Browse Topic: Satellites

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Army Completes Satellite as a Managed Service Research ProjectTBMG-5213312/01/2024
Intelsat McLean, VA melissa.longo@intelsat.com
Safe, Inexpensive Method to Propel Small SatellitesTBMG-5219512/01/2024
The first CubeSat was launched in 1999; since then, more than 1,000 have been launched. The small size and relatively low cost have made CubeSats popular choices for commercial launches in recent years. The rapid development and application of nanosatellite technology has vastly accelerated mission complexity — sparking interest in robust, low-power, and high-specific-impulse micropropulsion systems.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Michigan: The New Epicenter of Aerospace1338002/09/2023
As the birthplace of the automotive industry and the home of several aviation firsts, Michigan offers unique advantages to the rapidly expanding space economy. To make the most of this opportunity, the Michigan Aerospace Manufacturers Association (MAMA) has convened three public-private partnerships: the Michigan Launch Initiative, Space-Enabled Communications for Advanced Mobility, and the Mid-America Hypersonic Suborbital Test Range. These programs provide a collaborative platform for public-private partners to support satellite launch capabilities, test commercial and national security applications, and expand 5G connectivity, among other opportunities. We sat down with Gavin P. Brown, Executive Director, MAMA, to discuss these exciting initiatives and learn how the organization is positioning Michigan as a leader in all phases of aerospace manufacturing -- from tool and die all the way through final assembly --by leaning on the state's rich automotive and aviation history.
Hineman, Marcie
Reliable Power for Long-Term Lunar Surface OperationsTBMG-4698111/07/2022
NASA Goddard Space Communications Workshop PreviewTBMG-4641108/18/2022
Since the first satellite launched over six decades ago, spacecraft have relied on radio waves to communicate with Earth. But radio has its limitations. With more and more satellites now in space and entry of commercial players as well as the growing demand for space services, the field of space communications is primed for disruption.
Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations 2022-26-119105/26/2022
Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate
Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar
Next-gen swarm CubeSats’ synchronization and re-programmability2022-26-116105/26/2022
The increasing need for interstellar data has increased the deployment of satellites in space, thereby increasing the space debris, also resulting in unnecessary costs. CubeSats have been gaining scads of attention worldwide for their affordability and ease of construction by the educational community. To further enhance this it is imperative for a simple and reliable communication technique and its ability to work on robust missions by enabling CubeSats in intelligent ways. The paper proposes a technology that can reduce the costs by deploying CubeSats and improving their lifetime and number of missions using TinyML and reprogrammability capabilities. Swarms of CubeSat deployed for extraterrestrial missions can be synchronized, without having any ground support with the help of onboard ML algorithms. CubeSats, being cost-effective and resource-efficient, its life-expendability can come as an added advantage. Hence, the paper also proposes the use of TinyML for power optimization and
Giridharan, Nithyaashree, PRANAV, PV
Design of a thermal energy storage panel for reducing the temperature fluctuations in a CubeSat or a NanoSat using a passive thermal cooling system.2022-26-117205/26/2022
The application of CubeSat or a NanoSat for low-orbit data collection has expanded because of their economical cost for development and lightweight structures. Thermal analysis is one of the vital components during the design and configuration procedure of CubeSat or a NanoSat as the thermal loads in orbit can undoubtedly harm the functions of components in the system and therefore the whole framework can be affected. When the satellite travels from the dark side of the planet to the one facing the sun there is a major change in fluctuations of temperature. Due to heat absorption, transfer and emission on one side, the satellite surface presents an asymmetric temperature distribution and causes a change in momentum which can manifest in spinning and non-spinning satellites in different manners which can cause orbital decays in satellites. The purpose of a thermal management system is to maintain the temperatures within each system to their operating range and to minimize the
Mishra, Prem Sangam, Mankar, Suyash, Subudhi, Sudhakar
SPACE DEBRIS - NEW ENGINEERING AND BUSINESS FRONTIERS2022-26-113905/26/2022
