This SAE Recommended Practice contains dimensions and their tolerances concerning disc wheel to hub or drum interface areas for truck and bus applications. Disc wheels designed only for single wheel applications (not dual wheels) for light trucks and special or less common applications are not covered in this document.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Disc Wheel and Hub or Drum Interface Dimensions - Truck and Bus

J694_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

J1979-DA, Digital Annex of E/E Diagnostic Test Modes

J1979DA_202104 (Historical)04/21/2021

On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) regulations require passenger cars, and light and medium duty trucks, to support communication of a minimum set of diagnostic information to off-board “generic” test equipment. This document specifies the diagnostic data which may be required to be supported by motor vehicles and external test equipment for diagnostic purposes which pertain to motor vehicle emission-related data. SAE J1979 was originally developed to meet U.S. OBD requirements for 1996 and later model year vehicles. ISO 15031 5 was based on SAE J1979 and was intended to combine the U.S. requirements with European OBD requirements for 2000 and later model year vehicles.

Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee

Near-to-Far Wake Characteristics of Road Vehicles Part 2: Influence of Cross Winds and Free-Stream Turbulence

2021-01-094904/06/2021

Conventional assessments of the aerodynamic performance of ground vehicles have, to date, been considered in the context of a vehicle that encounters a uniform wind field in the absence of surrounding traffic. Recent vehicle-platooning studies have revealed measurable fuel savings when following other vehicles at inter-vehicle distances experienced in every-day traffic. These energy savings have been attributed in large part to the air-wakes of the leading vehicles. This set of three papers documents a study to examine the near-to-far regions of ground-vehicle wakes (one to ten vehicle lengths), in the context of their potential influence on other vehicles. Part two of this three-part paper documents the influence of the ambient winds on the development of the wake behind a vehicle. A series of scaled-model wind-tunnel measurements, supplemented by some high-fidelity numerical simulations, based on a Lattice-Boltzmann approach, are presented to examine the effects cross-wind magnitude

McAuliffe, Brian, Sowmianarayanan, Bhargav, Barber, Hali

Near-to-Far Wake Characteristics of Road Vehicles Part 1: Influence of Ground Motion and Vehicle Shape

2021-01-095704/06/2021

Conventional assessments of the aerodynamic performance of ground vehicles have, to date, been considered in the context of a vehicle that encounters a uniform wind field in the absence of surrounding traffic. Recent vehicle-platooning studies have revealed measurable fuel savings when following other vehicles at inter-vehicle distances experienced in every-day traffic. These energy savings have been attributed in large part to the air-wakes of the leading vehicles. This set of three papers documents a study to examine the near-to-far regions of ground-vehicle wakes (one to ten vehicle lengths), in the context of their potential influence on other vehicles. Part one of this three-part paper documents principally the influence of vehicle shape on the development of its wake. A series of high-fidelity numerical simulations, based on a Lattice-Boltzmann approach, and a series of scaled-model wind-tunnel measurements are presented to examine the effects of four types of vehicles: a sedan

McAuliffe, Brian, Sowmianarayanan, Bhargav, Barber, Hali

Ford F-150 Raptor goes 4-door only; R version next year

21AUTP03_1203/01/2021

Ford has unveiled its new Raptor, the third generation of the high-speed, off-road version of the F-150 pickup. Available only in a four-door SuperCrew configuration, the 2021 Raptor receives loads of new connectivity tech and expansive in-cabin screens. Mechanically, a new 5-link rear suspension along with revised suspension kinematics complement updated Fox Live Valve shocks and a new 37-inch tire option. With Raptor competition finally existing via the supercharged Ram TRX, Ford has responded by announcing a V8-powered Raptor R coming in 2022. The Raptor's drivetrain remains mostly unchanged, though Ford notes new “high-power” cooling-system fans to extend off-road capability. Improved low-end torque from the Raptor's standard 3.5-liter EcoBoost twin-turbocharged V6 arrives via a new active dual-exhaust setup. The new 3-inch (7.6 cm) equal-length system features a built-in X-pipe and a unique “trombone loop” to provide a rortier engine note. The increased output and Raptor-specific

Seredynski, Paul

Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering Fatigue

J267_202102 (Current)

