Browse Topic: Lawn vehicles and equipment

Items (53)

Nomenclature - Industrial and Agricultural Mowers

J990_202011 (Current)

11/3/2020

Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Industrial and Agricultural Disc Wheels

J712_201909 (Current)9/25/2019

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide a selection of disc wheels for industrial and agricultural application with a maximum of interchangeability. This is accomplished by establishing five groups of disc wheels, in each of which the hub mounting elements are common. These groups are designated 4 bolt, 5 in bolt circle; 5 bolt, 4.5 in bolt circle; 5 bolt, 5.5 in bolt circle; 6 bolt, 6 in bolt circle; and 8 bolt, 8 in bolt circle. Further, this document establishes an SAE part number and the maximum rated radial load for each standard wheel. In addition, the document requires the wheel manufacturer's name or trademark to be impression stamped on the wheel with location at the discretion of the manufacturer.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

A User-Centered Design Exploration of Fully Autonomous Vehicles’ Passenger Compartments for At-Risk Populations

2018-01-13184/3/2018

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to provide mobility to individuals who experience transportation disadvantages due to the inability to drive as a result of physical, cognitive or visual limitations/impairments as well as able-bodied individuals with no/limited desire to drive. Individuals who do not have easy access to transportation have social, academic, health, and career disadvantages in comparison to their peers. Fully autonomous vehicles have the potential to offer mobility solutions to these individuals. A user-centered design approach was utilized by a multidisciplinary team of engineers, human factors specialists, and designers to develop future vehicle features for a broad range of users. In-depth interviews and day-in-the-life experiences provided the team with an understanding of the needs and constraints of very different types of users including: a millennial with a visual impairment, a professional in a major metropolitan area who does not want to drive yet needs to transport influential clients to meetings throughout the city, a full-time working mom with 3 kids under the age of 12, and. a designer who is a quadriplegic who lives as independently as possible while using a large motorized wheelchair. User preferences, needs, and wants are discussed for each user. Future autonomous vehicles will have vastly different metrics for user satisfaction than what exists today.

Brooks, Johnell O., Mims, Lauren, Jenkins, Casey, Lucaciu, Damian, Denman, Pete

Sensor Networks — The Platform for a Connected Farm

TBMG-285263/1/2018

Farming has not been untouched by the IoT revolution. The relationships among field conditions, crops, and strategies for planting, irrigating, and harvesting are complex, yet vital for the success of the enterprise. Agricultural machines such as tractors, combines, mowers, and balers are key to smooth operations. Intelligent, addressable sensors on the machines and in the fields, enable farm managers to keep track of operations that are not only widely dispersed but also in motion.

Development of a GPS-Enabled Compact Data Logger to Evaluate Small Engine Usage in Actual Applications

2016-32-003211/8/2016

In the process of developing small general purpose engines, it is necessary to obtain accurate engine usage information. Commercially available measurement systems created for this purpose have unfavorable characteristics, including limited flexibility and large physical size. A compact data logging device was developed to overcome these limitations, and it was used on several lawn mowers. A microcontroller controls the data logger and acquires data. The data logger also includes a vacuum pressure sensor, tachometer input, thermocouple inputs, and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver. The GPS receiver is used to provide machine position and velocity data, which is synchronized with the other measurements. The housing is compact (54 mm x 124 mm x 100 mm), so it can be mounted on most small engine-powered products. Setup of the data logger requires no significant engine or machine modifications, which reduces the time required to instrument a product for testing. Since the data logger is simple and compact, it was possible to deploy several loggers concurrently in different geographic regions. The acquired data was used to quantify the engine loading, engine start cycles, accessory clutch cycles, and movement of the machine. These results are being used to precisely define the usage and durability requirements for small engines. In the future, work will be done to expand the data logger’s capability.

Two-Stroke Engine Cleanliness via a Fuel Additive

2016-32-004811/8/2016

Two-stroke engine keep-clean data is presented to demonstrate the deposit removal capabilities of a premium fuel additive. In this testing, the fuel additive was added as a top-treatment to a 50:1 blended fuel-oil mixture. Engine testing was conducted on an EchoTM SRM-265 (25.4 cc) string trimmer run under a standardized test cycle. Test measurements included piston deposits, ring deposits, and exhaust port blockage. In addition, a more complete data set was analyzed and several variables were investigated including: different base gasoline fuels, ethanol level (E0 and E10), additive dose (none, low, and high), and fuel stabilizer dose (none and high). Post-test inspection of engine parts using fuel additives showed a high level of clean surfaces, which maintained the engine at its original performance.