Due to the magnitude of launches in recent times, there is a significant rise in space debris. This perpetual forecasted increase has provided the engineers and business forerunners an opportunity to introduce new markets in the removal and resale of Space Debris as an economic good. The paper shall propose two aspects of the conduction of Space Debris trade: Engineering and Business. The recovery of the debris consists of a Parasitic Satellite with ion-thrusters and onboard compact flight computers, which clings onto massive space debris and forces them for re-entry into the atmosphere, at a trajectory that is safe and traffic-free. These parasitic satellites can be manufactured in three size variations depending upon the target space debris, to maintain weight constraints for the rocket carrier. They are deployed at the target orbits by a carrier. While the large metallic debris is removed by the satellites using electromagnets, the smaller debris is captured by a Wolverine material
Giridharan, Nithyaashree
CES 2021: Deere demos tractor, high-precision planter via virtual reality21TOFHP02_0902/01/2021
Digital technology is rapidly transforming off-highway equipment, giving users more functionality and higher precision than is possible with human operators. John Deere highlighted its advanced electronic skills during the virtual CES 2021 conference in January by giving remote booth attendees virtual reality (VR) headsets that demonstrated its technical prowess. Deere highlighted its ExactEmerge planter technology and its 8RX track-type tractor during the virtual trade show. The two can be paired to boost yields, letting operators plant seeds with high precision even while running at 10 mph (16 km/h), double the rate possible with earlier generations.
Costlow, Terry
CAM SoftwareTBMG-3761509/01/2020
OPEN MIND Technologies USA, Inc. Needham, MA 888-516-1232
Occulter for CubeSat CoronagraphTBMG-3763209/01/2020
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed SpOC Cube, a complete coronagraph that fits into a 6U CubeSat. SpoC Cube is designed to minimize noise from the coronagraph that can interfere with data collection and analysis. One way to avoid this light contamination is to place the occulter as far away from the instrument as possible. SpoC Cube’s occulter is a full seven feet away, nearly twice as far as in the STEREO spacecraft that collects similar data. Additional noise reduction is achieved by using a spherical-shaped occulter rather than a flat disk (think nature’s most effective occulter, the Moon).
Radiation-Tolerant FPGAs Solve Spacecraft Design ChallengesTBMG-3761609/01/2020
Satellite and spacecraft system designers have a few different options when selecting field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) semiconductors. One FPGA option is commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components that reduce component unit cost and lead time, but they are generally not reliable enough, must be up-screened (which increases cost and engineering resources), and require soft and hard Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) to mitigate radiation effects in space.
Quantifying Autonomous Soaring on a Surveillance and Communications Relay MissionTBMG-3710306/01/2020
Missions for small unmanned aircraft (Group 1 and Group 2) include over-the-hill surveillance and providing airborne communications relay points. Greater endurance is almost universally desired by operators to increase the time spent on-station performing the mission and reduce the number and frequency of takeoffs and landings.
Radiation-Hardened Gain DigitizerTBMG-3683205/01/2020
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a digitizer that can process a wide range of low-level signals in the presence of ionizing radiation. This novel digitizer overcomes the disadvantages of current technology including limited gain of the frontend amplifier circuits to fixed values, and amplifier saturation from the use of bandpass filtering rather than autozero.
Autonomic and Apoptotic Highly Distributed SystemTBMG-3683905/01/2020
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has developed software that mimics the biological mechanisms of autonomic systems and apoptotic systems (the process that shuts down cells when they no longer serve a purpose). The software provides self-management and security for a distributed system such as a satellite swarm in which craft communicate and collaborate. Originally developed for space missions, this capability has now been extended for use in terrestrial applications involving cloud and grid-based systems and other applications requiring highly distributed operation.
Multifunctional Structure Stabilizes and Rotates SatellitesTBMG-3636204/01/2020
Many satellites are in space to take photos. But a vibrating satellite, like a camera in shaky hands, can’t get a sharp image. Pointing it at a precise location to take a photo or perform another task is an important function that requires accuracy. Researchers have developed a way to cancel out the vibrations of a satellite by vibrating the solar panels in the opposite direction — called active noise cancellation.
