Browse Topic: Recreational vehicles and equipment

Items (238)
Analysis of Whole Body Vibration of a Two-Wheeler Rider2019-01-04064/2/2019
Two-wheel motorcycles are preferred in many countries as they have some merits such as cheaper, easy to handle and give higher fuel economy compared to three and four-wheel vehicles. Majority of the population in India falls under low and middle-income groups. Two-wheelers cater to the needs of low and middle-income users, and fill the gaps when public transport systems are inefficient or not available. Most of the people in India use motorcycles for transportation. However, due to different road conditions, motorcycle rider experiences different health effects within a few years of their vehicle travel. This paper investigates the effect of vibration on a man commuter’s health. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a male rider’s body was considered, and a numerical analysis was carried out to assess the effect of vibration acting on the commuter during a two-wheeler ride under various road conditions for a chosen suspension system and presented in this paper. Road conditions were chosen based on the different surface roughness values. The most affected rider’s body part due to the vibration of the two-wheeler was determined from the results. The results presented in this paper can be useful in understanding the vibrations induced in the human body while riding a two-wheeler at a particular velocity on a specific road surface.
Eluri, Kashish VedaReddy, Vadde LokeshSivalingam, MuruganPS, Balaji
Exhaust Energy Recovery with Variable Geometry Turbine to Reduce Fuel Consumption for Microcars2018-01-18259/10/2018
The objective proposed by EU to reduce by about 4%/year CO2 emission of internal combustion engines for the next years up to 2030, requires to increase the engine efficiency and accordingly improving the technology. In this framework, hybrid powertrains can have the possibility of a deep market penetration since they may recover energy during brake, allow the engine to operate in better efficiency conditions and with less transients, Moreover, they can recover a large amount of energy lost through the exhaust and use it to reduce fuel consumption. This paper concerns the modification of a conventional two in-line cylinders Diesel engine (440 cm3) adding a variable geometry turbine (VGT) coupled with a generator. The turbine is used to recover exhaust gas energy that otherwise would be lost. The generator, connected to the turbo shaft, converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and is used to charge the vehicle battery or the auxiliaries. The aim of this work is reducing fuel consumption by replacing the alternator with a kind of electric turbo-compounding system to drive vehicle auxiliaries. If the selected turbine recovers enough energy to power auxiliaries, the alternator, which usually has low efficiency, can be removed. Along these lines, fuel consumption savings can be achieved. At a later stage, a microcar has been tested on WLTC (Class 1) driving cycle. The results show fuel consumption reduction of 6 to 9%, depending on VGT size. Indeed, four different VGT sizes have been analyzed to choose the optimal configuration that reflects a compromise between energy recovery and fuel consumption reductions.
Ortenzi, FernandoGenovese, AntoninoCarrazza, MartinaRispoli, FrancoVenturini, Paolo
Commercial Truck and Bus SAE Recommended Procedure for Vehicle Performance Prediction and ChartingJ2188_201807 (Current)7/25/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice takes into account modern standardized methods for collecting and summarizing data that has an effect on vehicle steady-state performance, such as engine output (gross and net), transmission losses, drivetrain efficiency, vehicle aerodynamic devices for various vehicle and body configurations, as well as road surface variations and air density variations resulting from altitude and barometric effects. The procedure does not address vehicle transient performance (acceleration, braking, and cornering), because of the considerable amount of additional data required such as moment of inertia of all the rotating parts. Nor does it address vehicles with torque converters and automatic transmissions. This document is, therefore, intended for vehicles having fixed-ratio type transmissions and positive engagement clutches. Metric and ISO unit conversions are provided in the metric conversion tables at the end of this procedure (see Appendix B). Some modern vehicles with electronic engine controls have the ability to vary the maximum engine revolutions for each gear, as well as permitting the power or rpm to increase if more time is spent in the lower gears, as when climbing a grade. These special cases can be handled by this procedure, just by customizing the data for each transmission ratio and superimposing the long-term data on top of the instantaneous data. All of the equations are written in a form suitable for programming into a mainframe or desk-top computer, using a spreadsheet/database or a higher level language, such as Basic, Fortran, Pascal, C or Unix, etc. However, they are simple enough, to be performed on a hand-held calculator.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Travelling Resistance Estimation and Sandy Road Identification for SUVs2018-01-05784/3/2018
The mechanical properties of sandy road are quite different from those of hard surface road. For vehicle control systems such as EMS (engine management system), TCU (transmission control unit) and ABS (antilock brake system), the strategies and parameters set for solid surface road are not optimal for driving on sandy road. It is an effective way to improve the mobility of all-terrain vehicles by identifying sandy road online and shifting the control strategies and parameters of control systems to sandy sets. In this paper, a sandy road identification algorithm for SUVs is proposed. Firstly, the vehicle signals, such as engine torque and speed, gear position, wheel and vehicle speed, are acquired from EMS, TCU and ESP (electronic stability program) through CAN (controller area network) bus respectively. Based on the information and longitudinal force equilibrium equation, the travelling resistance of vehicle is estimated. The hydraulic torque converter is divided into several parts to calculate the acceleration resistance instead of using the rotational inertia coefficient. Then, the sandy road identification algorithm is proposed mainly based on the travelling resistance. Finally, real vehicle tests are carried out on different road conditions. After cone index penetrometer and soil hygrometer are used to measure the sandy test fields, performances of the travelling resistance estimation method and sandy road identification algorithm are validated. The results show that the identification algorithm designed in the paper can identify the sandy terrain effectively.
