Browse Topic: Railway vehicles and equipment

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Immersion Cooling for Power Electronics2022-28-044611/09/2022
The ability to precisely control electrical voltages on a large scale has made possible many efficient, powerful innovations, from high-speed electric trains to wind turbines to electric drive motors for everything from heavy earthmoving equipment to personal electric vehicles (EVs). But the equipment that manages this process — including power inverters, thyristors and variable-speed drives — requires high-performance power electronics cooling. As temperatures rise, the efficiency, reliability, and life spans of these devices drop, and the power electronics inside HEVs and EVs are no exception. Advancements in power electronic thermal management technologies will enable next generation automotive to fulfill increasingly demanding mission objectives. DC-DC converter and inverter systems slated for higher performances, reliable and sustainable applications. Even with very high efficiencies, the components of these systems produce kilowatts of power loss in the form of heat. The current
Sahoo, Pranati
The Short-flight Alternative22AVEP04_0804/01/2022
The Budget Airline Car is an EV alt-shuttle seating six adults, with luggage storage in each door. Short-haul airline flights can be a great convenience for travelers, but they produce more CO2 emissions - about 250 g/km per person - than any other form of passenger transportation, including compact EVs and electric trains. That's about 25% more emissions than long-haul flights, because short-hop flying uses proportionately more fuel at takeoff and landing. Could an automotive alternative offer a solution? That is what Car Design Research (CDR), a U.K.-based consultancy, set out to investigate, working with design associates Yichen Shu in China and Aditya Jangid in India. The resulting concept is the Budget Airline Car, one of six new passenger-vehicle types that CDR director Sam Livingston and his team feel would be enabled by new mobility technologies.
Kendall, John
GM announces Hydrotec fuel-cell power generator and rapid charger for EVs22TOFHP02_0802/01/2022
General Motors has announced the expansion of commercial applications for its Hydrotec hydrogen fuel cells with an integrated DC rapid charger. The company is currently developing units intended for applications such as heavy-duty trucks, aerospace and locomotives, but it is now broadening the intended use to include stationary power generation. GM's Hydrotec-based power generators will be powered by the company's generation-two fuel cell power cubes. GM is supplying Hydrotec power cubes to Renewable Innovations of Lindon, Utah, who will manage the assembly of the mobile power generators.
Wolfe, Matt
Investigation of Exhaust Emissions from a Shunting Locomotive and a Rail Diagnostics Machine2020-01-221609/15/2020
The article is an investigation into the exhaust emission impact of operating a shunting locomotive SM42 and a track diagnostics machine UPS-80-001. The comparison of the two vehicles makes it possible to estimate the overall environmental costs of two different types of rail vehicles operating at their typical work parameters. This was done using selected exhaust emission indicators. It is used to indicate the need for further improvement in vehicle ecology such as hybrid or electric systems. Other solutions are investigated as forms of mitigating the ecological impact of operating such vehicles in or near human population centers.
Gallas, Dawid, Merkisz, Jerzy, Daszkiewicz, Pawel
Investigation of Driving Style Impact on the Ecological Indicators of a Diesel Multiple Unit (SAE Paper 2020-01-2213)2020-01-221309/15/2020
The topics covered in the publication are consistent with the global trends that are aimed at reducing the negative environmental impact of human activities, which are implemented simultaneously in two areas: approval and operation. The article presents issues related to the impact of diesel multiple unit operation on the exhaust emission of harmful and toxic components and fuel consumption. Research trials concerned different driving styles and acceleration patterns of the tested vehicle, which can be considered a part of the eco-driving trend. These tests were carried out on a closed track designated for testing rail vehicles with the use of mobile measuring apparatus, intended for testing vehicles in real conditions of their operation. The vehicle selected for testing - the diesel multiple unit technically classed as a rail motor coach, belongs to one of the most numerous groups of rail vehicles used in regional transport, used on routes where passengers are transported over short
Andrzejewski, Maciej, Nowak, Mateusz, Gallas, Dawid, Świechowicz, Robert
Circumstances of Railway Transport Hydrogenization in Poland2020-01-213109/15/2020
Hydrogen Fuel-Cell (HFC) technology is popular in Asia (mainly Japan), the US (chiefly California) and Europe. HFC is mostly used in passenger cars and urban buses. HFC technology is also being introduced to railway transport. Hydrogen-powered trains are an attractive alternative to diesel trains, in particular on nonelectrified railways - where roughly 70% of the world’s 200 000 locomotives operate today - and in the markets of Europe and the US (together about 55 000 diesel locomotives today). Besides avoiding carbon emissions, hydrogen trains reduce noise and eliminate local emissions of NOX and particulates. Since they use significant amounts of hydrogen, the required infrastructure is limited and can be immediately utilised. Hydrogen-powered trains are already being introduced for light-rail vehicles and regional railways - such as the trams produced by the China South Rail Corporation. Other models, including regional trains by Alstom, are expected to be deployed in the coming
Orczyk, Małgorzata, Gis, Wojciech, Tomaszewski, Franciszek
Vanadium: A Green Metal Critical to Aerospace and Clean EnergyTBMG-3737608/01/2020
In the 1960s, the world’s leading aerospace engineers at Lockheed’s Skunk Works facility faced an extraordinarily difficult engineering challenge: how to design a successor to the U-2 spy aircraft, which had proven increasingly vulnerable to advanced Soviet anti-aircraft systems. Among other capabilities, the next-generation aircraft they were to design required an ability to cruise at a sustained speed of Mach 3+, operate at altitudes exceeding 80,000 feet, and feature as low a radar cross section as possible. Given the technologies of the day – slide rules were still used by engineers for most calculations – it was a daunting task.