Parker, Garrett, Bartley, Stuart, Nicholls, Michael

Variable-Aperture Reciprocating Reed Valve

TBMG-251828/1/2016

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center engineers have developed a new reed valve for controlling fluid flow back and forth between two chambers. The VARR valve provides two-way flow that is proportional to flow demand. As the pressure gradient builds on one side, the reed valve responds by opening an amount that is proportionate to the gradient, or demand, allowing bidirectional flow. Some mechanical and fluid systems that rely on the controlled flow of fluids between chambers will benefit from the new design. Compared to current fixed-orifice devices, VARR may expand the performance envelope by offering a more continuous flow response in applications in which the pressure environment is constantly changing. Proportional two-way flow can enable a fine-tuned system response to pressure building on one side of the valve. In these changing gradient conditions, the reed valve is better than fixed-sized orifices, which are optimized for one flow condition and are likely to over- or under-restrict flow for all other flow gradients.

Applying UUV Advances to Safeguard Harbors and Littoral Waters

TBMG-246465/1/2016

Advances in unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are providing government agencies and commercial organizations with new capabilities across a variety of mission requirements. However, many underwater vehicles only address specific criteria or support well-defined (and limited) niches. As an example, the Naval Sea Systems Command’s (NAVSEA) Littoral Battlespace Sensing (LBS) system includes the LBS-G long-endurance glider to collect oceanographic data, but also needs the LBS-AUV for military applications.

Applying UUV Advances to Safeguard Harbors and Littoral Waters

16AERP05_045/1/2016

Advances in unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are providing government agencies and commercial organizations with new capabilities across a variety of mission requirements. However, many underwater vehicles only address specific criteria or support well-defined (and limited) niches. As an example, the Naval Sea Systems Command's (NAVSEA) Littoral Battlespace Sensing (LBS) system includes the LBS-G long-endurance glider to collect oceanographic data, but also needs the LBS-AUV for military applications.

Industrial Rotary Mowers

J232_201407 (Current)7/9/2014

This SAE Standard establishes performance criteria for towed, semi-mounted, or mounted and arm type rotary mowers with one or more blade assemblies of 77.5 cm blade tip circle diameter or over, mounted on a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kW, intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries, and along roadways and highways. The use of the word “industrial” is not to be confused with “in-plant industrial equipment.” This document does not apply to: a. Turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption, or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence. b. Equipment designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use. c. Self-powered or self-propelled mowers or mowing machines.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Industrial Flail Mowers and Power Rakes

J1001_201407 (Current)7/9/2014

The guidelines for operator and bystander protection in this recommended practice apply to towed, semimounted or mounted flail mowers and flail power rakes when powered by a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kw (20 hp), intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries and along roadways and highways. The use of the word "industrial" is not to be confused with "in-plant industrial equipment". This document does not apply to: 1. Turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence. 2. Machines designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use. 3. Self powered or self propelled mowers or mowing machines. Where other standards are referenced, such reference applies only to the document identified, not revisions thereof. 1.1 Purpose—To establish guidelines for operator and bystander protection for flail mowers and flail power rakes whose intended use falls within the scope of this document.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Nomenclature—Industrial and Agricultural Mowers

J990_201406 (Historical)6/4/2014

Illustrations used here are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

NASA Announces 2012 Inventions of the Year

TBMG-166126/1/2013

The 2012 NASA Government Invention of the Year was awarded to a tiny sensor that detects chemicals in the air. The technology, titled “High Sensitive, Low Power and Compact Nano Sensors for Trace Chemical Detection,” was invented by Jing Li and Meyya Meyyappan of NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, CA, and Yijang Lu of the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Developing Fleets of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

TBMG-632712/1/2009

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have a demonstrated capability to collect valuable data for scientific and military purposes. Historically, individual vehicles have been used. To reduce the overall time and cost of acquiring data over large areas, multiple vehicles must be used. A fleet of five AUVs, capable of underwater commendation, was fabricated. These AUVs include small submarines, referred to as “swimmers,” and small, two-tracked vehicles, referred to as “crawlers.” The control and communication algorithms developed in this work will enable AUVs to use formations to search for mines and to communicate with each other in order to implement cooperative behavior. Languages and logics were developed to enable collaborative operations among the vehicles.

