Browse Topic: Buses

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A Study on Traction Battery Mounting Arrangements in Different EV Buses2024-26-012101/16/2024
This paper provides an overview of the different types of traction battery mounting arrangements available in electric buses globally. The paper describes a key comparison of all the types of traction battery mounting strategies used in EV buses along with their dominance and limitations. In EV buses, bigger sized batteries are used which directly affect vehicle architecture, assembly & serviceability. On the other hand, larger-sized batteries are used in buses which carries heavy mass, which influences vehicle dynamics & performance characteristics such as vehicle ride, handling, braking & NVH. The most important consideration in EV vehicles is safety, which comes in first place, so this paper gives some ideas to carefully design battery mounting arrangements for EV bus applications. There has been seen a very positive adaptation of EV buses in the last few years due to the rise in Co2 and global warming. Many EV bus manufacturers have entered the market with their innovative ideas of
Jain, Gaurav, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Technical Paper
School Bus Safety: Enhanced Security through People Counter and Face Recognition System2024-26-023601/16/2024
The safety of students during transportation on school buses is a paramount concern for both parents and schools. Although GPS (Global Positioning System) tracking systems are commonly used, they are limited in their ability to identify which students are on board. To ensure the safety and security of the students, we propose a student authentication system based on facial recognition. This paper will explore the advantages of facial recognition technology for student authentication, the implementation process, and how it can improve the safety of school bus transportation. School transportation plays a crucial role in ensuring that students arrive at school safely and on time. Common challenges include the lack of adequate infrastructure, insufficient number of buses, and the need for improved safety measures. Another concern is the safety of students during transportation. While school buses are the safest form of transportation for students, there is always a risk of accidents and
Deshmukh, Kaustubh
Technical Paper
Refined Driveline Isolation in Bus Vehicles2024-26-020501/16/2024
Bus vehicles required isolated NVH performance at the mounting of the Engine, Propeller shaft, AC Compressor, etc. within a relative package envelope. This paper demonstrates the most predominant NVH case in Bus vehicles in which aggregates are mounted on the chassis Frame and its attachment point stiffness and mobility in multi directions are studied. The same was evaluated analytically and tested so as to cater to NVH issues in vehicles. Also, it contains the details of the systematic approach used with the help of digital software by creating the analytical model so as to resolve issues of multi-direction high mobility and relatively low stiffness at the attachment points. This evaluated model can be used across similar application vehicles so to avoid multi-iteration design and development costs. Digital Analysis indicates a good correlation with the tests for specific loading conditions. Multiple solutions were studied that were confirmed in the analysis. The most cost-effective
Dhadiwal, Nishant Surendra, Pathak, Rahul, Bijwe, Vilas, Gore, Pandurang
Technical Paper
Test Methodology Development For Rig Level Validation Of Light Weight Stabilizer Link Of EV Bus Suspension2024-26-035701/16/2024
In the modern and fast growing automotive sector, reliability & durability are two terms of utmost importance along with weight ad cost optimization. Therefore it is important to explore new technology which has less weight, low manufacturing cost and better strength. The new technology developed always seek for a quick, cost effective and reliable methodology for its design validation so that any modification can be made by identifying the failures. This paper presents the rig level test methodology to validate and to correlate the CAE derived strain levels, life cycle & failure mode of newly developed light weight stabilizer link for EV Bus suspension. Stabilizer link replaces the existing separate arrangement of anti-roll bar and parallel rods and light in weight by 30kg.This stabilizer link arrangement is having the short lever arms which are connected through torsion bar which goes under twisting moment and the short lever arms are intended to control wheel motion in longitudinal
Tangade, Atul Bandu, Babar, Sunil, Bankar, Milind Achyutrao, Mehendale, Ravindra, Dhumal, Kailas, Bhusari, Deepak
Technical Paper
Safer buses for passengers and pedestrians: Potential effectiveness of protective safety using in-depth data from Germany and India2024-26-000401/16/2024
Public buses are considered as an important element in a sustainable transport strategy. The objectives of this study are to suggest potential protective safety interventions for mitigating injuries for bus passengers and pedestrian injuries in bus-to-pedestrian crashes, and to estimate their effectiveness in both, Germany, and India. The key countermeasures were pedestrian airbag, run-over protection and seatbelt use for bus passengers. This study used crash data from German In-depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and Road Accident Sampling System India (RASSI) databases. The effectiveness of the interventions was estimated with counterfactual analyses. Most moderate-to-critical bus occupant injuries in GIDAS were to the head caused by interior bus components. In the RASSI head injuries were also frequent, often due to bus interior, but also due to ejection and impact to ground or bus exterior. In bus-to-pedestrian crashes head injuries were frequent in both GIDAS and RASSI, predominantly due
Ranmal, Aarti, Jeppsson, Hanna, Strandroth, Johan, Lubbe, Nils
Technical Paper
Automated Charging Methodology for Fleet Operated EV Buses to Reduce Down Time and Increase Safety at Charging Station2024-26-011201/16/2024
Prime concern for electric vehicle where the application of the vehicle is public transport, is the charging of vehicle and operation of its infrastructure. Such an example of operating the EV buses is under the GCC (gross cost contract) model, with high operation time and comparatively lesser time for charging. It is challenging to meet these requirements. To counter this situation in fleet operated busses it is proposed to adapt an automated charging method which involves minimum man power intervention and automated mechanism to connect & disconnect the charging connectors. This paper proposes an automated pantograph mechanism based method of charging EV buses, meeting requirements as per SAE J3105 & ISO 15118 standards, which would be an ideal way to resolve the current situation. In the above mentioned pantograph type charging, the charging station or depot will have an infrastructure including charger whose input will be from grid, and the charging dispenser will be pantographs
