Browse Topic: Rescue operations

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Optimal Approaches of Unmanned Helicopters in Wind-Sensitive Maritime OperationsF-0081-2025-02485/20/2025
Helicopters' Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) capabilities are essential for maritime operations, especially for small-deck naval vessels. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offer a cheaper, expendable, and efficient alternative for certain tasks, such as reducing pilot risk and lowering fuel consumption. While the procedures to approach and land on (moving) ships are standardized and bound to established operational limits in the case of crewed helicopters, UAVs lack such guidelines. This study investigates optimal rotary-wing UAV approach trajectories to a moving ship, for varying wind conditions and relative initial positions, and for different objectives. The goal is to provide preliminary guidelines for maritime UAV recovery operations, and a preliminary estimation of performance-based operational limits. The optimal trajectories are obtained using a global path-performance optimization framework based on Optimal Control Theory. The trajectories are compared to each other and to reference cases using the Longest Common SubSequence (LCSS) similarity measure, revealing how the unmanned helicopter adjusts its path to exploit the wind direction and profile for more efficient ground speeds. The violation of performance and/or geometric constraints is used to preliminarily indicate the presence of operational boundaries. The control effort and energy consumption are used to identify optimal starting positions for the helicopter approach phase for a given wind profile and intensity.
Pavel, Marilena, Voskuijl, Mark, Varriale, Carmine, Zilver, Damy
Pilots' Gaze Behavior During Simulated Helicopter Air-to-Air RefuelingF-0080-2024-12945/7/2024
Refueling mid air is considered as important force multiplier for e.g. conducting search and rescue operations. Due to close proximity to the tanker, the refueling hose and drogue as well as the receiver can be strongly affected by the tanker's wake. Thus, the refueling drogue extended from the tanker by a hose is often oscillating from turbulence. Contact with the tanker has to be established by positioning the receiver's refueling probe within the tanker's drogue. During qualification training pilots are instructed to not focus on the drogue, due to its oscillations. This is done since chasing the drogue often leads to over-controlling and therefore mostly to a failed contact attempt. The presented research aims for improving today's Helicopter Air-to-Air Refueling (HAAR) as well as related training efficiency by a gain of understanding in this phenomenon. Therefore, the HAAR real-time simulation scenario at German Aerospace Center's (DLR) Air Vehicle Simulator (AVES) was extended with a multi body hose and a probe/drogue contact model to enable realistic contact initiation. During a piloted campaign, a total of six pilots with different levels of HAAR experience conducted the maneuver. This paper presents an analysis of obtained eye tracking data with regards to gaze entropy, total fixation duration on defined areas of interest and corresponding time history of control inputs. Potential links between gaze entropy and perceived workload that might be observed in the data are also discussed. Results show that the metrics can highlight differences in successful and unsuccessful attempts for contact of HAAR experienced and inexperienced pilots.
Schmidt, Sven, Jusko, Tim, Greiwe, Daniel
AVSC Best Practice for First Responder Interactions with Fleet-Managed Automated Driving System-Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs)AVSC0000520201212/10/2020
This Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium (AVSC) Best Practice for First Responder Interactions with Fleet-Managed Automated Driving System-Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs) (AVSC00005202012) recommends a common approach for describing the interactions and associated protocols for incorporating vital information, regarding first responder interactions with SAE level 4 and level 5 fleet operated vehicles, into on-going development and deployment plans. This best practice provides the following: Definitions of roles associated with emergency situations / processes, Descriptions of expected interactions (use cases) between first responders and ADS-DVs, Recommendations to address first responder and ADS-DV interactions, and Recommends a First Responder Interaction Plan framework. This best practice is also intended to provide the means for continued engagement and dialogue between first responders, developers, manufacturers, fleet operators and local communities to promote safe operations and consumer acceptance of fleet-managed ADS-DVs.
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
Low-Bandwidth Radar Technology Provides Improved Detection of ObjectsTBMG-3569012/1/2019
Radar technologies were originally designed to identify and track airborne military targets. Today, they're more often used to detect motor vehicles, weather formations, and geological terrain. Until now, scientists believed that radar accuracy and resolution are related to the range of frequencies or radio bandwidth used by the devices. A new approach inspired by optical coherence tomography (OCT) requires little to no bandwidth to accurately create a high-resolution map of a radar's surrounding environment. The new technology has numerous applications, especially with respect to the automotive industry.