Editorial20AVEP05_0105/01/2020
Privately-owned vehicles were never so safe as they are today. Nor have they made so much sense. That thought hit me between the nostrils recently, as I sprayed a pungent disinfectant on the steering wheel of my family's B-segment runabout. Carefully wiping down the car's touch points with antibacterial cleaners has become a new pandemic ritual for us after returning home from food shopping and other essential missions. My little tribe generally keeps the interiors of our two vehicles tidy. Finding the occasional French fry buried in a seat track is, however, preferable to the dangerous microbes deposited every minute in the typical bus, train, or ride-share. The term “clean,” as understood by transit passengers, means a few spritzes by a custodial crew racing to meet uptime targets.
Brooke, Lindsay
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph (Bus-Up)J3105/2_202001 (Current)01/20/2020
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE STANDARDS NEWS20AUTP02_0601/01/2020
SAE publishes On-Route Mechanized Conductive EV Charging Systems Recommended Practices SAE International published SAE J-3105 Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Recommended Practice in January 2020. The document promotes the safe testing and performance of mechanized conductive power transfer systems. Written for buses and heavy-duty vehicles in general, SAE J-3105 encompasses the general physical, electrical, functional, testing and performance requirements for conductive power transfer primarily for vehicles using a conductive automated-charging-device (ACD) connection capable of transferring DC power. As the EV market expands, the need for the continued standardization of DC power distribution remains, and SAE J-3105 addresses three interfaces required to ensure power delivery is consistent. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the curbside electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the
A Comparative Study to Assess the Effect and Cause of Ride Quality and Comfort of Passenger Vehicle with Subjective Correlation2019-28-241011/21/2019
Vehicle Dynamics testing has its importance in the fields of benchmarking and the validation of mathematical models built in order to predict the ride performance of the vehicle. The importance of enhancing the ride comfort is increasing day by day in present day scenario because of the long hours of driving experience. In presented work, the ride testing is done for two hatchback vehicles on highway conditions in order to compare the ride quality and ride comfort. The parameters like Vibration Dose Value, SEAT factor and Ride Diagram values are used to evaluate the ride comfort. After successful evaluation of the vibration levels affecting the ride comfort of the driver as well as the passenger the next major task is to identify and study the cause of the discomfort. The cause of the discomfort is studied and analyzed in terms of the complex motion of the vehicle. Vehicle motions like choppiness produces higher levels of discomfort as compared to the vertical movement of the vehicle
Deouskar, Aniruddha, Ramola, Rahul, Jha, Anuj
Analysis of the Tractor-Trailer Dynamics during Braking2019-01-214409/15/2019
The intensive development of tractor-building industry in the world has led to the widespread use of wheeled tractors and tractor trains in transportations on public highways. This requires an increase of engine capacity and speed of tractor trains, as well as strict demands for their braking systems. The formation of the necessary braking properties of wheeled tractors and tractor trains on their basis should be carried out at the design phase, taking into account a wide range of aggregated machines and tools. Blocking the wheels of the trailer with different sequence of their blocking and blocking the wheels of the tractor has significant impact on the total braking force, deceleration and stability of the tractor train. It is advisable to take this into account when modeling the braking process of a tractor train. The article deals with the braking dynamics of the tractor train and the impact of the dynamic distribution of normal reactions between the axles on the brake properties
Podrigalo, Mikhail, Klets, Dmytro, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Klimenko, Valeriy, Rudzinskyi, Volodymyr, Kholodov, Anton
Fast Accurate Non-Destructive Measurement of Absorber Impedance and Absorption2019-01-158406/05/2019
Cabin acoustic comfort is a major contributor to the potential sales success of new aircraft, cars, trucks, and trains. Recent design challenges have included the increased use of composites, and the switch to electrically powered vehicles, each of which change the interior noise spectral content and level. The role of acoustic absorption in cabins is key to the optimisation of cabin acoustic comfort for modern vehicles, with acoustic impedance data needed in order to assess and optimise the impact of each component of a given lay-up. Measurements of absorbing interior trim are traditionally performed using either sample holder tests in a static impedance tube (impedance and absorption), or through tests in reverberation rooms (absorption only). Both of these procedures present challenges. In-tube absorption and impedance measurements are destructive, requiring highly accurate sample cutting and sealing. Reverberation room absorption measurements are subject to the effects of varying
Murray, Paul B., Alexander, Jon, Kunio, Jason, Larsen, Flemming
Aerodynamic Characteristics Simulation of Heavy Commercial Vehicles Passing through Expressway Tunnel in Cross Wind2019-01-066604/02/2019
Considering the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle traveling under the crosswind and the complexity of the flow field change, this paper uses overset mesh of STAR CCM+ software to carry out CFD simulation analysis on the aerodynamic characteristics of heavy commercial vehicles passing through the highway tunnel of which entrance and exit exist crosswind. Corresponding aerodynamic coefficients and flow field changes around the body at different crosswind speeds and different tunnel forms are monitored. The results show that the yaw moment is sensitive to the speed of crosswind. When a heavy commercial vehicle passes through a tunnel where crosswind increases from 10m/s to 13m/s,the yaw moment change rate increases from 34.8 kN•m/s to 45.9 kN•m/s. It also can be seen in these results is that when passing through two tunnels with a distance, the heavy commercial vehicle’s side force, roll moment and yaw moment change because of the surrounding periodic variation of flow field.
