Browse Topic: Recreational vehicles and equipment

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Comparative Study of EV Transmission Performance used in Various Vehicle Segments2026-26-0584To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition to electric mobility has accelerated the evolution of drivetrain technologies, particularly in the design and performance of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs utilize simpler yet diverse transmission systems cater to specific performance, efficiency, and application requirements. The growing adoption of electric vehicles across diverse transportation sectors has intensified the need for optimized electric transmission systems as per vehicle requirements. This research presents a comparative study of electric transmission performance across various vehicle segments, including Passenger Cars, Small commercial Vehicle, Commercial three-wheelers and All-terrain vehicles. The study evaluates different transmission configurations namely single-speed and multi-speed, based on key performance metrics such as Drag loss and Efficiency. Through a combination of literature review, and performance benchmarking, the
Jain, Sankalp, P, EKHESH
High Speed Driveline Power Loss & Influencing Factors2024-26-033701/16/2024
Energy savings in automotive applications has always remain an important aspect of research. In addition, today's highspeed requirements in electric vehicles require high-efficiency drivelines to match overall vehicle mileage or range. This paper presents the validation of the overall efficiency & drag losses of the highspeed Driveline for an ATV with 4 Wheel Drive System. The efficiency & drag losses were measured in the powertrain testbed where the test units were placed between two Transient Dynamometers. The main aim of the test was to validate the overall efficiency as a function of input speed and torque. All these measured values of the gearbox efficiency are included in various graphs. The tests were performed for complete functional range of UUT at max. operating oil temperatures for Transmission and Front Differential testing. Drive shafts tests were performed at its complete range and various inclination angle up to max. failure point. The Wheel Hub was tested at various
Jain, Sankalp, Singh, Parminder
Validating the design of CV axle for BAJA SAE ATV2022-01-077803/29/2022
Abstract— Axle transmits power from the gearbox to the wheels. There are primarily two reasons for reducing the Axles diameter in the case of a bipod CV joint namely, to avoid overdesigning and less articulation angle. As the ATV goes in a bump/ droop, a driveshaft with a larger diameter would hit the walls of the CV joint which creates hindrance in its articulation. And, if the driveshaft is overdesigned, it will add unnecessary weight and effort to the power train which would decrease the overall performance of the vehicle. We have reduced the diameter of the axle using real-time testing data by taking the help of various machines to validate that component not failing under the given load conditions; research work is divided into 3 phases of Data collection, Axle design, and validation. Total 3 test rigs were set up for Data collection and validation, combined with axial design, material selection, heat treatment, and CAE validation. Whereas efficiency of Powertrain (CVT) is also
Bhardwaj, Vasu, Dayal, Neelesh, Saini, Rakesh
Dynamic Analysis and Optimization of Electric All-Terrain Vehicle 2022-01-111403/29/2022
A Vehicle Dynamics Analysis of an electric All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) was conducted and has been presented in the following paper. Having analyzed the performance and understood the reasons behind the shortcomings, solutions to optimize the vehicle design were implemented. These optimizations were tested and results were compared with the pre-existing model and planned to be validated by conducting physical trials on the actual model. The tests were conducted on a Multi-Body Dynamics tool: MSC Adams Software and results obtained from the tests have been put forth in theoretical as well as graphical manner to get a clearer view. This research involved a thorough study of Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics of the ATV. Trends in dynamic parameters like the ride quality, pitch response, roll stability, yaw response, camber gain and other important parameters of the vehicle were studied and its correlation with the feedback obtained from the driver was established. Key features of the vehicle
Shetty, Kartik, Mache, Ashok, Joshi, Akshay, Kulkarni, Manas, Chitnis, Shreeya, Kulkarni, Shirish
A method for acquiring and editing load spectrum of drive shaft systems for a all-terrain vehicle2022-01-031303/29/2022
Durability road test of a vehicle is an important test to verify the reliability of vehicle components. In order to carry out the durability bench test for drive shaft systems of all-terrain vehicles, a method for acquiring time domain signals of articulation angles, input torques and rotation speeds of drive shaft systems is proposed. The acquired load spectrum of drive shaft systems is preprocessed including deleting small amplitudes, de-drifting, deburring, filtering, etc. Peaks and valleys are extracted from the preprocessed load spectrum. Based on the graphic method and the estimator stabilization method, the upper and lower thresholds of the time domain extrapolation of the load spectrum are determined, and then the peaks and valleys excesses that exceed the upper and lower thresholds are extracted. The generalized pareto distribution function is used to fit the distribution of peaks and valleys excesses. Based on the fitted distribution of the extracted peaks and valleys
Luo, Qiuqi, Li, Liping, Shangguan, Wen-Bin, Hou, Qiufeng, Li, Juan
Design and Analysis of a 110cc All-Terrain Vehicle(ATV) for BAJA SAE India Competition2022-01-044803/29/2022
