Browse Topic: X-ray inspections

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Additive Manufacturing Using Infrared and X-Ray ImagingTBMG-3389203/01/2019
Additive manufacturing is poised to liven the pace and scale of manufacturing. Deploying a range of techniques that use 3-D models to print objects layer by layer, it can generate a variety of intricate designs in less time and with less waste than conventional cutting and milling approaches.
Magazine Article
X-Ray Study of Low-Density MaterialsTBMG-3390303/01/2019
It's hard to get an X-ray image of low-density material like tissue between bones because X-rays just pass right through like sunlight through a window. Sandia studies myriads of low-density materials, from laminate layers in airplane wings to foams and epoxies that cushion parts. So they borrowed and refined a technique from the medical field, X-ray phase contrast imaging, to look inside the softer side of things. The technique measures not just the number of X-ray photons that get through the sample, as in conventional X-ray imaging, but also the phase of the X-rays after they pass through, offering a complete look at interfaces inside a structure.
Magazine Article
Enhanced X-Ray Imaging Determines Molecular StructureTBMG-3358501/01/2019
For more than 100 years, X-rays have been used in crystallography to determine the structure of molecules. At the heart of the method are the principles of diffraction and superposition, to which all waves are subject. Light waves consisting of photons are deflected by the atoms in the crystal and overlap — like water waves generated by obstacles in a slowly flowing stream. If a sufficient number of these photons can be measured with a detector, a characteristic diffraction pattern or wave pattern is obtained from which the atomic structure of the crystal can be derived. This requires that photons are scattered coherently, meaning that there is a clear phase relationship between incident and reflected photons. This corresponds to water waves that are deflected from the obstacles without vortexes or turbulences. If photon scattering is incoherent, the fixed phase relationship between the scattered photons disperses, making it impossible to determine the arrangement of the atoms — just
Magazine Article
COSMIC Impact: Next-Gen X-Ray Microscopy PlatformTBMG-3287809/01/2018
A next-generation X-ray beamline now operating at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) brings together a unique set of capabilities to measure the properties of materials at the nanoscale.
Magazine Article
Reliability of CCGA 1152 and CCGA 1272 Interconnect Packages for Extreme Thermal EnvironmentsTBMG-1634705/01/2013
Ceramic column grid array (CCGA) packages have been increasing in use based on their advantages of high interconnect density, very good thermal and electrical performance, and compatibility with standard surface-mount packaging assembly processes. CCGA packages are used in space applications such as in logics and microprocessor functions, telecommunications, flight avionics, and payload electronics. As these packages tend to have less solder joint strain relief than leaded packages, the reliability of CCGA packages is very important for short- and long-term space missions.
Magazine Article
Improvements in Detector Design for X-ray Inspection of Cast Parts2009-01-021204/20/2009
The results of automatic X-ray inspection of cast parts rely heavily on the quality of the imaging components. Flat panel detectors suffer from a number of flaws, the most serious being long-term stability and image quality. This paper presents a new X-ray detector design which can increase defect detection quality, cost efficiency and long term stability of an industrial automatic X-ray inspection system.
Scholz, O., Schmitt, P., Kube, M., Behrendt, R., Uhlmann, N.
Journal Article
How to Improve Productivity in Wheel Casting Plants Using Real-Time X-Ray in the Loop?2006-01-147604/03/2006
Until now, old-fashioned industrial x-ray technology providers didn't solve their customer's real problem: increasing productivity by preventing defects instead of finding defects that were produced. The idea to build quality by inspection is wrong and the results are poor quality and high costs. Dr. W. Edwards Deming is best known for his work in Japan, which commenced in 1950, and created a revolution in quality and economic production. We adopted his approach - build quality by prevention of defects - by understanding and tuning up the manufacturing process, and focusing on the cause of the defects. Using feedback from the x-ray machine, casting machines are tuned up to produce fewer defects, the main objective of any casting plant (see Figure 1).
Stone, Ashley
Technical Paper
Radiographic Film and Paper, Industrial GradeAMS7295C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification and its supplementary detail specifications cover radiographic film and paper in the form of cut sheet or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 3-30AMS7295/7C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of low-contrast, coarse-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 3-30AMS7295/6C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of low-contrast, medium-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 3-80AMS7295/5C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of low-contrast, fine-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 4-60AMS7295/4C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers on a type of medium-contrast, medium-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Paper, 2.0-80AMS7295/9C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of low-contrast, fine-grain radiographic paper in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Paper, 2.5-80AMS7295/8C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of medium-contrast, fine-grain radiographic paper in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 4-80AMS7295/3C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of medium-contrast, fine-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 5-60AMS7295/2C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of high-contrast, medium-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 5-80AMS7295/1C (Current)02/20/2006
This specification covers one type of high-contrast, fine-grain radiographic film in the form of cut sheets or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Apparatus Measures X-Ray Diffraction and FluorescenceTBMG-2935302/01/2002
The figure depicts an apparatus for measuring x-ray diffraction (XRD) and/or x-ray fluorescence (XRF) in a specimen of material. The specimen could be, for example, a standard XRD powder sample of a mineral, the elemental composition of which one seeks to identify. It is common practice to characterize samples in terms of both XRD and XRF, but heretofore, it has been necessary to use separate XRD and XRF apparatuses.