Wu, WeixiangZhang, JianZhao, JianZhu, Bing
Speed Tracking Control for All-Terrain Vehicle Considering Road Slope and Saturation Constraint of Actuator2017-01-19539/23/2017
In this paper, a speed tracking controller is designed for the All-terrain vehicles. The method of feedforward with state variable feedback based on conditional integrators is adopted by the proposed control algorithm. The feedforward is designed considering the influence of the road slope on the longitudinal dynamics, which makes the All-terrain vehicles satisfy the acceleration demand of the upper controller when it tracks the desired speed on the road with slope varying greatly. The road slope is estimated based on a combined kinematic and dynamic model. This method solves the problem that road slope estimation requires an accurate vehicle dynamic model and are susceptible to acceleration sensor bias. Based on the vehicle dynamic model and the nonlinear tire model, the method of conditional integration is used in the state variable feedback, which considers the saturation constraint of the actuator with the intention of preventing the divergent integral operation. The control algorithm proposed in this paper can meet the requirements of vehicle speed tracking by controlling the engine driving torque and EHB brake fluid pressure. In the end, the speed tracking control algorithm is verified by the real vehicle tests, which makes the All-terrain vehicles track the desired speed effectively and acquire the desired acceleration. Furthermore, it ensures that the tracking error varies within the range of ±2km/h, meeting the requirements of national vehicle test standards.
Bai, ManfeiXiong, LuFu, ZhiqiangZhang, Renxie
Feasibility and Design Analysis of a Pressure Wave Supercharger Adaption on a 600 cm 3 Spark Ignited Engine2017-01-10373/28/2017
This paper introduces an improved design for pressure wave superchargers used in recreational vehicles (RV) such as motorbikes or snowmobiles equipped with smaller engines. A pressure wave supercharger (PWS), commonly known as Comprex (or Hyprex), is generally used to lower the emissions. Additionally, in comparison to a standard turbocharger (TC) system, a PWS system demonstrates superior torque response behavior. However, a major disadvantage of the Comprex are its high noise emissions and expensive manufacture. For this reason, the goal of this study was to eliminate these shortcomings and to propose a new design for a pressure wave supercharger, which is simple and relatively inexpensive to produce. In this paper, the conceptual design development of this new type of PWS is presented. The methods used were the evaluation of an existing Comprex’s design and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Though the new concept differed substantially in certain areas in comparison to a standard PWS, the working principle of the new design per se remained the same. Due to the fact, the new PWS will be driven using an electric motor, the main advantage is the reduced inertia of the running gear. While the torque response of the entire engine system remains similar to a system using a standard PWS noise emissions, fuel consumption and CO2-emissions are all reduced.
Haidinger, ChristophKriegler, WolfgangMillward-Sadler, AdrianEder, Philipp
Design and Simulated Analysis of Regenerative Suspension System with Hydraulic Cylinder, Motor and Dynamo2017-01-12843/28/2017
With the ever increasing number of vehicles on road and the rise of the electric and automated vehicles, it is important to minimize the consumption of energy by each vehicle, regenerative braking is in wide use today, however, the research in the field of regenerative suspension is limited. The regenerative suspension has huge capabilities in power generation especially on third world roads having rather bumpy rides. A huge amounts of energy is wasted in shock absorbers due to friction. This study emphasizes on the implementation of the energy present in the suspension system by replacing the Shock Absorber with a Energy transfer system Involving Hydraulic cylinder, Hydraulic Motor and Dynamo. The energy which is usually lost as heat due to friction in conventional Suspension is used to drive a dynamo through Hydraulic System designed in this paper and electricity is generated. This approach involves design and simulation of regenerative suspension system with specialized hydraulic device and comparison of the system with regenerative suspension system involving Rack and Pinion. Electricity is generated by the Regenerative System and plot of the electricity generated with the speed of the vehicle is obtained using simulation. A marked Improvement is seen in the energy saved using this system as compared to simple Suspension system.