Stall Mitigation and Lift Enhancement of NACA 0012 with Triangle-Shaped Surface Protrusion at a Reynolds Number of 105 01-12-02-000711/21/2019
Abstract Transient numerical simulations are conducted over a NACA 0012 airfoil with triangular protrusions at a Reynolds number (Re) of 100000 using the γ-Reθ transition Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. Protrusions of heights 0.5%c, 1%c, and 2%c are placed at one of the three locations, viz, the leading edge (LE), 5%c on the suction surface, and 5%c on the pressure surface, while the angle of attack (AOA) is varied between 0° and 20°. Results obtained from the time-averaged solution of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equation indicate that the smaller protrusion placed at 5%c on the suction surface improves the post-stall lift coefficient by up to 59%, without altering the pre-stall characteristics. The improvement in time-averaged lift coefficients comes with enhanced flow unsteadiness due to vigorous vortex shedding. For a given protrusion height, the vortex shedding frequency decreases as the AOA is increased, while the amplitude of fluctuations in lift coefficient increases as the protrusion height is increased or as the AOA is increased. Nevertheless, mitigation of static stall phenomena is observed for most configurations investigated, and this finding can be beneficial for the design of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). The enhancement in the vortex shedding frequencies due to triangular protrusion can be utilized for Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIVs)-based energy generators.
Bodavula, Aslesha, Yadav, Rajesh, Guven, Ugur
Compact Antenna Enables Communication Where Radios FailTBMG-351579/1/2019
A pocket-sized antenna was developed that could enable mobile communication in situations where conventional radios don’t work such as underwater, through the ground, and over very long distances through air. The device emits very low frequency (VLF) radiation with wavelengths of tens to hundreds of miles. These waves travel long distances beyond the horizon and can penetrate environments that would block radio waves with shorter wavelengths. While today’s most powerful VLF technology requires gigantic emitters, this antenna is only four inches tall, so it could potentially be used for tasks that demand high mobility including rescue and defense missions.
Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended PracticeJ2990_201907 (Current)7/29/2019
xEVs involved in incidents present unique hazards associated with the high voltage system (including the battery system). These hazards can be grouped into three categories: chemical, electrical, and thermal. The potential consequences can vary depending on the size, configuration, and specific battery chemistry. Other incidents may arise from secondary events such as garage fires and floods. These types of incidents are also considered in the recommended practice (RP). This RP aims to describe the potential consequences associated with hazards from xEVs and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred with an electrified vehicle. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries used for vehicle propulsion power are the assumed battery system of this RP. This chemistry is the prevailing technology associated with high voltage vehicle electrification today and the foreseeable future. The hazards associated with Li-ion battery chemistries are addressed in this RP. Other chemistries and alternative propulsion systems including hydrogen fuel cells are not considered in this version of SAE J2990. Recommendations for hazards associated with hydrogen vehicles can be found in SAE J2990/1.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Intelligent Parachute Rescue SystemTBMG-343395/1/2019
Drone Rescue GmbH Graz, Austria +43 660 140 80 55
Artificial “Blubber” Protects Divers in Frigid WaterTBMG-324828/1/2018
When Navy SEALs carry out dives in Arctic waters, or when rescue teams are diving under ice-covered rivers or ponds, the survival time even in the best wetsuits is very limited — as little as tens of minutes. Researchers have discovered a process to triple that survival time.
Autonomous Robotic Self-RightingTBMG-286994/1/2018
Robots are increasingly being used for various applications including search and rescue operations and combat situations. Unfortunately, during the performance of maneuvers, a robot may fall or tip over, preventing it from moving normally. Controlling the robot to successfully right itself can be a difficult and time-consuming task for operators — a major problem in situations that may be both time-sensitive and dangerous; for example, those controlling the robot must determine how to re-orient the robot to a desired position, if it is possible.
Validation of Simulated Ship Air Wake Effects on Helicopter RecoveriesF-0073-2017-121895/9/2017
ABSTRACT The Royal Australian Navy completed a series of First of Class Flight Trials in 2015 to establish Ship Helicopter Operating Limitations for Australian Defence Force rotary wing aircraft to the Canberra Class Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD). A Risk Reduction Tool (RTT) was developed to understand the impact of LHD airflow behavior on rotary wing operations. Specifically, the tool combined a ship air wake, a flight dynamic and a Pilot Model to provide an indicative effect of the air wake on pilot controls throughout an MRH90 recovery evolution. A verification of this tool suggests that the RRT in isolation was not able to characterize the flight environment with sufficient fidelity to predict pilot workload during recovery operations to the LHD. However, the RRT improved upon the information provided through stand-alone ship air wake analysis and as such the tool is suitable as a risk reduction measure prior to flight testing.