Celebrating Women in Engineering & Science: Jasmin Moghbeli, NASA AstronautTBMG-3616603/01/2020
Jasmin Moghbeli’s astronaut class graduated in January 2020 — the first class to graduate since the agency announced the Artemis program. She holds a BS degree in aerospace engineering with information technology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a MS in engineering science in aerospace engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. Moghbeli was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps in 2005 upon completion of her undergraduate degree. An AH-1W Super Cobra helicopter pilot and Marine Corps test pilot, Moghbeli served in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010. At the time of her selection as an astronaut candidate, Moghbeli was testing H-1 helicopters. She has accumulated more than 150 combat missions and 2,000 hours of flight time in more than 25 different aircraft. She is eligible for assignment to missions destined for the International Space Station, the Moon, and ultimately, Mars.
Facility Focus: NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterTBMG-3596902/01/2020
Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard is considered the father of modern rocket propulsion. A physicist, Goddard also had a unique genius for invention. It is in his honor that NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, was established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight complex.
3D Printing of Plastics with Electrical CircuitsTBMG-3597302/01/2020
Engineers have embedded high-performance electrical circuits inside 3D-printed plastics, which could lead to smaller and versatile drones and better-performing small satellites, biomedical implants, and smart structures.
A New Network Design for the “Internet from Space”20AERP02_0602/01/2020
Satellites do not yet play a major role in the world's Internet infrastructure; however, this may soon change. Within the next decade, a new generation of satellites could lay the foundations for an “Internet from space,” according to Ankit Singla, a professor at ETH Zurich's Network Design & Architecture Lab. His team is investigating how to improve the performance of large-scale computer networks including the Internet. Exploiting advances in cost-cutting technologies in the space sector, the new satellite systems would use thousands of satellites instead of the tens of satellites used in past systems. These satellites could then be linked to each other via laser light to form a network. The coverage provided by these satellites would reach remote regions that currently have no or very limited access to the Internet, since they are not connected or are only poorly connected to the intercontinental fiber optic cables that power today's Internet.
A New Network Design for the “Internet from Space”TBMG-3606602/01/2020
Satellites do not yet play a major role in the world’s Internet infrastructure; however, this may soon change. Within the next decade, a new generation of satellites could lay the foundations for an “Internet from space,” according to Ankit Singla, a professor at ETH Zurich’s Network Design & Architecture Lab. His team is investigating how to improve the performance of large-scale computer networks including the Internet.
Insect-Inspired Motion SensingTBMG-3599302/01/2020
Researchers have taken inspiration from flying insects to demonstrate a miniaturized gyroscope, a special sensor used in navigation technologies. Gyroscopes sense rotational motions to provide directional guidance without relying on satellites, so they are immune to signal jamming and other cyber threats, making them ideal for aircraft and submarines.
CubeSat Form Factor Thermal Control LouversTBMG-3582601/01/2020
Thermal control of small spacecraft, including CubeSats, is a challenge for the next era of NASA spaceflight. Science objectives and components will still require strict thermal control while smaller volumes will inherently absorb and shed heat more quickly than a larger body. Thus, game-changing technologies must be developed to stabilize the thermal environment inside of small spacecraft.
De-Orbit Device for SmallSatsTBMG-3570212/01/2019
To decrease de-orbit time and allow for higher-altitude orbits of small satellites, researchers at NASA and the University of Florida have developed a retractable drag device capable of modulating drag area while providing 3-axis stabilization. The device increases area without increasing mass, increasing the ability to control rotation and attitude in 12U, 15-kg CubeSats and other small satellites.
Docking System Enables Safe Rendezvous in SpaceTBMG-3561412/01/2019
Even though it has been done many times before, the docking maneuver between two objects in space is always a delicate and potentially dangerous procedure. The speed is extremely high (about 28,000 km/h in the case of the International Space Station, or ISS), and corrections are difficult. When the two objects are about to meet, maneuvering thrusters can no longer be used since their exhaust plumes can cause damage. To prevent harm, cargo transporters are caught by a robotic arm installed in the ISS and berthed manually. Manned spacecraft, on the other hand, dock directly in a computer-controlled process.