gullyal, Avinash, Ahmed, Yasir, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, kinjalkar, Milind
Technical Paper
Technical evaluation of the obstacle detection for autonomous shuttle buses2023-01-122706/26/2023
With the law on autonomous driving and the associated ordinance, it has been possible in Germany since June 2022 to grant operating permission to vehicles with autonomous driving function and to admit them to road traffic. For public transport, autonomous shuttle buses offer the opportunity to maintain the existing service despite a shortage of personnel and to close gaps in supply. The safety of vehicle occupants, other road users and third parties is a key concern in the operation of autonomous shuttle buses. As part of the project "Reallabor für den Automatisierten Busbetrieb im ÖPNV in der Stadt und auf dem Land" ("Reallabor for Automated Bus Operation in Public Transport in Urban and Rural Areas", or RABus for short), which is funded by the Ministry of Transport Baden-Württemberg, the operational reliability of autonomous shuttle buses in public transport is being scientifically investigated. In the implementation of autonomous driving, obstacle detection/avoidance is a safety
Gao, Kun, Weinrich, Ulrike, Riemer, Thomas, Reuss, Hans-Christian
Technical Paper
The applications of Acoustic Black Holes to attenuation of Coach/Bus Frame Structure Vibrations2025-01-006505/05/2023
Abstract An acoustic black hole (ABH) is a structure whose cross-sectional thickness decreases exponentially to zero, and the phase velocity and group velocity of wave propagation in those structure acoustic black holes decrease as the thickness decreases until they are zero. ABH produce some very magical physical phenomena. For example, because the wave velocity decreases to zero, the wave can never reach the center of the ABH, so the wave propagation in the acoustic black hole has neither refraction nor reflection; that is to say the vibration wave will not go through the acoustic black hole. As a result, the wave energy is concentrated in the center of the ABH. The arrangements of those acoustic black holes in the structures could change the directions of the vibrational wave propagation in the structures at NVH engineers’ wills. These amazing phenomena could play a magical role in reducing structural vibration, structural noise radiation and structure-borne noise. Basic structures
Huang, Xianli
Technical Paper
Electric Bus NVH Challenges and Refinement Using Innovative Approach2025-01-008005/05/2023
The trend towards electrification propulsion in the automotive industry is highly in demand due to zero-emission and becoming more significant across the world. Battery electric vehicles have lower overall noise as compared to conventional I.C Engine counterparts due to the absence of combustion engine noise. However, other narrowband and tonal noises are becoming dominant and are strongly perceived inside the cabin. With the ongoing push towards electrification, there is likely to be increased focus on the noise impact of gearing required for the transmission of power from the electric motor to the road. Direct coupling of E-motors with Axle has resulted in severe tonal noises from the driveline due to instant e-motor torque ramp up from 0 rpm and reverse torque on driving axle during regenerative braking. The tonal noises from the rear axle during vehicle running become very critical for customer perception. For automotive NVH engineers, it has become a challenge to balance expected
Doshi, Sohin, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Sawangikar, Pradeep, Suresh, Vineeth, Sharma, Manish
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Investigation by Computational Fluid Dynamics to Exterior Design Modifications in a Simplified Bus Model2023-01-500301/04/2023
Abstract Exterior design modifications have crucial importance on vehicle aerodynamics. Therefore, it makes one of the key parameters to achieve to reduce the fuel consumption in diesel-, CNG-, and hybrid-powered engines and increase the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The slightest change in the vehicle exterior design can directly affect the vehicle aerodynamics. Thus, four different parameters (front windshield angle, front diffuser angle, rear diffuser angle, and fillet [bending] on the rear and front top) are reviewed on a conceptual 12 m long bus which is to be designed at Anadolu Isuzu. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations become a source for comparative evaluations in these studies. Simulations are carried out for all different models with a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment wall function. In conclusion, a positive aerodynamic effect is observed with parameters that are the windshield, front diffuser angle, and fillet on the rear and
Özcan, Onur, Yıldız, Alp Eren
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Investigation by Computational Fluid Dynamics to Exterior Design Modifications in a Simplified Bus Model2023-01-5003-TEST-REC01/04/2023
Abstract Exterior design modifications have crucial importance on vehicle aerodynamics. Therefore, it makes one of the key parameters to achieve to reduce the fuel consumption in diesel-, CNG-, and hybrid-powered engines and increase the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The slightest change in the vehicle exterior design can directly affect the vehicle aerodynamics. Thus, four different parameters (front windshield angle, front diffuser angle, rear diffuser angle, and fillet [bending] on the rear and front top) are reviewed on a conceptual 12 m long bus which is to be designed at Anadolu Isuzu. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations become a source for comparative evaluations in these studies. Simulations are carried out for all different models with a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment wall function. In conclusion, a positive aerodynamic effect is observed with parameters that are the windshield, front diffuser angle, and fillet on the rear and
Özcan, Onur, Yıldız, Alp Eren
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Investigation by Computational Fluid Dynamics to Exterior Design Modifications in a Simplified Bus Model2023-19-500301/04/2023