Jarrett, David, Manso, Sylvain
Thermal Imaging Cameras See Through the SmokeTBMG-2355812/8/2015
Scientists, researchers, automation specialists, electrical and building professionals, and security specialists use thermal imaging cameras (TICs) to discover hidden heat patterns and gain new insights in their fields of expertise. Thermal imaging technology, however, can also save lives. Firefighters use thermal imaging cameras every day to see through smoke, locate and rescue victims, identify hot spots, navigate safely, and stay better oriented during response missions.
Slung Load Divergence Speed Predictions for Vehicle Shapes2015-01-25709/15/2015
Loads slung under aircraft can go into divergent oscillations coupling multiple degrees of freedom. Predicting the highest safe flight speed for a vehicle-load combination is a critical challenge, both for military missions over hostile areas, and for evacuation/rescue operations. The primary difficulty was that of obtaining well-resolved airload maps covering the arbitrary attitudes that a slung load may take. High speed rotorcraft using tilting rotors and co-axial rotors can fly at speeds that imply high dynamic pressure, making aerodynamic loads significant even on very dense loads such as armored vehicles, artillery weapons, and ammunition. The Continuous Rotation method demonstrated in our prior work enables routine prediction of divergence speeds. We build on prior work to explore the prediction of divergence speed for practical configurations such as military vehicles, which often have complex bluff body shapes. Results from simulations are presented for 3 vehicle shapes: one resembling a military truck, a Humvee, and a Sentinel Tactical Response Vehicle. Generic comparisons are shown where mass and sling length are held constant, across a variety of shapes. As expected, lower density causes a lower divergence speed. Between the vehicles, the flatter Humvee and the Sentinel show lower divergence speeds compared to the truck model. The results indicate that with specified inertia distributions, Froude scaling can be used to predict divergence speed for arbitrary configurations.
Liberi, Brandon, Kijjakarn, Praditukrit, Komerath, Narayanan
Towards Establishing Flying Qualities Requirements for Maritime Unmanned Aircraft SystemsF-0071-2015-101675/5/2015
ABSTRACT This paper describes the continuing development work being undertaken to establish Flying Qualities Requirements for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) that will be expected to operate in the Maritime Environment. A UAS Dynamics Model (UDM) has been developed to allow the rapid investigation of the aircraft dynamics required to conduct ship-deck launch and recovery operations. The process used to develop the UDM is described along with the method used to fix the UDM dynamics to ADS-33E-PRF style bandwidth criteria. Two turbulence model structures are described and a preliminary test of the model dynamics in the lateral axis is reported. The model has been initially configured to assess an SH-60B-class UAS operating from a Type 23 Frigate. These preliminary investigations show that the methods being pursued hold promise to achieve the project aims.
Fell, Thomas, Owen, Ieuan, Jump, Michael, White, Mark
Conducting Helicopter Operations in Northern Labrador and the ArcticF-0070-2014-96015/20/2014
While helicopters are used for a myriad of purposes in rural and urban environments, their true potential can be measured by the support they can offer in extreme and remote areas. This paper describes a Northern Canadian operator, Universal Helicopters Newfoundland and Labrador LP, the equipment used, the tasks performed, the working conditions and the risks and challenges faced . The principal areas of operation include the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Ungava Peninsula and Canada's high and eastern Arctic. The company operates 19 light and intermediate helicopters in one of the most challenging environments in the world. The aircraft are equipped with operational equipment and accessories for operation in temperature extremes which test not only the machinery but the crews that fly and maintain them. A Safety Management System is in place to properly identify and manage the unique risks of operating in the north as well as logistical support that recognizes associated added costs. The presence of multiple aircraft and their adjacency to remote communities often results in requests from authorities to assist in Search and Rescue operations. Despite challenges from wildlife, weather, topography and a long distance supply and communications chains, operators are able to conduct helicopter operations to support scientific research and natural resource development.
