Browse Topic: Two or three wheeled vehicles

Items (434)

RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment

2024-32-007304/18/2025

The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based

Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland

A Two-Step Approach for Tire Lateral Force Observation for Motorcycles

2024-32-004304/18/2025

This study presents a two-step method for estimating motorcycle tire lateral forces, which are critical to the safety of driver assistance systems. In the pre-filtering stage, a partial attitude of the motorcycle is estimated using a Kalman filter and a kinematic model. In the observation stage, the side slip angle and subsequently the tire lateral forces are provided by a sliding mode observer. It extends previous research by incorporating both out-of-plane and in-plane dynamics. The paper also proposes an approach for selecting the Kalman filter parameters. An approach to identify the stochastic sensor errors of the inertial measurement unit is presented. The identified parameters are used as a basis for the selection of the covariances. The overall study provides a practical implementation strategy and demonstrates its applicability in real-world scenarios. The experiments show the results of the lateral force estimation and its relation to the friction ellipse. The effectiveness of

Winkler, Alexander, Grabmair, Gernot, Reger, Johann

Virtual Calibration Approach to the Development of Control Systems and Strategies for Hybrid L-Category Vehicles

2024-32-006604/18/2025

Hybrid powertrain for motorcycles has not been widely adopted to date but has recently shown significant increased interest and it is believed to have great potential for fuel economy containment in real driving conditions. Moreover, this technology is suitable for the expected new legislations, reduced emissions and enables riding in Zero Emissions Zones, so towards a more carbon neutral society while still guaranteeing “motorcycle passion” for the product [1, 2]. Several simulation tools and methods are available for the concept phase of the hybrid system design, allowing definition of the hybrid components and the basic hybrid strategies, but they are not able to properly represent the real on-road behaviour of the hybrid vehicle and its specific control system, making the fine tuning and validation work very difficult. Motorcycle riders are used to expect instant significant torque delivery on their demand, that is not properly represented in legislative cycles (e.g. WMTC); rider

Antoniutti, Christian, Sweet, David, Hounsham, Sandra

Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Rear Swing Arm on Different Road Surfaces

2024-32-004604/18/2025

The rear swing arm, a crucial motorcycle component, connects the frame and wheel, absorbing the vehicle’s load and various road impacts. Over time, these forces can damage the swing arm, highlighting the need for robust design to ensure safety. Identifying potential vulnerabilities through simulation reduces the risk of failure during the design phase. This study performs a detailed fatigue analysis of the swing arm across different road conditions. Data for this research were collected from real-vehicle experiments and simulation analyses, ensuring accuracy by comparing against actual performance. Following CNS 15819-5 standards, road surfaces such as poorly maintained, bumpy, and uneven roads were tested. Using Motion View, a comprehensive multi-body dynamic model was created for thorough fatigue analysis. The results identified the most stress-prone areas on the swing arm, with maximum stress recorded at 109.6N on poorly maintained roads, 218.3N on bumpy surfaces, and 104.8N on

Chiou, Yi-Hau, Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, Huang, Liang-Yu

Traction Voltage Level in Two-Wheelers: Considerations on Safety and Performance

2024-32-006204/18/2025

Most electric 2-wheelers on the market today seek to replace combustion engine vehicles from 50cc to 150cc which equates to an electric motor power between 2 and 12 kW. The traction voltage level of these vehicles is mostly between 44V and 96V. However, the actual choice of voltage on a specific vehicle seems to be arbitrary and higher voltage does not necessarily correlate with higher motor power. This paper seeks to highlight considerations and tradeoffs which feed the choice of traction voltage levels. Important criteria are electrical safety standards and their impact on vehicle electrical architecture, the performance and availability of key electronics parts such as capacitors, MOSFETs, and gate drivers, while also highlighting functional safety aspects. This paper shows by a comprehensive analysis of the motor drive that for the vehicle class mentioned above the traction voltage level can be kept below 60V without any performance impact, while also ensuring electrical and

Schmitt, Stefan

Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles

2024-32-007204/18/2025

The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake

Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland

Study on Motorcycle Rider Model Using Reinforcement Learning - Learning Examples Including Following Target Velocity and Basic Research on Rider Proficiency

2024-32-002804/18/2025

In this study, an initial approach using deep reinforcement learning to replicate the complex behaviors of motorcycle riders was presented. Three learning examples were demonstrated: following a target velocity, maintaining stability at low speeds, and following a target trajectory. These examples serve as a starting point for further research. Additionally, the proficiency of the constructed models was examined using rider proficiency evaluation methods developed in previous studies. Initial results indicated that the models have the potential to mimic real rider behaviors; however, challenges such as differences between the model’s output and what humans can produce were also identified for future work.

