Browse Topic: Safety regulations and standards

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Achieving full ASIL-B level functional safety (FuSa) for Automotive Clusters2026-26-0008To be published on 01/16/2026
Traditionally, automotive cluster modules have not placed strong emphasis on functional safety (FuSa) measures for capturing and displaying data. Most cluster components are developed with a focus on Quality Management (QM) levels, and proprietary implementations are often used without adhering to standardized safety approaches. This paper highlights the need to bring certain cluster components under an Automotive Safety Integrity Level B (ASIL-B) context, proposing a standardized and structured methodology for their development — particularly by adopting Classic AUTOSAR frameworks. Several critical components within the cluster demand FuSa mechanisms to ensure reliable and safe operation. These components should be designed to comply with key safety principles, including freedom from interference, execution under privileged levels, and integrity verification. The FuSa goals for these components also extend to their configuration management and update strategies within the cluster
Singh, Iqbal, Kumar, Praveen
A Model Based Framework for Safety Risk Assessment using Systems Theoretic Process Analysis for ASIL Justification According to ISO 262622026-26-0022To be published on 01/16/2026
With advancements in automotive systems, particularly in autonomous and electric vehicles, the increasing complexity of modern vehicular systems is challenging the traditional safety analysis methods prescribed by ISO 26262. Failure-based safety analysis techniques often struggle to identify systematic risks arising from software interactions, human factors, and emergent behaviors. This paper addresses this gap by providing a framework that utilizes Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to complement ISO 26262’s hazard analysis methods by considering emergent hazards during the justification of Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL). The aim of this paper is to present a model-driven hybrid methodology that combines traditional fault-based approaches with STPA for traceable ASIL justification, thereby enhancing ISO 26262’s Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) process. This approach allows for the integration of contemporary safety analysis techniques like STPA into
NAG, PRAMIT, Ali, Sam, Roy Choudhury, Diyanjan
Towards AI-Driven Automated Driving Systems: Homologation perspective2026-26-0133To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities in homologating AI-driven Automated Driving Systems (ADS). As AI introduces dynamic learning and adaptability to vehicles, traditional static homologation frameworks are becoming inadequate. The study analyzes existing methodologies, such as the New Assessment/Test Methodology (NATM), and how various institutions address AI incorporation into ADS certification. Key challenges identified include managing continuous learning, addressing the "black-box" nature of AI models, and ensuring robust data management. The paper proposes a harmonized roadmap for AI in ADS homologation, integrating safety standards like ISO/TR 4804 and ISO 21448 with AI-specific considerations. It emphasizes the need for explainability, robustness, transparency, and enhanced data management in certification processes. The study concludes that a unified, global approach to AI homologation is crucial, balancing innovation with safety while addressing ethical
Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin
Mileage Accumulation Target Identification For AEBS Validation for Medium & Heavy Trucks Considering Real-World Accidents In India2026-26-0036To be published on 01/16/2026
Robust validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) considering real-world conditions is a vital for ensuring safety. Mileage accumulation is a one of the validation method for ensuring ADAS system robustness. By subjecting systems to diverse real-world driving environments and edge-case scenarios, engineers can evaluate performance, reliability, and safety under realistic conditions. In accordance with ISO 21448 (SOTIF), known hazardous scenarios are explicitly tested during robustness validation in combination of virtual and physical testing at component, sub system and vehicle level, while unknown hazards may emerge through extended mileage by running vehicles on roads, allowing them to be identified and classified. However, defining a mileage target that ensures comprehensive safety remains a significant engineering challenge. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to define mileage accumulation targets for validating Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS
Koralla, Sivaprasad, Ravjani, Amin, Tatikonda, Vijay, GADEKAR, GANESH
Configurable and Standardized Test Case Generation using VBA Script2026-26-0557To be published on 01/16/2026
Test Cases plays a vital and very important role in Software and System testing to verify the functionality as per requirements and meets the customer expectations. The traditional approach of test case generation in the testing field is predominantly manual, time consuming, and prone to human error but less expensive. Each tester tends to have their own approach to creating test cases, which may not cover experience-based test scenarios leading to inconsistencies, and lack of standardization. This lack of uniformity can cause testing deficiencies and make it difficult to ensure comprehensive test coverage. The objective is to develop an automation framework to generate standardized, configurable, modular, reusable and human error free test cases as per user defined inputs based on system requirement specifications. The framework proposed in this paper is known as the Automated Test Case Generator tool. This framework is designed using Visual Basic Applications (VBA) Scripts, in which
Pallavi, Yerragudi, Umarji, Shruti, Tavhare Sr, Sarika, Anilkumar, Sandhya
Unique methodology to cluster and reuse the “Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment” across different E/E systems and features2026-26-0004To be published on 01/16/2026