Goodyear, Geoff
Chemical Oxygen SuppliesAIR1133A (Historical)10/8/2012
Solid chemical oxygen supplies of interest to aircraft operations are "chlorate candles" and potassium superoxide (KO2). Chlorate candles are used in passenger oxygen supply units and other emergency oxygen systems, such as submarines and escape devices. Potassium superoxide is not used in aircraft operations but is used in closed-cycle breathing apparatus. Characteristics and applications of both are discussed, with emphasis on chlorate candles.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Nonlinear Estimation Approach to Real-Time Georegistration from Aerial ImagesTBMG-146689/1/2012
When taking aerial images, it is important to know locations of specific points of interest in an Earth-centered coordinate system (latitude, longitude, height) (see figure). The correspondence between a pixel location in the image and its Earth coordinate is known as georegistration. There are two main technical challenges arising in the intended application. The first is that no known features are assumed to be available in any of the images. The second is that the intended applications are real time. Here, images are taken at regular intervals (i.e. once per second), and it is desired to make decisions in real time based on the geolocation of specific objects seen in the images as they arrive. This is in sharp contrast to most current methods for geolocation that operate “after-the-fact” by processing, on the ground, a database of stored images using computationally intensive methods.
Distributed, Collaborative Human- Robotic Networks for Search, Identify, and TrackTBMG-128422/1/2012
A human-robotic system is under development that can map an unknown environment, as well as discover, track, and neutralize several static and dynamic objects of interest. In addition, the robots can coordinate their individual tasks with one another without overly burdening a human operator. The testbed utilizes the Segway RMP platform, with lidar, vision, inertial, and GPS sensors. The software draws from autonomous systems research, specifically in the areas of pose estimation, target detection and tracking, motion and behavioral planning, and human robot interaction.
Safety and Operational Improvements Using Head-Up Displays in Small Aircraft and Helicopters2011-01-252810/18/2011
Small aircraft and helicopters have an increasing need for “heads out” presentations, which means a projected presentation of symbols and images, primarely infrared, on an optical combiner in the pilots field of view. The information presented will appear at an infinite distance i.e. the focal point is far away enabling the pilot to see the symbology superimposed on and correlated to the outside world. The driving factors for a “heads out” presentations are increased safety through improved situation awareness in almost all weather conditions as well as operational improvements due to reduced landing minima prerequisites in adverse weather conditions. Also safety during taxiing and landing are improved through early detection of eventual other aircraft and objects. The landing aid is important for small aircraft like business jets that often fly into unequipped airfields. The overall benefits are reduction in number of incidents/accidents, cost savings and reduced number of diversions. For helicopters performing special transport missions, for example transporting people and gods to off-shore oil platforms, a system featuring heads out symbology and infrared imagery would mean a great safety improvement during adverse weather. The presented information shows the pilot what he needs for flight and navigation, gives guidance to assist his maneuvering of the aircraft and enhances his vision through use of special imaging sensors. The heads-out solution is configured into a sub-system in different ways. The Head-Up Display (HUD) cold be sold as a stand-alone equipment integrated into the avionics data buses or as one part of the total cockpit display system or as an Enhanced Flight Vision System (with the display itself and an infrared camera). New types of head-up displays are no longer designed as two units, an over-head projector and a combiner, but built into one single unit using new optical solutions. In combination with a reduced equipment and integration cost. This will open up the introduction into smaller aircraft and helicopters. One trend breaking solution is the newly developed Saab Head-Up Display (HUD) named RIGS.
Brandtberg, Hans, Zanden, Johan
Teleoperated Marsupial Mobile Sensor Platform Pair for Telepresence Insertion Into Challenging StructuresTBMG-104657/1/2011
A platform has been developed for two or more vehicles with one or more residing within the other (a marsupial pair). This configuration consists of a large, versatile robot that is carrying a smaller, more specialized autonomous operating robot(s) and/or mobile repeaters for extended transmission. The larger vehicle, which is equipped with a ramp and/or a robotic arm, is used to operate over a more challenging topography than the smaller one(s) that may have a more limited inspection area to traverse. The intended use of this concept is to facilitate the insertion of a small video camera and sensor platform into a difficult entry area. In a terrestrial application, this may be a bus or a subway car with narrow aisles or steep stairs.
Low-Profile, Dual-Wavelength, Dual-Polarized AntennaTBMG-65581/1/2010
A single-aperture, low-profile antenna design has been developed that supports dual-polarization and simultaneous operation at two wavelengths. It realizes multiple beams in the elevation plane, and supports radiometric, radar, and conical scanning applications.
Microgravity, Mesh-Crawling Legged RobotsTBMG-31379/1/2008
The design, fabrication, and microgravity flight-testing are part of a continuing development of palm-sized mobile robots that resemble spiders (except that they have six legs apiece, whereas a spider has eight legs). Denoted SpiderBots (see figure), they are prototypes of proposed product line of relatively inexpensive walking robots that could be deployed in large numbers to function cooperatively in construction, repair, exploration, search, and rescue activities in connection with exploration of outer space and remote planets.
