Browse Topic: Safety management systems

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Quality Management Systems - Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense OrganizationsAS9100D (Current)12/8/2025
This standard includes ISO 9001:20152 quality management system requirements and specifies additional aviation, space, and defense industry requirements, definitions, and notes. It is emphasized that the requirements specified in this standard are complementary (not alternative) to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. If there is a conflict between the requirements of this standard and customer or applicable statutory or regulatory requirements, the latter shall take precedence. This International Standard specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization: a needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and b aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. All the requirements of this International Standard are generic and are intended to be applicable to any organization, regardless of its type or size, or the products and services it provides. NOTE 1: In this International Standard, the terms “product” or “service” only apply to products and services intended for, or required by, a customer. NOTE 2: Statutory and regulatory requirements can be expressed as legal requirements.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Quality ManagementAS6332A (Current)7/29/2021
This document establishes the general requirements for the quality management of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing systems and processes. It covers the areas of: Quality system, documentation, and control of records; Management responsibility; Resource management; Product realization; and Measurement, analysis, and improvement. This document defines these areas and their key aspects so they can be practically managed, and that deicing operations can become safer with time. In alignment with AS6285 and AS6286, the primary focus of this standard is on the deicing/anti-icing of aircraft using deicing and anti-icing fluids.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
AVSC Information Report for Adapting a Safety Management System (SMS) for Automated Driving System (ADS) SAE Level 4 and 5 Testing and EvaluationAVSC000072021077/16/2021
This AVSC Information Report for Adapting a Safety Management System (SMS) for Automated Driving System (ADS) SAE Level 4 and 5 Testing and Evaluation (AVSC000007202107) shares information on a Safety Management System (SMS) framework in the context of ADS testing and evaluation operations. This report was developed to provide ADS organizations information about the role of organizational safety, which may be considered in the ADS testing and evaluation process. The SMS framework represents a method used in non-automotive industries (e.g., aviation, rail, nuclear) with the goal of enhancing an organization’s operational safety performance. A Safety Management System (SMS) is one approach designed to support organizational safety in a systematic and integrated way. The SMS framework is intended to promote a positive safety culture, assess and manage safety risk, evaluate risk control effectiveness, and support organizational safety policies and objectives. This information report affords organizations another safety management approach to add to their ADS test operations.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Implementation of a Voluntary Design and Manufacturing Safety Management System at Bell TextronF-0077-2021-168505/10/2021
ABSTRACT
Garzaro, Amy, Harris, Scott
A Twenty-five-year Retrospective Analysis of Australia's Previous Defence Aviation Safety FrameworkF-0076-2020-1634810/5/2020
Australia has embarked on an extraordinary reform to design, develop and implement a new and contemporary Defence Aviation Safety Framework. The program seeks to establish a single Defence Aviation Safety Authority (DASA) and issue a comprehensive and integrated suite of Defence Aviation Safety Regulation (DASR) for initial and continuing airworthiness, flight operations, air navigation, aerodromes (inclusive of ship-borne heliports) and safety management systems. While reforms of this scale can often be triggered by reviews into major aircraft accidents, such as The Nimrod Review by Charles Haddon-Cave QC in October 2009, Australia initiated the reform when new aircraft fleets were being introduced and at a time of arguably high-levels of aviation safety. The purpose of this paper is therefore to explain the compelling reason for change; providing a twenty-five-year retrospective analysis of Australia’s previous Defence aviation safety framework to give a rich picture of the difficulties faced by increased commercialization from the late 1990s, globalization in the 2000s, and the recent emergence of strict work, health and safety legislation in Australia.