Ma, XiaoJing, Miao, ZhenHua, Ma, Jiayi, Zhang, Zhe, Ren, Linlin, Zhang, Yingchao
Autonomous Vehicle Engineering: January 201919AVEP0101/08/2019
Editorial Trust, testing and transition SAE Standards News SAE updates J3016 automated-driving graphic View from a Visionary Chris Urmson helped give birth to vehicle autonomy. His company, Aurora, is leading the technology to maturity and widespread adoption. Extending EV Range Using AV Programming Intelligent programming of autonomous electric vehicles offers potentially big energy savings, according to a study by IAV. Intel Study: Autonomous Vehicles Expected to be Common-in 50 Years New U.S. consumer survey sees most Americans "expect" AVs, though many currently fear the technology. Europe's Latest AV Testing Facilities Key for Swift Autonomous Adoption The need for data sharing and commonality in burgeoning AV technologies is bringing new meaning to the words 'proving grounds.' End Public 'Shadow' Driving! The best way to test and train AI for autonomous vehicles is through proper simulation, systems engineering, and an end-state scenario matrix. A veteran engineer explains why
An Investigation of a Locomotive Structural Crashworthiness Using Finite Element Simulation02-11-04-001911/02/2018
In this article, the crashworthiness of a locomotive is assessed through finite element analysis (FEA). The present investigation is focused on the analysis of a locomotive with driving cab to improve the modeling approach and exploring the intrinsic structural weaknesses to improve its crashworthiness. The analyses are conducted according to the EN 15227 standard, which provide crashworthiness requirements for locomotive structure. The finite element model is validated in terms of acceleration and energy balance by the experimental results. The validated model is further used to assess the crashworthiness behavior at a higher impact speed, that is, 100, 160, and 225 km/hr. It has been noticed that local buckling occurs at different points, which reduces the desired progressive damage behavior in the locomotive. The results indicate that at higher speed, large plastic deformation occurs in the frontal part of the locomotive. The maximum deformation is 8.22 m which occurs at the speed
Sharma, Sunil Kumar, Sharma, Rakesh Chandmal
Preliminary Study on Closed-Loop Acceleration Control of Motorcycles2018-32-005010/30/2018
In this study a preliminary investigation regarding closed-loop acceleration control for motorcycles is presented. Comprehensive considerations for the implementation of such a controller are discussed. Challenges, which are addressed, are a stable and sufficiently accurate measurement with the help of low-cost sensors and the consideration of the varying available maximum acceleration for set point calculation. In case of torque control, the maximum available torque is scaled by the throttle and thus automatically meets the limitation. Using acceleration as control variable, the varying set point limitation must be considered. According to current hypothesis, a precise closed loop control of the motorcycle longitudinal dynamics can be realized on the basis of the reference variable acceleration, yielding new possibilities in drive train control. The current control of the longitudinal dynamics is done by specifying a target output torque. However, the actual torque of the ICE is not
Winkler, Alexander, Grabmair, Gernot
Development of New Hybrid Transaxle for Mid - Size Vehicle2018-01-042904/03/2018
The new P710 hybrid transaxle for a mid-size 2.5-liter class vehicle was developed based on the Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) design philosophy to achieve a range of desired performance objects. A smaller and lighter transaxle with low mechanical loss was realized by incorporating a new gear train structure and a downsized motor. The noise of the P710 transaxle was also reduced by adopting a new damper structure.