Exterior design modifications have crucial importance on vehicle aerodynamics. Therefore, it makes one of the key parameters to achieve to reduce the fuel consumption in diesel-, CNG-, and hybrid-powered engines and increase the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The slightest change in the vehicle exterior design can directly affect the vehicle aerodynamics. Thus, four different parameters (front windshield angle, front diffuser angle, rear diffuser angle, and fillet [bending] on the rear and front top) are reviewed on a conceptual 12 m long bus which is to be designed at Anadolu Isuzu. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations become a source for comparative evaluations in these studies. Simulations are carried out for all different models with a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment wall function. In conclusion, a positive aerodynamic effect is observed with parameters that are the windshield, front diffuser angle, and fillet on the rear and front top
Özcan, Onur, Yıldız, Alp Eren
Technical Paper
Lightning eMotors adapts to changing electrification market22TOFHP08_0508/01/2022
A growing number of commercial truck fleets are moving to electric vehicles, driven partially by government mandates and support funding. For suppliers like Lightning eMotors, that means adapting to changing markets and creating designs for both a range of new vehicles and techniques that efficiently convert aging internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electrified powertrains. Lightning is currently expanding its efforts in repowering ICE trucks and buses with electric systems, but it's also inked new vehicle partnerships with General Motors and school bus supplier Blue Bird Corp. Founded in 2008, Lightning began with a focus on hybrid vehicles but switched to fully electric designs in 2016.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Improving the Performance of the Air Conditioning Unit in Different Locations of a City Bus and Lightening the Air Ducts2022-01-504406/03/2022
The focus of this study is to validate vehicle test results of the air conditioning (AC) unit in a city bus and perform a comparative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on homogenizing the cabin air distribution in different AC unit locations on the rooftop. To validate CFD practical results, a vehicle test was performed outdoor during the AC unit works. Obtained test results based on airflow rate inside AC unit and also measured velocity values on the front cabin of air duct were validated without completely modeling the whole AC unit and indoor cabin via CFD. With this simplified method, it is thought that this approach can give an idea for new prototype air duct designs in relevant industries. Another advantage to this approach is that it avoids high mesh density near the radial fans (blowers) placed on the AC unit. Foam placed in air ducts as insulation and air blockage material is also optimized for air distribution in the indoor cabin. In conclusion, several foams and
Özcan, Onur, Demirtaş, Servet, Yıldız, Alp Eren, Coşkun, Atakan
Technical Paper
Performance and activity Characteristics of Zero Emission Battery-Electric Cargo Handling Equipment at a Port Terminal2022-01-069903/29/2022
Off-road equipment makes some of the most important contributions to the emissions inventory for both urban pollutants and greenhouse gases. Reducing the emissions contribution from these sources has been a focus of regulations and incentive programs over the past few years. The number of plug-in and electric vehicle/equipment models in the medium-duty and heavy-duty off-road categories have significantly expanded in recent years. A growing number of fleets are deploying or are interested in deploying electric vehicles such as port-related equipment, transit buses, school buses, trucks, and other off-road equipment. Reliable operational and performance data on electric vehicles/equipment is needed with the rapid growth and use of electric vehicles/equipment to provide insights on their performance and to support the ongoing research into the future deployment of this equipment. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze activity data from zero emission port-related equipment
Frederickson, Chas, Durbin, Tom, Li, Chengguo, Scora, George, Jung, Heejung, Huang, Eddy
Technical Paper
Experimental evaluation and VECTO simulations of a hybrid electric bus2022-01-080703/29/2022
New heavy-duty vehicles are simulated with the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) to certify their fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in the European Union. VECTO is planned to be utilized also for the certification of vehicles with hybrid electric powertrains, in all topological configurations spanning from P0 to P4 parallel systems as well as series hybrids. A development version of VECTO able to simulate these configurations is already available and was used for this study. In this work we have collected available measurement data from a specific P2 hybrid bus which was run in WHVC on the dyno as well as on the road and a vehicle model was created in VECTO. The VECTO Hybrid Controller was evaluated by comparing the measured and simulated decisions on utilizing the available power sources (fuel/stored electric energy), on regenerating braking and on gear shifting, on a step by step base as well as on a cycle average CO2 emissions result. The results show a good fit
Bitsanis, Evangelos, Broekaert, Stijn, Tansini, Alessandro, Fontaras, Georgios
Technical Paper
Three-axle Bus Handling Dynamics Evaluation Index2022-01-034103/29/2022
This paper evaluates the handling characteristics of three-axle bus by using the unique comprehensive vehicle handling evaluation index. With the theory of total variance, the generalized side-slip angle unified transfer function is introduced to derivate the evaluation indexes of reaction time, transition time, damping ratio and total variance considering the suspension roll steer and camber thrust. The three-axle bus suspension roll steer and camber thrust produces extra lateral force. The three-axle vehicle response degree following the step steer input is analyzed with the effect of suspension roll on three-axle bus by using the total variance approach. The vehicle designers could use this approach to get optimization design parameters of bus suspension. The unique total variance evaluation index considering the suspension roll steer is useful and could serve as an important tool for evaluating the effect of suspension roll on three-axle bus handling dynamics.