Hood, James, Marzocca, Pier, Sinha, Arvind
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286B (Historical)6/11/2020
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Fire Containment Cover - Operation and UseARP6905 (Current)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the effective operation and use of fire containment covers (FCCs). Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) C203 and C90e (and later revisions) incorporate AS6453, and provide the Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for an FCC design. The net and pallet used with the FCC must be approved using the updated net and flammability requirements in TSO C90e and later revisions. However, fire containment performance also requires this equipment is properly used. Fire safety is compromised when FCCs are used in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Safety Assessment of General Aviation Airplanes and Rotorcraft in Commercial ServiceARP5151A (Current)8/20/2019
This document describes a process that may be used to perform the ongoing safety assessment for (1) GAR aircraft and components (hereafter, aircraft), and (2) commercial operators of GAR aircraft. The process described herein is intended to support an overall safety management program. It is to help a company establish and meet its own internal standards. The process described herein identifies a systematic means, but not the only means, to assess continuing airworthiness. Ongoing safety management is an activity dedicated to assuring that risk is identified and properly eliminated or controlled. The safety management process includes both safety assessment and economic decision-making. While economic decision-making (factors related to scheduling, parts, and cost) is an integral part of the safety management process, this document addresses only the ongoing safety assessment process. This ongoing safety assessment process includes safety problem identification and corrective action, tracking of problems, the application of “lessons learned” to improve the efficiency of the process, and reduction of the time to achieve corrective action in the field. ARP5150 is the recommended practice for the safety assessment of Transport Airplanes in Commercial Service. ARP5151 is the recommended practice for the safety assessment process for GAR aircraft in commercial services. While the processes are similar, their implementations are different due to operations, data availability, and sizes of individual operations.
S-18C ARP5150A and ARP5151A Working Group
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286A (Historical)6/26/2019
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
A New Vision for Development Assurance Guidance2017-01-20579/19/2017
In the last several years, technical advances and regulatory pressures have motivated the need for flexible, simple, and performance-based solutions for conducting development assurance in support of a system safety assessment process. Additionally, the affected design space for commercial vehicles has been growing beyond the conventional regulations for airplanes, rotorcraft, engines, and propellers, addressed by current Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARPs). This space is beginning to include commercial technologies such as unmanned aerial systems, multi-stage spacecraft systems, and road-able aircraft. These developing areas are each accompanied with their own development assurance expectations in support of their safety criteria. Concurrently, the industry and regulators are working to simplify guidance for system safety and development assurance, which has been foundational in the aircraft industry for decades. From the 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 23 reorganization to the Streamlining Assurance Process Workshops, the existing regulations and guidance are under pressure to adjust to new expectations within these technical areas. There are several challenges with the existing development assurance guidance which complicates both its application to these new technical areas and its alignment with these streamlining expectations. These challenges include application to programs with a combination of new and legacy systems and ARP alignment with regulations and other guidance. Meeting these challenges requires a shift from overly prescriptive and complex guidance to a proposal which provide clear expectations towards planning for, assessing, and achieving objectives that align with regulations. This work seeks to capture the fundamental objectives of development assurance, to promote balanced application and the flexibility of methods that may be applied to them in a changing environment. It proposes a single Aerospace Standards which will address these issues, while still permitting the continued use of ARPs as guidance.
Voros, Robert E., Merdgen, David, Wallington, Andrew
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-icing Quality ManagementAS6332 (Historical)8/29/2017
This document establishes the general requirements for the quality management of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing systems and processes. It covers the areas of: Quality system, documentation and control of records; Management responsibility; Resource management; Product realization; and Measurement, analysis and improvement. This document defines these areas and their key aspects so they can be practically managed, and that deicing operations can become safer with time. In alignment with AS6285 and AS6286, the primary focus of this standard is on the deicing/anti-icing of aircraft using deicing and anti-icing fluids.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Control Engineering Approach in Safety Management SystemsF-0073-2017-122125/9/2017
ABSTRACT Safety Management Systems (SMS) are mainly based on an operational feedback approach for continuous safety enhancement. Closed loop approaches have been dramatically developed and applied in aeronautics by control engineers. In this article, SMS is redefined in terms of automatic control and this analogy leads to the identification of three classical feedback strategies. The theoretical effect of these strategies on performances is also discussed. As in any closed loop systems, the importance of understanding how the mission stakeholders react will be found to be particularly crucial. The last aspect of this analogy is discussed through quantitative SMS, or the standard use of SMS indicators. Several aspects of decision making and quantitative analysis are then discussed.