Matsumura, Mitsutaka, Shiozaki, Kazuya, Mori, Nobuhito
Videogrammetry in Vehicle Crash Reconstruction with a Moving Video Camera2018-01-053204/03/2018
In an accident reconstruction, vehicle speeds and positions are always of interest. When provided with scene photographs or fixed-location video surveillance footage of the crash itself, close-range photogrammetry methods can be useful in locating physical evidence and determining vehicle speeds and locations. Available 3D modeling software can be used to virtually match photographs or fixed-location video surveillance footage. Dash- or vehicle-mounted camera systems are increasingly being used in light vehicles, commercial vehicles and locomotives. Suppose video footage from a dash camera mounted to one of the vehicles involved in the accident is provided for an accident reconstruction but EDR data is unavailable for either of the vehicles involved. The literature to date describes using still photos to locate fixed objects, using video taken from stationary camera locations to determine the speed of moving objects or using video taken from a moving vehicle to locate fixed objects
Manuel, Emmanuel Jay, Mink, Richard, Kruger, Daniel
Rubber Suspension Bushing Model Identified by General Design Parameters for Initial Design Phase2018-01-069304/03/2018
This article proposes a rubber suspension bushing model considering amplitude dependence as a useful tool at the initial design phase. The purpose of this study is not to express physical phenomena accurately and in detail and to explore the truth academically, but to provide a useful design method for initial design phase. Experiments were carried out to verify several dynamic characteristics of rubber bushings under vibration up to a frequency of 100 Hz, which is an important frequency range when designing ride comfort performance. When dynamic characteristic theory and the geometrical properties of the force-displacement characteristic curve were considered using these dynamic characteristics as assumptions, an equation was derived that is capable of calculating the dynamic stiffness under an arbitrary amplitude by identifying only two general design parameters (dynamic stiffness and loss factor) under a reference amplitude. The rubber suspension bushing model was then constructed
Horiuchi, Kentaro, Sakaguchi, Shinichi
Simulation Research of a Hydraulic Interconnected Suspension Based on a Hydraulic Energy Regenerative Shock Absorber2018-01-058204/03/2018
The current paper proposes a hydraulic interconnected suspension system (HIS) based on a hydraulic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA) comparatively with the passive suspensions. The structure and working principles of the HIS system are introduced in order to investigate the damping performance and energy regeneration characteristics of the proposed system. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the HIS-HESA system have been investigated based on a 4-DOF longitudinal half vehicle model. In the simulation, two different road inputs were used in the dynamic characterization of the HIS-HESA; the warp sinusoidal excitation, and the random road signal. In addition, a comparative analysis was provided for the dynamic responses of the half vehicle model for both the HIS-HESA and the conventional suspension. Furthermore, a parametric analysis of the HIS-HESA has been carried out highlining the key parameters that have a remarkable effect on the HIS-HESA performance. The dynamic
Zou, Junyi, Guo, Xuexun, Xu, Lin, Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Gong, Bian, Zhang, Jie, Tan, Gangfeng
Time-Varying Loads of Co-Axial Rotor Blade Crossings2017-01-202409/19/2017
The blade crossing event of a coaxial counter-rotating rotor is a potential source of noise and impulsive blade loads. Blade crossings occur many times during each rotor revolution. In previous research by the authors, this phenomenon was analyzed by simulating two airfoils passing each other at specified speeds and vertical separation distances, using the compressible Navier-Stokes solver OVERFLOW. The simulations explored mutual aerodynamic interactions associated with thickness, circulation, and compressibility effects. Results revealed the complex nature of the aerodynamic impulses generated by upper/lower airfoil interactions. In this paper, the coaxial rotor system is simulated using two trains of airfoils, vertically offset, and traveling in opposite directions. The simulation represents multiple blade crossings in a rotor revolution by specifying horizontal distances between each airfoil in the train based on the circumferential distance between blade tips. The shed vorticity
Schatzman, Natasha L., Komerath, Narayanan, Romander, Ethan A.
Comparison of a State of the Art Hydraulic Brake System with a Decentralized Hydraulic Brake System Concept for Electric Vehicles2017-01-251509/17/2017
The ongoing changes in the development of new power trains and the requirements due to driver assistance systems and autonomous driving could be the enabler for completely new brake system configurations. The shift in the brake load collective has to be included in the systems requirements for electric vehicles. Many alternative concepts for hydraulic brake systems, even for decentralized configurations, can be found in the literature. For a decentralized system with all state of the art safety functionalities included, four actuators are necessary. Therefore, the single brake module should be as cost-effective as possible. Previous papers introduced systems which are for example based on plunger-like concepts, which are very expensive and heavy due to the needed gearing and design. In this paper a comparison between a state of the art hydraulic brake system using an electromechanical brake booster, and a completely new decentralized hydraulic brake concept is presented. After
Riese, Christian, Verhagen, Armin, Schroeter, Simon, Gauterin, Frank
Micromachined Sensors Monitor Train Rails and Predict FailuresTBMG-2728208/01/2017
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Effect of Friction Torque on Electromechanical Brake System Dynamics2017-01-190206/05/2017
Actuator and roller screw mechanism are key components of electromechanical brake (EMB) system in automotive and aerospace industry. The inverted planetary roller screw mechanism (IPRSM) is particularly competitive due to its high load-carrying capacity and small assembly size. For such systems, friction characteristic and friction torque generated from rolling/sliding contacts can be an important factor that affects the dynamic performance as well as vibration behavior. This paper investigates the modeling and simulation of the EMB system in early design stage with special attention to friction torque modelling of IPRSM. Firstly, a step-by-step system model development is established, which includes the controller, servo motor, planetary gear train and roller screw mechanism to describe the dynamic behavior of the EMB system. Secondly, detailed analytical formulations are established to calculate the friction torque in the time domain for evaluating its influence on the EMB
Qiao, Guan, Liu, Geng, Shi, Zhenghong, Wang, Yawen, Ma, Shangjun, Lim, Teik
The Analysis of the Stiffness-Damping Parameters of a H-Bahn Vehicle2017-01-189006/05/2017