As software-defined vehicles advance in complexity, achieving robust functional safety in line with ISO 26262 becomes increasingly vital. This growing need has led to a significant increase in Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) activities across numerous electrical and electronic (E/E) systems and features. Traditionally, HARA is performed separately for each E/E system, feature, or component. This approach often results in redundant analyses of the same function in multiple places, which leads to inconsistent risk categorizations and even conflicting safety goals, such as assigning different Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL) to similar features. As a result, the overall engineering effort and risk of inconsistency increase. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a unique approach: performing consolidated HARA for a group of vehicle-level functions (termed “platform HARA”). Rather than deriving safety goals for each E/E system or feature individually, this
Somasundaram, Manickam, Vijayakumar, Melvin
Analysis on Impact of SUMS(R156) update on Functional Safety2026-26-0618To be published on 01/16/2026
Now a days, with the increasing integration of advanced technology in modern vehicles, manufacturers are now able to update their software seamlessly, thereby enhancing functionality and ensuring optimal performance. Therefore, SUMS has been introduced to enhance vehicle security, improve performance, and ensure that the latest software enhancements and fixes can be delivered efficiently without the need for physical service station visits. With this increasing complexity and ensure connectivity of modern vehicles, necessitates robust systems to manage software updates. Within this context, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's Regulation No. 156 (UN R156) provides specific requirements for Software Update Management Systems (SUMS) to ensure safety, security, and traceability. The evaluation of R156-compliant SUMS within the framework of functional safety protocols, such as ISO 26262 for automotive presents numerous technical challenges. This paper aims to analyze the
Talasila, Namitha
A Quality-Driven Approach to Engineering Sign-Off for Software and Robust Product Development2026-26-0581To be published on 01/16/2026
This abstract outline a paper detailing the development and implementation of a comprehensive framework designed to enhance the quality and governance of the product development process in the automotive industry. As the sector undergoes significant transformation—driven by electrification, autonomous systems, and increasing regulatory and customer expectations—the need for structured development approach and robust oversight has become critical to success. The paper introduces a newly developed framework for Final Data Judgment (FDJ) and Engineering Sign-Off (ESO), representing a next-generation strategy to defect free design, robust engineering quality management and product maturity assurance. This methodology emphasizes customer-centric deliverables, risk-based assessments, and technical rigor to minimize post-SOP issues and ensure alignment with end-user expectations. The approach prioritizes end-user impact by embedding rigorous quality checkpoints that align engineering outputs
Digikar, Ashish, PATHAK, ISHA, Kothari, Bhushan
Road Accident Data Reports: A Comparative Analysis of India with USA, France, and UK2026-26-0247To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comparative study on the accident data collected in India with that of USA, France and UK. The data for the analysis and comparison are collected from trusted sources such as Open Government Data (OGD) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), GOV.UK and French Road Safety Observatory. By examining these datasets, the paper aims to identify trends and discrepancies in accident data collected across different countries and to verify if more documentation can help in bringing down the number of accidents. Reducing the frequency of accidents requires an understanding of the underlying causes of each one, which can only be achieved by conducting in-depth analysis of the accident data and comparing the parameters with data from Integrated Road Accident Database (iRAD). The primary objective of this paper is to find documentation gaps and propose potential improvements to the documentation process in India that would ensure that research organizations
Raj, Aswin, Raja, Dheepan, Abhimanyu Shinde, Antriksh
SEooC-Based Design Framework for Integrated EV Power Conversion Systems under ISO 26262 Compliance2026-26-0192To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid integration of electric vehicle (EV) power conversion elements—such as traction inverters, onboard chargers, and DC-DC converters—into unified architectures poses new challenges for ensuring functional safety compliance as per ISO 26262. This paper presents a system-level framework that leverages the Safety Element out of Context (SEooC) approach to design and validate reusable safety-critical components independent of vehicle-specific applications. By defining clear assumptions of use and ASIL decomposition strategies, the proposed method facilitates early-stage fault analysis and verification. The framework integrates model-based development with Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing and formal verification techniques to validate both control logic and hardware behavior under diverse fault injection scenarios. The result is a scalable, standards-compliant methodology that reduces time-to-market and enhances reliability in integrated EV power electronics platforms. The work
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
non-SAE standard test - revision Standard for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways - Safety Standardas-jms-1A (Current)09/23/2025
non-SAE standard test - revision Specifications, test methods, and usage provisions for safety glazing materials used for glazing of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment operating on land highways.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Systems Engineering – a key approach to Transportation Electrification2024-26-012801/16/2024