Ahmad, KhushalAlam, Monis
All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Handling and Control, Analysis of Objective Data2017-01-15573/28/2017
Because the great majority of All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) use a solid rear axle for improved off-road mobility, these vehicles typically transition from understeer to oversteer with increased cornering severity in tests customarily used by automobile manufacturers to measure steady-state vehicle handling properties. An oversteer handling response is contrary to the accepted norm for on-road passenger vehicles and, for this reason, has drawn scrutiny from numerous researchers. In this paper, an evaluation of ATV handling is presented in which 10 participants operated an ATV that was configured to have two different steady-state cornering characteristics. One configuration produced an approximately linear understeer response (labeled US) and the other configuration transitioned from understeer to oversteer (labeled US-OS) with increasing lateral acceleration in constant-radius turn tests conducted on a skid pad. After operating the ATV on a closed dirt track the participants were questioned about the handling qualities of each configuration. Participants found that the ATV with either the US or US-OS steady-state handling characteristic would be satisfactory for their typical use of an ATV; however, participants overwhelmingly preferred the US-OS Configuration. No participant reported that either configuration was unpredictable, although the US-OS configured ATV was rated as more comfortable and received better steering feedback ratings for tight turns compared to the US Configuration. A detailed discussion of the participant responses is provided in [1] while the objective steering and vehicle response data and video collected in the study is the focus of this paper. Consistent with the participant’s feedback, the objective data did not indicate that there was a control issue associated with the ATV configured to have an understeer/oversteer steady-state handling response.
Fowler, Graeme F.Larson, Robert
Establishment of Fuel Economy Estimation Method Focused on Transmission Efficiency of Rubber Belt Type CVT2016-32-003611/8/2016
A simulation tool has been developed that can be used to estimate a fuel economy while driving in a mode test of a motorcycle equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) at an early stage of development. For a precise estimation of a mode fuel economy, it is necessary to accurately estimate the CVT ratio, the engine speed, and the crankshaft torque during driving in a mode. To achieve this, this study has generalized the transmission efficiency of a CVT system. This study has also derived developed balance equations that can take into account the transmission efficiency of CVT and the slippage that occurs when the centrifugal clutch is about to be engaged. In the proposed method, the pulley ratio of CVT, the engine speed, and the torque at the crankshaft were obtained first by solving the developed balance equations at discrete times during driving in a mode. Then, the results were checked against a predefined fuel consumption map, which was based on actual measurements, to obtain the fuel consumption at discrete times. Lastly, the mode fuel economy was calculated through integration over time of the fuel consumption data. Comparison of the calculated result with the actual measurement showed that the difference between the two was within 3.5%. This method has been found useful as it enables accurate estimation of the fuel economy of CVT-equipped motorcycles at an early stage of development.
Shirasuna, TakamoriHatakeyama, RyohSakai, Yukio
Predicting Snowmobile Speed from Visible Locked-Track and Rolldown Marks in Groomed/Packed Snow Conditions2016-01-14774/5/2016
The ability to accurately calculate a snowmobile’s speed based on measured track marks in the snow is important when assessing a snowmobile accident. The characteristics and length of visible snowmobile track marks were documented for 41 locked-track braking tests and 38 rolldown tests using four modern snowmobiles on a groomed/packed snow surface. The documented track mark lengths were used to quantify the uncertainty associated with using track mark length to estimate initial speed. Regression models were developed for both data sets. The regression model of the locked-track tests revealed that using an average deceleration of 0.36g over the length of the locked track mark provides a good estimate of the best-fit line through the data, with the upper and lower 95th percentile prediction interval bounds best represented by using deceleration rates of 0.23g and 0.52g respectively. For the rolldown tests, using an average deceleration of 0.23g over the length of the measured rolldown mark provides a good estimate of the best-fit line through the data, with the upper and lower bounds of the 95th percentile prediction interval best represented by using deceleration rates of 0.13g and 0.40g respectively. For our locked-track braking tests, we also calculated a 0.38 ± 0.19s delay between initial brake application and track lock. The results of this study will allow investigators to quantify the accuracy of their calculated speeds using measured track mark lengths on similar snow conditions.
