Browse Topic: Spacecraft

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Aerospace - Lightning Effects on Hydraulic Transport Elements on AircraftAIR6185A (Current)11/26/2025

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes hydraulic system design and installation to minimize the effects of lightning, especially when the aircraft structure is composite. Techniques for effective electrical bonding, hydraulic system lightning protection, and lightning protection verification techniques are discussed.

My new committee for commercial aircrafts
Preliminary Investigation into Future Martian Multicopter ConfigurationsF-0080-2024-12665/7/2024
The success of NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter underscores the importance of aerobots in Mars exploration, however, its limitations in endurance and payload capacity necessitate optimization of the next-generation rotorcrafts. This paper proposes an approach to enhance Martian rotorcraft within specified parameters, aiming to improve performance and meet evolving mission demands. For rotorcrafts with both overlapping and non-overlapping rotors, such as coaxial, tandem, and multirotor configurations, the equations are derived and generalized based on the momentum theory for the conventional helicopter. These equations estimate the required power for flight segments such as hover, vertical climb, and forward flight, considering constraints such as spacecraft aeroshell size. The resulting performance informs initial rotor and battery sizing for aerobot design. Among the configurations created and investigated, the quadcopter emerges as the most efficient choice, offering a balance of performance and mechanical simplicity, while a conventional single main rotor configuration appeared to be the least efficient within the specified constraints.
Youhanna, Vishal, Ignatyev, Dmitry, Felicetti, Leonard
TitleSAE-PP-004189/13/2021
Abstract
Jackson, Alyssa, Jackson, Alyssa, SintzUSER, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane, Jackson, Alyssa, Jackson, Alyssa, SintzUSER, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane
Generalizing Aspects of System Safety to Broaden Applicability2021-01-00373/2/2021
The Safety Assessment Process, defined by SAE ARP4761 and associated regulatory guidance, is described in the context of conventional, crewed civil aircraft. While this material has been used for decades to evaluate airplanes and rotorcraft, the evolution of technology challenges it. As new entrants venture into aviation, they bring perspectives, which may not clearly align to those conventional concepts. For those skilled in the art of aviation safety assessment, the approach to new technologies might appear straight forward. Such an individual might easily perceive the accommodations for unconventional applications. Once accommodations are made, and failure conditions are established and classified to those new architectures, the rest of the process is somewhat mechanical -they flow out of these conditions. However, the context of their experience betrays the reality of the process description in the ARP and guidance. Such accommodations are not discussed in them, and the process objectives, which are fulfilled by the process, are not explicit. One example of such a challenge regards how failure condition effects and classification are described. The guidelines state that the effects and classification should consider the aircraft, flight crew, and occupants. What are the safety considerations for an unmanned cargo airplane the size of a transport aircraft? How is the “crew effect” of a ground station considered? Is a passenger who simply provides a waypoint to a full autonomous vehicle considered the “crew”? Such cases easily demonstrate how the conventional ARP process limits its own universality in its initial process step. This paper recommends ways to broaden SAE ARP4761 and some regulatory guidance through improving the description of functions, failure conditions, and their classifications. This paper discusses aspects of these concepts and their downstream processes. The intent of this paper is to identify how to make the ARP’s processes accessible to future applications while supporting conventional applications, towards providing comprehensive safety coverage for all air and space vehicles.
Voros, Robert
7.0.119 - Development of Combustion Solution Meeting CPCB II Emission Norms for Medium Duty Diesel Engines with Mechanical Fuel Injection SystemSAE-PP-002952/4/2021
Indian emission norms for stationary Gensets are upgraded from CPCB I to CPCB II. These new emission norms call for a significant change in emission limits. CPCB II emission norms call for 62% reduction in NOx+HC and 33% reduction in particulates for engines above 75 kW up to 800 kW power range compared to existing CPCB I norms. CPCB II norms are more stringent as compared to European Stage IIIA and CEV BS III. To meet equivalent emission norms in US and Europe most of the engine manufacturers have used Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) or electronic unit injection as the fuel injection technology. This paper describes mechanical fuel injection solution for meeting CPCB II emission norms on engines between 93 kW up to 552 kW with acceptable fuel consumption values. The paper presents simulation and experimentation work carried out to achieve the norms for the said power ratings. It describes the optimization strategy for controlling combustion related parameters viz. fuel injection system, air supply system i.e. turbocharger, Piston cavity, Swirl, Valve timing etc. to have a better tradeoff between NOx-PM and NOx-BSFC. With the given solution it is also observed that the part load fuel consumption values obtained are better when compared to the CRDI system.