Mitsuhashi, Yasuhiro, Momiyama, Yoshitaka, Yabe, Noboru

Analysis of the Effect of Combination Frame Flexibility on Weave Modes

2024-32-004904/18/2025

The weave mode of a motorcycle is known to be affected by the flexibility of the vehicle frame. The weave mode has been shown to be more unstable in the 10-DOF model than in the 4-DOF model. However, it is not clear why the weave mode would be unstable, given the six different frame flexibilities. In this study, the authors analyzed the stability of the weave mode in a 4-DOF model when the same was integrated with two types of frame flexibilities. In the vehicle specifications used in the analysis, the combination of the bending flexibility of the front forks and the torsional flexibility of the main frame destabilizes the weave mode. The analysis results show that the phase delay of the front tire lateral force is caused by the phase delay of the steering angle. The combined bending flexibility of the front forks and the torsional flexibility of the main frame results in a large phase lag in the steering angle.

Haraoka, Reiya, Katayama, Tsuyoshi, Yoshino, Takahiko

Analysis of Lane Departure Caused by Inadequate Motorcycle Driving Maneuvers Due to Road Alignment

2024-32-003404/18/2025

There are many riders who drive motorcycles on winding mountain roads and caused single motorcycle traffic accidents on curved roads by lane departure. Driving a motorcycle requires subtle balancing and maneuvering. In this study, in order to clarify the influence of lane departure caused by inadequate driving maneuvers against road alignment, the authors analyzed the required curve initial operation and driving maneuvers in curves depending on the traveling speed using a kinematics simulation for motorcycle dynamics. In addition, it was analyzed how inadequate driving maneuvers for curved roads can easily cause lane departure. As a result, it shows that the steering maneuvers and the lean of motorcycle body during the curves are highly affected by the vehicle speed, and the required maneuvers increases rapidly with increasing speed. The inadequate maneuver in the curves, especially for the lean of motorcycle body and steering torque, even by 10%, may cause failure to follow the

Kuniyuki, Hiroshi, Takechi, So

Development of Higher Clarity Injection Molded Windscreen for Motorcycles

2024-32-004004/18/2025

The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the

Yamada, Atsushi, Endo, Sakae

A Power Split eCVT Hybrid for Sustainable Urban Mobility

2024-32-002904/18/2025

The main drivers for powertrain electrification of two-wheelers, motorcycles and ATVs are increasingly stringent emission and noise limitations as well as the upcoming demand for carbon neutrality. Two-wheeler applications face significantly different constraints, such as packaging and mass targets, limited charging infrastructure in urban areas and demanding cost targets. Battery electric two wheelers are the optimal choice for transient city driving with limited range requirements. Hybridization provides considerable advantages and extended operation limits. Beside efficiency improvement, silent and zero emission modes with solutions allowing fully electric driving, combined boosting enhances performance and transient response. In general, there are two different two-wheeler base categories for hybrid powertrains: motorcycles featuring frame-integrated internal combustion engine (ICE) and transmission units, coupled with secondary drives via chain or belt; and scooters equipped with

Schoeffmann, W., Fuckar, G., Hubmann, C., Gruber, M.

Development of Duty Cycle for Transmission System Components in a Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicle

2024-26-031801/16/2024

A two-wheeler is exposed to various dynamic loads transferred from roads and input given by the vehicle prime mover, which leads to the occurrence of torque on the wheel and transmission. The torque generated depends on the terrain and riding pattern of users, so it becomes important to develop a duty cycle of transmission considering multiple events enabling us to understand the durability standard of the component designed. The tests performed were on an EV two-wheeler that uses a belt drive transmission. The paper will focus on the following aspects, which cover the customization of the torque cell for the pulley system in the transmission, followed by the testing on different selected terrain conditions and analysis methodology for generating the duty cycle for different systems in transmission of the vehicle. A customized torque cell using strain gauges was developed with locations identified from finite element analysis performed on the wheel pulley. Strain gauge locations are

Ganju, Shubham, R S, Mahenthran, Prasad, Sathish Kumar, Balakrishnan, Sivakumar

Noise reduction on electric two wheeler by structural modification and gear design optimization

2024-26-021501/16/2024

The low running cost of electric two wheelers is resulting in high popularity and growing market share. The electric two wheelers are generally considered silent. However, the tonal nature of radiated noise is annoying for both driver and pedestrians in electric vehicles. This study focuses on electric two wheeler with annoyance issue. The customer complained about non-linear noise with respect to speed and also whining during loading and coasting. The detailed Noise Source Identification (NSI) revealed that the noise is due to motor whine and structural resonances of chassis excited by this motor excitation during runup and gear whine orders during coasting when excitation by motor is absent. The motor mounting and chassis are structurally modified with suitable vibration isolators based on the results of modal analysis. The transmission gear geometry and contact pattern are optimized for transmission error reduction. The modification resulted in 6-8 dB overall noise reduction with

Chivate, Shriniwas Dilip, Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Taware, Ganesh Nanasaheb

Testing and evaluation of Integrated Starter Generator system’s performance and durability characteristics in rig level using automation.