The automotive industry has seen accelerating demand for electrified transportation. While the complexity of conventional ICE vehicles has increased, the powertrain still largely consists of a mechanical system. In contrast, vehicle architectures in electrified transportation are a complex integration of power electronics, batteries, control units, and software. This shift in system architecture impacts the entire organization during new product development, with increased focus on high power electronic components, energy management strategies, and complex algorithm development. Additionally, product development impact extends beyond the vehicle and impacts charging networks, electrical infrastructure, and communication protocols. The complex interaction between systems has a significant impact on vehicle safety, development timeline, scope, and cost. A systems engineering approach, with emphasis on requirements definition and traceability, helps ensure decomposition of top level
Narasipuram, Rajanand Patnaik, Karkhanis, Varad Abhimanyu, Ellinger, Michael, K M, Saranath, Alagarsamy, Guruprasath, Jadhav, Ravindra
ISO 26262 Functional Safety – An Approach for Compliance Readiness2024-26-010401/16/2024
Electricals and Electronic systems in a vehicle are increasing manifolds with Electric and ADAS Vehicles taking the lead. There is a rapid transition happening from hardware driven vehicles to software driven vehicles. ISO 26262 is a global standard defined for functional safety (FuSa) in the automotive industry which addresses the structured design and development approach for eliminating electrical malfunctions leading to critical hazards such as fire in EVs. The standard defines specific requirements that need to be met by the safety relevant electrical system and also by development processes. Though the implementation of FuSa is crucial from vehicle safety point of view, its compliance is still a challenge majorly due to lack of awareness, in-built complexities, increase in project development time and subsequent cost. In this work, we focus on a FuSa implementation model taking into account the conventional new program development cycle. FuSa deliverables are integrated and
PATHAK, ISHA, Kothari, Bhushan
Devising Guidelines and Architecture for Efficient Auto-Generation of HIS Compliant Code.2024-26-026901/16/2024
Maintaining Code Metrics for Auto-Generated Code. Author: Atul Varghese Abraham Keywords: Modelling, Complexity, Safety Motivation The ISO 26262 automotive functional safety standard recommends certain standards of quality and complexity for automotive source code. Hersteller Initiative Software (HIS) metrics help ensure that the code meets these standards. However, the use of auto-generated source code can make it difficult to comply with these metrics, as the code generator may not consider them. This can lead to high metric values that violate the allowed range. Key Problem It is difficult to assess the impact of design on HIS metrics in the modeling environment. It is possible to obtain a metrics report only after the source code has been generated. Meeting the HIS metrics through reworking and generating code again poses a significant challenge. Methodology To address the issue, modeling guidelines and architecture that help generate HIS-compliant code will be defined. The HIS
ABRAHAM, ATUL VARGHESE
Effectiveness of the Load Legs in Enhancing the Passive Safety of Rear-Facing Child Seats in Frontal Crash2024-26-034301/16/2024
The passive safety performance of a child seat is modulated by the design features of the child seat and the vehicle interior. For example, in the rear-facing configuration, the child seat impacting front structures increases the head injury risk during a frontal crash. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in improving the child seat's overall kinematics and its capability to prevent the secondary impact on the vehicle interior structure in a severe frontal crash scenario. An in-depth, real-world crash investigation involving a properly installed rear-facing child seat impacting the center console is selected for the study where the infant sustained a severe brain injury. In addition, this crash is employed to choose the crash parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in a similar scenario. Finally, crash sled tests are conducted using the crash signature of the vehicle as obtained from the NHTSA NCAP rigid
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
AI-Based Testing for Autonomous Vehicles2023-01-122806/26/2023
Test of autonomous systems is mostly brute force and ad-hoc thus being neither efficient nor transparent. Though requirements invite for a situational transparency, a framework is missing to judge quality of requirements and derived test-cases. Practical challenges are state explosion, difficulty to derive corner cases, no systematic safety of the intended functionality as specified, lack of accepted KPI, etc. Maintaining a valid safety case is hardly possible with such adaptive systems and continuous software updates. To achieve trusted autonomous vehicles, test cases must be generated automatically while at same time providing coverage (e.g., indicating progress with KPI), efficiency (e.g., limiting the amount of regression testing) and transparency (e.g., showing how specific corner cases are tested in case of accidents). This paper provides a method for automatically generating test cases for AI-based autonomous systems and compares it with existing testing methods. A case study is
Ebert, Christof, Weyrich, Michael
Teaching Aerospace Software Quality at an Undergrad Level in the Pandemic – Experiences 2022-26-119805/26/2022
This paper describes the experiences of teaching software quality as an undergraduate course. The subject was offered at NITK, Surathkal and the course covered the aerospace standards, safety, software requirements, design, reviews, and testing. Teaching the ARP 4761, ARP 4754, DO 178C and DO 331 to the students was enlightening. The course was completely conducted online on Teams and Moodle and this itself brings out many insights of teaching an industry level training as a undergraduate curse. The course covered the basic of these standards and went through a safety analysis process using the System Theoretic Process Analysis. The problem statement was a on board scanner. This mimics a radar but is called a scanner and has a set of functionalities that is simple enough to understand at an undergrad level. A detailed set of requirements was developed during the course. The process of requirement review was done on the requirements to merge the workflow and process defined in the