The capacity to handle tough undulated terrain is the most important aspect of developing an All-Terrain vehicle. We get the opportunity to design and manufacture our buggy and race it against other collegiate teams throughout the country thanks to BAJA SAE. Our vehicle is designed to operate under adverse driving conditions with ease. It can endure excessive loads and impacts throughout the event. Our design has been brainstormed, debated, tested, and verified based on various Automobile literature, FEA Analysis, physical testing, and experience gained over 7 years of manufacturing ATV. This year we have prioritized driver's ergonomics and maximum utilization of space in the roll-cage. The most important aspect of designing an ATV is to make it robust and aggressive. Goals set this year were specifically targeted towards making our vehicle agile around the corners while keeping it sturdy and durable on the track. Also this year we have tried to reduce the overall weight (curb weight
Dutta, Ayushman, Ratan, Anmol
Design and Simulation of multi-link front suspension for ATV2021-26-007709/22/2021
In this paper the multi-link suspension for an All-Terrain Vehicle is designed, modeled and simulated. The model was produced by defining the position of the hardpoint or coordinate before specifying the component characters and joint variety, then after for modelling of the multi-link suspension, CATIA 3D modelling approach is used, sequentially the MBD approach is adopted for full suspension model simulation. The same test was conducted for the base model (double wishbone suspension) which was holding the same characteristics. The kinematics and compliance of the simulation are matched with the base model simulation data to verify the suspension design and the result from the simulation exposed a validated virtual suspension system model with a pretty minimal rate of error. The result of the simulation shows that the introduced suspension system decreases the camber angle generation and bump steer along with this it gives the quick cornering and straight-line stability.
Shingade, Mahesh, Pable, Machhindra, Pawar, Ashish
Mathematical Modeling of the Longitudinal motion of a Vehicle with a Continuously Variable Transmission2021-01-123709/21/2021
The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is a widely adopted transmission system. It varies smoothly across a range of gear ratios and provides an automatic transmission. The operation of a CVT is simple, but successfully foretelling the longitudinal motion of a vehicle that utilizes such a transmission mechanism is sophisticated. As a result, different vehicles taking part in BAJA-SAE competitions were developed using various strategies to model the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics and CVT operation. This article aims to provide a tool for obtaining a quantitative estimate of the longitudinal performance of a CVT-equipped vehicle and for the selection of an optimal drive-train gear ratio for such a vehicle. To this end, this article proposes a novel, relatively simple, and reasonably accurate mathematical approach for modeling the longitudinal motion of a vehicle utilizing a CVT, which was developed by a novel integration of existing vehicle dynamics concepts. The proposed
Sharma, Ayush, Tanwar, Harshit, Mittal, Ankit
Brake System Test Procedure - SnowmobilesJ45_202103 (Current)03/08/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform procedure for the level surface testing of hand-operated brake systems on recreational noncompetitive snowmobiles.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Light Tactical VehicleTBMG-3853402/01/2021
Polaris Inc. Medina, MN (866) 468-7783
Braking System for ATV2020-01-161110/05/2020
Design and simulation analysis of braking system for ATV is carried out with the assistance of Ansys and MATLAB. Heat generated increases the temperature of the disc brake at the rubbing surface resulting in thermal stresses in the components of the braking system. Static, structural, thermal, computational flow dynamics, vibrational & fatigue behavior of ventilated brake disc rotor, hub and upright are analyzed. Stainless Steel, SS-410 material configuration has been considered for disc brake rotor and results obtained are analyzed in terms of performance, longevity and efficiency. Braking efficiency and stopping distance curve are analyzed from their characteristics plot. Vibrational behavior, structural behavior, thermal behavior, performance efficiency, flow behavior of ventilated disc brake rotor can be easily depicted with respect to bump and droop during acceleration, high climb and maneuverability. Ventilated disc brake Rotor with outer diameter of 220 mm is used. Comparison of
Kumar, Swapnil, Rajagopal, Thundil
Analysis of Basic Directions of Accelerated Testing Development2020-01-053304/14/2020
This paper provides the author’s analysis of accelerated testing development. It considers four basic directions related to this development, specifically: 1) field accelerated testing; 2) laboratory testing using computer (software) simulation; 3) laboratory or proving ground testing with physical simulation of high stress inputs; 4) accelerated reliability/durability testing (ART/ADT) as a necessary component of a system that leads to successful prediction of product efficiency.
Klyatis, Lev
Mapping Canada - Centimeter by Centimeter19AVEP11_0511/01/2019
A Montreal-based company leverages artificial intelligence to take on the task of developing high-definition maps of Canada. Fully-automated vehicles will only be as smart as the datasets they use to determine their driving pathways. Jakarto Cartographie 3D, a young company based in Montreal, Canada, is working on artificial-intelligence (AI)-powered, high-definition (HD) maps that it claims offer 2-3 cm (.787- to 1.2-inch) absolute precision and relative precision measured in millimeters. In other words, better maps that will allow for better automated vehicles (AVs). Started two years ago, Jakarto currently has three Nissan NV200 mapping vans equipped with a data collection unit that contains five cameras, a GPS unit and two ZF-supplied lidar sensors that each generate one million points per second. Jakarto calls the resulting maps RoadSkeleton, claiming they'll be beneficial for smart cities and AVs.
