Browse Topic: Signs, markings, and symbols

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GTSRB-Shield: A Novel Machine Learning Framework for Intrusion Detection in Autonomous Vehicles Leveraging the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark2026-26-0611To be published on 01/16/2026
The escalating dependence of Autonomous Vehicles on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has highlighted the imperative for comprehensive security protocols to safeguard such vehicles against cyber threats. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS’s) are pivotal in ensuring the protection of these systems by detecting and alleviating unauthorized access and nefarious activities. The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) database, which encompasses an extensive compilation of traffic sign imagery, functions as a vital asset for the advancement of machine learning-based IDS. This research elucidates an intrusion detection system (IDS) that employs machine learning algorithms to scrutinize the GTSRB database. The proposed IDS emphasize the preprocessing of the GTSRB dataset to extricate pertinent features that can be employed for the training of machine learning models. Research also focuses on model development with machine learning algorithms to classify traffic signs and
Patil, Kamalesh, Akbar Badusha, A., Jadhav, Savitri, Gunale, Kishanprasad
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED: Entering The Golden Age of Autonomy1349011/27/2024
Could the next 18 months mark the beginning of a golden age in autonomy? In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte discusses the incoming presidential administration's plans to establish a national framework that could enable autonomy to scale across all 50 states. Key topics include the future of autonomous trucking, the possibility of households combining personally owned AVs with subscription-based robo-taxis, and the liability and regulatory environment surrounding autonomy. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
Aspects of Migrating from Decentralized to Centralized E/E Architectures2022-01-090603/29/2022
As centralization of automotive E/E architectures becomes reality for future vehicles, it is crucial that existing assets be reused in the most efficient and effective manner. We report on our experience developing a new centralized E/E architecture for a propulsion domain, and migrating the corresponding propulsion elements of an existing decentralized, CAN-based architecture to a prototype of the centralized propulsion domain. Our migration adopts automotive Ethernet and supporting standards as a next-generation communications backbone technology; a next-generation computation platform from automotive supplier NXP; and a new automotive virtualization solution from OpenSynergy. We discuss aspects of legacy software re-use and adaptation; modification of vehicle HiL simulation models used in testing; existing vendor tool support; and implications arising from functional safety and the ISO 26262 standard.
Bandur, Victor, Kapinski, Ryan, Pantelic, Vera, Lawford, Mark, Wasacz, Bryon
Simulation of Curved Road Collision Prevention Warning System of Automobile Based on V2X2020-01-070704/14/2020
The high popularity of automobiles has led to frequent collisions. According to the latest statistics of the United Nations, about 1.25 million people worldwide die from road traffic accidents each year. In order to improve the safety of vehicles in driving, the active safety system has become a research hotspot of various car companies and research institutions around the world. Among them, the more mature and popular active security system are Forward Collision Warning(FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking(AEB). However, the current active safety system is based on traditional sensors such as radar and camera. Therefore, the system itself has many limitations due to the shortage of traditional sensors. Compared to traditional sensors, Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology has the advantages of richer vehicle parameter information, no perceived blind spots, dynamic prediction of dangerous vehicle status, and no occlusion restriction. In order to overcome the many shortcomings of the
Li, Xuanhe, Wu, Jian, He, Rui, Zhu, Bing, Zhao, Jian, Zhou, Hang
Standardized Symbols for Electrical Circuit DiagramsJ2221_201905 (Current)05/16/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies graphic symbols used in electrical circuit diagrams. The symbols aid troubleshooting electrical systems.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
COVER - ENGINE ACCESSORY DRIVE, SQUARE, 127.28 BC, METRIC AMS4424 (UNS M11630) OR AMS4484MA3454B (Current)09/17/2018
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Safety Signs for Off-Road Work MachinesJ115_201803 (Historical)03/23/2018
SAE J115 specifies the relevant ISO standards for application to safety signs for use on off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Woodruff Key Slots and KeywaysJ503_201801 (Current)01/09/2018
Metals Technical Committee
Senior Drivers, Bicyclists and Pedestrian Behavior Related with Traffic Accidents and Injuries2017-01-139703/28/2017
While accident data show a decreasing number of fatalities and serious injuries on European Union (EU) roads, recent data from ERSO (European Road Safety Observatory) show an increasing proportion of elderly in the fatality statistics. Due to the continuous increase of life expectancy in Europe and other highly-developed countries, the elderly make up a higher number of drivers and other road users such as bicyclists and pedestrians whose mobility needs and habits have been changing over recent years. Moreover, due to their greater vulnerability, the elderly are more likely to be seriously injured in any given accident than younger people. With the goal of improving the safety mobility of the elderly, the SENIORS Project, funded by the European Commission, is investigating and assessing the injury reduction that can be achieved through innovative tools and safety systems. The first step was to develop the required understanding of accident scenarios, injury mechanisms and risks and to
Fornells, Alba, Parera, Núria, Ferrer, Adria, Fiorentino, Anita
Graphics - Based Service InformationJ2892DA_201610 (Historical)10/20/2016
This Digital Annex (DA) contains the current, full-PDF version of J2892, Graphic-Based Service Information, and all of the 130 referenced graphical symbols. Each of the symbols is presented in two file formats, Adobe Illustrator (vector art) and Portable Network Graphic (raster image), and can be used by purchasers according to the terms of the included license agreement.