Nair, Gauri, Jeppu, Yogananda
Virtual Verification of Decision Making and Motion Planning Functionalities for Automated Vehicles in Urban Edge Case Scenarios2022-01-101803/29/2022
Traffic congestion, road accidents, environmental pollution and driving stress are usually associated with road transportation in dense urban environments. The widespread deployment of automated vehicles has the potential to eliminate these issues; autonomous vehicles would allow for the optimization of traffic flow, the reduction of road accidents and environmental pollution, and the elimination of driving stress. Despite recent advancements in Automated Driving Systems (ADS), the deployment of such systems in dense urban environments still faces a challenging problem: in comparison to motorway or rural driving, urban environments contain a significantly greater number of traffic participants. This makes it difficult to verify the Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) across the entire Operational Design Domain (ODD). One approach to solve this problem is to virtually evaluate and verify the safety of the ADS using simulation tools. Whereas traditionally simulated validation
Souflas, Ioannis, Lazzeretti, Ludovico, Ahrabian, Alireza, Niccolini, Lorenzo, Curtis-Walcott, Shona
Aspects of Migrating from Decentralized to Centralized E/E Architectures2022-01-090603/29/2022
As centralization of automotive E/E architectures becomes reality for future vehicles, it is crucial that existing assets be reused in the most efficient and effective manner. We report on our experience developing a new centralized E/E architecture for a propulsion domain, and migrating the corresponding propulsion elements of an existing decentralized, CAN-based architecture to a prototype of the centralized propulsion domain. Our migration adopts automotive Ethernet and supporting standards as a next-generation communications backbone technology; a next-generation computation platform from automotive supplier NXP; and a new automotive virtualization solution from OpenSynergy. We discuss aspects of legacy software re-use and adaptation; modification of vehicle HiL simulation models used in testing; existing vendor tool support; and implications arising from functional safety and the ISO 26262 standard.
Bandur, Victor, Kapinski, Ryan, Pantelic, Vera, Lawford, Mark, Wasacz, Bryon
Aspects to consider while defining acceptance criteria and validation target2022-01-007203/29/2022
Two major steps involved in SOTIF analysis are defining acceptance criteria and estimating the validation target. While acceptance criteria aids in determining if we have an acceptable residual risk corresponding to a hazardous behavior, the validation target specifies the amount of testing effort (in hours or representative miles) that is needed to ensure that the acceptance criteria are met. The existing approaches for defining acceptance criteria heavily rely on existing fatality databases or naturalistic driving study data sets. The criterion is selected based on average number of fatalities or crashes per mile or per an hour of operation. The validation target is calculated based on these acceptance criteria. However, are these values really reflecting the acceptable risk criteria and targets? According to statistics, for a given data set and a random sample derived from the dataset, only the mean of population of the data set and the sample can considered to be equal. In the case
Madala, Kaushik, Krishnamoorthy, Jayalekshmi, Avalos Gonzalez, Carlos, SHIVKUMAR, Abhishek, Solmaz, Mert
Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment based on Electric Power Steering according to ISO 262622022-01-106203/29/2022
ISO 26262 is a functional safety standard for automotive electrical and electronic system . Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) is a sub-phase of the ISO26262 concept phase, which is one of most important safety activities of the ISO 26262 safety lifecycle. This paper details application of HARA for Electric Power Steering (EPS) system. First, item definition for EPS System is sketched out，which is prerequisite for the HARA. Item definition includes system description, its function, boundary, and interfaces to external systems. Then analysis procedure HARA of EPS System is detailed out ,including identifying potential hazards, developing a set of specific hazardous events, and assessing the risk of each hazardous event to determine the Automotive Safety Integration Levels (ASIL). In the end，according to analysis procedure of HARA, a set of safety goals and safety states for EPS System is proposed. The design of safety goals and safety states is applied to provide guidance to
Li, Lingyang, Du, Jia, Ye, Xiaoming, Liu, Xin, Wen, Tao
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Operating Characteristics and User InterfaceJ2399_202110 (Current)10/12/2021
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is an enhancement of conventional cruise control systems that allows the ACC-equipped vehicle to follow a forward vehicle at a pre-selected time gap, up to a driver selected speed, by controlling the engine, power train, and/or service brakes. This SAE Standard focuses on specifying the minimum requirements for ACC system operating characteristics and elements of the user interface. This document applies to original equipment and aftermarket ACC systems for passenger vehicles (including motorcycles). This document does not apply to heavy vehicles (GVWR > 10,000 lbs. or 4,536 kg). Furthermore, this document does not address other variations on ACC, such as “stop & go” ACC, that can bring the equipped vehicle to a stop and reaccelerate. Future revisions of this document should consider enhanced versions of ACC, as well as the integration of ACC with Forward Vehicle Collision Warning Systems (FVCWS).