Blanco, Sebastian
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_201907 (Current)07/24/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained, and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Dynamics of Amphibious All-Terrain Vehicle’s Chassis Having Vibration Energy Harvesting Dampers2019-01-151006/05/2019
The rural off-road exploiting of amphibious all-terrain vehicles leads to the intensive vibrations of all parts of a vehicle, and specifically of its chassis. The tested amphibian vehicle’s chassis has the lowest natural frequency of 19.34 Hz. The Vibration Energy Harvesting Damper (VEHD) is used for mitigation of chassis vibrations. VEHD provides the mutually interconnected results: a reduction of undesired vibration levels and a generating of the additional electrical power. Newly patented VEHD consists of two main components: Tuned Mass Damper and Generator of Electricity. The perspective feature of proposed VEHD is the ability of effective vibration damping in a broad range of frequencies due to implementation of a control device, while that device is keeping automatically the changing natural frequency of VEHD equals to current frequency of the external force. The mathematical simulation analysis based on parameters of the amphibious all-terrain vehicle chassis is developed. The
Nerubenko, George, Gurevych, Dmytriy, Kolomier, Pavel
HYDROGEN BOOM!19TOFHP06_0506/01/2019
Nikola reveals Two and Tre fuel-cell trucks and its H2 fueling roadmap, as well as battery-electric military and powersports vehicles. On-highway Class 6-8 trucks are Nikola's main business and engineering focus, but the Arizona-based startup is expanding its product range to include powersports and military sectors to demonstrate its technology's adaptability. In addition to the Nikola Two and Tre hydrogen fuel-cell trucks for North America and Europe, respectively, the manufacturer revealed a battery-electric all-terrain vehicle, an autonomous-capable military vehicle and a personal-watercraft concept to about 2,000 attendees of the Nikola World opening event in Scottsdale, Ariz., near the company's Phoenix headquarters. Nikola plans to offer battery-electric variants of its two day-cab semi-trucks, but CEO Trevor Milton expects hydrogen fuel cells to account for at least 80% of its business.
Gehm, Ryan
A Drive-by-Wire Conversion of an FMVSS-500 Vehicle for Autonomous Driving Applications2019-01-070404/02/2019
Autonomous driving has witnessed many developments in the past decade. Most automotive manufacturers and technology companies have been investing in the software and platform development of these vehicles, and long strides have been made in this domain. Nonetheless, academia has been partially isolated from the practical efforts of these developments, due to the cost involved in converting a standard vehicle into a drive-by-wire platform suitable for self-driving vehicular research. In this paper, a low-cost autonomous vehicle platform is developed and the process for converting a Polaris Gem e2 FMVSS-500 vehicle to brake-by-wire, throttle-by-wire, and steer-by-wire is elaborated. The tools and the procedures followed here were all conducted by students, in house, and can be easily duplicated for other FMVSS-500 compatible vehicles. Discussions include the interface of an embedded controller for an electric power steering system, electronic control of hydraulic brake pressure, and
Yeranosian, Viken, Patel, Nayan, Vega, Joseph, Mohammad, Utayba, Paulik, Mark, Santora, Michael
Snowmobile Lane Change Dynamics with One and Two Occupants2019-01-042904/02/2019
As with other motor vehicles, snowmobile operators are occasionally presented with potential hazards that require a response to avoid an impending collision. The typical responses involve either braking, steering, or a combination of both. Although the braking deceleration capabilities of snowmobiles have been documented in several published studies, there is a lack of available data regarding the swerving capability of snowmobiles. In addition, it is unknown if the presence of a passenger on a snowmobile negatively affects its swerving capabilities, and if so, to what extent. This paper presents data gathered during swerve testing conducted on an instrumented snowmobile in northern Ontario with two different operators, and with one and two occupants.