Lname, Fname
7.0.118 - Investigation of Gasket Sealing Behavior of Cylinder Head and Block under Engine Operating Conditions and Its Experimental VerificationSAE-PP-002942/4/2021
Proper sealing of an engine is very important parameter in an engine design. Even small amount of gas leakage from the engine can affect the overall performance of the engine during operation. There are two important factors in enhancing the efficiency of the sealing of the gasket are right tightening torque of bolts & gasket design. In this study, both the distribution of the contact pressure on the gasket, and the stresses of the cylinder head at different loading conditions, such as cold assembly, hot assembly, cold start, and hot firing, is simulated by commercial tool, based on the finite element method (FEM). The results shows that the efficiency of the sealing of the cylinder head gasket depends on the tightening torque of the hold-down bolts, without taking into consideration any thermal load resulting from the temperature distribution in the cylinder head. Study also shows that, the location of maximum contact pressure on the gasket is changed when the thermal loading is taken into account.
Lname, Fname
6.0.115 - Legal and Consumer Requirements in ASEAN CountriesSAE-PP-002702/4/2021
South East Asia is one of the regions with highest traffic-related fatality rates worldwide −18.5 fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants-. In response to that, governments of ASEAN countries are currently introducing new regulations, which will help to improve the road safety standards in the region. This paper reviews new safety regulations in force of following ASEAN countries: Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. General safety trends promote the approach to international standards as well as the adoption of UNECE regulations. In fact, the 1958 agreement was signed by Thailand and Malaysia in 2006. Besides, Malaysia has gradually adopted fifty-three UNECE regulations so far and is currently considering the inclusion of twenty-four more. After the success of other NCAP organizations, the ASEAN NCAP assessment program was established in 2011. This program is powered by the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) and the Global New Car Assessment Program (GNCAP). Its purpose is to encourage manufacturers to improve the safety performance of their products by providing consumers with reliable and objective information about the protection provided by these vehicles. Vehicles launched in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and/or Vietnam can be tested, assessed and rated by this organization. The program performs a frontal impact test at 64 km/h and 40% overlap to analyze, through objective and subjective methods; the protection provided to both adult and child occupants. Scores are weighted and translated to a star rating. This paper also analyzes these assessment methods, emphasizing the innovations incorporated by this new program. Practical cases are explained to better illustrate the functioning of this new system. Safety regulations are the mainstay of road safety. Thus, the introduction of new or existing safety regulations represents a remarkable achievement but also a necessary step towards safer roads. Additionally, initiatives such as NCAP programs have also proved their effectiveness in other markets as well as its contribution to the implementation of new and safer technologies.
Mutagaana, Festo
Vertical Take-Off & Landing Aircraft, VTOL Ground EffectsSAE-PP-002412/3/2021
The ground-effect problems of loss of thrust and fountain-effect instabilities are quantified. Experiments to control and augment ground-effect lift and stability are presented, including jet momentum-reflection and fountain re-direction using various types of internal and external underbody ventral strakes. By strategically designing the VTOL ventral surface, reflection of the impinging fountain momentum is possible, so that instead of losing 10% thrust while in ground-effect, remarkably, thrust is augmented 10% or more, to a considerable height above the ground, in addition to stabilizing random pitch and roll moments caused by fountain instability.
Anthony, Lindsay, Jackson, Alyssa
062 - An Investigation on the Auto-Ignition of Fuel-Air Mixture Induced by Release of Oil-Fuel Droplets from Cylinder-Liner Using Multi-Zone ModelSAE-PP-002011/30/2021
This study investigated effects of gas inhomogeneity induced by droplets of fuels and oils on the auto ignition timing and temperature in the direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) engine by means of detailed numerical calculation using multi zone model. Recent researchers pointed out that droplets are made of fuels and oils which mix on the cylinder liner and released from the cylinder liner [1]. During the compression stroke released droplets reach the auto ignition temperature before flame propagation induced by spark ignition. It is called Pre-ignition. In combustion chamber, there is inhomogeneity caused by temperature and mixture distribution. In this study, the effects of gas inhomogeneity produced by droplet on the auto ignition timing and temperature have been investigated using Multi-Zone model of CHEMKIN-PRO by changing initial temperature and initial equivalence ratio. Especially, the volume of first ignition zone is focused on. As for fuels, this study used n-heptane to observe the impacts which the gas inhomogeneity has on low-temperature heat release (LTHR). As for calculation conditions, 15 zones model were assumed. Based on the assumption that the volume of the droplets from cylinder-liner is not always constant, ignition delay time and ignition temperature of mixture were confirmed, changing the volume of first ignition zone. Consequently, we found that the volume of first ignition zone affects the auto-ignition of air-fuel mixture and there is possibility to lead to cause Pre-ignition.
