Browse Topic: Bus systems

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Factors Affecting the Willingness to Use Automated Buses: A Survey from China2020-01-514112/30/2020
With the development of autonomous driving technology, automated buses have begun trial operations in many cities around the world, and marketization has become an important issue. In order to explore the influencing factors of the public's willingness to use automated buses, two rounds of surveys were conducted. Firstly, the importance of the attributes of automated buses was studied, based on which questionnaires on willingness to use automated buses were designed. Using data from 266 questionnaires collected, a logistic regression model was established. Model results show that demographic variables and historical travel behavior characteristics will have a significant impact. Women are less willing to choose automated buses than men, and older people aged above 50 are more likely to use the mode. People who often use regular buses to travel have higher willingness to choose automated buses than people using other modes. Among people using other modes including private cars, subways
Xi, Haijiao, Wu, Zhongyi, Zhou, Hongmei, Yi, Maomao
Variability of driving conditions and its effect on charging time for urban battery electric buses2020-01-059804/14/2020
Due to growing environmental concerns and stringent vehicle emissions regulations, there is a constant urge in the automotive industry to move towards electrified propulsion systems. Public transportation plays a major role in contributing towards lowering the emission level. Battery electric buses are regarded as a type of promising green mass transportation as they provide the advantage of less greenhouse gas emissions per passenger. However, the electric bus poses a threat of limited range and is not able to drive throughout the day without being charged again. This research focuses on the current bus transit systems in the city of Ann Arbor and investigates the impact of different electrification levels on the final CO2 reduction. Utilizing models of a conventional diesel bus, hybrid electric bus, and battery electric bus, the CO2 emission for each type of transportation bus is estimated. Measured vehicle speed data from various routes under different driving conditions are used to
Paunikar, Anshul, Salehi, Rasoul
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses: Modelling and Analysing Suitability from an Operational and Environmental Perspective2020-01-117204/14/2020
In response to the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the current trend in the transport sector is a greater focus on alternative powertrains. More recent air quality concerns have seen controlled zero emission zones within urban areas. As a result, there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) as a zero local emission vehicle with superior range, operational flexibility and refuelling time than other clean alternatives e.g. battery electric buses (BEBs). This paper details the performance and suitability analysis of a proposed Wrightbus FCEB, using a quasistatic backwards-facing Simulink powertrain model. The model is validated against existing prototype vehicle data (Mk1), allowing it to be further leveraged for predictions of an advanced future production vehicle (Mk2) with next generation motors and fuel cell stack. The modelled outputs are used for a comparison of the FCEB performance to an equivalent BEB on industry standard drive cycles, as well
Doyle, Darryl, Harris, Andrew, Chege, Steve, Douglas, Lucinda, Early, Juliana, Best, Robert
Power RACe2019-01-134503/19/2019
Ever increasing process applications inspire us to design innovative and modular manufacturing cells in compliance with modern specifications. The result is the new highly flexible Aerospace application specific robot introduced as the “POWER RACe”. This paper describes how benchmarks for flexible automated drilling and fastening are being achieved with the Power RACe technology platform.
Dillhoefer, Thorsten, Erdinc PhD, Fatih
Fiber Optics Mechanization of a Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data BusAS1773A (Current)03/14/2018
This document defines requirements for digital, command/ response time division multiplexing (data bus) techniques for fiber optic implementation. The concept of operation and information flow on the multiplex data bus and the functional formats to be employed are also defined.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
CPAC Bulkhead Riveting System2017-01-207409/19/2017
Ever increasing process applications inspire us, as suppliers of aircraft, structural-assembly, and equipment to design innovative and modular, manufacturing cells in compliance with modern specifications. The result is the new flexible C-Frame Panel Assembly Cell (CPAC) Bulkhead riveting System. This paper describes how benchmarks for flexible automated drilling and fastening are being achieved with the CPAC.
Dillhoefer, Thorsten, Erdinc, Fatih
Power RACe2017-01-209309/19/2017
Ever increasing process applications inspire us, as suppliers of aircraft, structural-assembly, and equipment to design innovative and modular, manufacturing cells in compliance with modern specification. The result is the new highly flexible Aerospace application specific robot identified as “POWER RACe”. This paper describes how benchmarks for flexible automated drilling and fastening are being achieved with the Power RACe technology platform.
Dillhoefer, Thorsten
New Approach of Tools Application for Systems Engineering in Automotive Software Development2017-01-160103/28/2017
This paper outlines the modeling process in SysML (Systems Modeling Language) in context of MBSE (Model Based Software Engineering) as well as the MBD (Model-Based Design) in Simulink and we compare the models to get useful information into software. For this goal, we propose the use of an RM/SM tool (Requirements Management and Systems Modeling) (3SL Cradle) and Matlab/Simulink to model the system, do the system validations, and finally embed the generated code. For automotive systems, the development process is visualized through the V-Model, which leads to the right choice of components, the integration of the system and the project realization. The first step in V-Model handles the requirements management for the development, i.e., the requirements for a project will be collected in respect to the stakeholder’s needs and system limitations. Then, the next steps consist of modeling the system based on its requirements, going through simulation, system validation through Model-In-the
Santos, Max Mauro, Mendes, Celso, Banik, Taysa, Franco, Felipe, Neme, João, Prado, Wanderley, Cerri, Fernando, Nunes, Lauro
FRAC (Frame Riveter Assembly Cell)2016-01-207909/27/2016
The industry wide requirement of new highly flexible automated fastening systems in aircraft production has created the need for developing new fastening systems. This paper will focus on the development of the Frame Riveting Assembly Cell (FRAC) by BROETJE-Automation to meet this need. The new FRAC machine configuration is built for automated drilling and fastening of different aircraft type parts. It is highly flexible with a high speed positioning system mounted multifunction end effector. System travel is limited only by installed track length. The FRAC integrates well with conventional and reconfigurable automated fastening work holding tools.
Janssen, Alexander, Dillhoefer, Thorsten
Control Solutions Synchronize Operation of Space Launch System Heavy TransportersTBMG-2488806/01/2016
Control panels, embedded PCs, automation software, and servomotors and drives Beckhoff Automation Savage, MN 952-890-0000
Locating Wire Short Fault for In-Vehicle Controller Area Network with Resistance Estimation Approach2016-01-006504/05/2016
Wire shorts on an in-vehicle controller area network (CAN) impact the communication between electrical control units (ECUs), and negatively affects the vehicle control. The fault, especially the intermittent fault, is difficult to locate. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model for in-vehicle CAN bus is developed under the wire short fault scenario. The bus resistance is estimated and a resistance-distance mapping approach is proposed to locate the fault. The proposed approach is implemented in an Arduino-based embedded system and validated on a vehicle frame. The experimental results are promising. The approach presented in this paper may reduce trouble shooting time for CAN wire short faults and may enable early detection before the customer is inconvenienced.
Du, Xinyu, Jiang, Shengbing, Nagose, Atul, Zhang, Yilu, Wienckowski, Natalie
Efficiency Improvement of Boost Converter for Fuel Cell Bus by Silicon Carbide Diodes2016-01-123404/05/2016
The adoption of silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductors is regarded as a promising means of improving the fuel efficiency of all types of electrically powered vehicles, including plug-in, electric, fuel cell, and hybrid vehicles (PHVs, EVs, FCVs, and HVs). For this reason, adoption in a wide variety of vehicles is currently being studied, including in the fuel cell (FC) boost converter of an FC bus. The FC boost converter controls the output voltage of the FC up to 650 V. In this research, SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SiC-SBDs) were adopted in the upper arm of an FC boost converter. Since the forward voltage (Vf) of SiC-SBDs is smaller than conventional Si-PiN diodes (Si-PiNDs), the conduction loss of SiC-SBDs is correspondingly smaller. Recovery loss can also be reduced by at least 90% compared to Si-PiNDs since the recovery current of SiC-SBDs is substantially smaller. Lowering the recovery current of the upper arm has the effect of reducing the superimposed current when the
Sugiura, Toshikazu, Tanida, Atsushi, Tamura, Kazutaka
Tool to Analyze a Leaking Source of Saturated AmmoniaTBMG-2427004/01/2016
Containers of ammonia are used to supply cooling to different modules of the International Space Station. Each container has an attachment piece used to extract the ammonia. The attachment piece may allow ammonia to exit when not connected, and may also allow ammonia to exit to an outside area even when connected. The ammonia that has exited the container may accumulate in different compartments of the spacecraft. The ammonia is not desirable when accumulated in a compartment with a certain concentration.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Electric Feeder Bus Using Various Types of Energy Storage2016-01-172103/27/2016
Urban Mobility is one of the most critical issues at the present. Public transport in connection with feeder bus system is proposed to be one of the main solution. Chulalongkorn University has a fleet of electric feeder bus in operation for a few years now. The fleet service is, however, to be improved because of current limitations in battery energy capacity and long battery charging time. This paper aims to examine the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the electric feeder buses using various types of energy storage. The results on the sensitivity analysis highlight the major parameters that exert strong influence in the TCOs. The fast charging system using supercapacitor battery bus shows the lowest TCO for the present bus fleet. The travel distance (km/year) and operational years were illustrated to be the top two parameters that exert major influence towards the TCO.
Nilprapunt, Wachira, Sripakagorn, Angkee
Electrification of Public Transport with Fast Charging in Traffic Congested Cities2016-01-171803/27/2016
The utility of energy efficiency and zero-emission of electric vehicles leads the way to electrify the urban public transport bus networks in many cities around the world. The purpose of this paper is to study the operational feasibility of transition the existing conventional combustion bus fleet to Electric bus fleet. The analysis is based on the data of the bus operation in Bangkok, Thailand. Traffic congestion as occurred in Bangkok is considered in the analysis. This research is focused on Fast charging technology of Electric vehicles. Instead of slow-charging overnight, Fast-charging is used during the regular layover time of the bus operation which is called Opportunity charging. The opportunity charging allows to extend the driving range of the electric buses which is a prominent problem of electric vehicles. The result stipulates the smallest number of batteries needed to meet the route requirement which come up with outstanding efficiency in energy consumption and more
Thitacharee, Thitipat, Sripakagorn, Angkee
Optimizing Drive Systems for Energy SavingsTBMG-2394602/01/2016
Energy savings are an extremely important topic in virtually every segment of industry today. In general, the largest consumer of power in a converting line or machine is the drive system. As energy costs continue to increase and energy conservation becomes a greater priority, are there technologies or methods that can be implemented to reduce the energy consumption on converting machinery?
Evaluation of Biogas Use in Transit Bus Fleets2015-36-022709/22/2015
Current massive urbanization process concentrates high amount of population and impose an increased demand on transport systems. In this context, transit bus system plays an important role, as the most dynamic and less capital intensive transit option available. At the same time, it is strongly dependant on fossil fuels, predominantly diesel fuel, with its intrinsic polluting and greenhouse (climate change) effects. This has boosted research and investments for alternative and renewable fuels. One solution currently receiving widespread recognition is biogas use in transit bus fleets, as it allows the use of a renewable fuel, made from substrates derived basically from waste and sewage that otherwise would produce methane released to the atmosphere. Biogas contains basically methane, carbon dioxide, trace amounts of hydrogen sulfides and water, and to be used as engine fuel need to be upgraded, which means increasing the methane content up to 97% and removing water and other gases
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Scoping the Human-Centred Design Led 2020 Vision for Malaysia Electric Buses (EV)2015-01-003103/10/2015
The Malaysia National Automotive Policy (NAP 2014) focuses on the systemic changes needed for the country to develop a competitive and sustainable automotive manufacturing sector. Alternative electric vehicles (EV) -including the public transport sector, in particular buses - forms part of this strategy. This also features in the Transport Scenarios for the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan for 2020. Kuala Lumpur's population is expected to reach 10 million by 2020, the current public transport system is beset by problems, e.g. route congestion, a growing trend of private car ownership among a rising middle-class, and a range of environmental and infrastructure issues which must be challenged. A human-centred design approach to public transport focuses on developing (future) scenarios to accommodate the 2020 economic, environmental and social considerations building on Design for Sustainability (DfS), user needs, behaviour change and inclusivity principles. This provides a design framework
Kuys, Jung-Ok (Jo), Melles, Gavin, Thompson-Whiteside, Scott, Kapoor, Ajay
Model-Based Design and In-Vehicle Software2013-01-043104/08/2013
Meanwhile model-based development found its way into practical software development processes and code generation. But especially in the automotive industry for the majority of use cases it is used for algorithm generation and verification for large and medium size devices. In fewer cases the code is directly reused, especially not for small size platforms. In this a paper a software development process and its efficiency gain for automotive sensors and other small size embedded platforms is presented. There model based development is applied for small embedded -partly safety critical -systems with full model reuse and automatic code generation.
Skwarek, Volker, Hein, Martin
Performance Evaluation of the Scalable-CAN Integrated In-Vehicle Network2013-01-118204/08/2013
Today, the Controller Area Network (CAN) is a widely used in-vehicle network. However, due to the constraint of the theoretical upper bound speed of CAN, we proposed Scalable-CAN (SCAN), which employs round-robin scheduling to improve upper bound speed while keeping the compatibility with traditional CAN. Moreover, we proposed the worst-case response time (WCRT) analysis for a single SCAN bus system and showed the real-time performance. In this paper, to apply SCAN to a next-generation in-vehicle network composed of a SCAN bus and a CAN bus, we first propose a schedulability analysis method for the integrated network system. Second, we show its real-time performance and highlight the effects of the bandwidth extension and throughput performance of the SCAN integrated system. Finally, we conclude that SCAN achieves lower latency, high schedulability, and high integrity toward a next-generation in-vehicle network.
Kurachi, Ryo, Chen, Yang, Takada, Hiroaki, Nishimura, Masanobu, Horihata, Satoshi, Nakajima, Tatsuya
Hybrid Transit Bus Technology Assessment - A Feasibility Approach2012-36-013910/02/2012
Stricter environmental regulation and the increasing concern about fuel economy and emissions have driven transit agencies and operators toward environmental and economic concerns when selecting transit bus technology. In this scenario, hybrid bus, that combines two or more distinct propulsion systems (generally combustion engine and electric motor), has been seen as a choice that balances both the need for better environmental and efficiency performance and capital expenditures for introducing new technology-based transit bus fleets. The source of better performance of hybrid buses is the ability to i) optimize the operating point of combustion engine to achieve best fuel economy; ii) store energy generated during braking at storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors or flywheels), to be used to power the vehicle when needed, and, hence, iii) downsizing engine due to reduced average power requirements. Most significant gains in efficiency and environmental performance of hybrid
Barbosa, Fabio Coelho
Handbook for the Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus Test PlansAIR4295 (Historical)11/15/2011
This document contains guidance for using SAE publications, AS4112 through AS4117 (MIL-STD-1553 related Test Plans). Included herein are the referenced test plan paragraphs numbers and titles, the purpose of the test, the associated MIL-STD-1553 paragraph, commentary concerning test methods and rationale, and instrumentation requirements.
AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee
Comparison of CAN, FlexRay, and Ethernet Architectures for the Design of ABS Systems2011-01-045304/12/2011
The rapid increase of networked electronic control units in airplanes (Line Replaceable Units or Modules, LRUs/LRMs) and automobiles (ECUs) requires to move from CAN buses to higher performance buses. In aircraft the number of LRUs exceeded 100 in 1990 (B777) and is now ≻5000 (A380). Today, the number of ECUs in some automobiles also exceeds 100. Aircraft industry developed solutions based on standard switched Ethernet (AFDX) and standardized ECUs, called Integrated Modular Avionic units (IMA units) and common remote data concentrators (cRDCs) that are now flying in the Airbus A380 and A400M, the Boeing B787, and are being used in the design of future civil and military aircraft. During the last decade, automotive industry has been pursuing the development of specialized FlexRay bus solutions for automotive control and specialized MOST bus solutions for comfort electronics. However, some automotive companies are now also looking at Ethernet-based solutions. This paper describes some of
Salzwedel, Horst
Development of a City Bus Driving Cycle in Seoul Based on the Actual Patterns of Urban Bus Driving2009-01-291410/06/2009
Studies of driving cycles for buses have been published in a number of papers, e.g., the Central Business District (CBD) and New York Bus (NY Bus) driving cycles. Such studies, however, cannot represent the actual driving environment of Seoul because of differences in road conditions and the volume of traffic. Thus, this study presents the development of a driving cycle for the city bus system of Seoul, the capital city of Korea. A representative route is selected by means of a statistical analysis of the city bus routes in Seoul. Experiments are performed to measure velocity, road grade, engine speed, load conditions, gear-shift patterns, and vehicle acceleration in actual Seoul traffic. A simulation model is developed to evaluate a driving cycle on the basis of the measured data obtained. The coupling effect between velocity and acceleration is analyzed, as well as the coupling effect between road grade and vehicle acceleration. A driving cycle is then proposed based upon an analysis
Wi, Hyoseong, Park, Jinil, Lee, Jong-hwa, Kim, Wooseok, Kim, Yukyeom
Reconfiguration of Distribution System Feeder Using Slope Criterion2008-01-291611/11/2008
Distribution System Automation (DSA) is being carried out very seriously world over to enhance the reliability of the system and to minimize the huge losses that are occurring in the Distribution System. Feeder Reconfiguration (FR) is an important sub-problem of the over all distribution system automation process. Basic concept of feeder reconfiguration is to arrive at the best set of sectionalizing switches to be opened for a given set of tie switch such that the system performance is enhanced. In this paper a novel criterion is developed based on the slope of the curve between the feeder losses verses receiving end voltage. Application of this criterion results in the most minimal loss configuration for any given loading condition. A general MATLAB program is developed to obtain the best switching option. The results have been validated by comparison with the civinlar's loss reduction method.
Venkataramu, P. S., Ananthapadmanabha, T., Karthikeyan, Prabhakar, Raglend, Jacob
Fiber Optics Mechanization of a Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data BusAS1773 (Historical)05/19/2008
This document defines requirements for digital, command/ response time division multiplexing (data bus) techniques for fiber optic implementation. The concept of operation and information flow on the multiplex data bus and the functional formats to be employed are also defined.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Using CompactPCI to Build Rugged Embedded SystemsTBMG-615002/29/2008
The task-specific nature of an embedded system application typically defines a narrow scope of performance requirements. But the range of options for achieving those requirements are broad — from multicore processors and rugged single board computers (SBCs) to I/O devices and the bus systems that tie everything together. And the choices to be made are critical in their impact on cost, on performance efficiency in computeintensive operations, and on the ability to function reliably in hot, cold, dusty or wet environments.
Subsystem Design and Integration of A Robust Modular Avionics Suite for UAV Systems Using the Time Triggered Protocol (TTP)2007-01-380209/17/2007
A robust modular open source avionics system which can be ported between different types of uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs) and ground based autonomous systems is a part of the UAV research systems at The University of Kansas. Using a modular subsystem design approach, new solutions for sensors, communication, navigation, and control have been integrated. This research involves the implementation of a bus system for the on-board UAV hardware systems using the Time Triggered Protocol (TTP), where the data communication occurs at predefined time intervals (typically milliseconds). An interface between the UAV's Flight Management System (WePilot AG) and the TTP bus is also being established. Data communications using TTP which is a fault tolerant system reduces the uncertainty in control and communications, increasing the reliability of the UAV's subsystems.
Samuel, Allwyn, Brown, Nelson, Colgren, Richard, Kelly, Gene
Design Tool and Software Platform for Time-Triggered Network Systems2006-21-004110/16/2006
This paper describes a design tool and a software platform for FlexRay systems that are investigated in Nagoya University and are proposed to JasPar. The design tool reads the specification of a system as a task graph that consists of a set of tasks and messages among them. The design tool, then, allocates the tasks to ECUs and schedules the messages on a FlexRay network. The software platform consists of a middleware called time-trigger module (TTM) which dispatches time-triggered tasks, a communication middleware for a time-triggered network (TT-COM), a network management middleware for FlexRay (FlexRay-NM), and a device driver for FlexRay controller.
Takada, Hiroaki, Hosotani, Ichiro, Sato, Koji, Goto, Hideki, Adachi, Kazutaka, Hashimoto, Hiroshi
Fault Detection in Distributed Automotive Electronic Systems Using Hierarchical Colored Bayesian Petri-Nets2005-01-056304/11/2005
In this paper the problem of fault detection in distributed systems is addressed. Due to the trend that these systems are incorporating an increasing number of subsystems from different suppliers fault detection is becoming an essential part of distributed system design. While meeting the typical constraints of the automotive industry there is the demand on increased safety and improved availability. Because of the connection of different subsystems, errors propagate through the system and may affect other subsystems where they can be detected. The key task which is dealt with in this paper is to detect the origin of these errors. Therefore, Hierarchical Colored Bayesian Petri-Nets are introduced to fulfill fault detection according to Bayesian networks. To reduce calculation efforts, the principle of clustering is included.
Nenninger, Philipp, Brummund, Stephan, Kiencke, Uwe
Intelligent Automotive System Services Requirements, Architectures and Implementation Issues2004-21-004110/18/2004
The paper introduces an integrated view on the emerging domain of system services as important part of an automotive IT infrastructure. System services are essential to allow an adequate administration and reliable operation of complex automotive IT systems during production, operation or maintenance of a vehicle. System services are vehicle-wide services. They range from software installation and configuration services, safety and security services, system diagnosis services, communication, connectivity and network services, up to vehicle status or engergy management services. The paper will discuss requirements, architecture and implementation issues as well as organisational implications, based on lessons learned from a prototypical implementation at BMW Car IT GmbH.
Saad, Alexandre, Weinmann, Ulrich
Position sensing advancesOFHOCT04_0810/01/2004
SAE 100 Future look: In the early 1970s the foundations of what is now MTS Sensors began with the development of magnetostrictive technology and its application in industrial position-sensing applications. Much has been written about the adoption and benefits of electrohydraulic systems in off-highway vehicles, and an equal amount of attention has been given to the sensor technologies needed to effectively complete those systems. In many cases, these sensors are inherently “behind the scenes,” both technologically and economically. All the same, the advancements in both technology and economics are helping to transform off-highway vehicles-and the pace of change is accelerating. In the early 1970s the foundations of what is now MTS Sensors began with the development of magnetostrictive technology and its application in industrial position-sensing applications. These sensors are still known as Temposonics, and although the fundamental principle of the sensing technology has not changed
Smedley, Drew
Advanced Detection Systems for AFV Transit Vehicle Maintenance, Storage, & Fueling Facilities2002-01-308911/18/2002
As alternative-fueled vehicle (AFV) municipal transit bus systems continue to evolve and grow, the maintenance, storage and refueling facilities for AFV buses and vehicles will also require upgrade to ensure adequate and proper flammable vapor and fire detection systems are provided. The evolution of alternative-fuel engines, from diesel to natural gas to hydrogen, presents the facility fire protection engineer with a unique challenge: ensure that the facility and its contents are adequately protected against a potential variety of invisible, odorless fire risks. Proper application of modern flammable gas and optical flame detectors is a key consideration when designing a facility protection system intended to detect and prevent a devastating gas explosion and fire. This paper will provide an overview of AFV facility hazards, the optimum gas and flame detection technologies, and the benefits delivered by these new detection technologies.
Opheim, Dave
The “Fix-It” Subsystem of Motor Vehicle Maintenance Information System2001-01-319610/01/2001
The information system has been developed and implemented for the purpose of directing of the motor vehicle maintenance system. The common and individual data bases have been developed for these processes (regarding workers, locations, failures, vehicles, maintenance operations, spare parts), as well as the reports on maintenance, for the purpose of providing valid information required for directing of the maintenance system. Due to the extensive scope of the software solutions, this paper depicts only the basic common solution and the individual bus-maintenance software solution for the “Fix-It” processes. For this individual “Fix-It” process, the mode of operation and the results of its application in on-the-road maintenance are shown in this paper.
Ivanovic, G., Djordjevic, S., Radulovic, Z., Jankovic, Z.
A 42V Inverter/Rectifier for ISA using Discrete Semiconductor Components2001-01-249708/20/2001
A demonstration inverter has been built to illustrate the feasibility of implementing an ISA inverter in a 42V automotive powernet using discrete semiconductor switches. The high current carrying capability of the package (300A) enables the component count to be reduced to a minimum of two per switch. For a 10kW inverter, the current carrying requirements of each switch is about 400A peak. With careful layout and design, this solution could be a viable alternative to a module solution, which typically would have the same FET component count.
Murray, Anthony F. J., Wood, Peter, Keskar, Neeraj, Chen, Jingdong, Guerra, Alberto
FlexRay - The Communication System for Advanced Automotive Control Systems2001-01-067603/05/2001
BMW, DaimlerChrysler, Motorola and Philips present their joint development activity related to the FlexRay communication system that is intended for distributed applications in vehicles. The designated applications for powertrain and chassis control place requirements in terms of availability, reliability and data bandwidth that cannot be met by any product currently available on the market under the testing conditions encountered in an automobile. A short look back on events so far is followed by a description of the protocol and its first implementation as an integrated circuit, as well as its incorporation into a complete tool environment.
Berwanger, Josef, Ebner, Christian, Schedl, Anton, Belschner, Ralf, Fluhrer, Sven, Lohrmann, Peter, Fuchs, Emmerich, Millinger, Dietmar, Sprachmann, Michael, Bogenberger, Florian, Hay, Gary, Krüger, Andreas, Rausch, Mathias, Budde, Wolfgang O., Fuhrmann, Peter, Mores, Robert
Car Multimedia Bus Development2000-01-306008/21/2000
The following paper will discuss the latest developments that are taking place in the automobile industry pertaining to the development of a high-speed data bus standard. By 2005, it is likely that we will see the introduction of numerous high-speed, real time multimedia applications proliferating into the vehicle. These applications will provide the car owner access to information, entertainment, communication, and safety as well as the Internet. These systems will also drive the need to have a high-speed data bus serving as a backbone for data traffic between different applications. Currently, the minimum bus speed being considered for such applications is 100 Mbps, which is suitable for transmitting a compressed video and audio data stream. Concerns about electromagnetic interference (EMI) and weight have driven the physical media requirement to be plastic optical fiber (POF). Worldwide working groups and consortiums have been attempting to achieve the goal of developing one high
Little, Brad, Desjarlais, Frank
A Novel Battery Chrager-Discharger of the Regulated-Peak-Power-Tracking-System1999-01-244508/02/1999
A novel battery charger/discharger converter for the series-parallel regulated peak-power-tracking system is proposed. This converter shares the common magnetic component in both the charger mode and the discharge mode to minimize the size and weight of the system. To reduce the number of the additional semiconductor component, a tapped-inductor topology is proposed and design procedures for the converter is presented. The hardware experiments of the proposed converter are presented. The software simulations for the various system mode of operation including the transition modes are performed
Cho, Y.J., Cho, B.H.
Potassium AMTEC Cell Performance1999-01-270208/02/1999
AMTEC systems have historically been operated with sodium as the working fluid, in large part because fabrication of beta”-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) membranes has been substantially easier with sodium than with potassium or other alkali metals1. It has been anticipated that because potassium has a substantially higher vapor pressure for a given temperature, and because the best K-BASE conductivity falls only marginally below that for Na-BASE, potassium AMTEC cells could produce higher power at a given temperature or comparable power at a lower temperature than similar sodium cells. Operation at lower temperatures can reduce materials lifetime or compatibility problems, and for severely heat input constrained systems it could enhance efficiency by reducing parasitic thermal conduction losses. Recently K-BASE tubes have become available as a commercial product2 and conventional experiments to evaluate the performance of complete KAMTEC cells have become much more feasible
Barkan, A., Hunt, T. K., Thomas, B.
Bus System for Wiring Actuators of Restraint Systems97105302/24/1997
The continuing increase in the performance of restraint systems has led to a drastic increase in the number of actuator devices. The individual wiring of the igniters becomes more and more problematic through the accompanied large number of plug connections and cables. Along with demands for weight and volume reduction, there are requirements for EMI and short circuit protection to eliminate erroneous deployment and misuse. As a solution, a new multi-protocol dual wire bus system is described that has the capability to supply energy and address multiple peripheral output stages to simultaneously fire any combination of actuators.
Bauer, Joachim, Mehler, Gerhard, Nitschke, Werner
Rapid Bus Project96166508/01/1996
Rapid bus applies rapid transit thinking to bus operation. Designed to revitalize bus services, rapid bus is targeted at corridors where conventional bus service has reached saturation, while investment in high capacity rail transit cannot be justified for financial reasons. Rapid bus uses new technology and rail based marketing to grow ridership in medium density markets.
Leicester, Glen
The Development of the Interactive Pioneer Bus (IP-BUS)96012202/01/1996
The current trend towards the Multimediazation in the car cabin is remarkable. Adding to the existing car audio systems, Navigation, RBDS (Radio Brordecast Data System), DAB(Digital Audio Brordcasting), Cellular phone and other digital media are likely to be incorporated into the new car entertainment system, which shall also provide expandability for new media in the future. The recently proposed control bus systems are mainly designed for car operations which are not suitable for audio systems in terms of transfer rate, datalength, and cost. And the mainstream concept is that the audio control bus line should be separate from the standpoint of safety. However, there is still no standard car entertainment bus, car and car audio makers continue developing their own format. This causes over investment in development of audio systems, inefficiency of designing, and difficulty in cost reductions. We also have to consider cost merit for component units as a larger scale of car
Ikata, Yoshikatsu, Kurosaki, Masanori
The Next Decade: The Role of Russia in the Global Automotive Industry95278112/01/1995
Developed automotive nations reached the stage where any further growth of vehicle population is colliding with the interests of society. This problem can not be resolved through the effort of the automotive industry alone. The controlled development of transportation systems offers a trade-off between the adverse effects of vehicle population growth and meeting the demand of society in mobility. In Russia, the theory and the methodology of the land transportation development control has envolved in the seventies. An attempt has been undertaken at the Technical Center of VAZ to formulate the concept of the Next Generation Transportation System (NGTS). The main feature of this system is the limited urban motor vehicle population in combination with alternative kinds of transportation. This activity may be of interest to the world community.
Moskalyuk, Anatoly N., Kovalchuk, Anatoly V.
Robust Adaptive Data-Compression for Peak-Load Reduction in Low-Speed Automotive Multiplex Systems94165809/01/1994
The improvement of low-speed MUX-systems in car-body areas gets important in a scenario where on one hand, the possible number of integrated local control units (LCU's) gets larger and on the other hand, the possible versions of a car range from basic to top-of-the-line. Cost and developement time can be reduced if the same MUX-System is used throughout this whole range. A possibility to realize this is the use of data-compression (DC) for data-transmission. Basic configurations integrating only a small number of LCU's of a car-MUX can communicate without using data-compression, whereas for the top-of-the-line versions, the performance can be enhanced using DC only for communication processes between additional control units causing critical peak load situations. Specifically, the use of adaptive algorithms in automotive multiplex systems is a promising way to improve the MUX's capacity performance by minimizing redundant symbols/information in peak-load situations. The main problem in
Kempf, Gero G., Strenzl, Karl
Car Information, Communication and Entertainment System - Advances and New Developments94104003/01/1994
Future driver information systems will consist of a plurality of information components containing the classic instrumentation like instrument cluster, radio and trip computers but also new components like car telephones, navigation systems and TV. This development leads in a first step to a new kind of instrument cluster design, and in a second step to a rather high resolution graphic display, located in the central console region. To use best the display capabilities for all functions and to have an extendable system, the components will be connected by a multiplex wiring system. In order to reduce drivers distraction, secondary information from the mentioned components concerning safety and navigation information should be displayed near to the primary field of vision of the driver within the instrument cluster using small graphic LCD modules. Also in the non-visible region of the instrument cluster there will be significant changes in the technology behind the scales. Mechanical
Knoll, P. M., Vollmer, R.
Using Proven Advanced Wiring Techniques to Make a Smart Transit Bus an Operational Reality93296611/01/1993
The purpose of this paper is to document the development of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority's (MTA) “SMART” Bus Program that uses a distributed computer network as a electronic control system. Current bus wiring methods use an ever increasing multitude of mechanical relays, circuit breakers, and heavy wiring bundles which provide little communication between electronic subsystems. On October 20, 1992, the MTA's first SMART vehicle, a 1984 Neoplan bus, was completed. In early 1993, the two additional buses were selected for modification; the first methanol SMART bus, a 1993 TMC, and a 1989 Flxible Metro bus. The Neoplan represents the first known “SMART” mass transit vehicle released into service. As of the first week in June 1993, the Neoplan bus continues to accumulate revenue service mileage. The TMC bus was completed in April 1993 and is now undergoing extensive road testing. The Flxible bus is in the early stages of design and modification and is
Haynes, Skip, Banks, Dave, Beauchamp, Mark, Grabowski, Joe, Johnson, Jeff
Urban Transportation Development in the Developing Countries93192711/01/1993
In developing countries with large populations and the demand for environmental protection, there is a need for the urban traffic development. These countries could implement Mass Transit, develop less polluting power sources, restrict the production of passenger cars and motorcycles and promote legislation for emission systems.
Choh, Octa, Zhu, Lulu J.
Rapid Traffic System - Preliminary Study For A Ground Transport System93170310/01/1993
This paper summarizes a preliminary study of some alternatives for construction of Rapid Transit System - RTS. For studies approach it was considered an area in the Vale do Paraiba particularly the São José dos Campos City and Jacareí Town. The final conclusion includes a proposal for implementation on the Urban Passengers Transportation System on this zone. The proposal is based on the success of “Step by Step” Program with immediate introduction of Guided Buses and/or Guided Trolley buses. With evolution of urban growing the system can be converted to a Light Rail Vehicle System.
Franco, Odilon C., Dias, Joaquim A. P., Greca, Ronaldo M.
A Status Report on South Coast Air Quality Management District Alternative Fuels Demonstrations93183308/01/1993
The Technology Advancement program at the South Coast Air Quality Management District was established in 1989. A number of demonstrations of the use of alternative fuels in light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles have been initiated since that time. The results of completed demonstrations will be reported, along with the status of current projects and plans for future activities.
Sullivan, Cindy, Leonard, Jon
The Evolution of Bus Design - A European Perspective92160108/01/1992
For the 1992 SAE/I.Mech.E. exchange lecture, the Chairman of the Automobile Division of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers reviews the background to the major evolutions in bus design in Europe over the past decade or so. This includes a review of the bus and its environment, together with the effect of legislation. An overview of European bus operations is included, with comments on the climate of change within the industry in Great Britain. Trends in bus production levels in Europe are also examined. Considered in the bus design evolution are: the changing nature of vehicle configurations with a movement towards low floor one step entry products, changes in engine design to achieve diesel exhaust emission standards, and innovations in transmission design yielding benefits in fuel economy and improved foundation brake life. Views are expressed on future design needs, including alternative fuels and vehicle electrics. The progress towards a European bus is reviewed.
McKnight, James
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