Paquette, Mark, Griffiths, Harrison
Analysis of Whole Body Vibration of a Two-Wheeler Rider2019-01-040604/02/2019
Two-wheel motorcycles are preferred in many countries as they have some merits such as cheaper, easy to handle and give higher fuel economy compared to three and four-wheel vehicles. Majority of the population in India falls under low and middle-income groups. Two-wheelers cater to the needs of low and middle-income users, and fill the gaps when public transport systems are inefficient or not available. Most of the people in India use motorcycles for transportation. However, due to different road conditions, motorcycle rider experiences different health effects within a few years of their vehicle travel. This paper investigates the effect of vibration on a man commuter’s health. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a male rider’s body was considered, and a numerical analysis was carried out to assess the effect of vibration acting on the commuter during a two-wheeler ride under various road conditions for a chosen suspension system and presented in this paper. Road conditions were
Eluri, Kashish Veda, Reddy, Vadde Lokesh, Sivalingam, Murugan, PS, Balaji
The Differential Braking Steering Control of Special Purpose Flat-Bed Electric Vehicle2019-01-044004/02/2019
Special purpose flat-bed vehicle is commonly utilized to move heavily items such as containers in warehouse, port and other freight handling scene, the hydraulic steering system have be gradually replaced by electric ones. However, the cost of electric steering system is high for commercial activities. Thus, for some corporates, the differential braking steering strategy becomes an ideal alternative. The purpose of this paper is to present a steering control method for flat-bed electric vehicle based on differential braking system. There are two main components of the control method, steering while moving forward and pivot steering, and each of them was composed by upper layer and executive layer. To evaluate the practicability of the control methods, a 7-DOF flat-bed vehicle model was established in Simulink. According to the simulation results at different load, velocity and steering target, the control method proposed in this paper showed quite well performance and meet the basic
Dai, Yaqi, Yu, Liangyao, Song, Jian, Zhao, Wenzong
Aluminum Extrusions Help Ski Maker Achieve Olympic-Sized GoalsTBMG-3369002/01/2019
Minalex Corp. Whitehouse Station, NJ
MOMENTUM: NOVEMBER 201818MOMP1111/01/2018
The art of 'why?': exploring the impact of autonomy Kettering University students reconciled different viewpoints and backgrounds to explore the impacts of autonomous vehicles through the AutoDrive Challenge. Finding the right frequency The University of Minnesota Duluth snowmobile team's use of noise frequency analysis helped it achieve its bester-ever finish in the SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge. Inside Rennteam Uni Stuttgart. A formal structure and precisely defined roles help the Formula Student team from the University of Stuttgart remain a perennial power.
Exhaust Energy Recovery with Variable Geometry Turbine to Reduce Fuel Consumption for Microcars2018-01-182509/10/2018
The objective proposed by EU to reduce by about 4%/year CO2 emission of internal combustion engines for the next years up to 2030, requires to increase the engine efficiency and accordingly improving the technology. In this framework, hybrid powertrains can have the possibility of a deep market penetration since they may recover energy during brake, allow the engine to operate in better efficiency conditions and with less transients, Moreover, they can recover a large amount of energy lost through the exhaust and use it to reduce fuel consumption. This paper concerns the modification of a conventional two in-line cylinders Diesel engine (440 cm3) adding a variable geometry turbine (VGT) coupled with a generator. The turbine is used to recover exhaust gas energy that otherwise would be lost. The generator, connected to the turbo shaft, converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and is used to charge the vehicle battery or the auxiliaries. The aim of this work is reducing fuel
Ortenzi, Fernando, Genovese, Antonino, Carrazza, Martina, Rispoli, Franco, Venturini, Paolo
Commercial Truck and Bus SAE Recommended Procedure for Vehicle Performance Prediction and ChartingJ2188_201807 (Current)07/25/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice takes into account modern standardized methods for collecting and summarizing data that has an effect on vehicle steady-state performance, such as engine output (gross and net), transmission losses, drivetrain efficiency, vehicle aerodynamic devices for various vehicle and body configurations, as well as road surface variations and air density variations resulting from altitude and barometric effects. The procedure does not address vehicle transient performance (acceleration, braking, and cornering), because of the considerable amount of additional data required such as moment of inertia of all the rotating parts. Nor does it address vehicles with torque converters and automatic transmissions. This document is, therefore, intended for vehicles having fixed-ratio type transmissions and positive engagement clutches. Metric and ISO unit conversions are provided in the metric conversion tables at the end of this procedure (see Appendix B). Some modern vehicles
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Limbs Related Handicap Drivable Non-Commercial Electric Shuttle Vehicle2018-28-005507/09/2018
The main objectives of this work are to develop an Electric Vehicle to empower physically challenged drivers to some extent and women motorist. The vehicle was designed to be driven by people with orthopaedic limps related problem by using Autodesk Inventor software. Many features were provided to support the physically challenged person such as a ramp for the driver to board the vehicle and steering, acceleration and braking control was also provided for a single hand to manoeuvre the car. The vehicle has the capacity to seat up to six passengers and is propelled with 1200 watts (BLDC) motor which was aided by four 12 V and 100 Amps DC battery. The car exhibited a mileage of 72 kilometres per complete charge on trial run with the driver alone riding the vehicle. This work is mainly dedicated to movement disabled in our society.
Elsen, Renold, Kaliyaperumal, Dhamodaran
Go where the talent is: Sponsor SAE's CDS1236006/14/2018
SAE's Collegiate Design Series (CDS) provides unmatched hands-on experience that arms engineering students for their future and is the foundation to furthering the industry. Sponsoring SAE's CDS competitions can position your company directly in front of the most skilled and creative students, helping you find the best engineers for your organization and build your brand.