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Committee
Improving Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking2021-01-126510/11/2021
Abstract: Most new vehicles sold in 2018 (56%) had, as either a standard or optional feature, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) equipped with Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). However, current testing protocols implemented by safety organizations and programs, such as Euro NCAP, NCAP, and IIHS largely do not evaluate the performance of PAEB in dark conditions without streetlights. This is true despite data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA) showing that more pedestrian fatalities occur in dark conditions without streetlights than in daylight conditions. Additionally, independent tests conducted by NHTSA and the American Automobile Association (AAA) reveal that, in every scenario considered, PAEB systems frequently fail to protect pedestrians in dark conditions. Within this context, to encourage improvement in PAEB performance and increase nighttime pedestrian safety, this paper includes the following sections: 1. A proposal for the
Naikal, Nikhil
Process for Optimizing Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) for FMVSS-141 and Interior Sound Quality2021-01-112108/31/2021
The automotive industry is shifting towards the development of hybrid electric and electric vehicles. These vehicles primarily use electric motors for propulsion and can be significantly quieter to pedestrians than traditional ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles. The NFB (National Federation of the Blind) and others highlighted a concern with these quiet vehicles related to pedestrian safety and the inability to use historical sound signatures to detect a moving vehicle. To address this concern, NHTSA created FMVSS 141, which identifies minimum external sound requirements for hybrid and electric vehicles during stationary conditions and in motion up to 30kph. [1] OEMs are now required to implement Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) that use external speakers to generate additional noise to meet the regulation. These noises are intended to raise the exterior sound level of the vehicles, while still attempting to maintain a quiet, pleasant experience for the passengers in the
Doxen, Dominic, Zorn, Tim
Test and Evaluation of Autonomy for Air Platforms21AERP08_0808/01/2021
Tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the safe, secure, effective, and efficient testing of autonomy on air platforms. Air Force Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California The 2018 National Defense Strategy emphasizes that the effective implementation of autonomy is essential for future engagements. Key to this implementation is the ability to test and evaluate systems that perform autonomous tasks. The purpose of this research is to equip testers with tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the testing of autonomy on air platforms. The air domain is chosen specifically for its applicability to the Air Force mission and to help scope the focus of this research. The intent is not to be an exhaustive reference for testing and evaluating autonomy; rather, the goal is to provide a launching point for greater investigation. Testing autonomy on airborne platforms brings unique challenges and, therefore, to be successful, testing should leverage the
Automated Driving System Data LoggerJ3197_202107 (Current)07/23/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides common data output formats and definitions for a variety of data elements that may be useful for analyzing the performance of automated driving system (ADS) during an event that meets the trigger threshold criteria specified in this document. The document is intended to govern data element definitions, to provide a minimum data element set, and to specify a common ADS data logger record format as applicable for motor vehicle applications. Automated driving systems (ADSs) perform the complete dynamic driving task (DDT) while engaged. In the absence of a human “driver,” the ADS itself could be the only witness of a collision event. As such, a definition of the ADS data recording is necessary in order to standardize information available to the accident reconstructionist. For this purpose, the data elements defined herein supplement the SAE J1698-1 defined EDR in order to facilitate the determination of the background and events leading up to a
Event Data Recorder Committee
Driving Automation System Test Scenario Development Process Creation and Software-in-the-Loop Implementation2021-01-006204/06/2021
Automated driving systems (ADS) are one of the key modern technologies that are changing the way we perceive mobility and transportation. In addition to providing significant access to mobility, they can also be useful in decreasing the number of road accidents. For these benefits to be realized, candidate ADS need to be proven as safe, robust, and reliable; both by design and in the performance of navigating their operational design domain (ODD). This paper proposes a multi-pronged approach to evaluate the safety performance of a hypothetical candidate system. Safety performance is assessed through using a set of test cases/scenarios that provide substantial coverage of those potentially encountered in an ODD. This systematic process is used to create a library of scenarios, specific to a defined domain. Beginning with a system-specific ODD definition, a set of core competencies are identified. These core competencies are then considered both in isolation and in conjunction with other
Patil, Mayur, Lybarger, Alexander, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn, Stoddart, Evan
An Optimized Method for Mapping Headlamp Illumination Patterns2021-01-088604/06/2021
Understanding the specific illumination pattern of a vehicle headlamp beam is useful for the evaluation of nighttime visibility issues in accident reconstruction. There are several challenges associated with traditional headlamp mapping techniques, including that mapping must be conducted in darkness, the mapping location topography may not be level or flat, maintaining a measurement grid is difficult to accomplish in the field, data acquisition requires multiple individuals, and it is generally very time consuming. Traditional techniques require the surrounding surface to be permanently marked in the evening in order to allow for future data collection of the mapped points in daylight conditions. The methodology presented here alleviates some of these challenges through real-time data collection and by accounting for topographical differences, which eliminates the requirement that mapping be conducted on a level or flat surface, and it reduces the number of required participants. This