Precise Temperature Measurements with Invisible LightTBMG-3513909/01/2019
A portable, stable, standards-quality radiation thermometer was invented that can measure temperatures between -50 °C (-58 °F) to 150 °C (302 °F). The corresponding infrared wavelengths are from 8 to 14 micrometers.
ZF's Tech Portfolio is Ready for Level 4 Autonomy19AVEP09_1109/01/2019
Well aware of the relentless hype that comes with automated driving development, ZF's autonomy boss knows cost will be crucial-and customer persuasion required. “We are constantly asking this question: Who is the customer likely to buy an SAE Level 4 autonomous vehicle in the consumer passenger market?” This is one of the key queries that drives the thinking of Torsten Gollewski, head of autonomous mobility systems at ZF. The global Tier 1 is playing a crucial role in enabling the next generation of mobility. A technology pragmatist, Gollewski is well aware of the hype that surrounds autonomous vehicles (AVs). There's a commonly held belief outside the industry that all vehicles will soon be automated and electric.
Birch, Stuart
Laser-Pointing System Transmits Data from Tiny SatellitesTBMG-3515409/01/2019
Since 1998, almost 2,000 shoebox-sized satellites known as CubeSats have been launched into space. Due to their small frame and the fact that they can be made from off-the-shelf parts, CubeSats are significantly more affordable to build and launch than traditional satellites that cost hundreds of millions of dollars.
Graphene Field Effect Transistors for Radiation Detection (GFET-RS)TBMG-3514809/01/2019
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center developed novel transistor technology based on a single graphene layer coupled to a radiation absorber substrate. Unlike conventional charge-sensing detectors, the GFET-RS utilizes the sensitive dependence of graphene conductance on local change of the electric field, which can be induced by interaction of radiation with the underlying absorber substrate.
NASA Eyes GPS at the Moon for Artemis Missions19AERP09_0609/01/2019
The Global Positioning System (GPS), a satellite-based navigation system used by an estimated four billion people worldwide to figure out where they are on Earth at any moment, could be used to pilot in and around lunar orbit during future Artemis missions to the Moon. NASA is developing a special receiver that would be able to pick up location signals provided by the 24 to 32 operational GPS satellites. GPS is operated by the U.S. military about 12,550 miles above Earth's surface and is open to anyone with a GPS receiver. These same GPS signals provide location data used in vehicle navigation systems, interactive maps, and tracking devices of all types, among many other applications.
Signal Combiner for Wideband CommunicationTBMG-3416804/01/2019
NASA’s Glenn Research Center has devised an efficient new method of combining primary and secondary signals with minimal loss and noise. With its ability to reduce system noise, this novel signal combiner delivers the best opportunity to receive a desired signal not easily distinguished from background noise.
Self-Stabilizing, Distributed, Symmetric, Fault-Tolerant SynchronizationTBMG-3392303/01/2019
Distributed systems have become an integral part of safety-critical computing applications, necessitating system designs that incorporate complex fault-tolerant resource management functions to provide globally coordinated operations with ultra-reliability. As a result, robust clock synchronization has become a required fundamental component of fault-tolerant, safety-critical distributed systems. Since physical oscillators are inherently imperfect, local clocks of nodes of a distributed system, driven by these oscillators, do not keep perfect time and can drift with respect to real time and one another. Thus, the local clocks of the nodes must periodically be re-synchronized. As a result, a fault-tolerant system needs a clock synchronization algorithm that tolerates imprecise local clocks and faulty behavior by some processes.
Flexible, Spinning Heat Shield for SpacecraftTBMG-3391203/01/2019
Heat shields are essentially used as the brakes to stop spacecraft from burning up and crashing on entry and reentry into a planet's atmosphere. Current spacecraft heat shield methods include huge inflatables and mechanically deployed structures that are often heavy and complicated to use.