Ding, Jinquan
Technical Paper
Improved air distribution through new AC vent design for 3x2 seating layout in air Conditioning buses2021-26-031109/22/2021
With the improvement of standard of living, air-conditioning has widely been applied in buses. However, in air conditioning buses air distribution is still needs to be improved, One of the main reasons for this sub-quality comfort is two air flow louvers arrangement for 3x2 layout air conditioner buses. Air conditioning buses hatrack louvers are on integral part in providing comfort to passengers. General trend of the numbers of louvers provided to passengers is two louvers for three seats. Disadvantage of having conventional two louvers is that, there is always one passenger left with no option of directing air towards that person. This lead to an opportunity to design three louvers type hatrack instated of conventional two louvers hatrack, for 3x2 seating layout of buses. This way all three passengers can control the louvers for their own comfort and mass of air flow is sufficient for third passenger as well. This new design air distribution had been tested through CFD and air flow
Shende, Sushil, Pahade, Atul Ajit, Thakur, Jitendra, Chauhan, Nivedita, Singh, Sandeep
Technical Paper
Sound Package Optimization of Passenger Bus Using Hybrid Statistical Energy Analysis2021-26-026809/22/2021
Increasing Demands for high fuel efficiency requires imperative light weighting of automotive structure, but this adversely affects the NVH performance since transfer path of noise sources like engine, road, wind to vehicle interior through the panels weakens. Also increasing customer centric approach drives the urge to provide world-class comfort that is cost-effective too. Sound Packaging helps us to optimize these transfer paths through the panel, and can effectively complement efforts of Testing Team, by reducing the redundant iterations required to conclude to most effective trims to be put on. Statistical Energy Analysis Based Simulations is employed for carrying out these iterations at the Virtual Validation Gateway itself. Baseline Vehicle is fully modeled as per the criterion required by inherent SEA theory and simulated within frequency range of 200Hz-10KHz. Trims application areas are identified and layered Trims are applied at these locations to compare its effectiveness
Bhangale, Rajesh, SOUNDATTE, Nitin, shinde, Nikhil, Chavan, Pruthviraj
Technical Paper
DEVELOPMENT OF 7 DOF FULL CAR MODEL FOR RIDE-COMFORT ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BUS.2021-26-008809/22/2021
The Automobile industry is striving for improvement in design to provide passenger comfort in Commercial vehicles segment. Ride is considered to be one of the crucial criteria for evaluating the performance of a vehicle. In the Industry, Quarter-car model has been used for years to study the vehicle’s ride dynamics. Generally, Quarter car models are 2 DOF models which focus the analysis over one wheel, hence, due to the lower degree of freedom as well as absence of pitch and roll analysis involved in quarter car, the output may be inaccurate. In this project, we have developed a 7 DOF full-car Model to perform the ride- comfort analysis for Light Duty 4x2 Commercial Bus using MATLAB Simulink which can be used to tune the suspension design to meet the required ride-comfort level. Firstly, experimental data and physical parameters are collected by performing Practical Test on 4x2 Bus on a Class A, B and C road profile. Secondly, a Full Car Mathematical Model with 7 DOF has been developed
Lad, Abhishek, Debnath, Sarnab, Achanta, Krishna, Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq
Technical Paper
Customer-Centric Subjective Vehicle Evaluation by Assigning Weights to Attribute Parameters using Analytic Hierarchy Process2021-26-049209/22/2021
Subjective vehicle evaluation is a critical and established method to validate, engineer, and refine vehicle attributes. Organizations have an array of products catering to different customer requirements and expectations. To achieve better customer centricity and focused vehicle product attribute targets, weightage factoring of its corresponding parameters is essential. Subjective evaluations by vehicle evaluators comprise of providing ratings and feedback about attributes during different development stages of the product. All attribute parameters are presumed to have equal significance to the end customer. At times the end customers have different preferences for different vehicle attribute parameters. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain the weightage factors for attribute parameters. Conventional method to obtain an overall attribute subjective rating is a simple mathematical average of the parameter ratings. The