D'Addario, PamelaIliadis, KenSiegmund, Gunter
Effect of Tie Rod Length Variation on Bump Steer2016-28-02012/1/2016
Steering and suspension system has to be designed properly to achieve improved handling characteristics. Improper design of steering systems will result in steering errors such as bump steer and roll steer. These steering errors results in reduced steering performance. During the design of steering system the tie rod length has to be properly selected to reduce these steering errors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the effects of tie rod length variation on bump steer. Multi body dynamic model of the selected vehicle was created using MSC ADAMS Car software. Ideal design of steering system to achieve zero bump steer was created. The tie rod length was later varied up to 10% to study the effect of varying length on bump steer. Parallel wheel travel analysis was conducted to study the tie rod length variation on bump steer. Acceleration test was conducted on a flat road having bump to analyze the effect of changing tie rod length on steering performance of the vehicle. The test results were obtained for toe, bump steer, steer force and assist angle with 5% and 10% length variations. For 5% variation, steer assist angle was lower with 0.007deg./mm bump steer. For 10% length variation, bump steer exceeded up to 0.03 deg. /mm with greater steer assist. The results with 5% variation indicated lower bump steer as well as lesser steer assist within the acceptable range. With 10% variation, bump steer and steer assist was much higher with increased steering efforts.
Kulkarni, UpendraGowda, Monish M. H.Venna, Hima Kiran
Commercial Truck and Bus SAE Recommended Procedure for Vehicle Performance Prediction and ChartingJ2188_201510 (Historical)10/21/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice takes into account modern standardized methods for collecting and summarizing data that has an effect on vehicle steady-state performance, such as engine output (gross and net), transmission losses, drivetrain efficiency, vehicle aerodynamic devices for various vehicle and body configurations, as well as road surface variations and air density variations resulting from altitude and barometric effects. The procedure does not address vehicle transient performance (acceleration, braking, and cornering), because of the considerable amount of additional data required such as moment of inertia of all the rotating parts. Nor does it address vehicles with torque converters and automatic transmissions. This document is, therefore, intended for vehicles having fixed-ratio type transmissions and positive engagement clutches. Metric and ISO unit conversions are provided in the metric conversion tables at the end of this procedure (see Appendix B). Some modern vehicles with electronic engine controls have the ability to vary the maximum engine revolutions for each gear, as well as permitting the power or rpm to increase if more time is spent in the lower gears, as when climbing a grade. These special cases can be handled by this procedure, just by customizing the data for each transmission ratio and superimposing the long-term data on top of the instantaneous data. All of the equations are written in a form suitable for programming into a mainframe or desk-top computer, using a spreadsheet/database or a higher level language, such as Basic, Fortran, Pascal, C or Unix, etc. However, they are simple enough, to be performed on a hand-held calculator.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Mountain Braking Test Venue Study2014-01-25269/28/2014
Assessment of braking performance that includes brake fade is a critical part of the evaluation of military light tactical vehicles as it is for conventional light cars and trucks. These vehicles are sometimes called upon to operate in severe mountain regions that challenge the braking performance well beyond the environment in which these vehicles are normally operated. The U.S. Army Test Operating Procedure (TOP) 2-2-608 includes a test schedule conducted in the mountainous region near Jennerstown, Pennsylvania. While this test procedure represents a typical mountain environment, it does not represent the most severe mountain descents that can be encountered across the United States. As a preliminary step to developing a representative severe mountain descent braking test, mountain roads throughout the United States were evaluated analytically to identify potential test venues. A literature search was first undertaken to identify test procedures and test sites that were utilized by automobile manufacturers, independent automotive testing companies, U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC), and the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI). Potential mountain road venues documented by R&R Publishing were examined for severity by estimating the brake lining temperatures resulting from the length and grade of the road, and the speed limit by using a fundamental analysis documented by UMTRI. Several candidate mountain roads for evaluation were recommended based upon estimated brake lining temperature and safety considerations. In addition, several automotive standards and Government test procedures were simulated and their brake temperature severity compared. Disclaimer: Reference herein to any specific commercial company, product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the Department of the Army (DoA). The opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the DoA, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
Norman, Kenneth D.Singh, Amandeep
MAPS is a suite of software tools used for pre-flight planning, real-time support, and post-flight analysis of spacecraft attitude and pointing for the International Space Station (ISS), HII Transfer Vehicle (HTV), Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), and other low Earth orbit (LEO) vehicles.