Graphics Based Service Information Committee
GUIDANCE FOR MODIFICATION STATUS INDICATORS AND AVIONICS SERVICE BULLETINSARINC422-1 (Current)07/06/2016
This standard provides guidance to the maintenance community for identifying the modification status of avionics components and for preparing avionics service bulletins. This standard coordinates various methods used by airframe manufacturers and operators, for marking or identifying avionics that has been modified.
Avionics Maintenance Committee
Anomaly Detection in Large Sets of High-Dimensional Symbol Sequences (sequenceMiner)TBMG-2349112/01/2015
SequenceMiner was developed to address the problem of detecting and describing anomalies in large sets of high-dimensional symbol sequences. sequenceMiner works by performing unsupervised clustering (grouping) of sequences using the normalized longest common subsequence (LCS) as a similarity measure, followed by a detailed analysis of outliers to detect anomalies. sequenceMiner utilizes a new hybrid algorithm for computing the LCS that has been shown to outperform existing algorithms by a factor of five. sequenceMiner also includes new algorithms for outlier analysis that provide comprehensible indicators as to why a particular sequence was deemed to be an outlier. This provides analysts with a coherent description of the anomalies identified in the sequence, and why they differ from more normal sequences.
FITTING END, 24° CONE, DESIGN STANDARD, METRICMA2095C (Current)04/27/2015
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
PORT, INTERNAL, STRAIGHT THREAD, FITTING CONNECTION, DESIGN STANDARD, METRICMA2012B (Current)04/24/2015
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
FITTING END - HOSE CONNECTION, DESIGN STANDARDAS5132 (Current)04/22/2015
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
FITTING END, STRAIGHT THREAD, STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR, DESIGN STANDARDAS4320 (Current)04/20/2015
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
LED Lights with Symbol MarkingTBMG-2157202/03/2015
Wilbrecht LEDCO (St. Paul, MN) has added symbol/legend marking options to its 100/600 series of panel LEDs for custom applications. Custom and universal symbols, such as battery light or oil level, can be used for easy identification. A simple stamp printing process allows a pictogram or short word to be printed in white or black ink on blue, green, amber, red and clear lenses. The LEDs can be selected in 3 intensities- High Efficiency, Daylight readable super bright, and super ultra-bright. Available in prototype to production quantities, the led indicators are built with standard DC LEDs or bipolar LEDs for AC applications. By adding a simple resistor, they can be operated at 5-60VDC or up to 240VAC.
Shovel Dipper, Clam Bucket, and Dragline Bucket RatingJ67_201410 (Current)10/24/2014
This SAE Standard applies to all machines with shovel, clam, or dragline attachment.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Standardized Symbols for Electrical Circuit DiagramsJ2221_201408 (Historical)08/19/2014
This SAE Recommended Practice identifies graphic symbols used in electrical circuit diagrams. The symbols aid troubleshooting electrical systems.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Product Safety Signs for Ready Mixed Concrete TrucksJ3024_201408 (Current)08/14/2014
This document presents a catalog of safety sign text and artwork that can be used by any ready mixed concrete truck manufacturer to warn of common hazards.