H-Bahn ("hanging railway") refers to the suspended, unmanned urban railway transportation system. Through the reasonable platform layout, H-Bahn can be easily integrated into the existing urban transit system. With the development of urban roads, the associated rail facilities can be conveniently disassembled, moved and expanded. The track beam, circuits, communication equipment, and sound insulation screen are all installed in a box-type track beam so that the system can achieve a high level of integration and intelligence. The carriage of the modern H-banh vehicle is connected with the bogies by two hanging devices. The vehicle is always running in the box-type track beam; therefore there are less possibilities of derailment. Consequently, the key work focuses on the running stability evaluation and curve negotiation performance analysis. In order to study the factors affecting running stability, the different stiffness and damping parameters in the primary and secondary suspension
Zhang, Xingyu, Yang, Bo, Zhang, Manchuang, Hu, Sanbao
Suspension Performance and Energy Harvesting Property Study of a Novel Railway Vehicle Bogie with The Hydraulic-Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Shock Absorber2017-01-148303/28/2017
Systematic research on dynamic model, simulation analyses, prototype production and bench tests have been carried out in recent years on the most popular energy-harvesting shock absorbers-the mechanical motion rectifier (MMR), and the hydraulic-electromagnetic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA). This paper presents a novel application of the HESA into bogie system of railway vehicles. In order to study the differences of suspension performance and energy harvesting property between first suspension system and second suspension system of the application, simulation models are built in AMESim to make comparison studies on the different department suspensions caused by the nonlinear damping behaviors of the HESA. The simulation results show that the system can effectively reduce the impact between wheel and rail tracks, while maintaining good potential to recycle vibratory energy. And the relationships as well as differences between the first suspensions and second suspensions have
Mi, Jia, Xu, Lin, Guo, Sijing, Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Meng, Lingshuai
Bob Lutz: What makes a great engineer?16AUTP11_1311/01/2016
Throughout the 2016 documentary film Live Another Day about the fall and rise of the Detroit-3 automakers, former GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz shows the insight and enthusiasm that made him one of the industry's most effective “product guys” for four decades. While Lutz, now 84, actually holds a marketing MBA, his practical knowledge of aircraft design, systems and aerodynamics learned as a U.S. Marine Corps fighter pilot combined with a life-long love of cars, motorcycles and aircraft made him, as he says, “a close friend of engineers and designers.” He spoke recently with editor-in-chief Lindsay Brooke. I've met many good engineers in my +30 years covering the industry. But what makes a great one?
Brooke, Lindsay
Modelling, Analysis and Simulation of Clutch Engagement Judder and Stick-Slip2016-01-235510/17/2016
Analytical and numerical study is carried out to study the behavior of stick-slip and judder phenomenon during engaging and disengaging of the automotive clutch. For this purpose, a four degree of freedom torsional power train lumped mass model is developed. This torsional vibration system includes engine-flywheel, clutch, gear box and vehicle drive line, which are connected to each other by shafts. Equation of motion of the system is developed and initially a stability analysis is carried out for various gradients of coefficient of friction using eigen value analysis. Later, a numerical simulation is carried out to analyze the judder and stick-slip phenomenon using commercially available mathematical tool MATLAB. It is observed that the clutch stick-slip is increased with increase in external torque and clutch pressure fluctuations.
Sivanesan, M, Jayabalaji, G
Battery Parameter Estimation from Recorded Fleet Data2016-01-236010/17/2016
Existing battery parameter model structures are evaluated by estimating model parameters on real driving data applying standard system identification methods. Models are then evaluated on the test data in terms of goodness of fit and RMSE in voltage predictions. This is different from previous battery model evaluations where a common approach is to train parameters using standardized tests, e.g. hybrid pulse-power capability (HPPC), with predetermined charge and discharge sequences. Equivalent linear circuit models of different complexity were tested and evaluated in order to identify parameter dependencies at different state of charge levels and temperatures. Models are then used to create voltage output given a current, state of charge and temperature. The average accuracy of modelling the DC bus voltage provides a model goodness of fit average higher than 90% for a single RC circuit model. Both single RC equivalent circuit model and R-equivalent circuit model produce goodness of fit
Arvidsson, Rickard, McKelvey, Tomas
Improvement of Practical Electric Consumption by Drag Reducing under Cross Wind2016-01-162604/05/2016
Reducing vehicle fuel consumption has become one of the most important issues in recent years in connection with environmental concerns such as global warming. Therefore, in the vehicle development process, attention has been focused on reducing aerodynamic drag as a way of improving fuel economy. When considering environmental issues, the development of vehicle aerodynamics must take into account real-world driving conditions. A crosswind is one of the representative conditions. It is well known that drag changes in a crosswind compared with a condition without a crosswind, and that the change depends on the vehicle shape. It is generally considered that the influence of a crosswind is relatively small since drag accounts for a small proportion of the total running resistance. However, for electric vehicles, the energy loss of the drive train is smaller than that of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. Therefore, drag represents a relatively larger proportion of the total
Kawamata, Hideyuki, Kuroda, Satoru, Tanaka, Shingo, Oshima, Munehiko
Development of New Hybrid Transaxle for Compact-Class Vehicles2016-01-116304/05/2016
1 As the demand for so-called eco-cars has been increasing recently, new hybrid transaxle P610 has been developed to achieve outstanding fuel economy and an excellent driving performance. P610 was installed in the 4th generation Prius, the first car to implement TOYOTA's new development strategy, TNGA (Toyota New Global Architecture). In order to accomplish the goal, radical reduction of mechanical loss, size and weight, dual-axle motor structure are adopted to draw out the potential capability of the THS (Toyota Hybrid System) to the maximum extent possible. Furthermore, placing the compact power train low, which is realized by installed the PCU(Power Control Unit) on top of the transaxle, led to provide the low center of gravity of the vehicle and excellent driving performance.