2024-26-036901/16/2024

Automobiles are incorporated with advanced technologies to improve riding experience, safety, and vehicle management. Considering riding experience, major concern prevails in starting and charging system. For quick start and stop, implemented Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) in two wheelers. ISG system consists of ISG machine and ISG controller. ISG machine acts as motor during cranking and generator during charging, controlled by ISG controller. Automation kit is made with help of real sensors, actuators, and microcontroller to monitor and log the performance characteristics of ISG system during testing in rig level. Sensors continuously monitors the performance parameters and once the parameters not meeting the specification, actuators stop the testing and rise the indication. All tested data stored in cloud and taken for analysis. This automation kit served two purposes. One is eliminated test running on the failure sample for full long testing duration. Second is from logged data

K, Vishali, Patil, Pratik, Kumaran, Adm V

Effects on Motorcycle Dynamics Data Using Wheel Force Transducer Systems

2025-01-009405/05/2023

Wheel Force Transducers (WFT) are precise and accurate measurement devices that seamlessly integrate into any vehicle. They can be applied in numerous vehicle applications for both on-road and in laboratory settings. The instrumentation requires replacing an OEM wheel with a custom WFT system which is specific to the wheel hub design. An ideal design will minimally impact a vehicle's dynamics, but the vehicle system is inherently modified to some extent from the weight of the measurement device. Research and technical documentation have been published which provide conclusions that reducing the unsprung mass reduces dynamic wheel load. However, there doesn’t appear to be clear compensation techniques for how a modified unsprung mass can be related to the original system, thus allowing the WFT signals to be more accurate to the OEM wheel forces. An experimental study was performed on a prototype motorcycle to better understand these differences. An instrumented “impact bump” acting as a

Frisco, Jacob, Rhudy, Scott, Larsen, William, Oosting, Nicholas

Vibration refinement of two wheeler sub chassis and aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation forces

2025-01-011305/05/2023

Two wheelers are important and essential transportation mode in India. Designing a motorcycle with better riding comfort and minimal vibration are thus a major challenge for engineers now a day. Engine and road excitations are two sources of vibration acting on motor bike or scooter. These vibrations are transmitted to chassis, sub chassis, aesthetic parts and then to the rider and pillion. Unwanted vibrations will create discomfort to the rider/pillion as well as produces noises and hence needs to be minimized. This study is focused on diagnosis and control of output vibration responses of sub chassis/aesthetic parts due to engine unbalanced excitation forces. There are numerous parameters of motor bike/ scooter that govern the vibration responses of sub chassis/ aesthetic parts. Engine unbalanced inertia force characteristics and their transmission to rider and pillion has been studied and reported here. Environmental benefits demands for a complete NVH refinement for lesser

khare, saharash

Design approach on magnetic speed reduction of bikes while turning

2022-28-048011/18/2022

Turning two-wheelers (bikes) are, at times, risky and often disturbs the stability of the vehicle. The primary causes are excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over tilting. This work intends in making aid for a safer ride and improves turn ability. With the introduction of automatic speed reducers, the vehicle would be subjected to magnetic braking while making a turn. A Motion stabilizer (like Gimbals) is modeled in CATIA and fabricated using PVC material. This fabricated stabilizer is placed in the vehicle setup in between the arms which carry the magnet. Braking action is done automatically as the magnet gets closer to the rim while turning the setup. Three modes of operations such as test (i) under no load, no angle, (ii) under magnetic load at zero angles, and (iii) under magnetic load, at an angle on both lateral directions, have been tested. A spectrum analyzer has been used, which records the frequency correspondingly to the speed is calculated. The counterbalancing weight

Integrated Battery and Traction Cooling Based on Reversed Brayton Refrigeration Cycle for High Speed Performance Bikes.

2022-28-041611/09/2022

Recent advancement and compact design requirements in the field of two wheeler Electric vehicle has resulted for the requirement of cooling system for high performance bikes. It has also been observed that heating requirement are dominant at higher speed, because of higher power consumption and thus cooling is required for high speed EV bikes. This paper represents an integrated motor and battery cooling system taking advantages of freely available air. Air collector will be installed in the direction of the vehicle motion to collect available ram air, the collected ram air will be divided into two parts, one part will be directed to motor and MCU for direct air cooling and the second part will be used for battery cooling. Second part will be made to pass through a drier to make air moisture free, the dry air is then made to pass through compressor where it is isentropically compressed to higher pressure. Then this compressed air will be intercooled to initial atmospheric temperature

Jha, Navneet Kumar

Performance Analysis of Integrated Battery and Traction Motor Cooling Systems for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles Applications

2022-28-041311/09/2022

The automotive industry is a huge industry as millions of vehicles are running on the road & it's growing at a rapid rate. The emission from these vehicles are harmful in nature & are bigger concerns for the human being as its increasing day by day at an alarming rate. The emissions are causing various global problems such as global warming, green house effects, air pollutions etc. due to the use of fossil fuels in abundance. This drives to think for alternative solutions, which are eco-friendly & having less or no emissions. The electric vehicles (EVs) are the most reliable solution as it is having high performance & efficiency without emissions. EVs are most suitable option to reduce global warming & greenhouse effects etc. The evolution of EVs has fueled the two-wheeler EVs industry to flourish at a fast pace. Li-ion battery & traction motor is the most important components in two-wheeler EVs. Li-ion batteries are compact, light-weight, fast-chargeable, having low self-discharge