Ready-Mix Concrete Truck Safety Committee
Graphics - Based Service InformationJ2892DA_201311 (Historical)11/26/2013
This Digital Annex (DA) contains the current, full-PDF version of J2892, Graphic-Based Service Information, and all of the 130 referenced graphical symbols. Each of the symbols is presented in two file formats, Adobe Illustrator (vector art) and Portable Network Graphic (raster image), and can be used by purchasers according to the terms of the included license agreement.
Graphics Based Service Information Committee
REPLACEABLE LIGHT SOURCE AND SEALED BEAM HEADLAMP INFORMATIONTITLE49-PART564-201310/01/2013
This part requires the submission of dimensional, electrical specification, and marking/designation information as specified in Appendices A and B of this part, for original equipment replaceable light sources used in motor vehicle headlighting systems. This part also serves as a repository for design information as specified in appendix C of this part, for original equipment and replacement standardized sealed beam units used in motor vehicle headlighting systems.
LED Lighting UnitsTBMG-1694207/01/2013
The LF2B series of LED lighting units from IDEC (Sunnyvale, CA) is available in a universal 100-240V AC input, making it suitable for use anywhere in the world. And the LF2B LUMIFA series does not produce a flicker-affect you might see from fluorescent lamps.
RS610 Identification Markings of Parts and AssembliesRS610-8 (Current)06/01/2013
No scope available.
Engine and Airframe Technical Standards Committee (TSC)
LED DriverTBMG-1650405/01/2013
Light-Based Technologies (LBT) (Vancouver, BC), a developer of intelligent power and control electronics for solid state lighting (SSL), has achieved UL Recognized Component Marking for its Ultra-Compatible (UC) Deep Dimming LED Driver, allowing the company to commence volume manufacturing. The UC LED Driver tackles the significant compatibility challenge in both retrofit and new build SSL applications by offering superior compatibility with the widest range of triac dimmers. The UC LED Driver is specified at 25W, with a selectable 700mA or 1000mA constant current output.
FITTINGS - INSTALLATION IN STRAIGHT THREADED BOSSAS758B (Current)01/09/2013
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
PORT, INTERNAL STRAIGHT THREAD, AIR CONNECTION, DESIGN STANDARDAS5229 (Current)01/07/2013
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Safety Signs for Off-Road Work MachinesJ115_201211 (Historical)11/09/2012
SAE J115 specifies the relevant ISO standards for application to safety signs for use on off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
PORT-FLUID CONNECTION, RING LOCKED INSERT, STANDARD DIMENSIONS FORAS1958 (Historical)11/01/2012
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Methodologies for Verifying Memory Requirements for Aero-Embedded Systems2012-01-213510/22/2012
The quality of an embedded application depends not only on how well it satisfies functional requirements but also on performance efficiency of the system. In embedded systems, non-functional requirements like memory requirements, play a very important role, and often impact significantly the embedded system's performance and overall cost of implementation. Embedded Systems usually have constrained resources like memory. Hence, choosing a correct method of verifying memory requirements is extremely critical. This Paper will give an overview of methodologies for performing different Memory Analyses to determine the correctness and consistency of memory requirements for airborne software and verifying efficient memory usage as required by the RTCA DO-178B guidelines. Different memory analyses methodologies like Memory Map Analysis, Stack Analysis and Heap Analysis are explained with current technology involved.