Taniguchi, Makoto, Yashiro, Takahisa, Takizawa, Keiji, Baba, Shinichi, Tsuchida, Michitaka, Mizutani, Tatsuhiko, Endo, Hiroatsu, Kimura, Hiromichi
Development of an Efficient Power Train Cooling System with Effective Utilization of Front End Opening for a Utility Vehicle2016-01-065204/05/2016
This paper reports a study on Charge air cooler effectiveness, Air intake pressure drop, Acceleration Performance and Rise over ambient temperature of a utility vehicle for different layouts of Inter cooler, radiator, condenser and fan module in order to finalize an efficient Power train cooling system layout. The main objective is effective utilization of front end opening area, eliminating inter cooler heat load on the radiator, so that radiator size, fan size and fan motor wattage can be optimized to achieve desired cooling performance requirements with the cooling system (CRFM) module. Effect of the intercooler effectiveness, Intake pressure drop, Vehicle acceleration performance and Rise over ambient temperature are studied and both the advantages and disadvantages of the proposals are discussed to finalize the better position of inter-cooler along with other engine cooling components.
Ranjan, Ravi, Brahmasani, Lakshmaiah, Khan, Parvej
System for Recirculation of Mobile Tooling2015-01-249409/15/2015
Aircraft assembly systems which require tooling or machinery to pulse or move between multiple positions within a factory can be positioned with high repeatability without high performance foundations or sweeping out large areas of floorspace. An example shows a system of large left and right-hand frames which are positioned at 3 sequential manufacturing steps and then recirculated to the start of production via a central return aisle. The frames are 41 ton actual weight and are 72′ long, similar to a rail car. The system achieves rectangular motion for the recirculation path. The supporting and moving system incorporates low-cost rail in a floor with minimal preparation and simple to use controls. The system is also easily reconfigured if the manufacturing system needs to be altered to meet rate or flow requirements.
Hempstead, Benjamen D., Smith, Scott
Aerodynamic Load Maps of Vehicle Shapes at Arbitrary Attitude2015-01-257409/15/2015
The interest in flying cars comes with the question of characterizing aerodynamic loads on shapes that go beyond traditional aircraft shapes. When carried as slung loads under aircraft, vehicles can encounter severe aerodynamic loads, which may also cause them to go into divergent oscillations that can threaten the vehicle and aircraft. Slung loads can encounter the wind at arbitrary attitudes. Flight test certification for every vehicle-aircraft combination is prohibitive. Characterizing the aerodynamic loads with sufficient resolution for use in dynamic simulation, has in the past been extremely arduous. Sharp changes that drive instabilities arise over small ranges of yaw and pitch. With the Continuous Rotation technique developed by our group, aerodynamic load characterization is viable and efficient. With two well-chosen attitude sweeps and appropriate transformations, the entire 6-DOF load map can be obtained, for several rates. The paper describes application of the method to
Motahari, Nicholas R., Turbeville, Franklin, Hiremath, Nandeesh, Komerath, Narayanan
Interior Noise Design of a Light Rail Vehicle Using Statistical Energy Analysis2015-01-230006/15/2015
This paper addresses the NVH design of a light rail vehicle whose maximum allowable interior SPL levels at certain speeds are regulated and may vary between countries, states, and cities. The objective of this study was to predict sound pressure levels (SPL) at several interior locations across a wide range of frequencies and estimate if the current design configuration will meet the noise level limits. Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) was used to predict interior SPL and to understand and rank the various noise contribution paths and give a better understanding of the physics of transmission and what types of design changes are most effective to reduce the overall interior SPL to meet targets. A typical light rail vehicle is composed of a frame-like structure covered by lightweight panels and with interior panels that are increasingly made from composites, sandwich, laminated, or honeycomb materials or extruded panels. These lightweight structures made from materials that have
Fiedler, Robert, Musser, Chadwyck, Cuchý, Petr
Optimization of EV Mounting System Considering Power Train Torsion Control2015-01-222506/15/2015
Faced on transient vibration of EV, considering the characteristics of the electric drive system, active and passive integrated transient vibration control method of power train mounting system was proposed. Models of power train system and mounting system were established, modal characteristics were grasped by simulation and experiment. A feed-forward controller was constructed from the facet of active control, mounting system transient vibration and power train torsion vibration were reduced. Based on this, further optimization of mounting system was conducted from a passive control perspective. Results show that the active and passive integrated control method can effectively reduce the dynamic reaction force of mounting points, improve the vibration conditions of power train and vehicle body as well.