Software-Defined Radios for Urban and Indoor NavigationTBMG-48104/1/2008
Software-defined radios (SDRs) are being developed to provide positioning and communication (POSCOMM) services inside buildings and tunnels, under tree canopies, and in other environments in which local radio- communication systems are accessible but Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are not present or are degraded. These SDRs could be especially helpful for teams of first responders (e.g., firefighters), and military personnel operating in urban settings. These SDRs are capable of navigating by use of GPS signals and can switch over to time-of-arrival (TOA) pseudolite navigation when GPS signals become unavailable, provided that signals from suitably placed TOA pseudolite transmitter nodes are available.
High-Performance Processor of Hyperspectral ImagesTBMG-22621/1/2002
The Remote Sensing Hyperspectral Engine (RSHE) is a special-purpose, portable computer that performs high-performance processing of hyperspectral image data collected by a remote-sensing optoelectronic apparatus. Typically, the remote-sensing apparatus is airborne or spaceborne, the images are of terrain, and the purpose of collecting and analyzing the image data is to estimate the spatially varying abundances of materials of interest. Remote-sensing applications in which the RSHE could prove beneficial include assessment of crops, exploration for minerals, identification of military targets, urban-planning studies, environmental assessment, and large-area search-and- rescue operations.
Breathing Apparatus Stores Cold Supercritical AirTBMG-3003611/1/1999
The supercritical air mobility pack (SCAMP) is a prototype self-contained breathing apparatus designed for use in rescue and fire-fighting operations (see figure). The SCAMP is based on the storage of air at supercritical pressure in a temperature range slightly above that of liquid air. Like breathing apparatuses based on the storage of liquid air ("liquid-air packs," for short), the SCAMP offers the advantages of compactness and light weight. In addition, the SCAMP offers the following advantages, as explained below:
Laser Power Transmission as a Terrestrial Expedition Power Supply Under Normal Conditions and as a Rescue System in Case of an Emergency1999-01-24408/2/1999
The concept of wireless power transmission (WPT) by using a focused power beam of electromagnetic radiation (microwave and laser ranges) is a very promising modern engineering idea for different space and terrestrial applications. As various WPT systems come to be better understood the list of possible applications expands. In particular, a space based orbital WPT system based on a solid-state solar pumped laser can be successful when used as a power supply system for different terrestrial expeditions and as a rescue system in the case of sea and aviation catastrophes. As is known, the existing international monitoring and search system COSPAS-SARSAT makes possible the immediate location of an accident by using a satellite system. Unfortunately, the fast location of people in these situations is not sufficient to save lives because people quickly perish of cold and thirst. It is apparent that the chance to save people after sea and aviation crashes may be substantially increased with prompt and reliable power supply to the site of the catastrophe. The analysis of possible technical parameters of such an orbital laser WPT systems is presented in this paper.
Smakhtin, Andrey P.
High-Recovery Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis9213537/1/1992
Membrane performance parameters have been obtained for high water recovery operation in the pressure range up to 1.4 MPascals (200 psig) for system modeling. Simple equations can be fitted to these measurements, from which RO system performance can be predicted or simulated as part of a model of system performance. A single-pump configuration with feedback has been found useful in reaching high brine osmotic pressures in continuous-flow operation. Enhanced brine concentration as well as an enhanced fraction of product/feed water recovery can be obtained by recycling a second-stage permeate of intermediate quality. For spaceflight recycling of hygiene water this permits lower pressure-vessel ratings, or higher water recovery, or both.
Herrmann, Cal C.