Mutagaana, Festo
Effect of Space Weather on Autonomous Vehicle Navigation2020-01-01404/14/2020
Autonomous vehicle systems integrate multiple information systems. Navigation is reliant on Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as the global positioning systems (GPS) which are supported by a satellite network. However, satellites and radio signals are subject to interference from sunspots. Sunspots happen on regular cycles at varying strengths but their occurrence can’t be exactly predicted. The likelihood of a severe solar event is roughly twelve percent per decade; consequently, solar events are likely to impair navigation. Results will show the probability of each event and its impact on autonomous vehicle navigation. In the worst case scenario, satellites could even be permanently damaged by severe sunspots. As autonomous vehicles become a more significant portion of the economy, it is necessary that they have resilience to operate in extreme conditions. Alternative navigation procedures are proposed to enhance the resiliency of autonomous vehicles. Artificial intelligence related to place identification with relative geographic navigation and storage of most common routes is an option.
Hoback, Alan
Celebrating Women in Engineering & Science: Dr. France A. Córdova, Director, National Science FoundationTBMG-361743/1/2020
Dr. France A. Córdova is an internationally recognized astrophysicist and the 14th director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), a position to which she was nominated in 2013 by President Barack Obama. Dr. Córdova also is president emerita of Purdue University. Previously, she served as NASA’s chief scientist, becoming the youngest person and first woman to serve in that position. Prior to joining NASA, she was on the faculty of the Pennsylvania State University where she headed the department of astronomy and astrophysics. Dr. Córdova was also deputy group leader in the Earth and Space Sciences division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University and her Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology.
Electrically Non-Conductive Ladder Fall ProtectionTBMG-361943/1/2020
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center developed an electrically non-conductive ladder fall protection system for the Launch Complex (LC) 39B lightning towers. The towers include a 100-foot fiberglass mast at the top of the tower structure. The fiberglass masts insulate the metallic tower structure from the lightning strike protection system that is housed at the top of the fiberglass masts.
Celebrating Women in Engineering & Science: Dr. Lynda Kennedy, Vice President of Education & Evaluation, Intrepid Sea, Air & Space MuseumTBMG-361643/1/2020
Dr. Kennedy was the first Director of Teaching & Learning, Literacy and Outreach for the New York Public Library system. She has served as adjunct faculty in the Masters of Education programs of Hunter College, CUNY, and Metropolitan College of New York and in the Exhibition Design program at the Fashion Institute of Technology. She has served as Chair of the New York City Museum Educators Roundtable and as National Associate for the Education Committee of the American Alliance of Museums. Dr. Kennedy received her Ph.D. in Urban Education from the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and her Master’s in Education from the Bank Street College of Education.
Celebrating Women in Engineering & Science: Jasmin Moghbeli, NASA AstronautTBMG-361663/1/2020
Jasmin Moghbeli’s astronaut class graduated in January 2020 — the first class to graduate since the agency announced the Artemis program. She holds a BS degree in aerospace engineering with information technology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a MS in engineering science in aerospace engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. Moghbeli was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps in 2005 upon completion of her undergraduate degree. An AH-1W Super Cobra helicopter pilot and Marine Corps test pilot, Moghbeli served in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010. At the time of her selection as an astronaut candidate, Moghbeli was testing H-1 helicopters. She has accumulated more than 150 combat missions and 2,000 hours of flight time in more than 25 different aircraft. She is eligible for assignment to missions destined for the International Space Station, the Moon, and ultimately, Mars.
Products of Tomorrow: February 2020TBMG-359682/1/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Modified Fittings Enhance Industrial SafetyTBMG-360002/1/2020
NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida is home to one of the largest buildings in the world — the massive Vehicle Assembly Building — and also hosts a number of one-of-a-kind facilities. The more than 30-mile-long campus has witnessed every launch from the Space Shuttle Launch Pad as well as many homecomings at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Just as important, the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) has seen each element of the International Space Station (ISS) that passes through Kennedy before it goes into orbit.
Precision 3D BioprinterTBMG-360572/1/2020
nScrypt Inc. Orlando, FL 407-275-4720
Facility Focus: NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterTBMG-359692/1/2020
Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard is considered the father of modern rocket propulsion. A physicist, Goddard also had a unique genius for invention. It is in his honor that NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, was established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight complex.