Suman, Saurabh, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh

Component Sizing of Electric Vehicles: A Programming Approach

2022-01-508510/06/2022

The rising demand for battery electric vehicles has resulted in market saturation in terms of various start-ups, and established automakers are also introducing new models every year. The automakers have to put a lot of effort into sizing powertrain components optimally to get the best performance and efficiency. This paper proposes a programming approach for estimating the preliminary component sizing based on analytical equations regarding electric motor power rating and battery-pack energy capacity. Estimating tractive force for various vehicle performance goals dictates the motor power rating. The battery sizing for lead-acid and Li-ion batteries is proposed based on the empirical relationship between vehicle curb weight and battery-pack weight and the energy consumption approach. The validation and verification of the program based on output accuracy and user experience are presented.

Pednekar, Nihar, Patil, Satyajit

Positional Accuracy of Portable GPS Devices during Different Ride Stages

2022-01-099203/29/2022

GPS devices can produce a wealth of data about cyclists’, scooterists’, and other riders’ road paths and route usage. However, prior research has demonstrated that GPS positional accuracy is less reliable for more nuanced roadway positioning, such as which lane a vehicle occupies, as well as within-lane movements, such as acceleration and deceleration⁠. This limitation presents a substantial challenge for crash reconstructionists that may have access to GPS data and require second-by-second positional accuracy to determine such nuanced maneuvers and vehicle positioning in their analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine the positional accuracy of several GPS units during three different ride stages: acceleration, deceleration, and constant speed. The same devices were also tested for stationary accuracy, power cut-off, and simulated impact scenarios. To obtain precise data from GPS units, tests were performed with an electric scooter ridden in rural landscapes with clear skies

Desai, Elvis, Suway, Jeff, Engleman, Krystina, Vega, Henry

Model Based Evaluation of Parallel Hybrid Concepts for a Scooter for Reduced Fuel Consumption and Emissions

2022-01-080803/29/2022

IC engines are most efficient when they operate steadily in specific zones which cannot be attained in real driving conditions. Hybrids tackle this issue and improve drivetrain efficiency. Though they are used in cars and commercial vehicles they do not find application in small two wheelers especially scooters which constitute the majority of the market in several Asian Countries. The reasons are cost of implementation and need to have a suitable design. Integrating an electric motor with a conventional scooter drivetrain while retaining the base engine and the CVT is a cost effective proposition which is the motivation behind this work. Such a development will need accounting for the behavior of the belt driven CVT. In this paper a comparison between two parallel hybrid layouts has been made with the base 110cc scooter powertrain. A map based engine model and a physics based CVT model were developed and validated to simulate the base drive-train on the WMTC drive-cycle. A rule based

Mathivanan, Arulkumaran, Elango, Pradeev, Kakani, Raghav, Das, Himadri B, Ramesh, A

Decelerations of Capsized Motorcycles – An Update

2022-01-099603/29/2022

Many motorcycle crashes involve the motorcycle capsizing and sliding on the road surface. Often, when performing speed calculations, the reconstructionist will need to calculate the energy or speed loss for the capsizing and sliding phase. To perform these calculations, the reconstructionist would determine the slide distance based on the physical evidence, and then a range of decelerations for the slide would be selected from physical tests reported in the literature for motorcycles with similar characteristics sliding on similar surfaces. This approach is adequate in many instances but sometimes results in a wide range due to the variability in reported decelerations in prior studies. It could be helpful to narrow the range of decelerations that need to be used. However, most of the past studies described their tests with inadequate detail to parse out precisely what factors were most influential in the producing the reported decelerations. The present study reports additional

Rose, Nathan, Carter, Neal, Palmer, Jacob, Walter, Kevin, Smith, Connor

Aerodynamic drag and downforce of a sport motorcycle

2022-01-107303/29/2022

The aerodynamic drag and lift of a sport-motorcycle was investigated in a full-scale and in a 1/6th scale wind tunnel tests. The results show the large vertical load transfer to the rear wheel as vehicle’s speed increases. Consequently, several simple dive and splitter-plates were tested to increase the aerodynamic downforce. These devices were added at a relatively low position on the bodywork in order to avoid adverse handling effects while leaning in turns. This study shows the level of downforce that can be generated by simple add-ons without major alterations to the bodywork. Consequently, for higher levels of aerodynamic downforce, larger underbody surfaces or wings are needed.

An Approach to Aggregate Finalization of Traction Motors and Controllers for 2 Wheeler Electric Vehicles.

2022-01-087503/29/2022

Electric two wheelers are fast growing segments in electric vehicles and the selection of Powertrain systems play key role in finalization of Vehicle design. The electric motor and controller are keeping its own design features which relates to vehicle performance.. In this paper, Motor and controller’s specification calculation with respect to the various scenario of Vehicle drive points have been investigated. Different drive point of Even and uneven roads, Hill climbing and down hills case results are discussed. The mathematical calculations and results are compared with Vehicle requirements. Key words – Electric Vehicle, Two wheeler, Motors, Controller and Vehicle drive cycle.