Civil Development and Certification of a Helicopter Automatic Approach and Hover System on the Sikorsky S-769119759/1/1991
BACKGROUND - Sikorsky Aircraft and Honeywell incorporated, in response to customer requirements, began development of an all weather Search and Rescue (SAR) capable S-76 helicopter in April 1989. To accomplish this primarily over water rescue mission, an automatic approach and hover capability was added to the standard Digital Automatic Flight Control System (DAFCS). A key element to the system was the automatic approach and hover with doppler velocity control, and new approach-to-hover and hover Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) displays. DEVELOPMENT - The SPZ-7600 DAFCS autopilot with the added SAR modes required the most development effort. Similar autopilots had been developed by Honeywell in other helicopters, but none had been taken to full FAA certification. To aid in mission success, the system was designed to remain coupled to the remaining autopilot in the event of a single autopilot failure, a significant change from the standard DAFCS autopilot where single autopilot coupling is not permitted. This technical approach required a careful analysis of coupled single autopilot control actuator gains, pilot delay times after autopilot malfunctions, and synchronization of each autopilot flight director so that automatic switching after a failure would be accomplished smoothly and safely. A large portion of the flight testing was dedicated to achieving this highly important goal. FLIGHT TEST - A total of 125 flight test hours were dedicated to development of the SAR autopilot. Each individual SAR mode, APPROACH 1, APPROACH 2, MARK ON TARGET (MOT), VELOCITY HOLD, RAD ALT HOLD, and CLIMB was flown repeatedly until helicopter response was optimized. After, dual autopilot optimization, the process was repeated coupled to a single autopilot. Failure mode testing followed successful development of the SAR modes. Control hardovers in all axes were tested to insure that dual autopilot minimum recovery times of 3.5 seconds and single autopilot times of 1.5 seconds could be met. Pitch hard-overs and collective down failures proved to be the most critical and were tested at the extremes of the weight and center of gravity envelope. RESULTS - After completion of company tests, the helicopter was flown by FAA pilots of varied background and helicopter experience, over 50 automatic approaches were flown successfully during the certification flight tests, including night overwater approaches. Extensive evaluation of the system failure modes, including flight control hardovers, was completed successfully. On 16 October 1990, Sikorsky received the first FAA certification of an automatic approach and hover system on a civil helicopter. The system allows unrestricted over water automatic approach and hover operations in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC), single or dual autopilot. CONCLUSION - The Sikorsky S-76 with the Honeywell SPZ-7600 autopilot with automatic approach and hover capability, provides a significant increase in the capability for civil operators to prosecute search and rescue operations under all weather conditions.
Gurley, Sydney E.
The Next Step for the MMU - Capabilities and Enhancements8610137/14/1986
The Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) was flown on three Shuttle flights during 1984 and demonstrated just some of its many capabilities. In addition to the satellite rendezvous, docking, and stabilization techniques already verified, the MMU has the capability to rescue disabled crewmembers, assist with satellite servicing and refueling, perform inspections and photography, and assist with on-orbit construction. Many of these capabilities have applications in both the Shuttle and Space Station eras. Various augmentations to the MMU are being considered and developed for these future applications. Enhancements discussed in this paper include a digital electronics assembly, navigation aid, and a propellant tank kit.
Rogers, Leslie J. A.
Aerial Photography Operations in the Coast and Geodetic Survey6702322/1/1967
Through the exploitation of color, infrared, and panchromatic aerial films, the Coast and Geodetic Survey has developed aerial photography skills and procedures that have removed much of the hazardous and back-breaking work from charting shoreline and locating landmarks and aids to nautical navigation. It has extended these techniques to aeronautical and airport obstruction charting, and more recently has applied photogrammetric principles to mapping boundaries, making crustal movement surveys, measuring tidal currents, and for extending horizontal control.
Moran, Lt. Francis D.
Operational Employment Criteria (A Space Age Management Tool)6405901/1/1964
The major thesis of this paper is that management of an ICBM or space system must be preplanned; that management by reaction has no place in such systems. Martin-Denver’s experience with developing Titan II use plans is described, and the value of this preplanning is analyzed and compared with conventional methods of management by reaction. The advantages of use plans for future programs are discussed in terms of the following three questions: 1. When in the program should use plans appear, and why? 2. How should use plans be used during system development? 3. What should be the final disposition of use plans?
Morgan, C. J.
Airborne Fire Suppression and Rescue Techniques6204411/1/1962
Helicopters have attained a new stage in rescue operations. From being used primarily to retrieve and transport crash victims, they have now emerged as an integrated airborne crash fire rescue system by virtue of the development of especially designed helicopters, specialized equipment, and refined techniques. This integrated system is presently being used as a primary means of rescuing aircraft crash survivors from post crash fires, especially where surface rescue equipment is not immediately available. Examples of rescues are presented.
Jordon, H. F.
ESCAPE SYSTEMS: A METHODOLOGY TO MEET THE NEEDS5800791/1/1958
BECK, ARONALD I., HILDEBRAND, GEREOGE
“SOME ASPECTS OF AIR TRANSPORT OPERATION”4900371/1/1949
Kirchner, Otto E.
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Notes on Safety in Airline Operations)4600601/1/1946
LEDERER, JEROME
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