Biomechanical Analysis of a Complex Dynamic Task via Integrated Motion Capture and 3DSSPP

2009-01-22896/9/2009

Determining the biomechanical demand of tasks that involve a wide range of postures typically requires the use of motion capture techniques to accurately measure the range of body positions throughout the task. Although there is obviously motion involved in such tasks, a biomechanical analysis can be performed using quasi-static methods provided the tasks do not involve significant accelerations. One commercial software tool for performing such analyses is the Three Dimensional Static Strength Predictor Program (3DSSPP) produced by the University of Michigan. While the postural data obtained via motion capture methods can be manually input into 3DSSPP, this typically involves either the use of a two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional visual image to estimate the joint angles, or the user may perform a visual comparison of an actual image of the task with the 3DSSPP image to obtain matching postures in the two programs. However, an automated data transfer method from the motion capture software to 3DSSPP is both more efficient and accurate. This paper presents an integrated method of motion capture and biomechanical analysis utilizing a software script for converting the data from version 1.1 of the Cortex motion capture software to a batch file for direct input into 3DSSPP. The application of this direct data input method was demonstrated by using it to analyze the physical demands of pulling the starter cord on two different models of lawn mowers.

Freyder, Dawn R., Metzler, Sandra A., Eiselstein, Nick, Greaves, John

Industrial Rotary Mowers

J232_200905 (Historical)5/11/2009

This SAE Standard establishes performance criteria for towed, semi-mounted, or mounted and arm type rotary mowers with one or more blade assemblies of 77.5 cm blade tip circle diameter or over, mounted on a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kW, intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries, and along roadways and highways. The use of the word "industrial" is not to be confused with "in-plant industrial equipment." This document does not apply to: a. Turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption, or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence. b. Equipment designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use. c. Self-powered or self-propelled mowers or mowing machines.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Industrial Flail Mowers and Power Rakes

J1001_200905 (Historical)5/11/2009

The purpose of this report is to establish guidelines for operator and bystander protection for flail mowers and flail power rakes whose intended use falls within the scope of this document. The guidelines for operator and bystander protection in this recommended practice apply to towed, semi-mounted or mounted flail mowers and flail power rakes when powered by a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kw (20 hp), intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries and along roadways and highways. The use of the word 'industrial' is not to be confused with 'in-plant industrial equipment.' This document does not apply to: 1) turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence; 2) machines designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use; and 3) self powered or self propelled mowers or mowing machines. /where other standards are referenced, such reference applies only to the doucment identified, not revisions thereof.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Nomenclature--Industrial and Agricultural Mowers

J990_200905 (Historical)5/11/2009

This Standard provides names of many of the major components and parts peculiar to agricultural and industrial rotary, flail and sickle bar type mowers. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Noise Source Imaging by Beamforming

2008-36-05183/30/2008

Beamforming using phased arrays of microphones is a popular technique for noise source imaging in certain applications in aerospace. Scale models tests of airframe noise, for example use the method extensively because the acoustic source distribution is complicated and matches the assumptions of the algorithm. Beamforming can be done in the frequency domain or the time domain. The time domain version adapts easily to moving sources including aircraft flyover and ground vehicle pass-by tests. Frequency domain formulations have been extended to in many ways. Recent versions improve resolution by deconvolution and treat extended, coherent sources seen, for example, in aircraft engine tests.

Dougherty, Robert Patrick

Industrial Flail Mowers and Power Rakes

J1001_200405 (Historical)5/18/2004

The purpose of this report is to establish guidelines for operator and bystander protection for flail mowers and flail power rakes whose intended use falls within the scope of this document. The guidelines for operator and bystander protection in this recommended practice apply to towed, semi-mounted or mounted flail mowers and flail power rakes when powered by a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kw (20 hp), intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries and along roadways and highways. The use of the word 'industrial' is not to be confused with 'in-plant industrial equipment.' This document does not apply to: 1) turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence; 2) machines designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use; and 3) self powered or self propelled mowers or mowing machines. /where other standards are referenced, such reference applies only to the doucment identified, not revisions thereof.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Nomenclature--Industrial and Agricultural Mowers

J990_200405 (Historical)5/10/2004

This Standard provides names of many of the major components and parts peculiar to agricultural and industrial rotary, flail and sickle bar type mowers. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Industrial Rotary Mowers

