral part of the vehicle development at Ford. However, due to challenges related to transient analysis, e.g. high numerical effort, simulation of transient buoyancy driven airflow (thermal soak), and dependency on high quality thermal material properties, heat protection CAE was primarily focused on steady state vehicle operating conditions. Due to the constantly raising expectations towards CAE as a driver of vehicle design, an investigation has been carried out which aims to better understand the most influential factors impacting transient
Sweetman, Brian, Schmitz, Ingo, Hupertz, Burkhard, Shaw, Nathanael, Goldstein, John
Functional Safety for Battery Monitoring Integrated Circuits2017-01-120203/28/2017
The Battery Monitoring Integrated Circuit (BMIC) is a key technology for Battery Electronics in the electrification of vehicles. Generally speaking, every production hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicle uses some type of BMIC to monitor the voltage of each lithium battery cell. In order to achieve Functional Safety for the traction battery packs for these electrified vehicles, most designs require higher ASIL ratings for the BMIC such as C or D. For the entire market of available BMIC’s, there is a generic feature set that can be found on almost every IC on the market, such as a front end multiplexer, one or more precision references, one or more Analog to Digital (A/D) converters, a power supply, communications circuits, and window comparators. There is also a fairly consistent suite of self-diagnostics, available on just about every available BMIC, to detect failures and enable achievement of the appropriate ASIL rating. This paper provides a generic approach for the
Tabatowski-Bush, Ben
Building an Integrated Home Health Monitoring SystemTBMG-2623501/01/2017
Among the challenges faced by the healthcare sector is a population that is growing older. The elderly population is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 years. Having an independent lifestyle is highly desired by elderly people, but independence for older adults often comes with high risks. Many smart home technologies have been developed to track and monitor activities of the elderly at home and assist their independent living. Buildings and urban environments fitted out with sensor networks offer the elderly the chance to retain their independence for longer. Wearable sensor technologies can also play a major role.
Topologycal Optimization Applied to Design of an Automotive Hood2016-36-021010/25/2016
The numerical simulation is currently an essential tool in the automotive engineering because it is possible in the virtual stage of product development to evaluate the performance of a component in the level of stress that would it be submitted, as well as evaluating displacement, natural frequency, stiffness and to the feasibility of manufacturing. Due to the stringent emission standards and pollutant, as well as sustainability guidelines, the goal of any automotive design is always seeking the maximum structural performance with minimal possible mass. This premise leads directly to a numerical optimization problem, that seeks the maximum (or minimum) of a function, subject to several constraints. Numerical optimization techniques can be divided mainly into: shape optimization, parametric optimization and topology optimization. In order to relieve mass during the process of forming it is common to perform a cutting operation to remove material in parts that are less required. In
Resende, Marcelo Gustavo Coelho, Silveira, Márcio Eduardo, Resende, Tiago Alceu Coelho
Method and Apparatus for Measuring Surface Air PressureTBMG-2549310/01/2016
NASA’s Langley Research Center has developed a novel method for long-range atmospheric pressure sensing. Based on known properties involving oxygen density, the technology is able to measure small pressure changes over a wide area. NASA developed the technology to address known gaps in the area of weather forecasting as a result of the inability to accurately detect atmospheric pressure above the ocean. Oxygen band reading can be performed remotely, most likely from a satellite-based system. The technology is particularly applicable in the area of storm forecasting.
Biomimetics: nature leads the way on design16MEIP06_1806/01/2016
That bird flight inspired Leonardo da Vinci to conceptualize “flying machines,” only to be developed centuries later by the Wright brothers by observing pigeons in flight, is quite well known. Such imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex problems, otherwise known as biomimetics or biomimicry, is not new. Mother Nature is a great engineer that over the years has fascinated engineers and scientists alike, who have borrowed and applied its time-tested patterns and strategies. Technological advancements and continuous endeavors to push the limits of engineering have led to transformational innovations, as can be seen in some of the recent trends to catch up with nature's best assets. Velcro is perhaps the best known and commercially successful example of a nature-inspired design. After a hunting trip in the Alps in 1941, Swiss engineer Mestral's socks and dog were covered in burdock burrs. Intrigued by it, Mestral studied them under a
High-Data-Rate Platform to Capture and Analyze Raw Baseband Clock/DataTBMG-2452005/01/2016
The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Testbed has a need to capture and analyze high-datarate (<2 Mbps required) baseband information sent over RF by the JPL Software-Defined Radio (SDR). An RF4425 front end, coupled with a MicroGate Synclink USB and custom C++ software back end, is being used to answer this need.