Funk, Charles, Vozza, Adriano, Petroskey, Karla
Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement2021-01-089804/06/2021
Analyses of driver response time studies and fatal crash statistics were examined to determine: 1. whether all rear-end crash types can be analyzed as one crash type, 2. average braking thresholds for drivers, and 3. the influence cell phone usage has on drivers’ response times when responding to a lead vehicle. The goal of this research is to recommend protocols for investigating LV crashes that is supported by the literature. Two distinct lead vehicle [LV] response time events emerged: LV platoon (two vehicles traveling together in close proximity) and LV looming (a vehicle approaching a stopped or much slower LV). In normal driving, platoon LV events were very common but resulted in very few crashes per exposure. Young drivers were over-represented when they did occur. Onset of the hazardous event was when the LV decelerated, and drivers began braking roughly 3 to 5 seconds before impact. These results were consistent with the braking thresholds by naturalistic drivers in congested
Muttart, Jeffrey, Dinakar, Swaroop, Edewaard, Darlene
Leveraging Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) for Efficient ISO 26262 Compliance2021-01-006704/06/2021
There has been a significant increase - both in the content of electronics and software in vehicles as well as in recalls attributed to these components and systems. The advanced features, including the onset of autonomous vehicles accompanied by millions of lines of code in software have exponentially increased the complexity of vehicle systems and decreased effectiveness of many of the safety analysis techniques being used to identify hazards and safety requirements - for example, FMEA, FTA, ETA, etc.- which were invented decades before the existence of complexities of such magnitude. This paper examines a new hazard identification technique formalized by Nancy G Leveson of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA in her book “Engineering a Safer World” and further elaborated in the STPA Handbook co-authored with John P Thomas in March 2018. This paper explains how the STPA technique could be effectively used to comply with ISO 26262 in various phases of the “V” lifecycle of
Bongirwar, Rajiv
Pycrash: An Open-Source Tool for Accident Reconstruction2021-01-089604/06/2021
Accident reconstructionists routinely rely on computer software to perform analyses. While there are a variety of software packages available to accident reconstructionists, many rely on custom spreadsheet-based applications for their analyses. Purchased packages provide an improved interface and the ability to produce sophisticated animations of vehicle motion but can be cost prohibitive. Pycrash is a free, open-source Python-based software package that, in its current state, can perform basic accident reconstruction calculations, automate data analyses, simulate single vehicle motion and, perform impulse-momentum based analyses of vehicle collisions. In this paper, the current capabilities of Pycrash are illustrated and its accuracy is assessed using matching PC-Crash simulations performed using PC-Crash. The results indicate that Pycrash is well-equipped to perform fundamental accident reconstruction analyses, including impact related effects, but its simplified suspension model is
Cormier, Joe, Funk, James, Beauchamp, Gray, Pentecost, David
Putting Safety of Intended Functionality SOTIF into Practice2021-01-019604/06/2021
The increase of autonomy demand in the automotive industry made the usage of AI models inevitable. However, such models introduce a variety of threats to automobile safety and security. ISO/PAS 21448 SOTIF is a safety standard that is designed to deal with risks due to non-electrical and non-electronic failures. In this paper we put SOTIF into practice. In our work we introduce a conceivable safety critical scenario that targets the lane keep assist function. We use the suggested modelling techniques in the SOTIF standard to analyze the scenario and extract the trigger event. In result, we propose a contextual based predictive ML model to monitor the intervention between the driver and lane keep assist system. Our approach followed the SOTIF verification and validation guidelines. Empirically, we use a real safety critical scenario dataset as well as an augmented dataset. Our results show a high precision/recall values that exceed 90% by an increase of more than 150% in f1 score
Abdulazim, Amr, Elbahaey, Moustafa, Mohamed, Abduallah
Development and Calibration of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Head Finite Element Model2021-01-092204/06/2021
To improve the biofidelity of the currently available Hybrid III 10-year-old (HIII-10C) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD. The LODC head is a redesigned HIII-10C head with mass properties and modified skin material required to match pediatric biomechanical impact response targets from the literature. A dynamic, nonlinear finite element (FE) model of the LODC head has been developed using the mesh generating tool Hypermesh based on the three-dimensional CAD model. The material data, contact definitions, and initial conditions are defined in LS-PrePost and converted to LS-Dyna solver input format. The aluminum head skull is stiff relative to head flesh material and was thus modeled as a rigid material. For the actual LODC, the head flesh is form fit onto the skull and held in place through contact friction. In an attempt to identify the matching flesh-skull contact
Katangoori, Divya Reddy, Yang, Peiyu, Noll, Scott, Stammen, Jason, Suntay, Brian, Carlson, Michael, Moorhouse, Kevin
Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorder (HVEDR)J2728_202011 (Current)11/30/2020
This document provides nomenclature and references to related documents for heavy vehicle event data recorders (HVEDR) for heavy-duty (HD) ground wheeled vehicles. The SAE J2728 series of documents consists of the following:
Truck and Bus Event Data Recorder Committee
Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Emissions Filtering: Attenuation vs. Leakage Trade-OffTBMG-3806111/01/2020
The AC/DC power converter is often the sole interface between a piece of equipment and a building’s electrical installation, which is in turn connected to any number of other off-line systems. It is also the element separating the hazardous high voltage mains from user-facing safety extra low voltage (SELV) networks. Accordingly, AC/DC power converters fall under a great deal of regulatory scrutiny, with mandates ranging from energy efficiency to safety to electromagnetic immunity and emissions. The requirements of each regulatory authority can often spawn contradictions in the resulting engineered solutions.