02/04/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering Fatigue

J267_202102-TEST-REC (Historical)02/04/2021

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

21AUTP02_0802/01/2021

Since its U.S. launch for the '18 model year, the positioning of the Kicks has puzzled me. Though Nissan was anxious to bill it a “crossover,” I think most would call it a “car.” Nissan hardly is alone in this marketing sleight-of-hand. Given American buyers' refusal to tarnish themselves with anything that can't be construed as some kind of truck, it's at least understandable. But here's my rule: no calling it a crossover if it can't be had with all-wheel drive. And confoundingly, inexplicably, stubbornly against all sense, the Kicks is strictly front-drive. Apart from that, the Kicks probably accomplishes some of the mission of grabbing buyers who need to think they're not purchasing a car; Nissan sold a comparatively healthy 58,858 Kicks in 2020.

CES 2021: GM creates BrightDrop electrified delivery and logistics company

21AUTP02_0902/01/2021

During her CES 2021 keynote in January, GM Chairman and CEO Mary Barra announced the creation of a new logistics company called BrightDrop. The new business will create an ecosystem of electrified products, software and services for first-to-last-mile delivery. This includes EPI, a new electric pallet to shuttle packages, as well as a new commercial delivery truck based on GM's Ultium battery platform, the EV600. The first customer of the new business will be FedEx Express. According to GM, BrightDrop's electrified solutions were created to help businesses reduce costs, maximize productivity, improve employee and freight security and support sustainability efforts. The EP1 pallet will be available in early 2021 and the EV600 light commercial vehicle (LCV) is expected to be on the road by late 2021. The EV600 is GM's first commercial application of its Ultium battery platform and the truck will feature both Level-2 and DC fast-charging capabilities.

Seredynski, Paul

RIDING ON AIR: Activated carbon aims at autos

21AUTP02_0302/01/2021

An old piece of science is set to bring new applications across the mobility spectrum. Activated carbon may seem an esoteric piece of science in the automotive space, but it is quietly playing a key role in Audi A6 and A7 air-suspension systems. The technology also is promising for new applications in vehicle safety, comfort and acoustics. Carbon Air, a company spun off from a U.K. university, is developing activated carbon for use in cars, light trucks, heavy commercial vehicles, buses, motorcycles and even mountain bikes. The technology, which is based on activated charcoal, has long been used in other industry sectors including medical, agricultural, water treatment and food production. Its opportunities in mobility appear to be equally broad, the company noted.

Birch, Stuart

Battery of issues surrounds LARGE-VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION

20TOFHP12_0112/01/2020

Converting heavy-duty vehicles to battery power will require advances in weight reduction and thermal management. Electrification has made major inroads in light trucks and compact off-highway machines, but its adoption in long-distance trucking and many large off-highway vehicles remains more promise than market-ready. Still, there is plenty of interest in replacing diesel and gasoline power units with battery power. A flurry of activity in recent months highlights the high level of interest in heavy-duty electric trucks, though these actions also spotlight the lingering engineering challenges in electrifying larger vehicles. General Motors and startup truck maker Nikola teamed up in a deal worth $2 billion (www.sae.org/news/2020/09/hydrogen-fuel-cells-worldwide), but SEC investigations of Nikola executives emerged shortly after the announcement, raising questions about ongoing efforts to work together. Microsoft mogul Bill Gates started a debate when he questioned the viability of

Costlow, Terry

Changing Properties of Brake Pads and Discs during Brake Testing

2020-01-162810/05/2020

Earlier publications show that brake pad physical properties such as hardness, modulus and natural frequencies continue to increase at room temperature over a period of 12 months and that the changes are faster during the first 3 - 6 months. The current investigation was undertaken to see how the properties might change during testing for the pads as well as for the discs. Low-copper and copper-free formulations were tested on pickup truck and passenger car brakes. In all cases, the dynamic modulus and natural frequencies are found to decrease (not increase) after the SAE J2522 performance testing, indicating that the stiffness of the pad and that of the disc decrease faster than the mass loss due to wear. Also, the inboard pad and the outboard pad change at two different rates. Questions arise on what properties to measure for quality assurance and when to measure in light of these changing properties as well as the fact that the relationship between the initial properties and the

Sriwiboon, Meechai, Tiempan, Nipon, Kaewlob, Kritsana, Rhee, Seong Kwan

Hydrogen fuel cells - FINALLY?