Girondin, Victor, Morel, Stephane
Enhanced Safety Management and Risk Mitigation through Robust HFDMF-0073-2017-120855/9/2017
ABSTRACT Helicopter Flight Data Monitoring (HFDM) can be a central and effective component of an operator's safety management strategy. By capturing and processing operational information from aircraft flight data, the operator/owner can identify safety hazards, facilitate monitoring and assessment of the interaction between the pilot and the aircraft, initiate remedial actions, and support continuous improvement of the safety management system. The Robust HFDM system described in this paper also provides improved results via automation of data download and reporting. Automation is achieved by formalizing the concept of a flight operation, adding exceedance reporting, and improving the HFDM architectural design to allow for the transfer of data to secure ground based storage. In the extreme, robust HFDM also provides protection of data in the event of a mishap event that would usually only be available via post incident analysis of a crash survivable memory. This paper discusses the formalized concept of a flight operation, how regime recognition has been tailored to support the more robust application, and finally the addition of exceedance monitoring. The changes in architecture, processing and data transfer, result in a new and more robust HFDM system.
Bechhoefer, Eric, Augustin, Michael
Loss-of-Control Mishaps in Revenue Airline ServiceAIR6237 (Current)7/12/2016
The scope of this document is to provide review of recent history of loss-of-control accidents during airline revenue operations.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Conducting Helicopter Operations in Northern Labrador and the ArcticF-0070-2014-96015/20/2014
While helicopters are used for a myriad of purposes in rural and urban environments, their true potential can be measured by the support they can offer in extreme and remote areas. This paper describes a Northern Canadian operator, Universal Helicopters Newfoundland and Labrador LP, the equipment used, the tasks performed, the working conditions and the risks and challenges faced . The principal areas of operation include the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Ungava Peninsula and Canada's high and eastern Arctic. The company operates 19 light and intermediate helicopters in one of the most challenging environments in the world. The aircraft are equipped with operational equipment and accessories for operation in temperature extremes which test not only the machinery but the crews that fly and maintain them. A Safety Management System is in place to properly identify and manage the unique risks of operating in the north as well as logistical support that recognizes associated added costs. The presence of multiple aircraft and their adjacency to remote communities often results in requests from authorities to assist in Search and Rescue operations. Despite challenges from wildlife, weather, topography and a long distance supply and communications chains, operators are able to conduct helicopter operations to support scientific research and natural resource development.
Goodyear, Geoff
Soaring with Eagles: Birdstrike Analysis in the Design and Operation of New Airplanes2013-01-22349/17/2013
We live in an era of increasing twin-engine commercial airplane operations, with large and very quiet high bypass ratio engines. At the same time, due to several decades of increased attention to the environment, we have large and increasing hazardous species bird populations. These trends, when combined, are not a prescription for continued assurance of a remarkable and enviable safety record for commercial aviation. Therefore, greater diligence must be placed on the evaluation of the current and future aviation wildlife hazard. We have some new weapons in this fight for greater capability to live with this situation. The basic problem is that different databases are populated independently from one another and often contain conflicting, contradictory, and erroneous data. Databases that were used individually, but not necessarily combined, are being utilized in a conjoined methodology to give us a better picture of the actual risk involved. And new analytical techniques are being applied that will enable us to better visualize and evaluate the nature of the wildlife threat. This paper will attempt to dispel some of the myths and misconceptions about bird behavior and bird strike capability and to shed light on new and improved approaches to maintaining safer skies for the commercial aviation passenger.
Dalton, John C., Nicholson, Roger
The Evolution of Airline Safety and Security Programs2013-01-22299/17/2013
Career paths are not something that one can predict. They are as much about being in the right spot at the right time with the desired skill set as they are about having a detailed, calculated plan. How does one go from being a young Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) test engineer to being an airline Senior Vice President of Safety, Security and Compliance and the joint industry/FAA co-chair of the Commercial Aviation Safety Team? It is a bit unusual that a non-pilot ends up on an airline Operations Specification listed as the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 119 Director of Safety for one of the largest airlines in the world. Engineering background and experience were key stepping stones on that journey along with a healthy dose of skepticism. An initial assignment to make an airline's safety program robust, credible and data driven, much like the very successful aircraft reliability programs, set the direction and path forward. Today's commercial airline safety and security programs incorporate sophisticated hazard identification and risk mitigation processes taking advantage of millions of data points painstakingly reviewed for hints of emerging issues and trends. Working with just one airline's data is no longer sufficient. Broader industry analysis is required utilizing experience and information from airline partners, both domestic and international, as well as the wealth of public information available, from government radar surveillance data to social media.