Mathematical Model of Heat-Controlled Accumulator (HCA) for Microgravity Conditions01-13-01-00011/20/2020
It is reasonable to use a two-phase heat transfer loop (TPL) in a thermal control system (TCS) of spacecraft with large heat dissipation. One of the key elements of TPL is a heat-controlled accumulator (HCA). The HCA represents a volume which is filled with vapor and liquid of a single working fluid without bellows. The pressure in a HCA is controlled by the heater. The heat and mass transfer processes in the HCA can proceed with a significant nonequilibrium. This has implications on the regulation of TPL. This article presents a mathematical model of nonequilibrium heat and mass transfer processes in an HCA for microgravity conditions. The model uses the equations of mass and energy conservation separately for the vapor and liquid phases. Interfacial heat and mass transfer is also taken into account. It proposes to use the convective component k for the level of nonequilibrium evaluation. The experiments were carried out in microgravity conditions for the estimation of the k value. The heating of the HCA was investigated in the flight experiments. The working fluid was ammonia. It was determined that in the mathematical model, the k low margin is k = 15…30 for the microgravity conditions. An analysis of the HCA regulation was performed for two values of the k coefficient. It defined that nonequilibrium has a significant impact on the regulation process. It is shown that to ensure a given mode of TPL operation with the HCA equilibrium process (k > 100), a greater HCA heater power is required than in a nonequilibrium process (k = 30).
Gennadiy Olexandrovich, Gorbenko, Polina Sergeevna, Koval, Konstantin Sergeevich, Yepifanov, Pavlo Grigorovich, Gakal, Rustem Yusufovich, Turna
CubeSat Form Factor Thermal Control LouversTBMG-358261/1/2020
Thermal control of small spacecraft, including CubeSats, is a challenge for the next era of NASA spaceflight. Science objectives and components will still require strict thermal control while smaller volumes will inherently absorb and shed heat more quickly than a larger body. Thus, game-changing technologies must be developed to stabilize the thermal environment inside of small spacecraft.
In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): Methylotrophic Microorganisms Expressing Soluble Methane Monooxygenase ProteinsTBMG-358121/1/2020
Long-duration missions to planetary bodies and deep space will require new technological developments that support human habitation in transit and on distant bodies. Microorganisms are unique from the standpoint that they can be employed as self-replicating bio-factories to produce both native and engineered mission-relevant bio-products. Methane (CH4) usage in In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) platforms has been discussed previously for human exploration and has been proposed to be used in physicochemical systems as a propulsion fuel, supply gas, and in fuel cells.
De-Orbit Device for SmallSatsTBMG-3570212/1/2019
To decrease de-orbit time and allow for higher-altitude orbits of small satellites, researchers at NASA and the University of Florida have developed a retractable drag device capable of modulating drag area while providing 3-axis stabilization. The device increases area without increasing mass, increasing the ability to control rotation and attitude in 12U, 15-kg CubeSats and other small satellites.
Docking System Enables Safe Rendezvous in SpaceTBMG-3561412/1/2019
Even though it has been done many times before, the docking maneuver between two objects in space is always a delicate and potentially dangerous procedure. The speed is extremely high (about 28,000 km/h in the case of the International Space Station, or ISS), and corrections are difficult. When the two objects are about to meet, maneuvering thrusters can no longer be used since their exhaust plumes can cause damage. To prevent harm, cargo transporters are caught by a robotic arm installed in the ISS and berthed manually. Manned spacecraft, on the other hand, dock directly in a computer-controlled process.
How Augmented Reality Can Modernize Aerospace And Defense ManufacturingTBMG-3568512/1/2019
You've probably heard about augmented reality (AR) in the context of consumer entertainment: video gaming, virtual tours, or interactive displays. But AR for enterprise business is here. It's no longer an emerging technology, or a novelty; businesses are using AR to overhaul processes, drive efficiencies, reduce manufacturing errors, and improve their bottom line.
A Vision-Based Lunar Navigator for Next-Generation LandersTBMG-3547111/1/2019
In July of 2015, NASA published NASA Technology Roadmaps — TA9: Entry, Descent, and Landing Systems (EDL). In it, they laid out their EDL goals for the coming years: To develop new and innovative technology, not just for the moon, but also for future exploration throughout our solar system. Toward achieving these goals, NASA awarded a contract to the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, or Draper for short, to develop and test their multi-environment navigator (DMEN), which uses vision-based navigation techniques, as a means to guide small craft to land on the moon.