Neelakandan, Varatharaj, B, Prabakaran

Assessment of the Dynamics of Electric Scooter Micro-Mobility Devices and the Kinematics and Behaviors of Riders

2022-01-103003/29/2022

Given the widespread adoption of electric scooters as a micro-mobility vehicle, and the subsequent emergence of electric scooter (e-scooter) accident reconstruction and human factors analyses in forensic investigations, there is a pressing need for additional research quantifying the dynamic capabilities of e-scooters and characterization of the responses and behaviors of e-scooter riders. The present study aims to expand upon the limited literature currently available by presenting data from experiments using large sample size and a wide array of e-scooter models. An assessment of the dynamic performance of e-scooters in semi-naturalistic environments and observations of the kinematics and behavioral characteristics of e-scooter riders were performed with four experiments: 1) Measuring the dynamics of four different instrumented e-scooters through a semi-naturalistic driving course conducted by volunteer participants, 2) performing a cross-sectional observational study of rider

Tibavinsky, Ivan Andres, FIGUEROA, Rosemarie

Automatic Alert System to enable safe ride and to prevent accidents in Two Wheelers and Three Wheelers

2021-28-023310/01/2021

In Midway, accidents are general in nature on the highways. Vehicles meeting the accidents are not saved in a faster way for the rescue. This system operates the signal from the seat belt sensor, during the operation of the vehicle. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has been deployed to provide the information about the passenger mobile phone contacts and the nearest safety officer with respect to the Global Positioning System installed in the vehicle. The signal from the seat belt fastening system for the driver and the front seat passenger is indicating the dearer contacts and the health of the centers for the rapid recovery of the vehicle met with an accident. This ECU also monitors the health condition of the passengers for the safety ride with respect to the pressure and the temperature of the cabin to make the passenger a safe ride. 20 sensors are deployed in the seat belt and the signals from these sensors are fed into an electronic control unit for further processing. The

B, Prabakaran, Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep, Chitta, Phani Kumar

Methodology & Experimental study to reduce steering effort and improve directional stability in 3 wheeler vehicle

2021-28-016410/01/2021

Abstract With an intense competitive automotive environment, it becomes imperative for any OEM to launch their products into the market in a short span of time & with a 'First Time Right' approach. Within the current scenario in the Automotive Industry, the selection of optimum set of hard points and wheel geometry often becomes an iterative or a trial and error process which is both time consuming and involves higher development cost as there may be instances where 2 to 3 sets of iterations are needed before specification is finalized for production. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a methodology for deciding wheel geometry parameters (covered in the later section of this paper like Caster, Camber, Mechanical trail, etc.) for a three wheeled vehicle as a First Time Right (FTR) approach to cut down on conventional, expensive & time-consuming iterative approach. In this paper, we have studied the parameters which affects the directional stability and steering

Regeneration of waste energy from tire strain and rapid charging through super-capacitor for electric vehicles

2021-28-027810/01/2021

Vehicle tyres lead us to move miles and miles, which faces a lot of heat and stresses all that energy should not go in vain, Peizoelectric materials are materials which have the ability to convert the applied mechanical stress into electrical charge. Our work deals with the conversion of heat and stress of the tyre into an electrical energy by using piezoelectric transducer, rapid collection and storage of electric energy using super-capacitor. For this experimental study, electric bike was taken and its tyres was replaced by regenerative tyre, which is made of two tyres mounted in the same rim inbetween them piezoelectric transducer was placed, its also called as piezoelectric sandwich tyre structure. In the order of 4 columns and 40 rows in the circumference of the inner tyre at about 320 PZT (lead zirconate titanate) for both tyres. The PZT has greater stability and higher operating temperature. In which 4 columns are connected in series and 40 rows are connected in parallel to the

R, Soundararajan, S, PRADEEP, Raj.N, Naveen, C, Pradeep

Rider State Monitoring for Attentiveness Detection for Enhanced Two-wheeler Safety

2021-26-002309/22/2021

Statistics report that one death occurs on Indian roads every three and a half minutes. With discussions on regulating new safety technologies like ABS, ESC, Advanced Rider Assistance Systems (ARAS) etc. for two-wheelers in India, the automotive industry has been grappling with challenges, in terms of developing cost-effective and innovative solutions adapted to regional market and its customers. Also, regulations that mandate the use of rider assistive technologies not only present opportunities to improve road safety, but also challenges for safe adoption and implementation. Distracted and inattentive riding is one of the major causes for severe road accidents in two-wheeler segments . The causes of distraction can be many - but the foremost one - as indicated by the accident data analysis - is the distraction due to mobile phones. Additionally, distracted riding might interfere with safe activation of ARAS functionalities that feature highly dynamic interventions, as the rider is

UdayaShankar, Ashrith, Damodharan, Suchitra, Notani, Vipul, Gopinath, Anjana, Aravind, V, Y P, Nithin, Rao, Aditya

Virtual tuning and optimization of two wheeler suspension through MBD simulations