Hylander, Kenneth J.
Safety Assessment of General Aviation Airplanes and Rotorcraft in Commercial ServiceARP5151 (Historical)5/9/2013
This document describes a process that may be used to perform the ongoing safety assessment for (1) GAR aircraft and components (hereafter, aircraft), and (2) commercial operators of GAR aircraft. The process described herein is intended to support an overall safety management program. It is to help a company establish and meet its own internal standards. The process described herein identifies a systematic means, but not the only means, to assess continuing airworthiness. Ongoing safety management is an activity dedicated to assuring that risk is identified and properly eliminated or controlled. The safety management process includes both safety assessment and economic decision-making. While economic decision-making (factors related to scheduling, parts, and cost) is an integral part of the safety management process, this document addresses only the Ongoing Safety Assessment Process. This Ongoing Safety Assessment Process includes safety problem identification and corrective action, tracking of problems, the application of “Lessons Learned” to improve the efficiency of the process, and reduction of the time to achieve corrective action in the field. ARP5150 is the standard for the safety assessment of Transport Airplanes in Commercial Service. ARP5151 specifies the safety assessment process for GAR aircraft in Commercial Services. While the processes are similar, their implementations are different due to operations, data availability, and sizes of individual operations.
S-18C ARP5150A and ARP5151A Working Group
Towards “Vision Zero”2012-01-02884/16/2012
“Safe Driving” is an essential world-wide automotive requirement. The demand for “Safe Driving” is particularly high in industrialized countries, but it is also growing in the fast-developing nations. However, the annual reduction of serious traffic injuries and fatalities is still too low and the target to halve the number of people killed in traffic in the European Union from 2001 to 2010 has not been met. Essential influences to close this gap include legislation, road traffic regulations and monitoring, technical improvement of vehicles including active and passive safety systems, the increase of the equipment rate for safety functions and the re-design of traffic infrastructure for safety reasons. During the last years several countries in Europe started to consider these aspects combined in an integrated and general traffic safety policy, i.e. “Vision Zero” in Sweden. This overall approach provides the basis for the ISO 39001 “Road traffic safety management”, which is planned to be published in 2012. This is undisputable an essential step to improve traffic safety, but care must be taken, not to exaggerate administration effort.
Schanz, Alexander E., Hamann, Reinhold
Determining a Safety Baseline for Unmanned Aircraft Systems2011-01-268610/18/2011
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) emerge as a viable, operational technology for potential civil and commercial applications in the National Airspace System (NAS). Although this new type of technology presents great potential, it also introduces a need for a thorough inquiry into its safety impact on the NAS. This study presents a systems-level approach to analyze the safety impact of introducing a new technology, such as UAS, into the NAS. Utilizing Safety Management Systems (SMS) principles and the existing regulatory structure, this paper outlines a methodology to determine a mandatory safety baseline for a specific area of interest regarding a new aviation technology, such as UAS Sense and Avoid. The proposed methodology is then employed to determine a baseline set of hazards and causal factors for the UAS Sense and Avoid problem domain and associated regulatory risk controls.
Oztekin, Ahmet, Lee, Xiaogong
New Functional Safety Standard WD ISO 26262 and the potential impact on the ECU development for the Indian market2009-28-002112/13/2009
There is a significant growth in the Automotive Electronic Control Unit (ECU) market in India with strong consumer emphasis for enhanced safety features and the requirements for compliance to emission regulations. The availability of better highways and intra-city roads has facilitated quick access to destinations and customers are more inclined to owning fast, yet safe cars. Emission norms and safety regulations will also push penetration levels of ECUs. This paper gives illustrations of the vehicle functionality, the identified hazards or risks associated and the safety functions required to meet the safety goal. It shows how Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions Limited (RBEI) address these requirements on development processes and the new functionalities to be introduced to comply with the safety guidelines for the vehicles produced for the Indian and global market
Meti, Lakshmi G, Zerfowski, Detlef
Will the Real Solution Please Stand Up2009-01-310611/10/2009
This technical paper and presentation addresses the need for more refined, pervasive and highly engaged technical leadership in the system safety discipline. Systems engineering disciplines have been led to believe that by following a single industry standard, generic plans, inflexible processes, proven methods and techniques a system with low safety risk will evolve with little rework. The truth is there is no prescriptive one size fits all approach, or a convention that will anticipate and cover all needs. In several domain areas, especially modern military and commercial airborne systems, diverse technology and functionality have been evolving with such high complexity and criticality that collective processes will not work unless seasoned leaders allow creativity and innovation to be part of the safety culture. Leaders must have intuitive engineering and operations judgment to determine how to best allocate effective resources to meet system safety goals and objectives. This means allowing the safety culture to evolve to the point where system safety engineers are empowered to seek performance based and functional solutions and inclusion of the human systems integration domain in error reductions, rather than following outdated hazard based models designed for federated systems before automation, high complexity and safety criticality was controlled by software and collaborative and highly integrated systems.