Jayakumar, Gautham, Mahajan, Pushkar
Technical Paper
Optimized Power Utilization of Air Conditioner in Electric City Bus Using Occupant Detection2021-26-014209/22/2021
Electric vehicles have a limitation of limited range and long charging time. Energy optimization plays a very crucial role in determining the range of an electric vehicle. The innovative system proposed here gives the opportunity to reduce energy wastage and efficiently direct the electrical energy to improve the driving range of a 9 meter AC electric bus. The high voltage air conditioner unit alone consumes more than 40% of the electrical energy stored in the traction battery which reduces the driving range of the electric bus drastically. The proposed system optimizes the air conditioner utilization to direct cool air only in areas where passengers are present. Buses do not always run on full capacity, when there are less number of people in the bus the system detects the locations of the passengers using sensors and occupant detection algorithm, this enables the controller to identify the areas where cooling has to be focused and where cooling can be reduced or stopped. Once the
Nesamani, Kevin, Pandey, Ramakant, Jain, Rajesh
Technical Paper
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Los Angeles World Airports Innovating the Passenger Experience1315307/08/2021
The airline industry is gradually emerging from a devastating hit as the world rebounds from the shut downs caused by COVID-19. On the path back to "normal," digitization, innovation and sustainability are transforming the travel experience. Justin Erbacci, CEO, Los Angeles World Airports, is doing his part to revolutionize the airport experience through biometrics, food and beverage delivery to the gate, and FlyAway bus service at @LAXAirport - and that's just the beginning! Tune in to hear how Erbacci and his team are propelling LAX into the future and setting the tone in the industry.
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
RIDING ON AIR: Activated carbon aims at autos21AUTP02_0302/01/2021
An old piece of science is set to bring new applications across the mobility spectrum. Activated carbon may seem an esoteric piece of science in the automotive space, but it is quietly playing a key role in Audi A6 and A7 air-suspension systems. The technology also is promising for new applications in vehicle safety, comfort and acoustics. Carbon Air, a company spun off from a U.K. university, is developing activated carbon for use in cars, light trucks, heavy commercial vehicles, buses, motorcycles and even mountain bikes. The technology, which is based on activated charcoal, has long been used in other industry sectors including medical, agricultural, water treatment and food production. Its opportunities in mobility appear to be equally broad, the company noted.
Birch, Stuart
Magazine Article
Upper Coupler Kingpin - Commercial Trailers and SemitrailersJ700_202011 (Current)11/12/2020
This SAE Standard applies to upper coupler kingpins for commercial trailers and semitrailers in the unladen condition. See Figure 1. A 90 degree ± 1 degree angle extends (in all directions) from the centerline of the kingpin to the upper coupler plate surface within a 48.26 cm (19 inch) radius. The upper coupler plate surface should not bow downward (convex) more than 0.635 cm (1/4 inch) within a 48.26 cm (19 inch) radius or more than 0.3175 cm (1/8 inch) at a radius of 25.4 cm (10 inches) from the kingpin. The upper coupler plate surface should not bow upward (concave) more than 0.15875 cm (1/16 inch) within a 48.26 cm (19 inch) radius. (See Figure 2.)
Truck and Bus Total Vehicle Steering Committee
Technical Standard
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Why Infrastructure Planning is Undergoing a Massive Shift1291310/29/2020
A strong infrastructure is the backbone for transportation. This week, host Grayson Brulte sits down with Malcolm Dougherty, Sr. Vice President and National Practice Executive at global engineering firm Michael Baker International to talk about creating a seamless multimodal transportation system that positively benefits society. He looks at his career journey, which began when the U.S. was finishing the interstate highway system, and how we've moved to a more strategic approach for handling transportation, mobility, access and demand. Malcolm discusses planning for a frictionless mobility future through singular payment options and connected modes of travel; the infrastructure changes and energy grid improvements needed to further support the shift to electric cars and buses; and how airports and stadiums, especially those in dense urban environments, will be impacted by vehicle electrification. Learn more about Michael Baker International at https://mbakerintl.com.