2021-26-034809/22/2021

The design and tuning of stiffness and damping parameters of the suspension system is an essential step in arriving at the optimal riding comfort for a two wheeler. The conventional method of suspension design involves selecting baseline values of suspension parameters through bench-marking of similar vehicles, followed by extensive real life tests to tune these parameters over different load, speed and track conditions. This conventional approach is often time consuming and heavily dependent on physical prototypes of suspension. With the advent of tools to run optimization on Multi-Body Dynamic (MBD) simulations, a near complete tuning of suspension parameters can be performed entirely in the simulation domain. This paper presents an integrated approach towards the design and tuning of suspension stiffness and damping parameters using MBD simulations, by employing fully parameterized suspension stiffness and damping curves in the optimization process. The optimization is performed on

PK, Ram Kumar, Mishra, Ashish

Mitigation of Engine Sub-system Noise in Two Wheeler Using Crank Angle Domain Analysis

2021-26-030609/22/2021

One of the main objective of manufacturer is to achieve high productivity with low cost while increasing the customer satisfaction. With increased competition in the automotive sector the product quality is defined not only from fuel economy and durability perspective but also Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH), which plays a vital role in attracting the customers. In two wheeler, engine is dominant noise source and its quality improvement is utmost priority. Now a days, several signal processing and sensing techniques are developed for noise source identification of an engine but precise source identification can be achieved only by advanced analysis technique. This paper focuses on a procedure for noise source identification from engine sub-system viz. valve operation and its generation mechanism using crank angle domain analysis in two wheeler engine. Baseline noise measurements were carried out for critical frequency identification. Further, vibro-acoustic measurements were

Jagdale, Yogeshwar Pundlik, Askhedkar, Amlesh, Arimboor, Kuriyan

Methodology & Experimental study to reduce Steering effort and improve Directional stability in a Three Wheeled vehicle

2021-26-008309/22/2021

With an intense competitive automotive environment, it becomes imperative for any OEM to launch their products into the market in a short span of time & with a 'First Time Right' approach. Within the current scenario in the Automotive Industry, the selection of optimum set of hard points and wheel geometry often becomes an iterative or a trial and error process which is both time consuming and involves higher development cost as there may be instances where 2 to 3 sets of iterations are needed before specification is finalized for production. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a methodology for deciding wheel geometry parameters (covered in the later section of this paper like Caster, Camber, Mechanical trail, etc.) for a three wheeled vehicle as a First Time Right (FTR) approach to cut down on conventional, expensive & time-consuming iterative approach. In this paper, we have studied the parameters which affects the directional stability and steering effort using

Stability and handling of a three wheeled personal vehicle

2021-26-008409/22/2021

It has been predicted that the prevailing COVID-19 situation would result in increased demand for personal vehicles. There is a renewed interest in the 3 wheeled vehicles for short urban mobility in western countries due to their inherent cost advantages which will make it affordable for the common man. As the world is moving towards electric vehicle technology, a light 3 wheeled vehicle option will also help in reducing battery weight and thereby help in addressing the range concerns. In addition, slow speed three wheelers need not pass extensive safety regulation tests in many western countries including USA. Three wheeled vehicles are not new to developing countries like India as three wheeled auto-rickshaws are quite popular for short distance shared travel. The existing single front wheel design known as delta design may have a stigma attached to it due to historic reasons in India. There is also a perception that the three wheeled vehicles are highly unstable. Therefore, the

Nimje, Rahul, Manivasagam, Dr. Shanmugam, Patil, Amol

Robust approach for development and analysis of electric three wheeler vehicle using digital twin

2021-26-032309/22/2021

Objective of this project was to establish very comprehensive, robust vehicle model of three wheeler electric vehicle. This was achieved by simulating vehicle operation and performance on standard as well as realistic driving cycles. Purpose of building a virtual electric three wheeler vehicle model was to validate the mathematical model with respect to real time road load testing. Electric 3 wheeler vehicle model was built in Ricardo-IGNITE. This model includes advanced vehicle which consists of detailed vehicle parameters like mass & CG locations, suspension, brakes and aerodynamic input parameters. Also other parameter includes road load resistances, rotational, transnational inertial effects and power-train efficiencies and detailed battery and motor model with its thermal & inertial properties respectively. Simulation results of performance and range are validated by actual vehicle testing on dynamo-meter and road for standard and realistic driving-cycles respectively. Parameters

Rahate, Shubham Lilakant, GUPTA, NITIN, Umbarkar, Yogesh, Cvetkovic, Milan

Design Optimization of Two-Wheeler Radiator with the Existing Design Using the Mathematical Modelling Tools & Testing Data

2021-28-013609/15/2021

Radiators are type of heat exchangers, which are used to transfer the heat from one fluid to another fluid. It is mainly used in automobile engine cooling system and the radiators are the major source of heat rejection from the system by cooling the working fluid (generally water or glycol mixture). The application of radiator in two wheeler vehicle segment plays a vital role in increasing the engine efficiency by maintaining the optimum temperature inside the engine assembly. As the technology advances with higher power requirement for two wheeler vehicle segment, thermal management of combustion engine becomes a critical part of it, resulting in the advancement of radiator technology in terms of compactness and thermal performance. In order to cater the increasing demand of high powered engine, performance optimization of two wheeler radiator becomes an important aspect of design. This paper investigates the existing design parameters i.e. both the geometrical and thermal parameters