J232_200303 (Historical)3/12/2003

This SAE Standard establishes performance criteria for towed, semi-mounted, or mounted and arm type rotary mowers with one or more blade assemblies of 77.5 cm blade tip circle diameter or over, mounted on a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kW, intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries, and along roadways and highways. The use of the word "industrial" is not to be confused with "in-plant industrial equipment." This document does not apply to: a. Turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption, or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence. b. Equipment designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use. c. Self-powered or self-propelled mowers or mowing machines.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Advanced Hydro-Mechanical Transmission with High-Durability for Small Utility Vehicles

2001-01-08763/5/2001

The new automatic transmission, A-HMT (Advanced Hydro-Mechanical Transmission) has been developed for the Honda ATV (All Terrain Vehicle), which is for wide applications such as utility, recreation, etc. The A-HMT system features high performance, durability and reliability attained by improving the structures from the original hydro-mechanical automatic transmission used for the scooter called “Juno”, which Honda had produced many years ago, working on the same principle. In addition to it, by applying the electronic control system, the highly responsive driveability that suits the requirements of ATV's has been realized. The A-HMT is installed in the new 500 cm3 ATV, FOURTRAX FOREMAN RUBICON, which has been introduced in the USA market since June 2000.

Hayashi, Tsutomu, Saito, Mitsuru, Yoshida, Yoshihiro, Nanri, Takehiko

SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2000-06-01

OFHJUN006/1/2000

Technology for small-engine emissions reduction Swiss researchers used a modern four-stroke engine in conjunction with a commercially available catalytic converter and special gasoline to develop a significantly cleaner-running walk-behind mower. Large-scale application of J1939 The SAE electronic systems communication standard provides a method for achieving engineering flexibility, product standardization, parts rationalization, service, and customer convenience. Focus on electronics OEMs and their suppliers are developing vehicle systems for improved vehicle operation and reliability/durability with the help of electronics. The following pages review some recent industry advancements. 2000 SAE International Off-Highway Congress: one for the ages From antique off-highway equipment to the latest in intelligent vehicle technology, the 2000 SAE International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition brings yesterday and tomorrow together today.

Industrial And Agricultural Disc Wheels

J712_199911 (Historical)

11/22/1999

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide a selection of disc wheels for industrial and agricultural application with a maximum of interchangeability. This is accomplished by establishing five groups of disc wheels, in each of which the hub mounting elements are common. These groups are designated 4 bolt, 5 in bolt circle; 5 bolt, 4.5 in bolt circle; 5 bolt, 5.5 in bolt circle; 6 bolt, 6 in bolt circle; and 8 bolt, 8 in bolt circle. Further, this document establishes an SAE part number and the maximum rated radial load for each standard wheel. In addition, the document requires the wheel manufacturer's name or trademark to be impression stamped on the wheel with location at the discretion of the manufacturer.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

Patterns in Software Development for Small Embedded Systems

1999-01-28419/14/1999

The objective of this paper is to identify patterns of behavior exhibited by successful software development teams working in the off-highway environment. Case studies of both successful and unsuccessful project teams were performed. Concepts that repeated themselves and appeared to contribute to the success of the overall project have been identified as patterns. Recurring concepts that appeared to have contributed to the ultimate failure of a project were identified as antipatterns.

Tolstedt, Jonathan L.

Non-Rolling Agricultural Drive Tire Mechanical Models

Vertical stiffness and damping coefficient values were measured, in non-rolling conditions, on eleven agricultural drive tires, with sizes ranging from 14.9-30 to 18.4-38, and both types of carcass construction, bias and radial, were tested. Tire stiffness was measured both in static and dynamic conditions. The mechanical model representing the tires was made of a parallel spring-and-damper system, simplified to a single spring in static conditions. Tire stiffness was linearly related to inflation pressure in all cases, but dynamic stiffness was higher than static stiffness. The use of different tire models for static and dynamic conditions is recommended during simulation and tire behavior prediction.

Brassart, François P., Wright, Malcolm E.