Raul, Vanchana, Orpe, Pranav
REPLACEABLE LIGHT SOURCE INFORMATION (Eff. until 12-01-12)TITLE49-PART564-201210/01/2012
This part requires the submission of dimensional, electrical specification, and marking/designation information, as specified in appendix A and appendix B of this part, for original equipment replaceable light sources used in motor vehicle headlighting systems. [61 FR 20500, May 7, 1996]
Labeling - Disc Wheels and Demountable Rims - TrucksJ179_201209 (Historical)09/27/2012
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform minimum labeling for disc wheels and demountable rims used in truck, bus, and trailer applications.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
SAE 2012 World Congress- Message from Mark Little1121004/20/2012
An interview with Mark Little, SAE 2012 World Congress Tier One Strategic Partner From OEMs to suppliers, across academia and governments, connecting to one another and using these connections to share ideas and expertise - in both healthy competition and in partnership - will be the catlyst of forthcoming innovation and the auto industry's basis to continued future success. Learn more and register at www.sae.org/congress
Seat Belt Restraint Evidence Generated in the Presence of Fractured Glass2012-01-008404/16/2012
Physical evidence on the seat belt restraint system is one source of data used by investigators to determine whether or not an occupant was wearing their seat belt during a crash. Evidence of occupant loading on seat belts generated during crash events has been thoroughly researched and is well documented in the literature. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the physical evidence produced when fractured glass is introduced into the restraint system during occupant loading events. The objective of this study is to characterize the physical evidence generated by glass-to-seat belt interaction during low-level impact loading, and compare this evidence with the types of seat belt marks that can be generated inadvertently by accident scene bystanders, emergency responders, and crash investigators. The presence of glass particles in and around the vehicle at the end of a crash event may contribute to the inadvertent generation of physical evidence. Movable side windows composed of
Moralde, Marie, Dibb, Alan, Smedley, Janine, Carhart, Michael, Cooper, Eddie
REPLACEABLE LIGHT SOURCE INFORMATION (Eff. until 12-01-12)TITLE49-PART564-201110/01/2011
This part requires the submission of dimensional, electrical specification, and marking/designation information, as specified in appendix A and appendix B of this part, for original equipment replaceable light sources used in motor vehicle headlighting systems. [61 FR 20500, May 7, 1996]
Identification Welding Wire, Tab Marking MethodAMS2816S (Historical)08/08/2011
This specification covers procedures for tab marking of bare welding wire to provide positive identification of cut lengths and spools.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Lug Nut Trace Analysis to Determine Velocity Ratio2011-01-028204/12/2011
When two vehicles contact in a side swipe collision, if one of the vehicles has lug nuts that protrude outboard of the wheel, gouge marks may be left in the other vehicle's exterior. Hereafter the marked vehicle will be referred to as the car and the vehicle with the lug nuts will be called the truck. If the car is stationary, the marks will be in the form of a curtate trochoid and will reveal no information about the speed of the truck. If the car is not stationary, analysis of the shape of the traces left on the side of the car by the lug nuts of the rotating truck wheel can determine the velocity ratio of the car to that of the truck. If the speed of either vehicle is known or can be determined using other information or accident reconstruction techniques, lug nut mark analysis will enable determination of the other vehicle's speed. This paper will build on previous work in the published literature and develop a simple step-by-step process to analyze lug nut marks and determine the
Pearce, Harry M., Parker, Donald
CONNECTOR, ELECTRIC, RECTANGULAR, INDIVIDUAL CONTACT SEALING, POLARIZED CENTER JACKSCREW, REPLACEMENT TOOL, WIRE SEAL, SIZE 16, CRIMP REMOVABLE CONTACTSAS85028/6A (Historical)11/05/2010
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
LED-Based BacklightingTBMG-1437311/01/2010
Ultra-thin light guides from Global Lighting Technologies (Brecksville, OH) utilize the company’s LED-based edge-lighting technology to provide backlighting for touch-enabled display graphics. GLT’s light guides provide bright, uniform light where needed for directional symbols, on/off buttons, company logos, and any other graphic icons needing illumination. GLT’s edge-lighting technology employs side-firing, high-efficiency LEDs and focuses the light into a high-performance, ultra-thin light guide – 0.6 mm or less – utilizing light extraction technologies such as Microlens, which extracts light precisely where needed to provide bright, uniform light in a thinner form factor without hot spots or dark areas.
Universal Decoder for PPM of any OrderTBMG-762503/01/2010
A recently developed algorithm for demodulation and decoding of a pulse-position-modulation (PPM) signal is suitable as a basis for designing a single hardware decoding apparatus to be capable of handling any PPM order. Hence, this algorithm offers advantages of greater flexibility and lower cost, in comparison with prior such algorithms, which necessitate the use of a distinct hardware implementation for each PPM order. In addition, in comparison with the prior algorithms, the present algorithm entails less complexity in decoding at large orders.