20TOFHP10_0310/01/2020

As the debate continues about HFCEV commercial potential, a snapshot of some global markets reveals continuing hope for fulfilment of long-awaited promise, particularly in trucks and buses. More than 20 years have passed since hydrogen-fuel-cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) looked to be the future zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) solution. About that time, this editor spoke with Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Piëch, then boss of the Volkswagen Group, about the commercial potential of fuel-cell cars in general and a possible future timeline. Piëch thought it unrealistic to see fleets established in the near term (around 2003) and suggested it might be 2011 before they would be sold or leased in any significant volume. It sounded cautious at the time but has proven to be extremely optimistic. Today, signs of an HFCEV commercial victory remain low across the world. Despite its convincing technology, hobbled by cost and lack of infrastructure, the fuel cell's battle with the battery does not look winnable

Birch, Stuart, Gehm, Ryan

Q&A

20AUTP10_1410/01/2020

Things are very busy for heavy-duty electric vehicle (EV) startup Bollinger Motors. The company, founded in June 2015, recently moved into a significantly larger facility in Oak Park, Michigan and is steadily hiring engineers. Bollinger Motors continues in its plans to begin local production of several Class-3 (GVWR 10,001-14,000 lb) vehicles, including its B1 SUV, its B2 pickup truck, plus a chassis-cab, a platform iteration and a newly-unveiled Deliver-E van. SAE Senior Editor Paul Seredynski corralled CEO and founder Robert Bollinger for an update on progress. His interview has been edited here for space; for the full interview, go to https://www.sae.org/news/2020/09/robert-bollinger-heavy-duty-ev-qna.

Aftermarket Composite Wheels Made of Matrix Material and Fiber Reinforcement Intended for Normal Highway Use - Test Procedures and Performance Requirements

J3204_202009 (Current)

09/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance requirements and uniform procedures for fatigue and impact testing, electrical resistance, and maximum operating temperature (MOT) of wheels intended for normal highway use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles.

Wheel Standards Committee

Aftermarket Composite Wheels Made of Matrix Material and Fiber Reinforcement Intended for Normal Highway Use - Test Procedures and Performance Requirements

J3204_202009-TEST-REC (Historical)09/09/2020

Wheel Standards Committee

Q&A

20AUTP09_1309/01/2020

By 2023 General Motors promises to have 20 new electric vehicles of all shapes, sizes and market segments on sale. They're underpinned by the company's BEV3 flexible dedicated EV architecture, electric machines developed in-house, and a family of battery modules called Ultium. GM has ambitious plans for Ultium, as engineer Andy Oury, GM's lead architect and strategy manager for high-voltage battery packs, explained to Editor Lindsay Brooke.

Nikola looks to accelerate production, hydrogen infrastructure

20TOFHP08_0808/01/2020

Nikola Corp.'s recent merger with VectoIQ Acquisition Corp., a publicly traded special-purpose acquisition company, is expected to help accelerate the company's technology and business plans. In early June, the company's combined shares began trading on the Nasdaq under the new symbol “NKLA.” Shortly following the announcement, Nikola's Elizabeth Fretheim, head of business development, national accounts, spoke during an edition of CALSTART's weekly Clean Commercial Transportation Update webinar about the news and other developments.

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

BIG FUTURE for e-axles, advanced motors

20TOFHP08_0108/01/2020

Top transmission engineers claim driveline electrification will transform everything from all-wheel drive to Class 8 tractor-trailers. A panel of high-ranking transmission and driveline engineers projected outsized adoption for electric-axle (e-axle) technology, as well as significant expansion of other driveline-electrification strategies now being adopted for new or near-future production vehicles. The engineering executives participated in a recent webinar in SAE's Leadership Roundtable series, a virtual event replacing the in-person program planned for April's SAE WCX 2020 conference that was cancelled because of the COVID-19 outbreak. Most of the panel agreed that hybrid and other electrification strategies such as e-axles are the transition from internal combustion-based drivetrains to volume production and sales of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs).