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Wheel ChocksJ348_202010 (Current)10/19/2020
This SAE standard presents the basic information required for the design and manufacture of a wheel chock.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Technical Standard
TAKING AUTONOMY TO THE NEXT LEVEL20TOFHP10_0210/01/2020
More work still needs done on AI, reaction strategies and assessing technology readiness before L4 trucks are market ready. Despite a pandemic that continues to punish global economic markets, not to mention vehicle manufacturers' and suppliers' product plans, many heavy-duty truck makers are not relaxing on efforts to bring high-level (SAE Level 4 or 5) autonomous trucks to market. Partnerships with self-driving tech startups can be a big part of the roadmap, the latest example coming in mid-July as Navistar announced it will co-develop SAE L4 trucks, targeted for production by 2024, with San Diego-based TuSimple. The producer of International commercial trucks and IC Bus school and commercial buses also has taken a minority stake in TuSimple. These moves follow a two-year “technical relationship” with the startup, which operates a U.S. fleet of 40 self-driving trucks that move freight between Arizona and Texas for companies like UPS and McLane Company. TuSimple plans to demonstrate
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Autonomy is Coming to Commercial Vehicles20AVEP09_1009/01/2020
But not without its share of technical and implementation hurdles - and tech-startup casualties. Despite a pandemic that continues to punish global economic markets, not to mention vehicle manufacturers' and suppliers' product plans, many heavy-duty truck makers are not relaxing on efforts to bring to market high-level (SAE Level 4 or 5) autonomous trucks. Partnerships with self-driving tech startups can be a big part of the roadmap, the latest example coming in mid-July as Navistar announced it will co-develop SAE L4 trucks, targeted for production by 2024, with San Diego-based TuSimple. The producer of International commercial trucks and IC Bus school and commercial buses also has taken a minority stake in TuSimple. These moves follow a two-year “technical relationship” with the startup, which operates a U.S. fleet of 40 self-driving trucks that moves freight between Arizona and Texas for companies like UPS and McLane Company. TuSimple plans to demonstrate completely driverless
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Truck and Bus Grade Parking Performance Test ProcedureJ360_202008 (Current)08/19/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes methods to determine grade parking performance with respect to: a. Ability of the parking brake system to lock the braked wheels. b. The vehicle holding or sliding on the grade, fully loaded or unloaded. c. Applied manual effort. d. Unburnished or burnished brake lining friction conditions. e. Down and up grade directions.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Technical Standard
BIG FUTURE for e-axles, advanced motors20TOFHP08_0108/01/2020
Top transmission engineers claim driveline electrification will transform everything from all-wheel drive to Class 8 tractor-trailers. A panel of high-ranking transmission and driveline engineers projected outsized adoption for electric-axle (e-axle) technology, as well as significant expansion of other driveline-electrification strategies now being adopted for new or near-future production vehicles. The engineering executives participated in a recent webinar in SAE's Leadership Roundtable series, a virtual event replacing the in-person program planned for April's SAE WCX 2020 conference that was cancelled because of the COVID-19 outbreak. Most of the panel agreed that hybrid and other electrification strategies such as e-axles are the transition from internal combustion-based drivetrains to volume production and sales of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs).
Visnic, Bill
Magazine Article
Air Reservoir Capacity Performance Guide—Trucks and BusesJ1609_202006 (Historical)06/05/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes performance guidelines of the air reservoir systems used on trucks, towing trucks, truck-tractors, trailers, and converter dollies with GVWRs over 10 000 lb designed to be used on the highway. NOTE: Compliance with this document does not guarantee compliance with the air reservoir requirements of FMVSS 121.
Truck and Bus Brake Supply and Control Components Committee
Recommended Practice
Editorial20AVEP05_0105/01/2020
Privately-owned vehicles were never so safe as they are today. Nor have they made so much sense. That thought hit me between the nostrils recently, as I sprayed a pungent disinfectant on the steering wheel of my family's B-segment runabout. Carefully wiping down the car's touch points with antibacterial cleaners has become a new pandemic ritual for us after returning home from food shopping and other essential missions. My little tribe generally keeps the interiors of our two vehicles tidy. Finding the occasional French fry buried in a seat track is, however, preferable to the dangerous microbes deposited every minute in the typical bus, train, or ride-share. The term “clean,” as understood by transit passengers, means a few spritzes by a custodial crew racing to meet uptime targets.
Brooke, Lindsay
Magazine Article
Optimal Control Strategy for a Next Generation Range Extended Electric Bus2020-01-084404/14/2020
Electrically driven buses have become one of the main vehicle platforms for demonstrating the advantages and capabilities of electric vehicles. This type of vehicle can be powered from several different sources that each have several unique operating characteristics and performance requirements that necessitate novel solutions. In this paper, a novel optimal control strategy based on the next generation range-extended electric bus has been developed. Control strategies play an essential role in extracting the full potential of electric buses and increase their effectiveness at displacing conventional internal-combustion powered buses and thus, reducing global fuel consumption and emissions. Initially, a control-oriented powertrain model was developed in Matlab/Simulink. The series-hybrid powertrain model configuration was then used as the basis to study various control strategies. A new control strategy was devised based on an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) to
Zhang, Yuanjian, Murtagh, Martin, Early, Juliana, Cunningham, Geoff, Steele, David, Best, Robert
Technical Paper
MID-ENGINE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE20AUTP04_0404/01/2020
Highlighting the many benefits of a century-old vehicle layout whose golden era is with today's performance cars. What do a 1901 Curved-Dash Oldsmobile, a 1936 Auto Union Grand Prix car and the 2020 Acura NSX Hybrid and the new 2020 Chevrolet Corvette have in common? Their engines are located between the front and rear axles, behind the driver. The so-called ‘mid-engine’ drivetrain layout has found favor in passenger cars, mostly at low volume, since the beginning of the automotive age. It's been popular in various transit and school buses and fire apparatus as well. Leading-edge racecar engineers, such as those at Auto Union and Mercedes-Benz in the 1930s, chose mid-engine over alternative powertrain layouts to minimize the vehicle's polar moment of inertia (or rotational inertia)-a physical object's resistance to rotation about any axis. In cars, a larger polar moment of inertia is typically created by a large distance between the vehicle's major masses. In such layouts, higher
Brooke, Lindsay
Magazine Article
EVs are coming, but challenges, alternative fuels will slow turnover20TOFHP04_1004/01/2020
Regulatory attacks on petroleum are sparking heavy investments in battery power, but alternative fuels continue to spar for growth. As vehicles move slowly from diesel to alternatives, owners and operators will need to focus on training and telematics to maximize efficiency. Battery power was front and center in Indianapolis at the Green Truck Summit in March, as speakers described infrastructure challenges and training requirements as well as equipment pricing issues. Alternative fuels remain viable as vehicle suppliers strive to meet regulations that sharply reduce emissions over the next two decades.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Congestion-busting with Autonomous Shuttles20AVEP03_1003/01/2020
GoMentum is safety-testing two Local Motors shuttles at AAA's expansive NorCal proving grounds and new V2X lab. It was uneventful when an eight-passenger, low-speed driverless shuttle crawled at about 10 mph (16 km/h) toward the intersection at the GoMentum Station AV proving grounds in Concord, Calif. The crisp morning temperatures didn't get any more exciting when a mechanical pedestrian-dummy intentionally moved in the self-driving vehicle's path. The shuttle's six lidars, six radars and two military-grade GPS units brought the slow-moving vehicle gently to a stop within a courteous distance usually not granted by human drivers. The demo was dull for the handful of journalists on hand. But Jay Rogers, the chief executive of Local Motors-the producer of the shuttle dubbed “Olli” - was bubbling with enthusiasm. Rogers believes that the potential for low-speed connected and autonomous shuttles outweighs the promise of conventional vehicles transformed into full-stack robo-taxis.
Berman, Bradley
Magazine Article
3D-Printing a Unique Metal PartTBMG-3617803/01/2020
nTopology New York, NY
Magazine Article
Air Brake Actuator Test Performance Requirements - Truck and BusJ2318_202002 (Current)02/10/2020
This procedure provides test performance requirements for service, spring applied parking, and double diaphragm combination air brake actuators with respect to durability, function, and environmental performance when tested in accordance to SAE J1469.
Truck and Bus Brake Actuator Committee
Technical Standard
EDITORIAL: Hop on the hydrogen highway19TOFHP12_0612/01/2019
Two years ago at the inaugural North American Commercial Vehicle (NACV) Show in Atlanta, a recurring theme from nearly every truck manufacturer and supplier press conference was vehicle uptime, along with the various telematics and connectivity solutions that enable fleet managers to keep their trucks on the road. While these certainly were important topics at this year's NACV Show, the dominant takeaway from the Georgia World Congress Center was that alternative propulsion is top of mind for many industry players. Navistar launched a new business unit, NEXT eMobility Solutions, to deliver customized electrification solutions in the truck and school bus markets. The business unit, which will be based in the Detroit area, took little time to make a splash, revealing a prototype electric version of the International MV Series medium-duty vehicle, the eMV. The concept is powered by an electric motor with 474 kW peak power and 300 kW continuous power and is designed to accommodate battery
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Akasol packs industry-leading energy density into new battery design19TOFHP12_0812/01/2019
Projecting the market for full-electric and hybrid-electric commercial vehicles will continue to expand, Germany-based lithium-ion battery specialist Akasol recently announced production-readiness of a newly-developed battery pack that sets an energy-density benchmark. The company's president also confirmed Akasol will build a manufacturing facility in the Detroit area targeted to begin production in mid-2020. Akasol has a 30-year history of producing battery systems for buses and other commercial vehicles, as well as railway and marine applications. President Roy Schulde says the new American plant is being constructed primarily to build battery packs for buses constructed by European-brand customers doing business in the U.S. The company already claims Europe's largest commercial-vehicle lithium-ion battery production facility.