When Every Second Counts … Important Considerations for Respiratory Ventilator DesignTBMG-3759209/01/2020
Today, more than ever before, “never fail” operation of emergency and critical care equipment is a need, not an option. Devices such as ventilators provide life-maintaining oxygen, and the recent pandemic has increased demand for these devices. Ventilators are mission-critical to sustaining life and require a robust design to ensure they maintain the necessary up-time for patient care.
Air Brake Performance and Wear Test Code Commercial Vehicle Inertia DynamometerJ2115_202008 (Current)08/20/2020
This SAE Standard provides test procedures for air and air-over-hydraulic disc or drum brakes used for on-highway commercial vehicles over 4536 kg (10000 pounds) GVWR. This recommended practice includes the pass/fail criteria of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. TP-121D-01.
Truck and Bus Foundation Brake Committee
Air Brake Performance and Wear Test Code Commercial Vehicle Inertia DynamometerJ2115_202008-TEST-REC (Historical)08/20/2020
This SAE Standard provides test procedures for air and air-over-hydraulic disc or drum brakes used for on-highway commercial vehicles over 4536 kg (10000 pounds) GVWR. This recommended practice includes the pass/fail criteria of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. TP-121D-01.
Truck and Bus Foundation Brake Committee
Unsettled Issues Facing Automated Vehicles and InsuranceEPR202001508/05/2020
This SAE EDGE™ Research Report explores how the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) will affect the insurance industry and the principles of liability that underly the structure of insurance in the US. As we trade human drivers for suites of sensors and computers, who (or what) is responsible when there is a crash? The owner of the vehicle? The automaker that built it? The programmer that wrote the code?Insurers have over 100 years of experience and data covering human drivers, but with only a few years’ worth of information on AVs – how can they properly predict the true risks associated with their deployment? Without an understanding of the nature and risks of AVs, how can the government agencies that regulate the insurance industry provide proper oversight? Do the challenges AVs present require a total reworking of our insurance and liability systems, or can our current structures be adapted to fit them with minor modifications?{"bold":"Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Automated
Williams, Ian
Selecting Electrical Safety Relay Modules for Optimal PerformanceTBMG-3744308/01/2020
Designers of industrial automated machinery and equipment must follow regulations and standards to ensure they are delivering safe electrical designs; however, there have been cases where uncertainty about the standards has led to overly cautious and costly designs. Or in the worst cases, safety design has been compromised by concerns regarding excessive complexity and cost.
V2X Communications Message Set DictionaryJ2735_202007 (Historical)07/23/2020
This SAE standard specifies a message set, and its data frames and data elements, for use by applications that use vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications systems. While the data dictionary was originally designed for use over DSRC, this document is intended to be independent of the underlying communications protocols used to exchange data between participants in V2X applications.
V2X Core Technical Committee
Updating the Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS) for Wyoming Mountain Passes: A Description of Tests and Results02-13-01-000505/13/2020
Truck crashes on Wyoming mountain passes due to brake heating has been a long-standing issue due to the steep downgrades that characterize some routes in the state. The grade severity rating system (GSRS) developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to recommend maximum safe speeds has been identified as a viable countermeasure to reducing the incidence of downgrade truck crashes. However, several decades have passed since the GSRS was developed. In the decades since its development, truck features have undergone radical changes in terms of design. The streamlined design of tractors and trailers, use of drag reduction devices, changes in engine features, and adoption of radial tires have led to a reduction in the non-brake forces that retard motion. Truck brakes have also changed along with retarder characteristics. This has meant that maximum safe speeds recommended by the GSRS have been conservative. This article discusses tests and results involved in updating the GSRS
Moomen, Milhan, Ksaibati, Khaled
Updating the Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS) for Wyoming Mountain Passes: A Description of Tests and Results02-13-01-0005-TEST-REC05/13/2020
Truck crashes on Wyoming mountain passes due to brake heating has been a long-standing issue due to the steep downgrades that characterize some routes in the state. The grade severity rating system (GSRS) developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to recommend maximum safe speeds has been identified as a viable countermeasure to reducing the incidence of downgrade truck crashes. However, several decades have passed since the GSRS was developed. In the decades since its development, truck features have undergone radical changes in terms of design. The streamlined design of tractors and trailers, use of drag reduction devices, changes in engine features, and adoption of radial tires have led to a reduction in the non-brake forces that retard motion. Truck brakes have also changed along with retarder characteristics. This has meant that maximum safe speeds recommended by the GSRS have been conservative. This article discusses tests and results involved in updating the GSRS
Moomen, Milhan, Ksaibati, Khaled
Underwriters Labs Publishes First AV Safety Standard20AVEP05_1005/01/2020
UL 4600 is not a test. Its goal is to standardize how an AV company describes that its vehicles are safe. On April 1, 2020, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) announced that it published UL 4600 as an American National Standard. With its publication, UL 4600 became the auto industry's first dedicated standard for fully autonomous-vehicle (AV) safety. Consumers who are familiar with UL safety certifications might assume that the 281-page UL 4600 document would prescribe the necessary technology and testing required to ensure AV safety. But this standard instead focuses on the quality of the safety argument.