Small Hydrostatic Transmission for Walk-Behind Lawn Mower

91129111/1/1991

The first hydrostatic transmission (HST) installed on a walk - behind lawn mower was introduced 1989. The HST is tiny and efficient. The HST unit weighs 3.1 kg, has a pump displacement of 2 cm3 and a maximum overall efficiency of 72 percent. Since the driving direction is limited to forward, the hydraulic circuit can be simplified. The hydraulic circuit is integrated to the aluminum die-cast transmission case. Operation of both drive and shift levers are converted to the stroke of one single shift cable. This integral operation mechanism enhances such original HST's characteristics as starting with less shock and smooth shifting. Consequently, operational ease of the mower has been drastically upgraded in various locations, especially on inclined surfaces and narrow areas where this type of mower is frequently used.

Misawa, Kichiji, Ishikawa, Tomoaki

As reported by Wright and Carpenter (1) and others, the number of accidents resulting in serious injuries and deaths associated with All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) use increased dramatically during the 1980s. It was decided that a safer, more stable ATV should be and could be built. Three-wheel and four-wheel ATVs were considered. Two three-wheel ATVs and a four-wheel ATV were modified and fabricated as prototypes. While improvements of the three-wheel ATVs were realized, there were still considerable stability problems that could not be sufficiently corrected. The four-wheel prototype, denoted as RCX 250 (roll cage experimental vehicle with a 250 cc engine), demonstrated feasibility with clear improvements in safety. Analysis of the dynamics of the RCX 250 along with the description of the features and the test results are discussed.

Johnson, Frank H., Wright, Robert R., Carpenter, Thomas G., Nelson, Randy

Small Agricultural Tractor ROPS - New Operator Protective Zone

The Equipment Manufacturers Institute (EMI) sponsored a literature search conducted by Triodyne, Inc. which attempted to identify all “Operator Protective Zones” ever utilized in the world. This effort was intended to determine whether published information existed to define a more compact Operator Protective Zone than those of current SAE (ASAE) standards for possible utilization in developing a new standard for a more compact design of Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for small agricultural tractors. The research has led Triodyne to conclude that the Operator Protective Zones upon which the current SAE (ASAE) ROPS standards are based are the only substantiated zones available for possible application to small agricultural tractors.

Fritz, Edward A., Case, J.I., Switalski, William G.

Nomenclature--Industrial and Agricultural Mowers

J990_198703 (Historical)3/1/1987

This Standard provides names of many of the major components and parts peculiar to agricultural and industrial rotary, flail and sickle bar type mowers. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Industrial Flail Mowers and Power Rakes

J1001_198703 (Historical)3/1/1987

The purpose of this report is to establish guidelines for operator and bystander protection for flail mowers and flail power rakes whose intended use falls within the scope of this document. The guidelines for operator and bystander protection in this recommended practice apply to towed, semi-mounted or mounted flail mowers and flail power rakes when powered by a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kw (20 hp), intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries and along roadways and highways. The use of the word 'industrial' is not to be confused with 'in-plant industrial equipment.' This document does not apply to: 1) turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence; 2) machines designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use; and 3) self powered or self propelled mowers or mowing machines. /where other standards are referenced, such reference applies only to the doucment identified, not revisions thereof.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Three Steered Wheels for Ultimate Economy with Good Handling

A three-wheel car concept is described, in which steering of the front wheels is limited to small angles for packaging reasons, so rear-wheel-steering is needed. Arguments for minimizing weight and aerodynamic drag suggest that this particular configuration is the optimum two-passenger vehicle for maximizing fuel economy. The limitation on steering of the front wheels requires that rear-wheel-steering is dominant in tight turns at low speed. The feasibility of this proposed steering scheme is supported by experimental evidence, as well as by the literature on driver behavior and all-wheel-steering cars. Preliminary tests with a prototype vehicle indicate that rear-wheel-steering alone is sufficient below 10 meters per second (22 mph), which would permit a front steer angle limit of .1 radians (6 degrees).

Whitehead, John C., Margolis, Donald L.

Nomenclature--Industrial and Agricultural Mowers

J990_198605 (Historical)5/1/1986

This Standard provides names of many of the major components and parts peculiar to agricultural and industrial rotary, flail and sickle bar type mowers. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing industrial or agricultural machines, or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been picked to describe the principles to be used in applying this standard.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Industrial Flail Mowers and Power Rakes

J1001_198605 (Historical)5/1/1986

The purpose of this report is to establish guidelines for operator and bystander protection for flail mowers and flail power rakes whose intended use falls within the scope of this document. The guidelines for operator and bystander protection in this recommended practice apply to towed, semi-mounted or mounted flail mowers and flail power rakes when powered by a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kw (20 hp), intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries and along roadways and highways. The use of the word 'industrial' is not to be confused with 'in-plant industrial equipment.' This document does not apply to: 1) turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence; 2) machines designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use; and 3) self powered or self propelled mowers or mowing machines. /where other standards are referenced, such reference applies only to the doucment identified, not revisions thereof.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