Magazine Article
Computer Network for Distribution of Radiographic ImagesTBMG-2992806/01/1999
The Radiographic Imaging Performance Support System (RIPSS) is a developmental computer network intended to serve as (1) a central electronic archive for the storage, retrieval, and analysis of radiographic images generated in nondestructive-evaluation (NDE) laboratories at Kennedy Space Center and (2) a system for training users in radiographic techniques and in the analysis and interpretation of radiographic images. The archival, analytical, and training subsystems are being developed concurrently and integrated to the extent possible to take advantage of synergies among them and thereby maximize the potential to enhance the performances of both NDE learners and practicing NDE professionals.
Magazine Article
Improved NDI Techniques for Aircraft Inspection98310511/10/1998
Through the use of an “Integrated Product Team” approach and new inspection techniques incorporating the latest in imaging capabilities and automation, the costs of some man-power intensive tasks can now be drastically reduced. Also, through the use of advanced eddy current techniques, the detectable size of cracks under flush-head fasteners can be reduced while maintaining reliable inspection. This article describes the evaluation and results obtained using eddy current technology to determine the minimum fasteners, Secondly, it describes the integrated efforts of engineers at Boeing DPD and Northwest Airlines in the successful application of MAUS eddy current scanning of the DC-10 circumferential and axial crow splices. The eddy current scanning greatly reduced the man-hour effort required for the existing radiographic inspection
Hagemaier, Donald, Jappe, Bill, Wood, Nancy
Technical Paper
Using CT Data in Finite-Element Models of MMC ComponentsTBMG-3235709/01/1998
X-ray-based Computed Tomography (CT) has been linked with finite-element analysis to provide a capability for structural characterization of as-manufactured parts— especially for the nondestructive evaluation of metal-matrix composite (MMC) material parts. In some cases, this capability might eventually obviate costly experiments, including destructive experiments that are traditionally performed to determine mechanical responses. Though developed primarily for MMCs, this capability could also be applied to other types of composites, metal forgings and castings, and plastic components.
Magazine Article
FLUORESCENT PENETRANT INSPECTIONAMS2645K (Current)02/01/1995
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
FLUORESCENT PENETRANT INSPECTIONAMS2645J (Historical)09/20/1993
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film and Paper, Industrial GradeAMS7295 (Historical)04/01/1993
This specification and its supplementary detail specifications cover radiographic film and paper in the form of cut sheet or rolls.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Fluoroscopic X-Ray InspectionAMS2650A (Current)01/01/1991
This specification has been declared "NONCURRENT" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of 1-1-84. It is recommended that this specification not be specified for new designs. This cover sheet should be attached to the initial issue of the sUbject specification. Noncurrent refers to those procedures which have previously been widely used and which may be required on some existing designs in the future. The Aerospace Materials Division does not recommend these as standard procedures for future use in new designs. Each of these "Noncurrent" specifications is available from SAE upon request. This specification has been CANCELLED by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of August, 1989. By this action, subject specification number and its title will be deleted from the active specification index of Aerospace Material Specifications.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Material Specification
Nondestructive Inspection Technology in Quality Systems for Automotive Plastics and Composites88015502/01/1988
ISSUES IMPACTING QUALITY IN PLASTICS and polymer composite components arise throughout the range of the product life cycle. If cost-conscious quality is to be realized, these issues must be dealt with in design, material selection, manufacturing and assembly processes as well as in cost-effective reliable approaches to in-process and post-process inspection. This overview presents quality concepts, and some examples of procedures and inspection technologies, that comprise a system for supporting quality in automotive processes and products involving polymer composites and plastics. The inspection examples include the use of infrared, ultrasonics and X-rays to support process optimization and assure quality.
Chapman, Gilbert B., Adler, Laszlo
Technical Paper
Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility Thermal Control83114307/11/1983
The objectives of the thermal control design were to determine the system performance and system thermal response to satisfy structural components, both scientific and subsystem elements, temperature limits for all vehicle orientations. Thermal control heater power is provided to the observatory to maintain the observatory within its temperature limits for all conditions. The heater power required was analyzed to determine how much heater power, both raw and regulated, had to be supplied. Some selected electrical components were studied to determine their temperature. The approach taken was to establish the feasibility of passive thermal control.
Fritz, Carl G.
Technical Paper
Nondestructive Inspection for Quality Assurance of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Assemblies82022602/01/1982
THE QUALITY ASSURANCE OF FIBER reinforced plastic assemblies is accomplished at several Ford company and supplier facilities by the implementation of inspection technology developed to assure the integrity of adhesive bond joints and the adherend material of which the assemblies are made. A low-frequency ultrasonic inspection method for the adhesive joints has been developed into a production-compatible method and was reported in references 1, 2, and 3. It uses a 25 kHz commercially available bond tester calibrated with reference specimens selected by a statistical procedure. Certain strength-related characteristics of the adherend material of the assembly, such as fiber orientation, can also be evaluated by measuring changes in the Lamb-wave velocity of 25 kHz acoustic waves propagated in the material by the bond tester. Glass concentration can be determined nondestructively by measuring the velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves propagated through the thickness of the material
Chapman, Gilbert B.