Travelling Resistance Estimation and Sandy Road Identification for SUVs2018-01-057804/03/2018
The mechanical properties of sandy road are quite different from those of hard surface road. For vehicle control systems such as EMS (engine management system), TCU (transmission control unit) and ABS (antilock brake system), the strategies and parameters set for solid surface road are not optimal for driving on sandy road. It is an effective way to improve the mobility of all-terrain vehicles by identifying sandy road online and shifting the control strategies and parameters of control systems to sandy sets. In this paper, a sandy road identification algorithm for SUVs is proposed. Firstly, the vehicle signals, such as engine torque and speed, gear position, wheel and vehicle speed, are acquired from EMS, TCU and ESP (electronic stability program) through CAN (controller area network) bus respectively. Based on the information and longitudinal force equilibrium equation, the travelling resistance of vehicle is estimated. The hydraulic torque converter is divided into several parts to
Wu, Weixiang, Zhang, Jian, Zhao, Jian, Zhu, Bing
An ATV Model for CarSim2018-01-057304/03/2018
This paper presents the development of a CarSim model of an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) that can be used to predict the handling and stability characteristic of the vehicle. The inertia and suspension characteristics of a subject ATV are measured and a model of the ATV is built in CarSim based on the measurements. A simplified suspension model is developed to convert the suspension compliance measurements into parameters suitable to a CarSim model. Procedures used to apply vehicle mass, inertia and suspension kinematics data in CarSim are also shown. The model is evaluated using predictions of vehicle response during a constant radius circle test. The simulation results of the maneuver are compared with the field test results shown in a recent CPSC report on ATV’s. Similar cornering characteristics are found in both results. Modifications are made to the model to study how changes to the ATV affect performance. The model developed provides a sound baseline for more comprehensive ATV
Jia, Bingrui, Guenther, Dennis, Heydinger, Gary, Zagorski, Scott, Sidhu, Anmol
MOMENTUM: MARCH 201818MOMP0303/01/2018
All quiet on the snowmobile front Two mechanical engineering students at Michigan Technological University chose snowmobile noise attenuation as the topic of their senior design project. A return to glory days? Once dominant, Cornell University's Formula SAE team views its strong 2017 performance as a hopeful sign that it's back on a championship path.
Speed Tracking Control for All-Terrain Vehicle Considering Road Slope and Saturation Constraint of Actuator2017-01-195309/23/2017
In this paper, a speed tracking controller is designed for the All-terrain vehicles. The method of feedforward with state variable feedback based on conditional integrators is adopted by the proposed control algorithm. The feedforward is designed considering the influence of the road slope on the longitudinal dynamics, which makes the All-terrain vehicles satisfy the acceleration demand of the upper controller when it tracks the desired speed on the road with slope varying greatly. The road slope is estimated based on a combined kinematic and dynamic model. This method solves the problem that road slope estimation requires an accurate vehicle dynamic model and are susceptible to acceleration sensor bias. Based on the vehicle dynamic model and the nonlinear tire model, the method of conditional integration is used in the state variable feedback, which considers the saturation constraint of the actuator with the intention of preventing the divergent integral operation. The control
Bai, Manfei, Xiong, Lu, Fu, Zhiqiang, Zhang, Renxie
Longitudinal and Lateral Dynamics Evaluation of an Anti-Lock Braking System for Trail Snowmobiles2017-01-251209/17/2017
Anti-lock braking systems are one of the most important safety systems for wheeled vehicles. They reduce the braking distance and, most importantly, help the user maintain controllability and steerability of the vehicle. This paper extends and adapts the concept of Anti-lock braking systems to tracked vehicles, specifically to snowmobiles. Snowmobiles are an interesting development platform for two main reasons: 1) track dynamics, despite being analogous to tire dynamics, present important differences that help understanding the features of the control algorithm and 2) snowmobiles are simple and rugged vehicles with a limited set of sensors, making the design of an effective control system challenging. The paper designs a track-deceleration based ABS algorithm and tests it both in straight riding and cornering. The analysis shows that, on snowmobiles, Anti-lock braking systems have negligible advantages in term of stopping distance, but are beneficial in terms of steerability and
Corno, Matteo, Roselli, Federico, Onesto, Luca, Savaresi, Sergio, Molinaro, Frank, Graves, Eric, Doubek, Andrew
Golf Cart Noise and Vibration Troubleshooting2017-01-189106/05/2017
Similar to the automotive industry, the expectations from customers for the noise and vibration performance of personal vehicles such as golf carts, ATV’s, and side-by-side vehicles has continued to evolve. Not only do customers expect these types of vehicles to be more refined and to have acoustic signatures that match the overall performance capabilities of the vehicle, but marketing efforts continue to focus on product differentiators which can include the acoustic and vibration performance. Due to this increased demand for acoustic and vibration performance, additional NVH efforts are often required to meet these expectations. This paper provides a sample of some of the efforts that have occurred to further refine and develop the noise and vibration signature for golf carts. Included are discussions regarding the current market and expectations for noise and vibration performance, along with a generalized approach for identifying the key characteristics of the acoustic signature