Visnic, Bill

Top transmission engineers project big future for e-axles, advanced motors

20AUTP08_0907/01/2020

A panel of high-ranking transmission and driveline engineers projected outsized adoption for electric-axle (e-axle) technology, as well as significant expansion of other driveline-electrification strategies now being adopted for new or near-future production vehicles. The engineering executives participated in a recent webinar in SAE's Leadership Roundtable series, a virtual event replacing the in-person program planned for April's SAE WCX 2020 conference that was cancelled because of the COVID-19 outbreak. Most of the panel agreed that hybrid and other electrification strategies such as e-axles are the transition from internal combustion-based drivetrains to volume production and sales of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). “Long-term, BEV is going to be the better answer,” conceded Michael Solt, global head, transmission, driveline and axle at FCA USA LLC. But the EV solution - and when volume adoption happens - “depends on which market you're in,” he added.

Visnic, Bill

Editorial

20AVEP07_0107/01/2020

For me, the June 19 announcement from Mercedes-Benz and the BMW Group that the two German powerhouses are placing their automated-driving joint-development program “on hold” pretty much closed the book on the irrational exuberance era of autonomous-vehicle hype. The projected economic ramifications of COVID-19 are only capping off a wave of reality that was sweeping through the AV development world. Anybody with sense always knew the runway was suspiciously short for wide swaths of AV investment and development. The inevitable cash desert coming in COVID's wake simply made the industry's famously venture capital-driven optimism undeniable.

Visnic, Bill

Hybridization the highlight of Ford's all-new 2021 F-150

20AUTP08_1107/01/2020

Ford in June unveiled an all-new version of its F-150, highlighted by a first-ever full-hybrid variant and the promise - but not yet specifics - of class-leading figures for the metrics that matter most to pickup customers. Even the COVID-19 pandemic couldn't stall the launch of Ford's crucial profit engine, with the new 2021 model coming to showrooms this fall from Ford plants in Dearborn, Mich. and Kansas City, Missouri. Being Ford's and the U.S.'s best-selling passenger vehicle, few risks were taken with the 2021 F-150's design, even if there is a selection of 11 new grilles. Chief designer Ehab Kaoud said in a session revealing the new pickup to the media that the 2021 F-Series is “all-new, inside and out.” That includes carrying over the current-generation F-150's pioneering use of aluminum for the body, which rides on a fully-boxed, high-strength steel ladder frame. The new aluminum bodywork may be difficult to differentiate from the current model's, but Kaoud said changes are

Visnic, Bill

Tesla's Cybertruck is audaciously austenitic

20AUTP06_0306/01/2020

A proprietary 301-series stainless steel gives Tesla's first pickup truck unique sales attributes while saving tooling cost. Not since Ford's epic switch to aluminum for its F-Series body structures has an automaker's materials strategy created such a buzz. Tesla's decision to use stainless steel for its upcoming Cybertruck, as part of what CEO Elon Musk calls an “exoskeletal” architecture, aims to give the new electric pickup strength and durability beyond that of its competitors. The vehicle is slated to enter production in late 2021. Musk described the corrosion-resistant, 3-mm-thick (.118-in) sheet specified for Cybertruck as “ultra-hard 30X cold-rolled stainless-steel,” indicating an alloy variant developed from 300-series stainless steel. This popular class was used by DeLorean (304 alloy) in its roughly 10,000 DMC-12 sports cars, and by heavy-truck maker Autocar (302 alloy) in a small-volume run in the 1960s. During the same period Ford also experimented with a few stainless

Brooke, Lindsay

Road Load Measurement Using Onboard Anemometry and Coastdown Techniques

J2263_202005 (Current)

05/26/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a procedure for determination of vehicle road load force for speeds between 115 km/h and 15 km/h (or between 70 mph and 10 mph). It employs the coastdown method and applies to vehicles designed for on-road operation. The final result is a model of road load force (as a function of speed) during operation on a dry, level road under reference conditions of 20 °C (68 °F), 98.21 kPa (29.00 in-Hg), no wind, no precipitation, and the transmission in neutral.

Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee