Browse Topic: Intelligent transportation systems

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GTSRB-Shield: A Novel Machine Learning Framework for Intrusion Detection in Autonomous Vehicles Leveraging the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark2026-26-0611To be published on 01/16/2026
The escalating dependence of Autonomous Vehicles on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has highlighted the imperative for comprehensive security protocols to safeguard such vehicles against cyber threats. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS’s) are pivotal in ensuring the protection of these systems by detecting and alleviating unauthorized access and nefarious activities. The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) database, which encompasses an extensive compilation of traffic sign imagery, functions as a vital asset for the advancement of machine learning-based IDS. This research elucidates an intrusion detection system (IDS) that employs machine learning algorithms to scrutinize the GTSRB database. The proposed IDS emphasize the preprocessing of the GTSRB dataset to extricate pertinent features that can be employed for the training of machine learning models. Research also focuses on model development with machine learning algorithms to classify traffic signs and
Patil, Kamalesh, Akbar Badusha, A., Jadhav, Savitri, Gunale, Kishanprasad
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-0629To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-0691To be published on 01/16/2026
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) marks a fundamental shift in automotive design, where software, rather than hardware, defines vehicle capabilities. This review explores the SDV paradigm within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing centralized computing, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Key enablers such as high-performance computing units, middleware platforms (e.g., AUTOSAR Adaptive), and digital twins support scalable, flexible software deployment and real-time functionality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance features like predictive maintenance, driver personalization, and autonomous decision-making. However, SDVs also introduce complex challenges, including software validation, real-time performance, and system interoperability. Cybersecurity becomes critical, especially as vehicles interface with cloud platforms, edge computing, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. The paper also
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Intelligent Transportation Systems in India: Current Trends, Infrastructure Development, and Future Prospects2026-26-0272To be published on 01/16/2026
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) play a transformative role in enhancing the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of India’s transportation networks. As urbanization and vehicle ownership continue to grow, Indian cities face increasing demands on their infrastructure, resulting in challenges such as traffic congestion, pollution, and travel delays. ITS leverages advanced technologies-including real-time data analytics, communication networks, and automation-to optimize traffic management, improve public transport services, and provide timely information to commuters. In the Indian context, ITS applications such as electronic toll collection, adaptive traffic signals, smart parking solutions, and incident management systems have begun to demonstrate positive impacts on mobility and road safety. Government initiatives and policy frameworks are actively promoting the integration of ITS with ongoing infrastructure development projects, fostering innovation and encouraging
Bhat, Goutam, Bai N, Niha, Kumar, Vikas, Patil, Vishnureddy
AI-powered intelligent cognitive lens for driver monitoring for safe transportation and increased fleet efficiency2026-26-0634To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Mardhekar, Amogh, Sing, Sandip, Chikhale, Shraddha, Hivarkar, Umesh
Feasibility of Road Longitudinal Profiles for Automated Vehicles Based on Vehicle Dynamics2025-01-715003/19/2025
With the development and maturity of new generation digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and 5G mobile communication, their integration with physical products is becoming increasingly seamless. Automobiles serve as a prime example in this regard. In recent years, automated vehicle (AV) technologies have emerged as a prominent focal point, witnessing an escalating acceptance in the market and a growing number of self-driving vehicles on the roads, existing roads are primarily designed for traditional human-driven vehicles (HVs). Due to the differences in perception between automated systems and human drivers, it is essential to assess AVs' feasibility to current road infrastructure. This paper analyzes the safety and comfort of automated vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control systems (ACC-AVs) on longitudinal road profiles from the perspective of vehicle dynamics. Firstly, a co-simulation platform integrating PreScan, CarSim, and Simulink
Li, Zezhou, Cai, Mingmao, Gu, Tianqi, Yu, Bin
Investigating the Effect of Traffic Network Information on the Evolution of Traffic Flow in Intelligent Transportation Systems under Herd Effect2025-01-721502/21/2025
Intelligent transportation has emerged as a critical paradigm in the transportation sector, underscoring the growing significance of digital information. The extent to which travelers comprehend transportation network information fundamentally influences the dynamics of traffic flow evolution. Traditional random user equilibrium models assume that travelers possess knowledge of segment flow information; however, they fail to account for route flow information. To date, research has yet to investigate how travelers’ decision-making behaviors are altered following the acquisition of route flow information. When endowed with such information, travelers frequently demonstrate behaviors influenced by the bandwagon effect, adjusting their routes to conform to the choices of the majority. This behavioral modification disrupts the existing equilibrium, resulting in a continued evolution of traffic flow until a new stable state is achieved. To examine the implications of transportation network
Zhou, Bojian, Yu, Yaofeng, Li, Shihao, Li, Kangjiao
Revolutionizing the Traffic Light21AVEP01_0501/27/2025
Two start-ups are using cameras, sensors and AI to enable more efficient vehicle flow through intersections. Every motorist has experienced the frustration of waiting at a red light when there is no traffic in sight. These days, countless household devices use sensors, cameras and connectivity to understand and respond to the world - so why do most traffic lights languish in the analog age, causing our vehicles to unnecessarily stop and idle? In a spring 2019 report, Guidehouse Insights forecast that just 7% of North America's signalized intersections would use so-called adaptive traffic-control technology in 2020. On a global level, that number was 2.3%.
Berman, Bradley
Cyber Threats and its Mitigation to Intelligent Transportation System2024-26-018401/16/2024
With the revolutionary advancements in modern transportation, offering advanced connectivity, automation, and data-driven decision-making has put the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to a high risk from being exposed to cyber threats. Development of modern transportation infrastructure, connected vehicle technology and its dependency over the cloud with an aim to enhance safety, efficiency, reliability and sustainability of ITS comes with a lot more opportunities to protect the system from black hats. This abstract explores the landscape of cyber threats targeting Intelligent Transportation Systems, focusing on their potential impacts, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies. The cyber-attacks in ITS are not just limited to Unauthorized Access, Malware and Ransomware Attacks, Data Breaches, Denial of Service but also to Physical Infrastructure Attacks. These attacks may result in potentially disrupting critical transportation infrastructure, compromise user safety, and can
Dewangan, Kheelesh Kumar, Panda, Vibek, Ojha, Sunil, Shahapure, Anjali, Jahagirdar, Shweta Rajesh
Indian Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems2024-26-018201/16/2024
India, like other expanding nations, is giving priority to modernizing its transport infrastructure in response to the growing need to increase mobility and road safety. The difficulties and implementation problems that were faced when implementing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in India are thoroughly technical analyzed in this study. This paper, which draws on worldwide research and case studies, offers insightful information about successful ITS deployment and the particular difficulties encountered in the Indian setting. A detailed understanding of cutting-edge technologies and how they integrate with current infrastructure is essential for India's adoption of ITS to be successful. Effective implementation depends on collaboration with a variety of stakeholders, such as governmental agencies, transportation authority, and technology companies. This study identifies the best stakeholder management practices using examples from around the world.
Rajak, Vipin, Sandhu, Jivraj Singh
A smart transportation system for existing vehicles and roads infrastructure to ease traffic and toll problems in India2024-26-018101/16/2024
India is a highly populous country. The traffic problems faced by the people here are not uncommon. The increase in traffic leads to increase in accidents, pollution, inconvenience and frustration. It also comes with costs of additional fuel and time. Though public transport is extensively available in India, still it isn't sufficient for the population of India. Especially in Metro cities, public transport services are often crowded. So, to travel peacefully people are opting for commuting in their own vehicles. And as a result, more vehicles are coming on roads. Other major reasons for increasing traffic are lack of proper implementation of traffic rules and traffic signals out of sync. In addition to city traffic, congestion is also seen on highways, mainly at toll plazas. Although implementation of FASTag has reduced it to some extent, some toll plazas still face traffic congestion issues. This paper provides an idea to ease the traffic problems in the city and on the highways too
Jain, Pritesh
Design and Development of a Virtual Autonomous System2022-01-507210/03/2022
An autonomous vehicle or a driverless vehicle is a ground vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little to no human input. The present study aims to validate existing literature on vehicle following, emergency braking, lane changing, overtaking, and jerk trajectory with regard to autonomous vehicles. By using the jerk trajectory equation, we are able to optimize it by implementing a complete overtaking procedure. We are also able to compare the variation in both the dynamic and kinematic bicycle model for the same vehicle and traveling the same distance. A new kinematic bicycle model is built, which is more simple to construct. This project is performed using MATLAB and Simulink for creating and modifying the system blocks. There has also been an integration of 3D visualization software such as VR sink and Unreal Engine. We construct the vehicles by simple transfer functions, ACC and PID as the main system blocks for vehicles 1, 2, and 3, respectively
Narain, C.M., Patil, Sharanbassapa S.
Road Rough Estimation for Autonomous Vehicle Based on Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter Integrated with Minimum Model Error Criterion2022-01-007703/29/2022
The accuracy of road input identifiaction for autonomous vehicles (AVs) system, especially in state-based AVs control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the intelligent transport system. Due to the high fatality rate caused by inaccurate state-based control algorithm, how to precisely and effectively acquire road rough information and chose the reasonable road-based control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. Uncertainty is unavoidable for AVs system, e.g., varying center of gravity (C.G.) of sprung mass, controllable suspension damping force or variable spring stiffness. To tackle the above mentioned, this paper develops a novel observer approach, which combines unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and Minimum Model Error (MME) theory, to optimize the estimation accuracy of the road rough for AVs system. A full-car nonlinear model and road profile model are first established. Secondly, a MME criterion is proposed to deal with the
Wang, Zhenfeng, Yang, Jiansen, li, xin, Li, HongLiang
Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory with Traffic Preview2022-01-017403/29/2022
By utilizing the vehicle to infrastructure communication, the conventional Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) applications give speed advisory range for drivers to travel to pass at the green light. However, these systems do not consider the traffic between the ego vehicle and the traffic light location, resulting in inaccurate speed advisories. Therefore, the driver needs to intuitively adjust the vehicle's speed to pass at the green light and avoid traffic in these scenarios. Furthermore, inaccurate speed advisories may result in unnecessary acceleration and deceleration, resulting in poor fuel efficiency and comfort. To address these shortcomings of conventional GLOSA, in this study, we proposed the utilization of collaborative perception messages shared by smart infrastructures to create an enhanced speed advisory for the connected vehicle drivers and automated vehicles. Two different algorithms were designed by utilizing the available traffic preview (Signal Phase and
Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Surnilla, Gopichandra
The Digital Foundation Platform - A Multi-layered SOA Architecture for Intelligent Connected Vehicle Operating System2022-01-011603/29/2022
The advancement of E/E architecture has made modern EV a sophisticated and high performance computing system. High level AD/ADAS functions and applications require real time and accurate perception, localization, fusion, planning and control using computer vision or deep learning based AI algorithms to ensure functional safety and comfort user experiences. Legacy AD/ADAS development from OEMs centers around developing functions on ECUs using services provided by Autosar CP to meet automobile grade and mass production requirements. Additionally, Autosar AP has been maturing and provide richer services and function abstractions. Still the applications development and supporting system software and closely coupled together, this makes application development and enhancement less scalable or flexible, resulting in longer development cycle and slower time to market. This paper presents a multi-layered, service-oriented autonomous driving operating system foundation (we called it Digital
yu, david
Research of average speed of the vehicle depending of the established restrictions on the maximum speed of movement in a large city 2022-01-017003/29/2022
The paper examines of operating speed of the vehicles on the roads in a large city with a population of more than one million inhabitants. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the established restrictions on the maximum speed of vehicles on the efficiency of traffic organization. A feature of the study is the application of an empirical method for assessing the efficiency of traffic organization depending on the established speed limits of 50, 60, 70 and 80 km / h. Experimental studies, which confirm the correctness of the proposed empirical method, were conducted on three different routes of movement of vehicles under the same initial conditions. The studies were performed by repeating the experiments at least three times, which allowed to ensure high accuracy of the results. In the work, for visual assessment of the speed of the vehicle, information from the GPS navigator was used. As a result of mathematical processing of experimental data, the average values of such
Ryabushenko, Alexander, Leontiev PhD, Dmitry, Danets, Serhii
2.0.105 - Piston Sealing System Structure Design for Automobile's Lightweight Auto-TransmissionSAE-PP-0043509/24/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
0071 - Testing DownloadSAE-PP-0042009/13/2021
The combustion occurring in an internal combustion engine subsequently emits high-intensity acoustic pulse along with exhaust gas flow. Formula SAE competition is imposing restrictions on acoustic emissions from an engine, which necessitates the activity of design and optimization of a high-performance muffler. The muffler has to be designed with the objectives of satisfying acoustic emission norms imposed and as well strategically designed to have less obstruction to exhaust flow and being lightweight to maintain the integrity of a Formula Student car. A novel approach of combining the effect of adsorptive and resonating muffler design has been inculcated in this work after the estimation of muffler size and resonance. The acoustic pressure analysis and exhaust flow efficiency are carried out using Ricardo WAVE. These simulation results are validated with the developed prototype. The developed prototype is ascertained to fulfil the requirement of acoustic emission norms (103 dB[C
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane, Anthony, Lindsay, Mutagaana, Festo, Mutz, Jennifer
Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor VehiclesJ3016_202104 (Current)04/30/2021
This document describes [motor] vehicle driving automation systems that perform part or all of the dynamic driving task (DDT) on a sustained basis. It provides a taxonomy with detailed definitions for six levels of driving automation, ranging from no driving automation (Level 0) to full driving automation (Level 5), in the context of [motor] vehicles (hereafter also referred to as “vehicle” or “vehicles”) and their operation on roadways: Level 0: No Driving Automation Level 1: Driver Assistance Level 2: Partial Driving Automation Level 3: Conditional Driving Automation Level 4: High Driving Automation Level 5: Full Driving Automation These level definitions, along with additional supporting terms and definitions provided herein, can be used to describe the full range of driving automation features equipped on [motor] vehicles in a functionally consistent and coherent manner. “On-road” refers to publicly accessible roadways (including parking areas and private campuses that permit
On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee
Reward Function Design via Human Knowledge Graph and Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Driving2021-01-018004/06/2021
Motivated by applying artificial intelligence technology to the automobile industry, reinforcement learning is becoming more and more popular in the community of intelligent driving research. The reward function is one of the critical factors which affecting reinforcement learning. Its design principle is highly dependent on the features of the agent. The agent studied in this paper can do perception, decision-making, and motion-control, which aims to be the assistant or substitute for human driving in the latest future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the characteristics of excellent human driving behavior based on the six-layer model of driving scenarios and constructs it into a human knowledge graph. Furthermore, for highway pilot driving, the expert demo data is created, and the reward function is self-learned via inverse reinforcement learning. The reward function design method proposed in this paper has been verified in the Unity ML-Agent environment. The result shows that
Guo, Rong, Hong, Ze, Xue, Xiang
Motion Estimation of Connected and Automated Vehicles under Communication Delay and Packet Loss of V2X Communications2021-01-010704/06/2021
The emergence of the connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology enables numerous advanced applications in our transportation system, benefiting our daily travels in terms of safety, mobility, and sustainability. However, vehicular communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) or Cellular-Based Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) communications unavoidably introduce issues like communication delay and packet loss, which will downgrade the performances of any CAV applications. In this study, we propose a consensus-based motion estimation methodology to estimate the vehicle motion when the vehicular communication environment is not ideal. This methodology is developed based on the consensus-based feedforward/feedback motion control algorithm, estimating the position and speed of a CAV in the presence of communication delay and packet loss. The simulation study is conducted in a traffic scenario of unsignalized intersections, where CAVs coordinate with each
Wang, Ziran
Adopting Aviation Safety Knowledge into the Discussions of Safe Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Road Vehicles2021-01-007404/06/2021
The development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is progressing fast. Yet, safety and standardization-related discussions are limited due to the recent nature of the sector. Despite the effort that is initiated to kick-start the study, awareness among practitioners is still low. Hence, further effort is required to stimulate this discussion. Among the available works on CAV safety, some of them take inspiration from the aviation sector that has strict safety regulations. The underlying reason is the experience that has been gained over the decades. However, the literature still lacks a thorough association between automation in aviation and the CAV from the safety perspective. As such, this paper motivates the adoption of safe-automation knowledge from aviation to facilitate safer CAV systems. The authors briefly elaborate on the widely discussed aviation themes, including autopilot and auto-throttle malfunctions, flight management system, human factors, and suggests how
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir, Mehndiratta, Mohit, Adali, Erkan
Stability Criteria for Accurate Path Tracking in Automated Guided Vehicle Systems2021-01-009304/06/2021
Satisfactory performance of intelligent vehicles systems in tracking a predefined trajectory requires an efficient control scheme to generate steering control signals from posture errors (i.e., errors in position and orientation). For such systems, it is necessary at each instant to control steering action so that any deviation from the path is corrected in a stable manner, in a reasonable time and without any oscillation about the desired path. This paper deals with stability of motion and motion control of intelligent vehicle systems. In this regard, the general control structure and specification of an optimum range of predefined control parameters for accurate path tracking of these systems are determined. A two degree of freedom (DOF) nonlinear dynamic model is developed to represent their plane motion. Path tracking of the vehicle is attained by controlling the position and orientation errors about the trajectory, which is accomplished by modifying the steering input signal on
Mehrabi, Mostafa
Letter from the Guest Editors12-04-01-000103/17/2021
Letter from the Guest Editors
Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul, Sandblom, Fredrik, Habibovic, Azra, Li, Bin
rtyeuy testing testing testingSAE-PP-0035903/03/2021
etyirui
SintzADMIN, Jeneane
workflow - take 2SAE-PP-0031702/19/2021
workflow - take 2
2.0.116 - Emission Optimization Approach to Meet the Current Indian Emission Norm Without EGR Cooling for a Vehicle Equipped with Common Rail Diesel EngineSAE-PP-0031402/19/2021
In India, diesel engine powered vehicles are finding rising demand due to the subsidy offered on diesel. Currently, BS-IV emission norm (equivalent to E-IV in Europe) is in existence. To meet this emission norm, OEM look for improved engine design, use of common rail injection system, advanced after treatment. In the current article, a methodology is demonstrated by which the required emissions on multipurpose vehicle (MPV) powered with 2.2L common rail injection system was met with no need of EGR cooling. This was achieved by identifying the operating points from the BS-IV emission cycle where EGR cooling is beneficial. The next step involves assessing the loss of function due to its removal. The final step involves strategies which can bring the original optimized value of NOx-PM. Removal of EGR cooling avoids the cooling of intake charge and reduces the HC and CO emission. Also, it gets rid of complication in the under bonnet packaging and leads to maintenance free operation. This
Mutagaana, Festo
testing rc-2255SAE-PP-0031302/19/2021
testing rc-2255
csp1071 test Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-0029002/18/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, Anthony, Lindsay
7.0.108 - Challenges Faced for Parameterization & Validation of a Small Gasoline Engine Plant Model for Application of EMS DevelopmentSAE-PP-0028402/04/2021
Control algorithm development for typical Engine Management System is a challenging task. To develop a reliable control algorithm, proper closed loop testing environment is required. In such development activity, it is of prime importance to validate the algorithm on a standalone target engine. This can be achieved in engine test cell where the actual engine will be controlled by prototype ECU. But this process has drawbacks like higher testing cost, time consuming, non-reusability of test bed etc. Simulation based engine plant model development for closed loop ECU testing is an effective technique for such application. Various generic engine models are available for such application.to suit a particular target engine these model need to be parameterized with precise engine data. The vehicle parameters used for parameterization are typically obtained from actual test and engine design data. This paper elaborates the process and challenges faced while parameterization and validation of
Lname, Fname
7.0.107 - Design and Development of Capacitance Type Level Sensor for Automotive Vehicle ApplicationSAE-PP-0028302/04/2021
Fuel level sensor is a device to indicate the level of the fuel in fuel tank fitted in an automobile. This will have features to communicate the fuel level to the dashboard of the vehicle and is of significant attention to the driver during vehicle usage. The advanced instrumentation provides a lot of information on the dashboard display such as information about fuel level, computing mileage, miles to go or miles to empty, fuel economy, average mileage, etc. Presently, the float arm type with Thick Film Resistor(TFR) and Reed switch type fuel level sensors are being used. To have accurate information for computing, the present sensors are not supporting due to its limitations like nonlinearity, fluctuating output due to slosh, output variations in steps and not continuous. The measurement accuracy of the fuel level sensor needs to be focused to rely on the information available on the dashboard instrument. Hence, it is vital to have a sensor with better reliability, accuracy and
Lname, Fname
6.0.104 - Warm Forming of 3t Mg Alloy Sheet for An Automotive Electronic Compressor CaseSAE-PP-0026002/04/2021
Recently, the applications of magnesium alloy to automobile and electric parts have been increased because of its high specific strength, excellent machinability, high electrical and thermal conductivity. The efforts of automobile industry to reduce fuel consumption by using lightweight structural materials have accelerated the deep drawing technology of magnesium alloy sheet. In the present study, the basic study to fabricate an automotive compressor case have been carried out. In order to apply ductile fracture criterion to predict the forming failure, critical damage values were determined from uniaxial tensile tests and FE simulations, and then they were expressed as the function of strain rate and temperature. The proposed methodology was applied to design the deep drawing process for fabrication of magnesium automotive compressor case without any defect. Based on the simulation and experimental results, AZ31 EL-cover part 39% lighter than ADC12 die casting EL-cover could be
Mutagaana, Festo
Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-0024602/03/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
1.1.216 - Tailored Design and Layout for Loss Minimization or Cost-Effective Commonality of Parts - A Contradictory ConflictSAE-PP-0024202/03/2021
In order to minimize the development and production costs in the automotive industry, despite steadily increasing variety of models and applications offered by the OEMs, the pressure on standardization of components and production processes is increasing continuously. As a direct consequence, modular engine families are already established with high degrees of common parts and kits as well as standardized interfaces for all vehicle platforms by most manufacturers these days. At the same time, the world adopted and announced massive legal demands concerning the reduction of CO2 emissions for the entire vehicle fleet. In addition to the optimization of the combustion process, the exhaust gas aftertreatment and thermal management, the use of improved and more resilient materials for higher reduction of mechanical friction leads to a significant amount of the realized lowering in fuel consumption respective CO2 emissions. Significant future potential for friction reduction and loss
Mutagaana, Festo
1.1.204 - Cost Effective Emergency Intimation System Design for AutomobilesSAE-PP-0021902/02/2021
The death toll due to traffic accidents in India is on a rise, according to the latest Road Transport ministry report, a total of 4.97 lakh road accident was reported in 2011. Though compared to 2010, the accidents have gone down by 1,945, the number of deaths at 1,42,485 has increased by over 7,000.[1] This paper proposes a design of an Emergency Intimation System (EIS) tailored to fit for Indian consumer needs and available infrastructure. EIS is an emergency alert technology devised to assist drivers and passenger in an event of vehicle crash. Majority of deaths are caused by slow accident response time. EIS is aimed to lower this response time and ensure that the required rescue and medical services are made available in time. This device employed to make this emergency alerts will be fitted into the vehicle Electrical and Electronics (E/E) architecture and will have interfaces with crash sensor network, CAN network and GSM etc. In an event of crash, this device shall send an SMS
Mutagaana, Festo
2.0.104 - Tackling Three Critical Issues of Transportation: Environment, Safety and Congestion Via Semi-autonomous PlatooningSAE-PP-0021402/01/2021
In recent years, platooning emerged as a realistic configuration for semi-autonomous driving. In the SARTRE project, simulation and physical tests were performed to validate the platooning system not only in testing facilities but also in conventional highways. Five vehicles were adapted with autonomous driving systems to have platooning functionalities, enabling to perform platoon tests and assess the feasibility, safety and benefits. Although the tested system was in a prototype, it demonstrated sturdiness and good functionality, allowing performing conventional road tests. First of all the fuel consumption decreased up to 16% in some configurations and different gaps between the vehicles were tested in order to establish the most suitable for platooning in terms of safety and economy. Additionally, the platooning technology enables a new level of safety in highways. Around 85% of the accident causation is the human factor. With platooning, the human factor is reduced almost entirely
Mutagaana, Festo
050 - Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Coconut Oil Ester FuelsSAE-PP-0018801/30/2021
In order to improve the cold flow properties of coconut oil biodiesel and to reduce the lifecycle CO2 emission by using bio-alcohol at biodiesel manufacturing, varying the types of alcohol used at transesterification was examined. The pour point of coconut oil ester decreases as the carbon number of alcohol increases. Among 5 ester fuels, the pour point of coconut oil isobutyl ester (CiBE) made from isobutanol is lowest, −12.5 °C, compared to that of coconut oil methyl ester (CME), highest, −5 °C. The pour point of coconut oil 1-butyl ester (CBE) is −10 °C, second lowest. Furthermore, CBE, CiBE, CME and JIS No.2 diesel fuel (gas oil) were tested using a DI diesel engine. CBE and CiBE have shorter ignition delay compared to the gas oil although slightly longer than CME. CBE and CiBE have the same thermal efficiency and NOx emissions compared to the gas oil. HC, CO and Smoke emissions of coconut oil ester fuels slightly increase when the ester molecule carbon number increases. However
Mutagaana, Festo
Vehicle Safety Communications Landscape Clarifies with Controversial FCC Ruling21AVEP01_0601/01/2021
The vehicle-to-everything communications-technology debate is “solved” by federal regulators - and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) appears to be the winner. After years of transportation-industry tussle over competing technologies to enable communications between vehicles and a “connected” environment, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has decided the matter. On Nov.18, 2020, the FCC ruled it will allow a portion of the 5.9-GHz “Safety Spectrum” long reserved for the transportation sector to be allocated to unlicensed private usage such as Wi-Fi internet connectivity. The ruling effectively eliminates the future for Wi-Fi-based Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and locks in the advancing alternative, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). Despite many experts' opinion that the decision to now limit transportation communications to just the upper 30 MHz of the 75-MHz spread within the 5.9-GHz (5.850-5.925 GHz) Safety Spectrum has not been sufficiently
Visnic, Bill
Candidate Improvements to Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary [SAE J2735] Using Systems Engineering MethodsJ3067_202010 (Current)10/06/2020
This document is not a standard, it is a candidate for a standard being submitted to SAE for their consideration as a comment to SAE J2735. The term SAE J2735 SE candidate is used within this document to refer to this submission. This document specifies dialogs, messages, and the data frames and data elements that make up the messages specifically for use by applications intended to utilize the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (DSRC/WAVE, referenced in this document simply as “DSRC"), communications systems. Although the scope of this Standard is focused on DSRC, these dialogs, messages, data frames and data elements have been designed, to the extent possible, to be of use for applications that may be deployed in conjunction with other wireless communications technologies. This standard therefore specifies the definitive message structure and provides sufficient background information to allow readers to properly interpret the
V2X Communications Steering Committee
V2X Communications Message Set Dictionary™ SetJ2735SET_202007 (Historical)07/23/2020
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) File is the precise source code used for SAE International Standard J2735. As part of an international treaty, all US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the messages or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool produces the ASN library which will then be used to produce encodings (The J2735 message set uses UPER encoding). The library is a set of many separate files that collectively implement the encoding and decoding of the standard. The library is then used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to manage the messages. The chosen ASN tool is used to produce a new copy of the library when changes are made, and it is then linked to the final application being developed. The ASN library manages many of the details associated with ASN syntax, allowing for subtle manipulation to make the best advantage of the encoding style. The J2735 Standard
V2X Core Technical Committee
V2X Communications Message Set Dictionary™ ASN fileJ2735ASN_202007 (Historical)07/23/2020
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) File is the precise source code used for SAE International Standard J2735. As part of an international treaty, all US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the messages or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool produces the ASN library which will then be used to produce encodings (The J2735 message set uses UPER encoding). The library is a set of many separate files that collectively implement the encoding and decoding of the standard. The library is then used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to manage the messages. The chosen ASN tool is used to produce a new copy of the library when changes are made, and it is then linked to the final application being developed. The ASN library manages many of the details associated with ASN syntax, allowing for subtle manipulation to make the best advantage of the encoding style. The J2735 Standard
V2X Core Technical Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Media's Perspective on Mobility1289907/23/2020
The mobility ecosystem covers a lot of ground, so who better to provide insight than someone reporting on every facet on a daily basis? It's a new perspective this week as Alan Ohnsman, Senior Editor of Future Mobility at Forbes, joins host Grayson Brulte to offer insight on the future of transportation. This wide-ranging conversation covers everything from electric vehicles and autonomous trucking to the re-emergence of passenger trains and how we'll traverse Los Angeles over the next decade, plus a look at some of the major players emerging in mobility. Alan kicks off the conversation at the beginning of his career in Japan, where his appreciation for trains, efficient mass transit and smart cities was born. Grayson and Alan quickly jump into a conversation about all things Tesla: what were Alan's initial impressions of the company back in 2006 and how has that perception changed, what would happen if Elon Musk ditched Twitter, and what happens to Tesla, A.E. (After Elon)? The
Hineman, Marcie
Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor VehiclesJ3216_202005 (Historical)05/07/2020
This document describes machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to enable cooperation between two or more participating entities or communication devices possessed or controlled by those entities. The cooperation supports or enables performance of the dynamic driving task (DDT) for a subject vehicle with driving automation feature(s) engaged. Other participants may include other vehicles with driving automation feature(s) engaged, shared road users (e.g., drivers of manually operated vehicles or pedestrians or cyclists carrying personal devices), or road operators (e.g., those who maintain or operate traffic signals or workzones). Cooperative driving automation (CDA) aims to improve the safety and flow of traffic and/or facilitate road operations by supporting the movement of multiple vehicles in proximity to one another. This is accomplished, for example, by sharing information that can be used to influence (directly or indirectly) DDT performance by one or more nearby road users
Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee
Engine-in-the-Loop Study of a Hierarchical Predictive Online Controller for Connected and Automated Heavy-Duty Vehicles2020-01-059204/14/2020
This paper presents a cohesive set of engine-in-the-loop (EIL) studies examining the use of hierarchical model-predictive control for fuel consumption minimization in a class-8 heavy-duty truck intended to be equipped with Level-1 connectivity/automation. This work is motivated by the potential of connected/automated vehicle technologies to reduce fuel consumption in both urban/suburban and highway scenarios. The authors begin by presenting a hierarchical model-predictive control scheme that optimizes multiple chassis and powertrain functionalities for fuel consumption. These functionalities include: vehicle routing, arrival/departure at signalized intersections, speed trajectory optimization, platooning, predictive optimal gear shifting, and engine demand torque shaping. The primary optimization goal is to minimize fuel consumption, but the hierarchical controller explicitly accounts for other key objectives/constraints, including operator comfort and safe inter-vehicle spacing. This
Xu, Chu, Groelke, Ben, Alvarez Tiburcio, Miguel, Earnhardt, Christian, Borek, John, Pelletier, Evan, Boyle, Stephen, Huynh, Brian, Wahba, Mohamed, Geyer, Stephen, Graham, Christopher, Magee, Mark, Palmeter, Kyle, Naghnaeian, Mohammad, Brennan, Sean, Stockar, Stephanie, Vermillion, Christopher, Fathy, Hosam
Defining Fundamental Vehicle Actions for the Development of Automated Driving Systems2020-01-071204/14/2020
Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) show great potential to improve our transport systems. Safety validation, before market launch, is challenging due to the large number of miles required to gather enough evidence for a proven in use argumentation. Hence there is ongoing research to find more effective ways of verifying and validating the safety of ADSs. It is crucial both for the design as well as the validation to have a good understanding of the environment of the ADS. A natural way of characterizing the external conditions is by modelling and analysing data from real traffic. Towards this end, we present a framework with the primary ultimate objective to completely model and quantify the statistically relevant actions that other vehicles conduct on motorways. Two categories of fundamental actions are identified by recognising that a vehicle can only move longitudinally and laterally. The fundamental actions are defined in detail to create a set that is collectively exhaustive and
Gyllenhammar, Magnus, Zandén, Carl, Törngren, Martin
Collision Probability Field for Motion Prediction of Surrounding Vehicles Using Sensing Uncertainty2020-01-069704/14/2020
Intelligent driving assistant systems have been studied meticulously for autonomous driving. When the systems have the responsibility for driving itself, such as in an autonomous driving system, it should be aware of its’ surroundings including moving vehicles and must be able to evaluate collision risk for the ego vehicle's planned motion. However, when recognizing surrounding vehicles using a sensor, the measured information has uncertainty because of many reasons, such as noise and resolution. Many previous studies evaluated the collision risk based on the probabilistic theorem which the noise is modeled as a probability density function. However, the previous probabilistic solutions could not assess the collision risk and predict the motion of surrounding vehicles at the same time even though the motion is possible to be changed by the estimated collision risk. Thus, this paper proposes the collision probability field to simultaneously predict the motions of surrounding vehicles
Lee, Minchul, Sunwoo, Myoungho, Jo, Kichun
Secure Vehicular Communication Using Blockchain Technology2020-01-072204/14/2020
The cars we drive are rapidly transforming. Connected vehicles in the context of the Advanced Driver Assistance System or Autonomous Vehicles are about to change the way we drive cars. Connected Vehicles are futuristic vehicles that can interact with other vehicles for passing on information such as, mapping and localization, information about road traffic and driving behaviour. However, such vehicles, particularly the autonomous ones, are prone to a variety of attacks including cyber-attacks. These malicious attacks can intrude a vehicle that not only endangers the vehicles safety, but also the life of passengers and the nearby environment. Thus, identifying and eliminating these attacks for providing a secure communication environment is of great need. Also, all the existing methods for vehicular communication rely on a centralized server which itself invite massive cyber-security threats. These threats and challenges can be addressed by using the Blockchain (BC) technology, where
M, Vidya Krishnan, Koduri, Rajesh, Nandyala, Sivaprasad, Manalikandy, Mithun
Observer for Faulty Perception Correction in Autonomous Vehicles2020-01-069404/14/2020
Operation of an autonomous vehicle (AV) carries risk if it acts on inaccurate information about itself or the environment. The perception system is responsible for interpreting the world and providing the results to the path planning and other decision systems. The perception system performance is a result of the operating state of the sensors, e.g. is a sensor in fault or being adversely affected by the weather or environmental conditions, and approach to sensor measurement interpretation. We propose a trailing horizon switched system observer that minimizes the difference between reference tracking values developed from sensor fusion performed at an upper level and the values from a potentially faulty sensor based upon the convex combination of different sensor observation model outputs; the sensor observations models are associated with different sensor operating errors. The preferred observer target is a stationary landmark so as to remove additional uncertainty resulting from
Omwansa, Mark, Meyer, Rick, Asher, Zachary, Goberville, Nick
Optimization of Intersection Safety based on V2X Communication2020-01-137604/14/2020
Intersections serve as nodes of multiple roads where multiple vehicles meet. Compared with straight roads the traffic environment of intersection is more complex. As a result, accidents in those areas, with the frequent occurrence and severe consequences, are the focus of the study. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) improves road safety and traffic efficiency of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in the future. Based on V2X cooperative communications, wireless interconnected vehicles, pedestrians, and infrastructures can collect and change the traffic environmental information with other road users in real-time. Therefore, the potentially dangerous situations in an extended time and space horizon can be perceived. The users of V2X communication devices can utilize computing systems with computers and extended sensors onboard. Based on the intersection road-side infrastructure, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication has been actively considered to be used in the intersection areas
Wu, Biao, Liao, Maozhu, Ma, Zhixiong, Liu, Rui
Hardware-in-the-Loop and Road Testing of RLVW and GLOSA Connected Vehicle Applications2020-01-137904/14/2020
This paper presents an evaluation of two different Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) applications, namely Red Light Violation Warning (RLVW) and Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA). The evaluation method is to first develop and use Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulator testing, followed by extension of the HIL testing to road testing using an experimental connected vehicle. The HIL simulator used in the testing is a state-of-the-art simulator that consists of the same hardware like the road side unit and traffic cabinet as is used in real intersections and allows testing of numerous different traffic and intersection geometry and timing scenarios realistically. First, the RLVW V2I algorithm is tested in the HIL simulator and then implemented in an On-Board-Unit (OBU) in our experimental vehicle and tested at real world intersections. This same approach of HIL testing followed by testing in real intersections using our experimental vehicle is later extended to the GLOSA
Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Cantas, Mustafa Ridvan, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent, Surnilla, Gopichandra, Zhang, Hao, Shulman, Michael, Katriniok, Alexander, Parikh, Jayendra
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