Technical Paper
Application of a Tilting and Rotating Specimen Stage to X-Ray Retained Austenite Measurement in Textured and Coarse Grained, Steels80042802/01/1980
An x-ray diffraction technique involving the use of a tilting and rotating (TR) stage has been used to determine retained austenite (RA) in several isotropic as well as variously textured specimens. The results obtained using the TR stage have been compared with the RA values obtained on the same specimens using the conventional (stationary specimen stage) two or three peak x-ray diffraction techniques. The results indicate that the TR method yields accurate retained austenite values for both isotropic and textured specimens. The conventional method produces accurate results for isotropic specimens only and leads to serious errors when strong texture or coarse grain size is present in the specimen.
Shin, S. W., Sharma, V. K.
Technical Paper
Radiographic Film, 4-60AMS7295/4 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 4-80AMS7295/3 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 5-60AMS7295/2 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Paper, 2.5-80AMS7295/8 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Paper, 2.0-80AMS7295/9 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 5-80AMS7295/1 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 3-30AMS7295/6 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 3-80AMS7295/5 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Radiographic Film, 3-30AMS7295/7 (Historical)04/01/1978
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
Holographic Inspection of Tires74007102/01/1974
A method of non-destructively detecting internal anomalies or void areas in tires can be a valuable tool for tire structural analysis. Such a system has become commercially available. This system uses holographic interferometry in conjunction with vacuum stressing to non-destructively inspect tires for internal voids or anomalies. A holographic non-destructive testing (HNDT) system has been purchased by General Motors Proving Ground and has been utilized by the Tire & Wheel Development Laboratory for structural analysis of tires prior to, during, and after testing. The HNDT equipment is described and the process and utility of passenger car tire analysis explained.
Cannazzaro, Michael J., Hill, Fredrick W.
Technical Paper
Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray DiffractionJ784A_19710808/01/1971
Information Report
Radiographic InspectionAMS2635A (Historical)01/01/1964
Primarily for determining the presence of cracks, porosity, blowholes, inclusions, and other imperfections which may or may not be exposed to the surface and which may be detrimental to usage of the parts.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
X-Ray - A Necessary Tool for Detecting Incipient Structural Failures in Service Aircraft64051001/01/1964
X-ray is an indispensable aid in locating and determining the extent of incipient failures in structure which is inaccessible by position or covered by multiple layers of metal. It is also the most feasible method for checking oil coolers for contamination; bonded honeycomb panels for water; fuel lines for erosion; and with a 360 deg emission tube, fuselage frames for structural integrity without removing the interior upholstery and panels from the passenger compartment or cargo compartments.
Edwards, Albert D.
Technical Paper
Radiographic InspectionAMS2635 (Historical)08/01/1958
Primarily for determining the presence of cracks, porosity, blowholes, inclusions, and other imperfections which may or may not be exposed to the surface and which may be detrimental to usage of the parts.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
X-RAY INSPECTION TECHNIQUES IN AIRLINE OPERATION57017401/01/1957
EDWARDS, ALBERT D.
Technical Paper
DESIGN FOR FATIGUE54022601/01/1954
STEPS in fatigue design of aircraft lower wing surfaces, as presented here, are: 1. Selecting a structure that permits easy fatigue-crack detection. X-ray inspection of blind areas is suggested. 2. Setting a design quality standard. This is the important stress-concentration factor Kt, which is shown to have a lower practical limit. 3. Choosing a design gross area stress rather than net section stress to give the desired life. The gross area stress is also a better basis than the 1.0g operating stress level for comparing fatigue life in similar aircraft. 4. Step testing to check design quality. This preferred method of fatigue testing is discussed here.
Spaulding, E.H.
Technical Paper
Fluoroscopic X-Ray InspectionAMS2650 (Historical)08/01/1945
This specification has been declared "NONCURRENT" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of 1-1-84. It is recommended that this specification not be specified for new designs. This cover sheet should be attached to the initial issue of the sUbject specification. Noncurrent refers to those procedures which have previously been widely used and which may be required on some existing designs in the future. The Aerospace Materials Division does not recommend these as standard procedures for future use in new designs. Each of these "Noncurrent" specifications is available from SAE upon request. This specification has been CANCELLED by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of August, 1989. By this action, subject specification number and its title will be deleted from the active specification index of Aerospace Material Specifications.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
Material Specification
X-Rays and Gamma Rays-Their Industrial Application37013801/01/1937
THE X-ray spectrum readily adapts itself to problems in chemical analysis and crystal formation. It is effective on very minute particles which otherwise cannot be segregated. A permanent record is made, and the specimens may be used over and over again, as the X-ray is non-destructive. As a means of inspection, X-ray clearly shows the interior of objects such as weldings castings, forgings, cold-worked metals, and so on. Inhomogeneities that are very slight in width and a fraction of one per cent in thickness are seen easily on a radiograph. Defects thus found may be eliminated summarily by checking various steps in production.
Triplett, Tom A.
Technical Paper
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