The Human Equation In Engineering … or Things You Never Learned in Engineering College

No question but that sharp technical skills and knowledge, kept current by continuing renewal and life-long learning, are basic to success in an engineering career. But no single individual, no matter how brilliant or innovative, brings a concept to fruition without the close understanding, cooperation and support of scores and perhaps even hundreds of people. Engineering school curricula are crammed full of math, science and engineering courses, and little, if any, part of the program devotes itself to dealing with interpersonal relationships. Yet in the final analysis, it is the ability to get along with others that makes the difference between engineers who achieve and those who don't. This lecture will address itself to such aspects of human relationships in the engineering workplace with superiors, subordinates, vendors, suppliers, customers and, yes, even with your own family. It will point up the foibles of human nature, and bring a practical insight on how to motivate people, how to gain the support, understanding and empathy of those with whom you interface. This is not meant to be a psychologist's or psychiatrist's approach to dealing with others, but rather a practical compendium of observations and first-hand experience from one who has worked in engineering and with thousands of engineers throughout his career.

Gilbert, Joseph

Brush Plating and its Applications

2/1/1985

Brookshire, Robert R.

Industrial Rotary Mowers

J232_198412 (Historical)12/1/1984

This SAE Standard establishes performance criteria for towed, semi-mounted, or mounted and arm type rotary mowers with one or more blade assemblies of 77.5 cm blade tip circle diameter or over, mounted on a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kW, intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries, and along roadways and highways. The use of the word "industrial" is not to be confused with "in-plant industrial equipment." This document does not apply to: a. Turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption, or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence. b. Equipment designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use. c. Self-powered or self-propelled mowers or mowing machines.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Wheel Motors for Hydrostatic Mobile Equipment

The wheel motor is a combination of hydro-motor and planetary transmission. Industrial, agricultural, construction and various types of public utility vehicles, which due to their design cannot use axle drives, make increasing use of the individual wheel drive. Speed, torque transmission, wheel bearings, valves for hydraulic operation and hydraulic engagement/disengagement are some of the requirements for wheel motor drives.

Nembach, Siegfried

Industrial Flail Mowers and Power Rakes

J1001_198012 (Historical)12/1/1980

The purpose of this report is to establish guidelines for operator and bystander protection for flail mowers and flail power rakes whose intended use falls within the scope of this document. The guidelines for operator and bystander protection in this recommended practice apply to towed, semi-mounted or mounted flail mowers and flail power rakes when powered by a propelling tractor or machine of at least 15 kw (20 hp), intended for marketing as industrial mowing equipment and designed for cutting grass and other growth in public use areas such as parks, cemeteries and along roadways and highways. The use of the word 'industrial' is not to be confused with 'in-plant industrial equipment.' This document does not apply to: 1) turf care equipment primarily designed for personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence; 2) machines designed primarily for agricultural purposes but which may be used for industrial use; and 3) self powered or self propelled mowers or mowing machines. /where other standards are referenced, such reference applies only to the doucment identified, not revisions thereof.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Riding Mower Development by Dynamic Design Techniques

The Simplicity Cavalier Series of rear engine rider mowers, introduced in 1979, is utilized in this paper to illustrate the engineering development process for achieving improved operator comfort. It is shown that a proposed ISO Standard for hand-arm vibrations offers one method to quantify the subjective “feel” of the operator towards various vibration levels. Such a quantification is necessary to form a basis for comparison of competitive designs. The dynamic design techniques of modal and Fourier analysis, dynamic testing, and finite element analysis are shown to provide improved design of the system for structural and vibration performance. Specific finite element models of the frame and of the steering wheel are described and their use for improved vibration design discussed. Design considerations and trade offs for the engine/vehicle interaction leading to the selected engine configuration for the Cavalier series mowers are discussed. The unique vehicle body suspension on the frame by soft but progressively stiffening mounting arrangement and the resulting vibration performance of the Cavalier mower are described.

Shupert, P.T., Sheth, P.N.