Freeman, Todd, Weilnau, Kelby
All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Handling and Control, Analysis of Objective Data2017-01-155703/28/2017
Because the great majority of All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) use a solid rear axle for improved off-road mobility, these vehicles typically transition from understeer to oversteer with increased cornering severity in tests customarily used by automobile manufacturers to measure steady-state vehicle handling properties. An oversteer handling response is contrary to the accepted norm for on-road passenger vehicles and, for this reason, has drawn scrutiny from numerous researchers. In this paper, an evaluation of ATV handling is presented in which 10 participants operated an ATV that was configured to have two different steady-state cornering characteristics. One configuration produced an approximately linear understeer response (labeled US) and the other configuration transitioned from understeer to oversteer (labeled US-OS) with increasing lateral acceleration in constant-radius turn tests conducted on a skid pad. After operating the ATV on a closed dirt track the participants were
Fowler, Graeme F., Larson, Robert
Design and Simulated Analysis of Regenerative Suspension System with Hydraulic Cylinder, Motor and Dynamo2017-01-128403/28/2017
With the ever increasing number of vehicles on road and the rise of the electric and automated vehicles, it is important to minimize the consumption of energy by each vehicle, regenerative braking is in wide use today, however, the research in the field of regenerative suspension is limited. The regenerative suspension has huge capabilities in power generation especially on third world roads having rather bumpy rides. A huge amounts of energy is wasted in shock absorbers due to friction. This study emphasizes on the implementation of the energy present in the suspension system by replacing the Shock Absorber with a Energy transfer system Involving Hydraulic cylinder, Hydraulic Motor and Dynamo. The energy which is usually lost as heat due to friction in conventional Suspension is used to drive a dynamo through Hydraulic System designed in this paper and electricity is generated. This approach involves design and simulation of regenerative suspension system with specialized hydraulic
Ahmad, Khushal, Alam, Monis
Feasibility and Design Analysis of a Pressure Wave Supercharger Adaption on a 600 cm 3 Spark Ignited Engine2017-01-103703/28/2017
This paper introduces an improved design for pressure wave superchargers used in recreational vehicles (RV) such as motorbikes or snowmobiles equipped with smaller engines. A pressure wave supercharger (PWS), commonly known as Comprex (or Hyprex), is generally used to lower the emissions. Additionally, in comparison to a standard turbocharger (TC) system, a PWS system demonstrates superior torque response behavior. However, a major disadvantage of the Comprex are its high noise emissions and expensive manufacture. For this reason, the goal of this study was to eliminate these shortcomings and to propose a new design for a pressure wave supercharger, which is simple and relatively inexpensive to produce. In this paper, the conceptual design development of this new type of PWS is presented. The methods used were the evaluation of an existing Comprex’s design and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Though the new concept differed substantially in certain areas in comparison to
Haidinger, Christoph, Kriegler, Wolfgang, Millward-Sadler, Adrian, Eder, Philipp
A Study of In-Service Truck Weights2017-01-142403/28/2017
Collision reconstruction often involves calculations and computer simulations, which require an estimation of the weights of the involved vehicles. Although weight data is readily available for automobiles and light trucks, there is limited data for heavy vehicles, such as tractor-semitrailers, straight trucks, and the wide variety of trailers and combinations that may be encountered on North American roads. Although manufacturers always provide the gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) for these vehicles, tare weights are often more difficult to find, and in-service loading levels are often unknown. The resulting large uncertainty in the weight of a given truck can often affect reconstruction results. In Canada, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario conducted a Commercial Vehicle Survey in 2012 that consisted of weight sampling over 45,000 heavy vehicles of various configurations. This paper analyzes that weight data according to the vehicle configuration, body style, and total
Fabbroni, Mark, Rovt, Jennifer, Paquette, Mark
Establishment of Fuel Economy Estimation Method Focused on Transmission Efficiency of Rubber Belt Type CVT2016-32-003611/08/2016
A simulation tool has been developed that can be used to estimate a fuel economy while driving in a mode test of a motorcycle equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) at an early stage of development. For a precise estimation of a mode fuel economy, it is necessary to accurately estimate the CVT ratio, the engine speed, and the crankshaft torque during driving in a mode. To achieve this, this study has generalized the transmission efficiency of a CVT system. This study has also derived developed balance equations that can take into account the transmission efficiency of CVT and the slippage that occurs when the centrifugal clutch is about to be engaged. In the proposed method, the pulley ratio of CVT, the engine speed, and the torque at the crankshaft were obtained first by solving the developed balance equations at discrete times during driving in a mode. Then, the results were checked against a predefined fuel consumption map, which was based on actual measurements
Shirasuna, Takamori, Hatakeyama, Ryoh, Sakai, Yukio
Aerodynamic Enablers Review for Automotive Applications2016-36-020310/25/2016