Effects of Reynolds and Mach Numbers in Large Eddy Simulation of Supersonic Round JetsTBMG-3393703/01/2019
Rockets/landers arrive on the Moon with supersonic speed and impact lunar regolith. There is no reliable software to computationally simulate in an effective way the supersonic plumes escaping from these rockets/devices. A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model and hybrid WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory) scheme numerical method were developed to address this problem.
Steering-Mirror-Assisted Laser Fine PointingTBMG-3369702/01/2019
Pointing precision is a critical element of instrumentation for optical communications and ranging in space, affecting laser design, link power budgets, and SWaP. While star trackers possess pointing knowledge that is sub-microradian, conventional pointing accuracy is limited by reaction-wheel-based altitude control systems at ~50 microradians.
SHEAth-based Rollable LEnticular-Shaped and Low-Stiction (SHEARLESS) Composite BoomsTBMG-3339112/01/2018
NASA's Langley Research Center has developed the SHEARLESS composite boom with a final cross-section shape that is lenticular and is flexible enough to allow elastic flattening and subsequent coiling around a cylindrical reel/drum. The torsional stiffness of the structure is also greatly increased and becomes two orders of magnitude larger than that of the individual tape-spring components alone.
Tech Briefs: October 201818AERP1010/01/2018
Detecting Drones with Doppler-Based Radar Digital Transformation for a Connected Enterprise Using Electromagnetic Brakes to Keep Thrust Reversers in Place Thermostatic Solutions for Temperature Control Applications Bringing RF into the Embedded World: It's Time Compact Power Amplifier Solution for Electronic Warfare Burner Rig Testing of A500® C/SiC Test method simulates, in a laboratory environment, the service conditions ceramic-matrix composite material would experience in turbine engine exhaust applications. Space Debris Orbit and Attitude Prediction for Enhanced and Efficient Space Situational Awareness Developing accurate models to predict the behavior of manmade debris in space could be the key to preventing collisions with satellites. Maintaining Enterprise Resiliency Via Kaleidoscopic Adaption and Transformation of Software Services (MEERKATS) Implementing new technologies to create a more resilient, secure cloud computing environment. Fundamental Aspects of Single Molecule
Space Debris Orbit and Attitude Prediction for Enhanced and Efficient Space Situational AwarenessTBMG-3302510/01/2018
This research deals with the problem of modelling the orbit and attitude motion of uncontrolled manmade objects in orbit about the Earth, which tumble due to the natural influences of the near-Earth space environment. A mathematical, physics-based and computational approach is taken to model the forces and torques that drive the orbit and attitude evolution of such objects. The main influence modelled is solar radiation pressure (SRP), which is the interaction of solar electromagnetic radiation with the surface of an object, leading to both forces and torques that influence the orbital and attitude motion. Other influences, such as the gravitational field of the Earth, are also modelled.
NASA at 60: 1958-2018 Decades of DiscoveryTBMG-3309910/01/2018
For six decades, NASA has led the peaceful exploration of space, making discoveries about our planet, our solar system, and our universe. At home, NASA research has made great advances in aviation, helped to develop a commercial space industry, enrich our economy, create jobs, and strengthen national security. Here is just some of what NASA has achieved in its first 60 years.
Piezoelectric Thrust Vector Control for Hall Effect ThrusterTBMG-3284909/01/2018
The design of the CubeSat required precision pointing of the thrust vector through the spacecraft center of gravity to minimize fuel usage for attitude correction. Because the center of gravity shifts over the course of the mission, a means of adjusting the thrust vector was needed. Existing space-qualified actuators were either too large, lacked the precision required for pointing, or could not handle the high temperature of the thruster.
Location Awareness Algorithm for Internet of Things DevicesTBMG-3251908/01/2018
Positioning of wireless devices is centralized, depending on “anchors” with known locations such as cell towers or GPS satellites to communicate directly with each device. As the number of devices increases, anchors must be installed at higher density. Centralized positioning can become unwieldy as the number of items to track grows significantly.