Suman, Saurabh, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh

Analyses of Low-Frequency Motorcycle Noise Under Both Steady-State and Transient Operating Conditions

2021-01-110808/31/2021

This paper presents experimental investigations of diagnosing and analyzing the low-frequency, low- SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) noise sources of three motorcycles using a hybrid technology that consists of a passive SODAR (Sonic Detection And Ranging) and modified HELS (Helmholtz Equation Least Squares) methods. The former enables one to determine the precise locations of multiple sound sources in 3D space simultaneously over the entire frequency range that is consistent with a measurement microphone in non-ideal environment, where there are random background noise and unknown interfering signals. The latter enables one to reconstruct all acoustic quantities such as the acoustic pressure, acoustic intensity, time-averaged acoustic power, radiation patterns, and sound transmission paths through arbitrarily shaped vibrating structures. By combining a passive SODAR and modified HELS methods, engineers are able to reveal the low-frequency noise sources that cannot be accomplished by using

Lu, Yazhong, Wu, Sean, Yuan, Zeyu, He, Wen, li, Zhaoting, Li, Huijun

A Study of the Effect of Light-Off Temperatures and Light-Off Curve Shape on the Cumulative Emissions Performance of 3-Way Catalytic Converters

2021-01-059404/06/2021

The results of this paper will show the reader how to quantify a minimum light-off temperature to meet the required emissions standards with the use of a 3-way catalytic converter. The method can be applied to both motorcycle and larger automotive catalysts to help meet their respective emissions standards (Euro 5/Euro 7). The ability to predict a light-off temperature for any catalyst at the beginning of the project saves both time and resource. With an emphasis on how the shape of the light-off curve affects the cumulative tailpipe emissions and how shape of the light-off curves change with the ageing process. Changes in the light-off curves will be reviewed to understand how the chemical reactions and pore diffusion mechanisms within the catalyst deplete to negatively affect performance over its life time. Using the total cumulative emissions target to achieve the OBD (On Board diagnostic) requirement along with WMTC data, light-off curves were modelled using predicted catalyst

Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Stewart, Jonathan, Woods, Andrew, Muehlstaedt, Fabian

Motorcycle Bank Angle Measurement Procedure

J1168_202104 (Current)

04/06/2021

The purpose of this SAE Standard is to specify the procedure for measuring the bank angle of motorcycles.

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Micromobility for the Masses With Swiftmile

1292802/05/2021

What if your commute to work was fun, fast and convenient? Swiftmile is answering the call, building the infrastructures that cities and businesses need to enable large scale adoption of micromobility. On this episode, Keith Moravick, CTO and VP of Engineering and Product at Swiftmile, joins us to share how his experience researching and riding light electric vehicles (LEVs) enables continuous innovation in the world of electric and solar bikes, scooters and more. Swiftmile is making micromobility accessible and efficient across cities. From developing charging stations and racks for removing the clutter of scooters on streets to adding more transportation options in convenient urban areas, Swiftmile is meeting the needs of commuters, businesses and cities. Discover how "playing" with LEVs has led Keith and Swiftmile to lead the way, enabling micromobility accessibility for all.

Hineman, Marcie

RIDING ON AIR: Activated carbon aims at autos

21AUTP02_0302/01/2021

An old piece of science is set to bring new applications across the mobility spectrum. Activated carbon may seem an esoteric piece of science in the automotive space, but it is quietly playing a key role in Audi A6 and A7 air-suspension systems. The technology also is promising for new applications in vehicle safety, comfort and acoustics. Carbon Air, a company spun off from a U.K. university, is developing activated carbon for use in cars, light trucks, heavy commercial vehicles, buses, motorcycles and even mountain bikes. The technology, which is based on activated charcoal, has long been used in other industry sectors including medical, agricultural, water treatment and food production. Its opportunities in mobility appear to be equally broad, the company noted.

BMW reveals its first “M” performance-badged two-wheeler

20AUTP11_1111/01/2020

BMW has revealed its first-ever M-badged motorcycle, the M 1000 RR superbike. A heavily reworked version of the already-capable S 1000 RR sportbike, the new machine is riding the trend of track-focused machines, as the motorcycle industry watches sportbike sales follow the same path as sedans in the automotive world. BMW's highly regarded Motorsports division produced its first racecar (the 3.0 CSL) in 1972 and its first road-going car with the mid-engine M1 in 1978. Since then, the Munich-based auto- and motorrad-maker has since produced an M version of nearly every car it has manufactured, the 7 Series being a notable exception.

Seredynski, Paul

Test Procedure for Parking Stability of Motorcycles

J1101_202009 (Current)

09/09/2020

Side stands and center stands are designed to support stationary two-wheel motorcycles. This SAE Standard establishes procedures for determining parking surface loading and stability limits as follows: a The footprint pressure exerted on a horizontal parking surface by the stand. b The tilt angle of the parking surface at which tip-over occurs. c The tilt angle of the parking surface at which roll-off occurs.