Crushing Analysis and Lightweight Design of Tapered Tailor Welded Hybrid Material Tubes under Oblique Impact2016-01-040704/05/2016
The increasing demand for lightweight design of the whole vehicle has raised critical weight reduction targets for crash components such as front rails without deteriorating their crash performances. To this end the last few years have witnessed a huge growth in vehicle body structures featuring hybrid materials including steel and aluminum alloys. In this work, a type of tapered tailor-welded tube (TTWT) made of steel and aluminum alloy hybrid materials was proposed to maximize the specific energy absorption (SEA) and to minimize the peak crushing force (PCF) in an oblique crash scenario. The hybrid tube was found to be more robust than the single material tubes under oblique impacts using validated finite element (FE) models. Compared with the aluminum alloy tube and the steel tube, the hybrid tube can increase the SEA by 46.3% and 86.7%, respectively, under an impact angle of 30°. Parameter analyses were performed to reveal the influence of four geometrical variables on the
Wang, Da-Zhi, Cao, Guang-Jun, Qi, Chang, Sun, Yong, Yang, Shu, Du, Yu
Uncertainty Optimization of Thin-walled Beam Crashworthiness Based on Approximate Model with Step Encryption Technology2016-01-040404/05/2016
Crashworthiness is one of the most important performances of vehicles, and the front rails are the main crash energy absorption parts during the frontal crashing process. In this paper, the front rail was simplified to a thin-walled beam with a cross section of single-hat which was made of steel and aluminum. And the two boards of it were connected by riveting without rivets. In order to optimize its crashworthiness, the thickness (t), radius (R) and the rivet spacing (d) were selected as three design variables, and its specific energy absorption was the objective while the average impact force was the constraint. Considering the error of manufacturing and measurements, the parameters σs and Et of the steel were selected as the uncertainty variables to improve the design reliability. The algorithm IP-GA and the approximate model-RBF (Radial Basis Function) were applied in this nonlinear uncertainty optimization. In order to improve the accuracy of the RBF model, a new step-encryption
Du, Qianqian
Engine Noise Reduction Using Self-Tuning Torsional Vibration Damper2016-01-106304/05/2016
Up to 30% of engine noise is delivered by front end pulley combined with torsional vibration damper, and technically it is the main contributor to recorded engine noise level. So the novel solutions in terms of improving the design and performance of torsional vibration damper would help to reduce radically this component of engine noise. The results of dynamical study of patented torsional vibration damper combined with pulley are presented. Design and structure of torsional vibration damper is based on author’s US Patent 7,438,165 having the self-tuning control system for all frequencies in running engine in all operational regimes. Mathematical model has been used for the analysis of the emitting noise of engine having proposed torsional vibration damper. Attention is paid to mitigation of the sound power levels contributing by engine subsystem “end of crankshaft - torsional vibration damper - pulley”. Theoretical analysis reveals that the proposed self-tuning torsion damper could
Nerubenko, George
Experimental Investigation with R1234yf Condenser Airflow Blockages of Non-Hotspot and Hotspot Objects to Impact on A/C System Performance2016-01-025504/05/2016
This paper addresses R1234yf A/C system performance impacted by condenser airflow passage blockages of nonhotspot and hotspot objects. With the modern vehicle design trend, more and more chances exist in blocking condenser airflow passages by objects such as TOC (transmission oil cooler) or fine grills etc. These objects create hotspots and narrowed airflow passages to the condenser and result in A/C performance degradation. It is important to understand the specific area of the condenser which is most impacted by a blockage so this area can be avoided in the design/packaging of front end components. In addition, it is important to understand the magnitude of performance loss associated with the specific areas of blockage. As a result of this understanding, optimal design locations for these blockages (including hotspots and grilles) can be proposed in order to mitigate the impact on A/C cooling performance. The study indicated that blocking condenser airflow passages by both the
Zheng, Yinhua
Development of an Efficient Power Train Cooling System with Effective Utilization of Front End Opening for a Utility Vehicle2016-01-065204/05/2016
This paper reports a study on Charge air cooler effectiveness, Air intake pressure drop, Acceleration Performance and Rise over ambient temperature of a utility vehicle for different layouts of Inter cooler, radiator, condenser and fan module in order to finalize an efficient Power train cooling system layout. The main objective is effective utilization of front end opening area, eliminating inter cooler heat load on the radiator, so that radiator size, fan size and fan motor wattage can be optimized to achieve desired cooling performance requirements with the cooling system (CRFM) module. Effect of the intercooler effectiveness, Intake pressure drop, Vehicle acceleration performance and Rise over ambient temperature are studied and both the advantages and disadvantages of the proposals are discussed to finalize the better position of inter-cooler along with other engine cooling components.
Ranjan, Ravi, Brahmasani, Lakshmaiah, Khan, Parvej
Vehicle’s Front End Profile Influence on Pedestrian Sensing System Using In-House Developed PDI-2 and Child FE Models2016-01-151004/05/2016
Many active safety systems are being developed with the intent of protecting pedestrians namely; pedestrian airbags, active hood, active emergency braking (AEB), etc. Effectiveness of such protection system relies on the efficiency of the sensing systems. The pop-uphood system was developed to help reduce pedestrian head injuries. A pop-up system is expected to make full deployment of the hood before the pedestrian’s head could hit the hood. The system should have the capability to detect most road users ranging from a six year old (6YO) child to a large male. To test the sensing system, an impactor model (PDI-2) was developed. Sensor response varies for vehicles with different front end profile dimensions. To study numerically the sensor response characteristics with respect to different front end parameters, (a) PDI-2 FE model was developed and validated, (b) FE model of sensor was developed and validated, (c) Sensor FE model was incorporated in the vehicle and it was simulated
Pal, Chinmoy, Okabe, Tomosaburo, Vimalathithan, Kulothungan, Manoharan, Jeyabharath, Vallabhaneni, Pratapnaidu, Shinada, Munenori, Sato, Kazuto
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