Berman, Bradley
SAE best practice establishes definitions for ODD20AUTP05_0805/01/2020
The Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium (AVSC), an industry program of SAE Industry Technologies Consortia (SAE ITC), released a new best practice in April 2020 developed for automated driving systems (ADS) developers and manufacturers responsible for defining their ADS Operational Design Domain (ODD). The Best Practice for Describing an Operational Design Domain: Conceptual Framework and Lexicon document establishes common terms and a framework in which to apply them. Where applicable, labels, definitions and measurement ranges are provided to promote consistent communication and to help ensure that users' ADS expectations are aligned with capabilities.
Shuttleworth, Jennifer
On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety CommunicationsJ2945/1_202004 (Current)04/30/2020
This standard specifies the system requirements for an on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for light vehicles1, including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) [1] over a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) wireless communications link as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 suite and IEEE 802.11 standards [2] to [6].
V2X Core Technical Committee
AVSC Best Practice for Describing an Operational Design Domain: Conceptual Framework and LexiconAVSC0000220200404/15/2020
An ADS-operated vehicle’s operational design domain (ODD) is defined by the manufacturer based on numerous factors. Research is underway at other organizations to define and organize ODD elements into taxonomies and other relational constructs. In order to enhance collaboration and communication between manufacturers and developers and transportation authorities, common terms and consistent frameworks are needed. The conceptual framework presented by Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium establishes a lexicon that can be used consistently by ADS developers and manufacturers responsible for defining their ADS ODD. A common framework and lexicon will reduce confusion, align expectations, and therefore build public trust, acceptance, and confidence. The guidance in this document is intended for: The technical community (e.g. manufacturers and developers) Public agencies (e.g. regulatory authorities) Infrastructure owner-operators The public This document, Best Practice for Describing an
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Road Curvature Decomposition for Autonomous Guidance2020-01-102404/14/2020
Vehicle autonomy is critically dependent on an accurate identification and mathematical representation of road and lane geometries. Many road lane identification systems are ad hoc (e.g., machine vision and lane keeping systems) or utilize finely-discretized path data and vehicle tracking systems such as GPS. A novel Midwest Discrete Curvature (MDC) method is proposed in which geodetic road data is parsed along road directions and digitally stored in a road data matrix. Road data is discretized to geospatial points and curvature and road tangent vectorization, which can be utilized to generate consistent, mathematically-defined road profiles with deterministic boundary conditions, consistent non-holonomic boundary constraints, and a smooth, differentiable path which connects critical road coordinates. The method was evaluated by discretizing three road segments: a hypothetical road consistent with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Green
Jacome, Ricardo, Stolle, Cody, Sweigard, Michael
Driver Distraction Detection with a Two-stream Convolutional Neural Network2020-01-103904/14/2020
Driver distraction detection is crucial to driving safety when autonomous vehicles are co-piloted. Recognizing drivers’ behaviors that are highly related with distraction from real-time video stream is widely acknowledged as an effective approach mainly due to its non-intrusiveness. In recently years, deep learning neural networks have been adopted to by-pass the procedure of designing features artificially, which used to be the major downside of computer-vision based approaches. However, the detection accuracy and generalization ability is still not satisfying since most deep learning models extracts only spatial information contained in images. This research develops a driver distraction model based on a two-stream, spatial and temporal, convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN in both stream is improved with Batch Normalization-Inception (BN-Inception) modules which increase the sparsity in the inception modules in GoogLeNet, so that the network is further speeded up and also
Ma, Yuefeng, Yin, Zhishuai, Nie, Linzhen
Evaluation of Occupant Kinematics during Low- to Moderate-Speed Side Impacts2020-01-122204/14/2020
While nearly 50 percent of occupants in side-impact collisions are in vehicles that experience a velocity change (delta-V) below 15.0 kph (9.3 mph), full scale crash testing research at these delta-Vs is limited. Understanding occupant kinematics in response to these types of side impacts can be important to the design of side-impact safety countermeasures, as well as for evaluating potential interactions with interior vehicle structures and/or with other occupants in the vehicle. In the current study, two full-scale crash tests were performed utilizing a late-model, mid-size sedan with disabled airbags. The test vehicle was impacted by a non-deformable moving barrier on the driver side at an impact speed of 10.0 kph (6.2 mph) in the first test and then on the passenger side at an impact speed of 21.6 kph (13.4 mph) in the second test, resulting in vehicle lateral delta-Vs of 6.1 kph (3.8 mph) and 14.0 kph (8.7 mph), respectively. As can occur in real-world collisions, the initial
George, Juff, Davis, Mathieu, Sharpe, Sarah, Olberding, Joseph, Imler, Stacy, Bove, Robert
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