Automakers are seeking more efficient and green vehicles projects in terms of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Several factors are directly related to the performance and one of the most important is the aerodynamics. Cars with smooth geometries and transitions are expected to have a better aerodynamic behavior compared with the ones with rough geometries. Regardless the vehicle geometry changes, another way to improve the aerodynamics is by adding new parts, in order to improve the drag coefficient of the car. Most of the time, these parts are added but the functionality is not well defined. The main objective of this work is to identify, explain the way it should work and some applications of additional aeroparts. Those parts could be assembled in a vehicle in order to improve the drag coefficient, have a better fuel economy and lower emissions rate. The work lists aeroparts to be assembled in the underhood, underbody, exterior and a collection of the latest enablers available in
Buscariolo, Filipe Fabian, Magazoni, Felipe, Maruyama, Flavio Koiti, Alves, Julio Cesar Lelis, Volpe, Leonardo José Della, Holl, Alexandre Faraco
Method and Software Tool for Evaluation and Automated Generation of Space Habitat Interior LayoutsTBMG-2552310/01/2016
NASA has developed a new software tool for optimizing interior layout designs of highly constrained, highly integrated, and/or confined spaces, such as space habitats. This tool will automatically generate or evaluate interior layout options while taking into account multiple end-user objectives. Development and evaluation of interior layouts are often ignored during conceptual design because of the subjectivity and long times required using current evaluation methods (e.g., human-in-the-loop mockup tests and in-depth CAD evaluations). The NASA tool will allow for early, more objective assessment that will prevent expensive design changes, which can increase vehicle mass and compromise functionality.
Predicting Snowmobile Speed from Visible Locked-Track and Rolldown Marks in Groomed/Packed Snow Conditions2016-01-147704/05/2016
The ability to accurately calculate a snowmobile’s speed based on measured track marks in the snow is important when assessing a snowmobile accident. The characteristics and length of visible snowmobile track marks were documented for 41 locked-track braking tests and 38 rolldown tests using four modern snowmobiles on a groomed/packed snow surface. The documented track mark lengths were used to quantify the uncertainty associated with using track mark length to estimate initial speed. Regression models were developed for both data sets. The regression model of the locked-track tests revealed that using an average deceleration of 0.36g over the length of the locked track mark provides a good estimate of the best-fit line through the data, with the upper and lower 95th percentile prediction interval bounds best represented by using deceleration rates of 0.23g and 0.52g respectively. For the rolldown tests, using an average deceleration of 0.23g over the length of the measured rolldown
D'Addario, Pamela, Iliadis, Ken, Siegmund, Gunter
Autonomous vehicles demonstrate ground-air cooperation16OFHP04_0804/01/2016
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Sikorsky, a Lockheed Martin company, recently announced a joint autonomy demonstration that proved the capability of new, ground-air cooperative missions. The demonstration, which took place on Oct. 27 at Sikorsky's Development Flight Center in West Palm Beach, FL, used a UH-60MU Black Hawk helicopter enabled with Sikorsky's MATRIX Technology and CMU's Land Tamer autonomous unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). The goal for such missions is to prevent warfighters' exposure to hazardous conditions, such as chemically or radiologically contaminated areas.
Gehm, Ryan
Snowmobile Probe Test for Contact with Power Driven PartsJ2826_201602 (Historical)02/18/2016
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the test equipment, procedure, and acceptance criteria necessary to determine the location of power driven components that could, upon inadvertent contact by an operator, passenger, or bystander, inflict injury.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Development of Electric Kart2016-28-014902/01/2016
This paper deals with the problems which emanates in front of society in developing electric vehicles. Aim of this paper is to prepare ways through which we can develop electric vehicle with efficiency (more than 60%). So that these electric vehicles can substitute I.C engine vehicles, which are main cause of environment pollution. To achieve that goal, various competitions are arranged in which one sitter kart develop to ease mechanical constraints and easily utilize innovations in kart. To develop kart various type of modelling and simulation were done on INVENTOR and ANSYS 14.0. Different type of test were also taken into account like Brake test, Speed test, Power test, Load test, and efficiency test. This paper also motivates student in developing vehicles so that they can excel their knowledge and assist in research of electric vehicles. It also reduces problems and ambiguity between students which are imbued in making Electric Go-kart, so that students can ace in their
Singh, Hemant Pratap, Sagar, Pulkit, Singh, Kartikey
Effect of Tie Rod Length Variation on Bump Steer2016-28-020102/01/2016
Steering and suspension system has to be designed properly to achieve improved handling characteristics. Improper design of steering systems will result in steering errors such as bump steer and roll steer. These steering errors results in reduced steering performance. During the design of steering system the tie rod length has to be properly selected to reduce these steering errors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the effects of tie rod length variation on bump steer. Multi body dynamic model of the selected vehicle was created using MSC ADAMS Car software. Ideal design of steering system to achieve zero bump steer was created. The tie rod length was later varied up to 10% to study the effect of varying length on bump steer. Parallel wheel travel analysis was conducted to study the tie rod length variation on bump steer. Acceleration test was conducted on a flat road having bump to analyze the effect of changing tie rod length on steering performance of the vehicle. The test