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

Maximum Sound Level Potential for Motorcycles

J47_202006 (Current)

06/05/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the test procedure, environment, and instrumentation for determining the maximum sound level potential for motorcycles under wide open throttle acceleration and closed throttle deceleration.

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

Motorcycle and Motor Driven Cycle Electrical System Maintenance of Design Voltage

J392_202005 (Current)

05/26/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to electrical systems of motorcycles both with and without batteries.

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

Data Sharing Glossary and Metrics for Shared Micromobility

MDC0000220200404/21/2020

As shared micromobility, such as dockless bikesharing and electric scooter sharing, has expanded around the world, so too have regulatory frameworks that define how these services use the public right of way. Many public agencies require operators of these services to provide access to data to support more data-driven approaches to monitoring and management. Despite the burgeoning data-sharing standards that describe the specific vehicle or trip data fields that shared micromobility operators are required to provide to public agencies, there are often inconsistent definitions and interpretations for the performance metrics that are used by public agencies and operators. Data Sharing Glossary and Metrics for Shared Micromobility provides a consensus-based set of definitions for terms and metrics that are commonly used. It outlines key vehicle, trip, and geospatial definitions and metrics to reduce discrepancies in the terminology used across jurisdictions and sectors and allow public

Mobility Data Collaborative

Using Vehicle EDR Data to Calculate Motorcycle Delta-V in Motorcycle-Vehicle Lateral Front End Impacts

2020-01-088504/14/2020

This research focuses on the use of Event Data Recorders (EDR) to assist in calculating speed loss or ΔV undergone by a motorcycle in a broadside type impact into a vehicle. If the struck vehicle has EDR data, this could be a useful tool in calculating motorcycle ΔV or corroborating motorcycle ΔV calculations from crush or other methodologies. Certain parameters critical to calculation of motorcycle ΔV must be considered, including the appropriate effective mass to use for the motorcycle/rider combination. This study used crash test data to determine a method of applying parameter values to accurately calculate motorcycle ΔV in a motorcycle-vehicle collision. In this study, three crash tests were performed in which a motorcycle with a dummy rider traveling in the range of 42 to 51 mph collided into the right front corner of a vehicle traveling between 5 and 16 mph. In all three tests, both the vehicle and motorcycle were instrumented with triaxial accelerometers and triaxial rate gyros

Fatzinger, Edward, Landerville, Jon

Step by Step Conversion of ICE Motorcycle to a BEV Configuration

2020-01-143604/14/2020

With the mass movement toward electrification and renewable technologies, the scope of innovation of electrification has gone beyond the automotive industry into areas such as electric motorcycle applications. This paper provides a discussion of the methodology and complexities of converting an internal combustion motorcycle to an electric motorcycle. In developing this methodology, performance goals including, speed limits, range, weight, charge times, as well as riding styles will be examined and discussed. Based on the goals of this paper, parts capable of reaching the performance targets are selected accordingly. Documentation of the build process will be presented along with the constraints, pitfalls, and difficulties associated with the process of the project. The step-by-step process that is developed can be used as a guideline for future build and should be used as necessary. During the development and conversion process, the model of the electric motorcycle was developed in

Lawrence, Matthew D., Siavoshani, Saeed

History and Prospects for Electric Vehicles and Electric Bikes: Pathway to Sustainable Carbon Free Energy and Transportation

2020-01-097404/14/2020

The Electric Transportation Revolution (ETR) began with the General Motors USA EV1 project and Yamaha Japan Pedal Assist System (PAS) electric bike, both in 1993. Worldwide EB annual sales are 40 million with 300 million on the road, mostly in China. Mandates and government incentives influence the EV market, customer demand drives EB growth. The EPA CO2 endangerment finding is forcing the auto industry to invest in EVs to help limit Mankind Made Carbon Dioxide Climate Change, MMCDCC, which is based on theoretical computer models that calculate global temperature. Measured temperature data, revised by modelers, used to validate these models has been challenged and so reported. Historical climatology data shows that Natural Climate Change, NCC, is more likely the CC cause. Known periodic variations of the sun’s orbit changes solar radiance and causes NCC. More CO2 in the atmosphere produces more plant growth, more food, thus CO2 is a beneficial gas. We propose a long term pathway to

Jamerson, Frank E.

Quantifying Engine Braking for Various Common Street Motorcycles

2020-01-088004/14/2020

Motorcycle engine braking was measured in each forward gear for a cross-section of typical street motorcycles. Using GPS data acquisition and video, deceleration relative to speed was examined. Motorcycle characteristics included various engine displacements and types of motorcycle. The data acquired will give more insight into the extent which engine braking is a factor for deceleration, a topic which has not been addressed in a peer-reviewed journal article to this date.

Jansen, Henricus, LeBlanc, Beau, Wilhelm, Christopher, Shaw, Tyler, Lowi, Alvin

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