Wireless Network Cocast: Location-Aware Cooperative Communications with Linear Network CodingTBMG-632012/01/2009
In wireless networks, reducing aggregate transmit power and having even power distribution increase the network lifetime. The conventional direct transmission (DTX) scheme results in high aggregate transmit power and uneven power distribution. In conventional DTX, where mobile units directly transmit their information to a common destination, the distant mobile units require more transmit power to provide a comparable quality of service (QoS) to that of the closer ones. Consequently, high aggregate transmit power (the sum of all transmit power of individual mobile units) and uneven power distribution among the units exist in the network. These two issues result in low network lifetime, which is defined as the time until the first mobile unit dies. It is wellknown that diversity techniques such as time diversity, frequency diversity, and spatial diversity result in reduction of transmit power and thus can be used to improve network lifetime. Three location- aware cooperation-based
Pilotless Frame Synchronization Using LDPC Code ConstraintsTBMG-635112/01/2009
A method of pilotless frame synchronization has been devised for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Heretofore, it has been conventional practice to add pilot symbols, which serve as frame-synchronization markers, to LDPC codes as well as to some other codes. The reception of a signal modulated by a code accompanied by pilot symbols includes a process, separate from the decoding process, in which a correlation rule is used to estimate an offset between (1) the actual received code frame time and (2) a previous estimate of the code frame time. The estimate of the offset then serves as feedback for correcting the previous estimate of the frame time. On the other hand, in pilotless frame synchronization, there are no pilot symbols; instead, the offset is estimated by exploiting selected aspects of the structure of the code. The advantage of pilotless frame synchronization is that the bandwidth of the signal is reduced by an amount associated with elimination of the pilot symbols. The
Small Craft--Graphic SymbolsJ1449_200908 (Historical)08/25/2009
This SAE Recommended Practice specifies graphic symbols for operator controls, gauges, tell-tales, indicators, instructions, and warning against risks in small craft and for engines and other equipment intended to be used in small craft.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
AGS3442 Pipe Warning Symbol Bands for Use in Hot Zones (1/2" Wide)AGS3442-3 (Current)08/13/2009
No scope available.
Engine and Airframe Technical Standards Committee (TSC)
Placard and Marking Standards for Operation of Inflatable Slides and Slide/RaftsARP4277A (Current)01/13/2009
This document has been declared "CANCELLED" as of January 2009. By this action, this document will remain listed in the Numerical Section of the Aerosepace Standards Index.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Hand-Held Ultrasonic Instrument for Reading Matrix SymbolsTBMG-298208/01/2008
A hand-held instrument that would include an ultrasonic camera has been proposed as an efficient means of reading matrix symbols. The proposed instrument could be operated without mechanical raster scanning. All electronic functions from excitation of ultrasonic pulses through final digital processing for decoding matrix symbols would be performed by dedicated circuitry within the single, compact instrument housing.
Vision Assisted Laser Marking Delivers Lean Manufacturing2008-01-113004/14/2008
To achieve permanent, high quality, non-contact marking, automotive manufacturers use laser marking processes. But, the ability to accurately position small characters in a limited space, to recognize the proper parts before being marked, and the capability to repeatedly mark in a robust way without operator's adjustments still create challenges for those who attempt to achieve lean manufacturing. Described in this paper is a high-speed vision based laser system capable of rapidly and accurately marking a large number of automotive parts of different shapes in a single pass. The vision based laser system has shown, that in a production environment, a reduction of waste, an increase in product throughput, and an improvement in the overall manufacturing cost can be achieved.
Benayad-Cherif, Faycal
Error Rates and Channel Capacities in Multipulse PPMTBMG-243211/01/2007
A method of computing channel capacities and error rates in multipulse pulse-position modulation (multipulse PPM) has been developed. The method makes it possible, when designing an optical PPM communication system, to determine whether and under what conditions a given multipulse PPM scheme would be more or less advantageous, relative to other candidate modulation schemes.
Lighting Identification CodeJ759_200707 (Historical)07/30/2007
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the lighting function identification codes for use on all passenger cars and trucks.
Lighting Standard Practices Committee
Smooth Phase Interpolated KeyingTBMG-145504/01/2007
Smooth phase interpolated keying (SPIK) is an improved method of computing smooth phase-modulation waveforms for radio communication systems that convey digital information. SPIK is applicable to a variety of phase-shift-keying (PSK) modulation schemes, including quaternary PSK (QPSK), octonary PSK (8PSK), and 16PSK. In comparison with a related prior method, SPIK offers advantages of better performance and less complexity of implementation.
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