Yu, Peng, Zhang, Tong, Li, Jing, Chen, Shiyang, Guo, Rong
Study on Independent Tuning Damping Characteristic by Coupling of Electromagnetic Dampers for Automobiles2015-01-004403/10/2015
Methods for motion control with a coupled suspension systems of automobile have been proposed and their effectiveness has been shown by the previous studies. However, it is not easy to couple hydraulic dampers because it requires designing and manufacturing complex pipelines. Recently, the electromagnetic damper, which is composed of an electric motor, a ball screw, and a nut, was proposed. The electromagnetic damper has high responsiveness, controllability, and energy saving performance, and it has been reported they improved ride comfort and drivability. The electromagnetic damper has various function depending on the electric circuit connected to its electric motor and can be connected to each other more easily than that by hydraulic dampers. Therefore, the authors have focused on the connectivity of the electromagnetic damper, and have proposed to use electromagnetic damper for the coupled system, which enabled the characteristics of translational and rotational motion of a vehicle
Fukumori, Yuto, Hayashi, Ryuzo, Matsumi, Ryosuke, Suda, Yoshihiro, Nakano, Kimihiko
Control Research of Power Train Torsional Vibration Based on Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dual Mass Flywheel2014-01-286710/13/2014
To research the torsional vibration damping characteristic of magneto-rheological fluid dual mass flywheel (MRF-DMF) and the control system in power train, the multi-degree power train torsional vibration model which contains MRF-DMF and semi-active fuzzy control model are built, then the damping characteristic of MRF-DMF in several conditions are gained and compared with MRF-DMF when no control system. The result indicates: the damping characteristic of MRF-DMF effect on power train when using control is better than without control in idle, speed up, slow down, ignition and stalling, while the damping characteristic is less obvious in constant speed because the simulation condition and damping moment relatively stable.
Chen, Zhiyong, Chen, Zhiyuan, Mao, Yang, Shi, Wenku, Zhang, Guihui
Safe and Eco Friendly Train Traction System with No Rails2014-01-228909/30/2014
In this research paper, a novel train traction system is described. In this system, the vehicle is lifted like a hovercraft by air cushion and the traction is achieved by using horizontally mounted all-wheel drive. Chance of derailment is completely eliminated and wherein even in the event of failure of few traction wheel stations during run, the train remains mobile with absolute safety even at high speeds. All-wheel drive traction is powered by overhead electrification to maintain high power to weight ratio and faster acceleration. In the present invention, no rail is used. This eliminates the enormous cost of laying the complex and expensive railway tracks. Other advantages include the lack of exhaust fumes and carbon emissions at point of use especially in countries where electricity comes primarily from non-fossil sources, less noise, lower maintenance requirements of the traction units. In case, where the availability or laying the overhead electrification is an issue, the
Giridharan, K
Green Wheel Loader - Operating Strategy of an Energy Efficient Hybrid Drive Train2014-01-240009/30/2014
Today's mobile machines still offer vast potentials regarding energy efficiency, which can be exploited by increasing the efficiency of drive train subsystems and optimising their interaction. Within the research project “TEAM”, the most promising drive train technology currently available is incorporated into a wheel loader in order to demonstrate the fuel savings possible through highly efficient subsystems and adapted operating strategies. This contribution gives an overview over the machine's drive train structure and explains the developed operating strategy in detail. Fuel saving estimations obtained by system simulation are shown. Furthermore, the intended use of the parallel hybrid and its impact on machine efficiency and functionality is discussed.
Schneider, Markus, Koch, Oliver, Weber, Juergen
Effects of Liquid Cargo on Lateral Stability of B-Train Combination2014-01-231909/30/2014
Road train vehicles have been applied as one of the common and efficient ways for transportation of goods, specifically hazardous liquid cargos, in different nations. These vehicles have a wide variety of lengths and towing systems such as the fifth wheel or the dolly draw-bar. Based upon specific regulations, they could be authorized to move on specific roads. In order to avoid hazard and danger in case of accidents, safety performance of a B-train vehicle as a specific type of road train vehicles is investigated in this paper. A Multi-Body Dynamic (MBD) model, which consists of a prime mover and two trailers coupled by fifth wheels, are simulated in the initial phase of the study. The developed dynamic model is capable of simulating required tests as well as the SAE lane change, along with a constant radius turn for the purpose of roll and yaw stability analysis and safety evaluation. The effects of variation of the fluid fill level are considered in this research. The trammel
Hazrati Ashtiani, Iman, Abedi, Mehrnoosh
Noise Synthesis of Electric Parking Brake using Vibration Analysis and Transfer Path Analysis2014-01-251509/28/2014
Prediction of noise and vibration of a gear train is important to achieve a competitive design. Objective of this paper is to develop a dynamic simulation model for vibration analysis and a synthesis process to predict vehicle interior noise using TPA (Transfer Path Analysis). The hybrid gear model is developed to simulate the stiffness of teeth and meshing characteristics in a gear pair. It is modeled by using the teeth stiffness map which is following real contact characteristics of a gear pair. The teeth stiffness is obtained by structural analysis. The multi-body model is composed of flexible bodies, shafts and nonlinear bearings. Input forces at the mounting point (input point) of the gear train are calculated by accelerations from dynamic analysis under real operating conditions. Calculated forces are used to synthesize a vehicle interior noise. Predicted noise is compared with experiment data.