3D Printed Spacecraft PartsTBMG-3273008/01/2018
Stratasys Ltd. Eden Prairie, MN 952-937-3000
Affordable Vehicle Avionics (AVA)TBMG-2903806/01/2018
NASA Ames Research Center has developed a novel, low-cost, self-contained guidance system for small payload operators. Small satellites are becoming ever more capable of performing valuable missions for both government and commercial customers; however, currently these satellites can only be launched affordably as secondary payloads, which makes it difficult for the small satellite mission to launch when needed, to the desired orbit, and with acceptable risk.
Novel Radiation Shielding Material for Dramatically Extending the Orbit Life of CubeSatsTBMG-2886605/01/2018
NASA Langley Research Center has developed an innovative radiation shield made by layering metal materials in the Z-shielding method. It is a new, low-cost, and easy-to-implement method to protect CubeSat electronic circuits from ionizing radiation found in low Earth orbits. It is estimated that this approach can extend the life of CubeSat electronics by an order of magnitude.
Method and Associated Apparatus for Capturing, Servicing, and De-Orbiting Earth Satellites Using RoboticsTBMG-2872704/01/2018
Engineers at Goddard Space Flight Center have overcome limitations plaguing the satellite sector since its inception through the development of a robotic system allowing for the autonomous capture and servicing of in-orbit satellites. By enabling spacecraft to identify, pursue, and attach to a target satellite, this innovation will make possible satellite inspection, repairing, refueling, and upgrading. The major benefits provided by this technology will be of great interest to the commercial satellite sector.
Gimbal for Steering Propelled CubeSatsTBMG-2856103/01/2018
NASA is preparing for the next generation of CubeSats that are propelled and will make directional maneuvers. The new gimbal mount provides a seat for the motor, and controls the position of the thrusters that propel the CubeSat as it moves about and/or changes orbits.
EOS MLS Level 2 Data Processing Software, Version 4TBMG-2831102/01/2018
This software reads MLS Level 1 products — the Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) calibrated measurements of microwave radiance products and operational meteorological data — and produces a set of estimates of atmospheric temperature and composition. The software features are driven by the instrument and its unique capabilities to measure the atmospheric temperatures and composition at the Earth's limb. By careful and judicious choice of signal bands, and by dividing the computing into chunks and phases, scientifically useful products can be produced with wide spatial and temporal coverage. The software includes a highly developed forward model algorithm and an inverse model that makes efficient use of memory.
Rockets re-engineered-a step further into the cosmos17MEIP12_0112/01/2017
The 20th-Century nuclear arms race led to pioneering efforts in space technology, primarily driven by nations' desire to surpass one another for supremacy in spaceflight capability. Despite the largely deplorable motivations that drove the so-called “space race,” it resulted in a massive surge in aerospace engineering efforts that eventually led to the development of artificial satellites orbiting the earth, space probes that have explored the moon and other planets and the most challenging accomplishment: human spaceflight. After the first human spaceflight in 1961 by Yuri Gagarin of the USSR, and later the U.S.'s Alan Shepard, respectively the first-ever “cosmonaut” and “astronaut,” engineering efforts were dedicated mainly towards landing a man on the moon.
Aerospace & Defense Technology: September 201717AERP0909/01/2017
On-Orbit Satellite Refueling Flow Measurement The Path from Concept to Operational Status Radiation Tolerant "Smart Backplanes" for Spacecraft Avionics Using Heat Pipes to Cool Embedded Computers Electronically Dimmable Aircraft Windows How do you block the light of the sun? Eliminating Electrical Arcing in Satellite Systems NASA Miniaturizes Century-Old Radio Sounder Technology Developing an Airborne Optical Systems Testbed (AOSTB) New Class of Excimer-Pumped Atomic Lasers (XPALS) Research demonstrates the viability of an atomic laser having a quantum efficiency greater than one. Hydrodynamic Drag Force Measurement of a Functionalized Surface Exhibiting Superhydrophobic Properties Comparing the skin friction drag effects of a superhydrophobic flat plate to an untreated flat plate of the same material and geometry. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) Suppression and Long Delivery Fibers at the Multikilowatt Level with Chirped Seed Lasers Using chirped seed amplification with a MEMS
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