Integration of Lane Keeping Assistance with Steering2013-01-23899/24/2013
A novel speed and position dependent Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) control strategy for heavy vehicles is proposed. This LKA system can be implemented with any torque overlay system capable of accepting external position or torque commands. The proposed algorithm tackles the problem of lane keeping in two ways from a heavy vehicle's perspective. First, it stabilizes the vehicle's lateral position by bringing it to the center of the lane and giving it the correct heading to stay there. This is done using a speed and position dependent control strategy that becomes less aggressive as the vehicle's speed increases and as it gets closer to the center of the lane. Such speed and position dependency is especially critical in heavy vehicles where unnecessary aggressive control can lead to oscillations about the lane's centerline when cruising at high speeds. Furthermore, the proposed controller allows the vehicle to negotiate the road's curvature efficiently while tracking the lane's centerline. This is achieved using a feed-forward strategy based on the angle of attack needed to negotiate a road of a particular curvature at a particular speed. Ultimately, the new LKA system was implemented into a torque overlay system [1, 2], and tested on a heavy vehicle. As a result, significant improvement in lane center tracking was noted, as well as in negotiating road curvature. These capabilities are expected to make driving heavy vehicles such as tractor-trailers and motor homes less strenuous, and have the potential to be the basis for autonomous heavy vehicle applications.
Nhila, AmineWilliams, DanielGupta, Vishi
Commercial Truck and Bus SAE Recommended Procedure for Vehicle Performance Prediction and ChartingJ2188_201207 (Historical)7/31/2012
This SAE Recommended Practice takes into account modern standardized methods for collecting and summarizing data that has an effect on vehicle steady-state performance, such as engine output (gross and net), transmission losses, drivetrain efficiency, vehicle aerodynamic devices for various vehicle and body configurations, as well as road surface variations and air density variations resulting from altitude and barometric effects. The procedure does not address vehicle transient performance (acceleration, braking, and cornering), because of the considerable amount of additional data required such as moment of inertia of all the rotating parts. Nor does it address vehicles with torque converters and automatic transmissions. This document is, therefore, intended for vehicles having fixed-ratio type transmissions and positive engagement clutches. Metric and ISO unit conversions are provided in the metric conversion tables at the end of this procedure (see Appendix B). Some modern vehicles with electronic engine controls have the ability to vary the maximum engine revolutions for each gear, as well as permitting the power or rpm to increase if more time is spent in the lower gears, as when climbing a grade. These special cases can be handled by this procedure, just by customizing the data for each transmission ratio and superimposing the long-term data on top of the instantaneous data. All of the equations are written in a form suitable for programming into a mainframe or desk-top computer, using a spreadsheet/database or a higher level language, such as Basic, Fortran, Pascal, C or Unix, etc. However, they are simple enough, to be performed on a hand-held calculator.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
High Speed, Automatable Superfinishing of Rear-Axle Hypoid Gears2012-01-01644/16/2012
The benefits gained by superfinishing rear-axle hypoid gearsets are now well documented. Friction, wear and operating temperature are significantly reduced. The main impediment to commercially implementing this process, however, is that it increases manufacturing cost in terms of process speed, work in process and labor. The cost of superfinishing can be significantly reduced by employing a newly developed and fully automatable drag finishing process. The most primitive form of drag finishing occurred when Roman soldiers dragged their armor through sandy fields for obtaining a mirror-like appearance. Today's drag finisher, of course, is much more sophisticated. A circular turret is located above a circular bowl containing loose, ceramic media. Parts are attached to multiple rotating spindles on the turret, which in turn are immersed in the media in the bowl below, and are dragged through the media. This generates a high flow of media over the gearsets. By a judicious choice of media and a chemical accelerator, the hypoid gearsets can be superfinished in less than five minutes to an Ra of less than 0.15µm, while maintaining gear geometry. The turret speed, spindle speed and direction of rotation and depth in the media are controlled with a programmable logic controller. The angle of the spindle can also be adjusted. A novel fixture has been developed that adds quick change capability of gearsets (a matter of seconds), and facilitates automation.
Frechette, MichaelSroka, GaryBell, Matthew
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