Park, Jin kuk, Jung, Hyun Bum, Han, Min Gyu, Jeon, Nam ill
Advanced Materials for Aerospace and Space Applications2014-01-223309/16/2014
Constant swirls of innovative ideas are starting to push composites and hybrid metal-composite components for use in an ever expanding circle of products. Recent discoveries of Graphene/Au composites have invigorated innovations for its application to aerospace and space products. Attributes such as a low CTE, stiffness, and light weight attract other manufacturers of smaller products to use composites for enhanced performance and durability. The uses and economics of composites is an enormously broad subject. Examples of composite materials will be described in this paper to provide samples of applications selected for their far reaching potential to enhance product performance. Examples will also be presented to explain the application of carbon based composites where the product performance or application would not be possible without special materials. This paper will also describe emerging materials such as graphene and some of its applications to enhance the performance of
Bullen, George Nicholas
Learning of Intelligent Controllers for Autonomous Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles by Genetic Cascading Fuzzy Methods2014-01-217409/16/2014
Looking forward to an autonomous Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) for future applications, it becomes apparent that on-board intelligent controllers will be necessary for these advanced systems. LETHA (Learning Enhanced Tactical Handling Algorithm) was created to develop intelligent managers for these advanced unmanned craft through the novel means of a genetic cascading fuzzy system. In this approach, a genetic algorithm creates rule bases and optimizes membership functions for multiple fuzzy logic systems, whose inputs and outputs feed into one another alongside crisp data. A simulation space referred to as HADES (Hoplological Autonomous Defend and Engage Simulation) was created in which LETHA can train the UCAVs intelligent controllers. Equipped with advanced sensors, a limited supply of Self-Defense Missiles (SDM), and a recharging Laser Weapon System (LWS), these UCAVs can navigate a pre-defined route through the mission space, counter enemy threats, and destroy mission
Ernest, Nicholas, Cohen, Kelly, Schumacher, Corey, Casbeer, David
Submersible Pressure Transducer for Tank Fluid Level MonitoringTBMG-1978906/01/2014
Monitoring the level of liquid can be accomplished through the use of a pressure transducer. The density of the liquid and its height create pressure on the diaphragm of the pressure transducer to generate an accurate and cost-effective level measurement. Generally, pressure transducers can be used for level measurement from 10 inches of water column up to 10,000 PSI (700 bar).
Gear Train Mesh Efficiency Study: The Effects of an Anti-Backlash Gear2014-01-176904/01/2014
In recent years, the focus on engine parasitic losses has increased as a result of the efforts to increase engine efficiency and reduce greenhouse gasses. The engine gear train, used to time the valve system and drive auxiliary loads, contributes to the overall engine parasitic losses. Anti-backlash gears are often used in engine gear trains to reduce gear rattle noise resulting from the torsional excitation of the gear train by the engine output torque. Friction between sliding surfaces at the gear tooth is a major source of power loss in gear trains. The effect of using anti-backlash gears on the gear friction power loss is not well known. As a part of the effort to reduce parasitic losses, the increase in friction power loss in the Cummins ISX 15 gear train due to the anti-backlash gear was quantitatively determined by modifying the methods given in ISO 14179-2 to fit the anti-backlash gear sub-assembly. A test case with a two gear mesh arrangement was designed for the purpose of
Joshi, Yashodhan V., Kelleher, Jordan E.
Experimental Determination of Rigid Body Properties of a Powertrain Unit for NVH Refinement2014-01-003904/01/2014
This paper establishes quick and accurate methods to experimentally determine the rigid body properties of a powertrain unit namely, the centre of gravity, the moment of inertia and the torque roll axis and also the rigid body dynamics of mounting system such as the rigid body modes, kinetic energy distribution, and elastic roll axis. The centre of gravity is determined using single point suspension and laser pointer to locate the axis passing through the centre of gravity. A special unifilar pendulum test rig is developed for determining the moment of inertia where an accelerometer measures the rotational oscillations for a given time period and the moment of inertia is determined by solving a set of inertial ellipsoid equations. An easy method of reorienting the powertrain is demonstrated in this paper. The torque roll axis is determined by generating a torsional excitation about the crankshaft axis of a freely suspended powertrain and by locating the centre of rotation of the
Frank, Jos, Manchi, Venkateshwararao, Raghavendran, Prasath
Effects of Driver Acceleration Behavior on Fuel Consumption of City Buses2014-01-038904/01/2014
Approximately 50% energy is consumed during the acceleration of a city bus. Fuel consumption during acceleration is significantly affected by driving behavior. In this study, 13 characteristic parameters were selected to describe driving style based on analysis of how driving influences fuel consumption during acceleration. The 100,000 km real-world vehicle running data of six drivers on three city buses in a particular bus line in Tianjin, China were sampled using a vehicle-on-line data logger. Based on the selected characteristic parameters and collected driving data, an evaluation model of the fuel consumption level of a driver was established by adopting the method of decision tree C4.5. For two-level classification, the model has over 85% prediction accuracy. The model also has the advantages of having a few training samples and strong generalization. As an example of the model application, the fuel-saving potential of a driver under optimal operations was analyzed. Thus, the
Ma, Hongjie, Xie, Hui, Chen, Shuangxi, Yan, Ying, Huang, DengGao
Assessment of Planetary Gear Train with Multiple-Pinion Arrangements2014-01-176304/01/2014
The planetary gear train has been used as a core element for most of automatic transmissions (AT) due to its unique advantages: such as high power density, lower noise level, lower support bearing cost, and easier for mass production, compare to lay shaft or other types. In particularly, when multiple-pinion (MP) arrangement is used to accommodate flexible packaging design specifications. However, the planetary gear train does inherit a critical limit that is the lack of flexibility on gear ratio selection, because it needs to comply with certain constraints on tooth combination to meet gear train installation for assembly, load sharing for durability and phasing arrangement for noise concerns. To fully take the MP advantages for AT transmission applications, while increase the gear ratio selection was the primary motivation that prompted us to seek for some potential solutions on the MP arrangement. This report will provide the method for the proposed approach, and also reveal some of
Chen, Joseph Y.
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