Hendrix, Barry
Integrated Safety Management System2009-01-317111/10/2009
The Safety Management System requires a structured Risk Management Process to be effective. In the technical fields where numerous potentially catastrophic risks exist, processes and procedures need to account not only for the hardware random failures but also of human errors. The technology has progressed to the point where the predominant safety risks are not so much the machine failures but that of the human interaction. Accidents are rarely the result of a single cause but of a number of latent contributing factors that when combined result in the accident. In the Aerospace industry, the operational risk to the fleet is assessed by the manufacturer and the operator independently and is used in safety and/or regulatory decision-making. For the manufacturer, the risk assessment is a philosophy whereby risk of a potential or actual occurrence is evaluated in comparison to the event analyzed in the system safety assessment or structural analysis performed for certification of the product. The resulting safety decision-making process involves integration of the probabilistic risk assessment, deterministic and severity perception elements such that the decisions made leads to corrective or preventative actions. The evaluations of the human factors elements are subjectively assessed based on individual experience based criteria and are difficult to integrate into the safety decision. The risk assessment is viewed as the process that records all these factors as the basis for the safety decision and prioritization of the corrective actions. In the Nuclear industry a risk-informed approach to safety and/or regulatory decision-making represents a philosophy whereby risk insights are considered together with other factors, including good engineering practice and experience, to establish the design requirements and operational issues commensurate with their importance to public health and safety. A standard risk-based approach to safety and/or regulatory decision-making is one in which a decision is based solely on the numerical results of a risk assessment. Quantitative risk analyses are important inputs to decision making, but they do not constitute an adequate or sufficient base of information for addressing the complex issues that face the nuclear power industry. For that reason such analyses are only one of the many contributing inputs to a comprehensive risk-informed decision making process. Risk-informed decision making involves integration of probabilistic, deterministic and non-quantifiable elements such that, overall, the decisions made lead to a resolution of the issue being considered that is commensurate with its risk-significance and is better to that likely to be reached if any approach is used in isolation. This paper intends to compare the Risk Management methodologies and procedures used in the Aerospace and Nuclear industries to highlight similarities and differences. The learning from these differences may then identify potential improvements to either methodology.
Kavoliunas, Michael, Klim, Zdzislaw H., Komljenovic, Dragan
Accident Data Collection Methodology for Building a Traffic Accident Database for Tamil Nadu (India)2009-26-00081/21/2009
India is facing the challenge of reducing road accident fatalities, which claim close to 100,000 lives every year. Road infrastructure is slowly improving, but the number of vehicles on the road is rising fast and so is the number of road accidents, which continue to increase year after year. The data collected by law enforcement agencies is not detailed enough to identify causes and develop solutions. Traffic accidents need to be investigated in detail to include specifics concerning crash location, vehicle damage and injuries sustained by road users. The development of such a detailed database requires the co-operation of a number of government and private organizations associated with road traffic collisions. The foundation for data collection activities is a road traffic accident notification network that enables access to accident details, crashed vehicles, and injury reports in a timely manner. This paper describes the methodology for developing a road traffic accident database for Chennai City and Tamil Nadu, which can also be extended to pan India. Crash data collected using this methodology are also presented.