Structure Deformation Calculation Program for Structural Shape MonitoringTBMG-3528910/1/2019
Researchers at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center are pioneering shape-sensing technologies that seek to maximize structural integrity and efficiency. A new and versatile computer program offers critical shape-monitoring capabilities and has applications for a wide variety of structures.
Software Applications for the Control and Management of the Amine Swingbed ExperimentTBMG-3526510/1/2019
The Swingbed software applications provide for the control, command, fault detection, fault recovery, and telemetry monitoring aspects of the Amine Swingbed experiment. These software components are the Swingbed Loader Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI), the Swingbed Control Module, and the Swingbed Ground Controller applications. As a whole, the Amine Swingbed experiment provides a means for investigating the removal of carbon dioxide from the International Space Station (ISS) crews’ breathing environment via a system of a vacuum-regenerated amine pressure swing absorption reaction beds. Its development and deployment aboard the ISS as an Express Rack pay-load serves to advance the use of the amine-based pressure swing absorption technology towards a level of technology readiness suitable for use in future space transportation systems, where the use of consumables for the removal of carbon dioxide from the breathable environment is not desirable.
Deep-Space Food Science Research Improves 3D PrintingTBMG-3528210/1/2019
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Air Caster TechnologyTBMG-351069/1/2019
If there is a prime example of the need for friction-free, precise and delicate equipment movement in the aerospace and defense industries, satellite positioning during the testing cycle should be at the top of the list. Whether in a clean room or another environment, there is no margin for error when it's time to move the “bird” even a short distance. Anything short of a smooth relocation means unacceptable property loss and project delays if this most intricate piece of aerospace equipment is damaged. Disassembly is hardly an option.
NASA Eyes GPS at the Moon for Artemis MissionsTBMG-351119/1/2019
The Global Positioning System (GPS), a satellite-based navigation system used by an estimated four billion people worldwide to figure out where they are on Earth at any moment, could be used to pilot in and around lunar orbit during future Artemis missions to the Moon.
Origami-Inspired Material Softens Impact ForcesTBMG-351279/1/2019
Landing is stressful on a rocket’s legs because they must handle the force from the impact with the landing pad. One way to combat this is to build legs out of materials that absorb some of the force and soften the blow. Inspired by the paper-folding art of origami, researchers created a paper model of a metamaterial that uses “folding creases” to soften impact forces and instead promote forces that relax stresses in the chain.
Self-Configurable Radio Receiver System and MethodTBMG-351359/1/2019
A self-configurable radio receiver system was developed for relaying communication signals from multiple deep space assets. Most conventional radio receivers are hardwired to receive a specific type of signal and are incapable of receiving other types of signals without preconfiguration according to a predetermined schedule. The new radio receiver can recognize multiple signal types and autonomously reconfigure itself to decode the particular type of signal that is received.
Laser-Pointing System Transmits Data from Tiny SatellitesTBMG-351549/1/2019
Since 1998, almost 2,000 shoebox-sized satellites known as CubeSats have been launched into space. Due to their small frame and the fact that they can be made from off-the-shelf parts, CubeSats are significantly more affordable to build and launch than traditional satellites that cost hundreds of millions of dollars.
NASA Eyes GPS at the Moon for Artemis Missions19AERP09_069/1/2019
The Global Positioning System (GPS), a satellite-based navigation system used by an estimated four billion people worldwide to figure out where they are on Earth at any moment, could be used to pilot in and around lunar orbit during future Artemis missions to the Moon. NASA is developing a special receiver that would be able to pick up location signals provided by the 24 to 32 operational GPS satellites. GPS is operated by the U.S. military about 12,550 miles above Earth's surface and is open to anyone with a GPS receiver. These same GPS signals provide location data used in vehicle navigation systems, interactive maps, and tracking devices of all types, among many other applications.
Image-Analysis Software Sees Cancer in 3DTBMG-349288/1/2019
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Inductive Power Transfer for Spaceflight SystemsTBMG-349138/1/2019
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed technology that uses inductive power transfer (IPT) for wireless power interfaces between spaceflight elements (such as the payload, vehicle, and pad). Current spaceflight systems require traditional hardwire connections for power interfaces. This introduces risk of failure due to such factors as bent pins and contact contamination, as well as other disadvantages.
Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Apollo 11: Getting There, To a New Era of Space ExplorationTBMG-347457/1/2019
For the first time in a generation, NASA is building a human spacecraft for deep-space missions that will usher in a new era of space exploration. A series of increasingly challenging missions awaits, and this new spacecraft will take astronauts farther than they’ve gone before, including to the Moon and Mars.
Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Apollo 11: An Astronaut's ViewTBMG-347477/1/2019
Before becoming an astronaut candidate in 1996, Mike Massimino was busy earning degrees — an undergraduate degree from Columbia University and four additional degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including a doctorate in mechanical engineering.
Products of Tomorrow: July 2019TBMG-347577/1/2019
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Machining Capabilities Enhance Space-Related ProgramsTBMG-347367/1/2019
Insaco Quakertown, PA
Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Apollo 11: Back to the MoonTBMG-347627/1/2019
The Moon is a treasure chest of science. The lunar samples returned during the Apollo program dramatically changed our view of the solar system, yet they just scratch the surface of what we know about the Moon — knowledge that can be acquired with a sustained human and robotic presence on the Moon. Although Americans first walked on its surface 50 years ago, footprints were left at only six sites during a total of 16 days on the surface. The next wave of lunar exploration will be fundamentally different.
Apollo 11 History Archive Helps Virtual Reality Program Come to LifeTBMG-347417/1/2019
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
NASA’s John F. Kennedy Space CenterTBMG-347437/1/2019
On September 1, 1961, NASA requested appropriations for initial land purchases on Merritt Island on Florida’s east coast to support the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. Designers quickly began developing plans for Launch Complex 39 facilities, which include the Launch Control Center, Pads A & B, and the huge hangar now known as the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB).
Humidity Measurement Devices for Mars Are Ready for Final TestingTBMG-347447/1/2019
Vaisala Corp. Helsinki, Finland
Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Apollo 11: The Next Giant LeapTBMG-347497/1/2019
On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy announced before a special joint session of Congress the dramatic and ambitious goal of sending an American safely to the Moon before the end of the decade. Kennedy felt great pressure to have the United States “catch up to and overtake” the Soviet Union in the space race.
Generating Electrical Power from Waste HeatTBMG-346116/1/2019
Directly converting electrical power to heat is easy; however, converting heat into electrical power is not as easy. To address this issue, a tiny silicon-based device was developed that can harness what was previously called waste heat and turn it into DC power. The device could be used as a compact infrared power supply that could replace radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) that are used for such tasks as powering sensors for space missions that don’t get enough direct sunlight to power solar panels. The device is made of common and abundant materials such as aluminum, silicon, and silicon dioxide — or glass — combined in uncommon ways.
Miniature Bearings Play a Major Role in Mars 2020 MissionTBMG-343925/1/2019
Timken North Canton, OH
NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterTBMG-343945/1/2019
Founded on July 1, 1960, Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL is one of NASA’s largest field centers. Marshall engineers designed, built, tested, and helped launch the Saturn V rocket that carried Apollo astronauts to the Moon. Marshall developed new rocket engines and tanks for the fleet of space shuttles, built sections of the International Space Station (ISS), and now manages all the science work of the astronauts aboard the ISS from a 24/7 Payload Operations Integration Center. Marshall also manages NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans — the agency’s premier site for the manufacture and assembly of large-scale space structures and systems.
Aircraft Nosewheel Steering/Centering SystemsAIR1752A (Current)4/17/2019
The intent of this AIR is twofold: (1) to present descriptive summary of aircraft nosewheel steering and centering systems, and (2) to provide a discussion of problems encountered and “lessons learned” by various airplane manufacturers and users. This document covers both military aircraft (land-based and ship-based) and commercial aircraft. It is intended that the document be continually updated as new aircraft and/or new “lessons learned” become available.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee NEW Name Goes Her
Powering back to the FUTURE19AUTP04_044/1/2019
Rotaries, gas turbines, hybrids-even nukes! Propulsion tech from the past, present, and beyond the horizon is revealed at the SAE Mobility History display at WCX'19. Credit Leonardo DaVinci for creating what many historians believe was the first depiction of a self-powered vehicle. It was powered by springs. And in the centuries since then, engineers have found increasingly complex and interesting solutions for vehicle propulsion. Steam came first. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's 1769 steam tractor is generally believed to be the first self-propelled road vehicle. By the 1830s, steam carriages carried passengers on roadways in Britain. During this period another technology was emerging: in the 1830s, American blacksmith Thomas Davenport's experiments with electricity and electromagnetism led him to patent an electric motor. When battery technology finally caught up with this vision in the 1880s, the recipe for the first electric cars was born.
Brooke, Lindsay, Anden, Erika
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