Kulkarni, Upendra, Gowda, Monish M. H., Venna, Hima Kiran
Commercial Truck and Bus SAE Recommended Procedure for Vehicle Performance Prediction and ChartingJ2188_201510 (Historical)10/21/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice takes into account modern standardized methods for collecting and summarizing data that has an effect on vehicle steady-state performance, such as engine output (gross and net), transmission losses, drivetrain efficiency, vehicle aerodynamic devices for various vehicle and body configurations, as well as road surface variations and air density variations resulting from altitude and barometric effects. The procedure does not address vehicle transient performance (acceleration, braking, and cornering), because of the considerable amount of additional data required such as moment of inertia of all the rotating parts. Nor does it address vehicles with torque converters and automatic transmissions. This document is, therefore, intended for vehicles having fixed-ratio type transmissions and positive engagement clutches. Metric and ISO unit conversions are provided in the metric conversion tables at the end of this procedure (see Appendix B). Some modern vehicles
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Exhaust Noise Reduction in Two-Stroke Snowmobile: Development of a Mechanically Active Quarter Wave Resonator2015-01-221106/15/2015
In the present study by the University of Idaho Clean Snowmobile Challenge (UICSC) team, the necessity, history, and research of noise reduction strategies in two-stroke snowmobile exhaust is presented. Testing and design is discussed to show the decision making process of College Design Series (CDS) teams. The UICSC CDS team is comprised of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineers. The development from static to dynamic noise cancellation is explained as a proof of concept and to further demonstrate CDS design. The study presents math models that validate the noise reduction technique. The noise reduction includes a mechanically active quarter-wave resonator (MAQR). Viability is given for the design and is presented with supporting implementation data. Control for the resonator platform is discussed. It is proven that mechanically active noise cancellation is an effective, lightweight, and simple solution to noise cancellation.
Santora, Michael J., Savage, Dillon
Snowmobile Cornering and Acceleration Data from On-Snow Testing2015-01-143104/14/2015
Snowmobile acceleration, braking and cornering performance data are not well developed for use in accident reconstruction. Linear acceleration and braking data published by D'Addario[1] gives results for testing on 4 snowmobiles of various make and model. This paper presents the results of on-snow tests performed in 2014 which include acceleration and cornering maneuvers that have not been published previously. Maximum and average cornering speeds and corresponding lateral accelerations are presented for turns of radius 20, 35 and 65 feet (6.1, 10.7 and 19.8 meters) on level, packed snow. Performance values for acceleration, braking, and cornering are determined in tests with and without a passenger. Results of linear acceleration and braking tests were found to be comparable to the previously published work. The data are useful in snowmobile accident reconstruction for certain types of snowmobile motion analyses. Also included are linear acceleration and deceleration data from several
Warner, Mark H., Bready, Jon E., Warner, Wyatt Y., Asay, Alan F.
Tire to Body Clearance Check for Recreational VehiclesJ1214_201411 (Current)11/18/2014
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is set guidelines for tire to wheel house and body clearances on recreational vehicles.
Trailer Committee
Heat Transfer Performance of a Double Tube Type Light Duty Exhaust Heat Recovery Heat Exchanger2014-32-013911/11/2014
In this paper, a light-duty exhaust heat recovery heat exchanger prototype is proposed to enhance the heating capacity of an automobile cabin. Even though the prototype is a small and simple structure of offset fins installed on a double tube, it showed a heat recovery capacity of more than 800 W. Therefore, the prototype is expected to be used in vehicles such as recreational vehicles and light utility vehicles with a cabin roof. The prototype was compared with a mass-produced model in tests of heat transfer and pressure drop performance by using hot air and a coolant. The results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficient for the prototype exceeded that for the mass-produced model for a Reynolds number of less than 1500. The heat transfer coefficients of the hot air on the inner tube walls were calculated by assuming laminar flow of hot air on the offset fin walls and the value for the prototype was much higher than that for the mass-produced model especially at low Reynolds
Shinohara, Ryutaro
New Development Approach for Wet Motorcycle Clutch System2014-32-013611/11/2014
This paper discusses the design elements for a wet clutch system to successfully meet the requirements of today's motorcycle market. You can find new design ideas regarding how to realize important and critical clutch performance features such as torque boost, coast torque reduction (anti-hopping function), reduced actuation force, reduced drag torque, optimized weight, and/or optimized product cost. Most of these functions and features can be implemented in a modular clutch kit in which many of the parameters can be adapted with a minor design change of just a few components.
Metzinger, Thomas, Raber, Christoph, Wittmann, Christoph
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