Padmanaban, Jeya, Hassan, Ahamedali M., Rajaraman, Ravishankar, Rehan, Mohammad
Safety Assurance of Distributed System Architecture in Air Traffic Control Applications2007-01-38549/17/2007
The ATM systems are required to meet the integrity and performance objectives set by service providers' business and safety needs and its regulatory regime. The composability property of architecture is important for assuring safety and performance of ATM systems as it ensures that the integrity properties of the overall system on which its safety and performance depends, can be achieved by combining the integrity properties of its individual components. This paper highlights an example framework for an ATM system architecture and identifies the integrity requirements for its components and middleware. The basic design and development principles for a robust and sustainable architecture are identified from different standards and best practices. How these principles should be applied to determine the integrity principles for ATM middleware is explained. The integrity principles for an ATM system architecture include system design guidelines; hardware and software measures for fault detection, isolation and resilience; criteria for ensuring message integrity and confidentiality; and functional integrity of the horizontal and vertical services. These criteria are being used by NATS UK in the assessment and assurance of ATM systems.
Mitra, Swapan, Pateman, Giles
Control of Sideslip and Yaw Rate in Cars Equipped with 4-Wheel Steer-by-Wire2004-01-20765/4/2004
This paper presents a new steering controller for cars equipped with 4-wheel steer-by-wire. The controller commands the front and rear steering angles with the objective of tracking reference sideslip and yaw rate signals describing the desired car lateral dynamics. In addition, the controller automatically rejects any disturbances in sideslip and yaw rate caused, for example, by μ-split braking manoeuvres or lateral wind gusts. The structure of the controller is based on a simplified model of the lateral dynamics of 4-wheel steering cars. This structure allows an originally complex multivariable control design problem to be broken down into two simpler single-input, single-output (SISO) control design problems by means of the Individual Channel Design (ICD) methodology. Within the proposed structure, individual sideslip and yaw rate controllers, valid for varying vehicle speed, can be designed using classical linear control design techniques. An anti-windup scheme has been incorporated into the steering controller to mitigate the effects of the saturation or failure of the rear steering actuators. Results from a detailed non-linear simulation model are given to illustrate the controller's performance, robustness and integrity to rear actuator failure.
Vilaplana, Miguel A., Leith, Douglas J., Leithead, William E., Kalkkuhl, Jens
Interior Sensing for Automotive Occupant Safety2002-21-003110/21/2002
The industry strategy for automotive safety systems has been evolving over the last 20 years. Systems, such as frontal and side airbags, are available today on the worldwide market that provide proven safety benefits. Interest in advanced safety systems for occupant protection and accident avoidance, is focused on making further reductions in road fatalities and injuries. Interior occupant sensing systems for advanced restraint systems, trapped occupant sensing, and driver monitoring are today under intense development as part of the industry's safety vision. In this paper, we will discuss the need for and requirements of interior occupant sensing systems, as well as applicable technologies
Kosiak, Walter K., Fultz, William W., Witt, Gerard J.
Is ‘Safe’ Safe Enough?2001-01-26719/11/2001
This paper advances the proposition that although the outside world perceives aviation as ‘safe’ and accepting that the accident rate is slowly falling, there remain a number of accidents every year which appear to have common causes. Is aviation really a learning industry? Could significant progress be made by requiring airlines to demonstrate that lessons have been learnt and procedures changed accordingly? Where the cause is technical, change occurs through the manufacturer and the regulator. Where operating procedures and human factors are involved changes occur slowly, if at all. The author suggests three courses of action for improvement.
Passmore, James
Evaluation of a Safety Program7006512/1/1970
A systematic approach to safety evaluation can be a valuable tool to the safety official and to the engineering manager. The effective use of this tool will reduce the frequency of mishaps, and when mishaps do occur (as in the Apollo 13 mission), it will assure that a maximum number of alternatives are available to minimize the danger to personnel.
Bolger, P. H.
The NASA System Safety Program6907102/1/1969
The NASA System Safety Program, its implementation and supporting organizational structure are discussed. The program is related to overall safety activity and evolution of concepts, which were based on previously identified constraints. The concept of “establishing the requirements and then measuring the system safety program performance against those requirements” was described as the implementing technique. The results of the program are reviewed.
Harris, R. Emerson
Defining the Safety Mission6706682/1/1967
A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT of the System Safety Engineering concept which requires attention and improvement is that of defining the more subtle safety requirements of a complex system. It is suggested that safety requirements must be presented in measurable terms and expressions if they are to be consistantly and effectively incorporated in design.
Gordon, Rex B.
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