Visnic, Bill
Magazine Article
Parking Brake Drawbar Pull Test Procedure - Truck and BusJ1729_201910 (Current)10/17/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice provides a test method and instructions for measuring performance of parking brakes on air- or hydraulic-braked vehicles equipped with in-wheel or drive-line parking brakes. This procedure applies to truck-tractors, trailers, trucks, and buses.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Recommended Practice
Q&A19TOFHP10_1310/01/2019
CNH Industrial is separating its On-Highway (commercial vehicles and powertrain) and Off-Highway (agriculture, construction and specialty vehicles) segments into two listed entities, as part of its new five-year 2020-2024 business plan, “Transform 2 Win.” CEO Hubertus M. Mühlhäuser and other CNH executive leaders made the announcement Sept. 3 at its Capital Markets Day event at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The spin-off of its On-Highway assets-Iveco, Iveco Bus and Heuliez Bus commercial-vehicle brands and the FPT Industrial powertrain business-is expected to be completed in early 2021. According to Mühlhäuser, the move results from an extensive portfolio review that revealed the two businesses have diverging regulatory and customer requirements and are impacted differently by four accelerating industry megatrends: digitalization, automation, alternative propulsion and servitization.
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM, TERMINAL JUNCTION BLOCKS, SECTIONAL, BUSSING MODULES, FEEDBACK TYPE, SIZE 22-16, SERIES IIAS81714/61A (Historical)10/01/2019
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Technical Standard
TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM, TERMINAL JUNCTION BLOCKS, SECTIONAL, BUSSING MODULES, FEEDBACK TYPE, SIZES 22-12, SERIES IIAS81714/60C (Historical)09/10/2019
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Technical Standard
Brake Rating Power Requirements - Truck and BusJ257_201907 (Current)07/18/2019
The minimum performance values in this SAE Recommended Practice are applicable to vehicles with brake systems having typical service pressure ranges 0 to 16.6 MPa (0 to 2400 psi) hydraulic or 0 to 945 kPa (0 to 135 psi) air only. SAE J880 not only provides for determining maximum brake rating power capability, but also permits verification of any desired or arbitrary level such as the requirement established herein. The determining criteria for deciding brake rating power capability are: a. Cold brake stopping ability. b. Fade as a result of brake power absorption. c. Hot brake stopping ability following brake power absorption. d. Brake system stability following brake power absorption. e. Functional and structural integrity of brake system following test.
Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Technical Standard
Pure Electric Vehicles Simulation Using Powertrain Energy Estimator Tool2019-01-036704/02/2019
This paper describes first, the use of Powertrain Energy Estimator (PEE) tool to simulate and analyze the performance of the Pure Electric Vehicles (PEV’s) with all the powertrain components. The PEE uses basic physics calculations and measured components performance with the available vehicle parameters to model and simulate any conceptual PEV. The tool calculates the predicted torques, speeds, voltages, efficiency and power passed from one component to another then saves all the simulation results in a database for further user’s analysis. Secondly, we present a methodology to estimate the maximum power capacity required for PEV driving electric machine (E-Motor). The estimation approach is based on creating a power map, which combines the contour lines for all power levels over vehicle speeds/road climbing grades required for the PEV powertrain driving component (E-Motor) to meet all the vehicle’s performance requirements. The evaluation of the power map uses the vehicle’s
Al-Assadi, Salem, McConnell, Jason
Technical Paper
Acceleration Testing of 2000 Van Hool 45 Foot Motor Coach2019-01-043104/02/2019
The time/distance relationship for a motor coach accelerating from a stop is often needed to accurately assess the events leading up to a collision. Several series of tests were conducted to document the low speed acceleration performance of a 45 foot long 2000 Van Hool motor coach equipped with a Cummins ISM engine and an Allison B500 6-speed automatic transmission. These tests included three load configurations and two different acceleration rates, normal and rapid. Data were gathered with a Racelogic VBOX IIIi.
Grimes, Wesley, Balasa, Jonathan, Wilcoxson, Greg
Technical Paper
Acceleration Testing of 2011 MCI J4500 45 foot Motor Coach2019-01-040904/02/2019
The time/distance relationship for a motor coach accelerating from a stop is often needed to accurately assess the events leading up to a collision. Several series of tests were conducted to document the low speed acceleration performance of a 45-foot long 2011 MCI J4500 motor coach equipped with a Detroit Diesel Series 60 engine and a ZF AS Tronic 12-speed automatic transmission. These tests included three load configurations and two different acceleration rates, normal and rapid. Data were gathered with a Racelogic VBOX IIIi.
Grimes, Wesley, Wilcoxson, Greg, Balasa, Jonathan
Technical Paper
Gasoline fuels growing number of commercial vehicles19TOFHP04_0904/01/2019
Biodiesel may be the top alternative fuel for work truck fleets, according to the 2019 Fleet Purchasing Outlook Survey conducted by the National Truck Equipment Association (NTEA), but another “alt fuel” is gaining momentum in certain commercial vehicle (CV) segments: good old gasoline. Survey respondents listed biodiesel, at 16%, as their top alternative, followed by E85 and electric hybrid trucks, including plug-in hybrids. Extended range electric and propane/autogas both increased usage compared to 2018 results.
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
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