NONLINEAR STABILITY AND RESPONSE OF CAR-TRAILER COMBINATIONS

The technique of quasilinearization (describing function analysis) is used to study the effects of saturation of lateral tire force based on the traditional slip law concept. Due to trailer swing velocity, the dynamic slip angle is shown to be greater than the trailer angle. Thus nonlinear results are important even for small displacements. Significant changes in frequency and damping ratio from linear values are shown for the transient response of a one degree of freedom model. The forced response is shown to be of the classical left-leaning softening type, with jump/drop phenomenon. A two degree of freedom model is shown to have a very small amplitude limit cycle for operation above the critical velocity. Conversely, a three degree of freedom model is shown to have no stable limit cycle above the critical velocity. Thus, response above critical velocity appears to be unbounded. Also, an unstable limit cycle encloses the stable part of the equilibrium solution, providing a possibility for unbounded response below critical velocity.

COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR PERFORMANCE TESTING OF VEHICLES

A set of computer programs has been developed for acquiring, storing and displaying data obtained from performance testing of vehicles. The interactive programs are applicable to machine tests ranging from power measurements for a riding lawn mower to determination of the line-of-draft on agricultural tractors. The programs display measured and calculated variables as time history plots or as time-at-level distributions. Averages are calculated and statistical and regression analysis programs summarize results.

Luth, Harold J., Floyd, Van G.

Development of Sound Level Measurement Procedure for Small Engine Powered Equipment (Report of the SAE Small Engine Powered Equipment Subcommittee)

The paper describes work of the SAE Small Engine Powered Equipment Subcommittee in the development of a new sound level measurement procedure for small engine powered equipment. Data were gathered in an effort to improve the test site used in the measurement of exterior sound level of small engine powered equipment such as mowers, riding mowers, garden tractors, snowblowers, etc. A procedure was developed with a shorter measurement distance and an artificial test surface. The new procedure provides accurate, repeatable sound level data.

DeRuyter, R. L.

Product Safety - Government and You

How safe are the products we use? Today, people are constantly being alerted to the many dangers which exist in our everyday products, whether it be machinery or toy. Who is to blame and how can the public be protected. Governments, both federal and state, are responding to the public's demand for safer products; however, there is yet much progress to be made by technology to give us products which are safe for our everyday use.

Vander Leest, Kenneth F.

Hydrostatic Wheel Drives for Trucks and Other Vehicles

This paper discusses hydrostatic drives for heavy duty trucks. These have been employed on auxiliaries such as cranes, transit mixers, and winches on a production basis for several years, and they are now moving into the drive area. Typical among these would be front wheels, rear wheels, utilizing both powered axles and powered wheels. This paper discusses these drives, both fixed and steerable, and makes some comparison between the powered wheel and the powered axle. Some typical components and circuits are discussed and the future of this drive is outlined.

Master, Wesley R.

In Air Filters It’s … Small Engines (Large Appetites?)

Close analysis of what occurs during the time of air intake in a small engine shows that the rate of flow of air is six or more times the engine’s actual consumption rate of air. This high transient air flow places unusual requirements on air filters for small engines both from the standpoint of ruggedness and porosity. For maximum utility air filters for small engines must be easily serviced (cleanable and reuseable on the job even if only on an emergency basis).

Snow Removal Equipment and Its Lubrication

Snow removal equipment in use today and proper lubricants and recommended lubrication periods for proper maintenance are discussed. The equipment includes large and medium size blade and rotary plows, and specialized units for removing snow from highways, country roads, city streets and parking areas, airport runways and railroad tracks. Smaller equipment used by homeowners for clearing driveways and walks is also discussed. Lubrication is the most important single element of a good maintenance program. Lubricants of proper viscosity and consistency and a frequent relubrication program are necessary to combat corrosive materials and to prevent wear, rust, and corrosion.

Soviet Agricultural Tractors and Equipment

THIS PAPER presents an appraisal and evaluation of progress in the development of farm equipment in the USSR. Included in the discussion are present production wheel and diesel tractors, ranging from 18 to 54 hp; new models intended for 1959 production; and current wheel-type farm tractors and tracklaying farm tractors. The Appendix lists specifications of tractor engines, starting engines, and the current tractors. Material in this paper was gathered by the author during a 9000-mile trip through the Soviet Union. He was a member of the six-man Scientific and Engineering Team sponsored by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1958.*

Worthington, Wayne H.

GENERAL ECONOMICS OF FARMING FOR THE FUTURE

PARSONS, MERTON S.

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