Browse Topic: Evacuation and escape

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Impact of Harness Integrated Crash RestraintsF-0081-2025-02705/20/2025
The Crashworthy and Escape Systems Branch at NAWCAD has been developing an integrated restraint harness concept for several years, with the intent of developing a novel method of providing improved occupant protection in a crash scenario. A series of tests was conducted on the Horizontal Accelerator at NAS Patuxent River to evaluate the performance of the prototype integrated-restraint system under MIL-STD-58095 conditions with the 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD). While occupant flail was the primary metric being analyzed in this effort, ATD instrumentation was also captured, showing that the integrated restraint system demonstrated a significant reduction in head flail compared to five-point restraints while maintaining injury criteria within acceptable levels.
Anderson, Eric, Minnich, Shannon
EDITORIAL: Farewell and thanks, Mr. Birch21AUTP06_041/27/2025
“We pay close attention to the SAE magazines because your guy in Europe writes interesting articles,” a BMW engineering executive told me one year at the Frankfurt Motor Show. He was referring to Stuart Birch, our veteran European Editor, who has recently decided - after nearly 37 years of outstanding reporting for SAE International - to hang up his keyboard and spend more time with his wife, Kim, their family and friends in the British countryside, and his classic Porsche 911. Our staff had been dreading the day that Stuart would announce his retirement, foremost because he's been a great friend as well as a colleague. And because journalists with his qualities - professionalism, perspective, a powerful work ethic and great wit - are increasingly rare in the mobility-technology space. As SAE's global audience knew, Stuart Birch delivered compelling technical and business information. He covered product, processes and people with equal poise. And he thrived on the R&D beat: Virtual
Brooke, Lindsay
Performance Standard for Passenger Smoke and Toxic Fumes Respiratory Protective EquipmentAS8048A (Current)9/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the performance requirements for equipment to be used by untrained cabin occupants for protection from toxic and irritant atmospheres while on board and during evacuation of an aircraft.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Performance Standard for Passenger Smoke and Toxic Fumes Respiratory Protective EquipmentAS8048A-TEST-REC (Historical)9/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the performance requirements for equipment to be used by untrained cabin occupants for protection from toxic and irritant atmospheres while on board and during evacuation of an aircraft.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Performance Standard for Cabin Crew Portable Protective Breathing Equipment for Use During Aircraft EmergenciesAS8047 (Current)8/9/2021
This aerospace standard (AS) defines the requirements of portable protective breathing equipment for use during smoke/fire conditions on board an aircraft.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Safety Considerations of Carry-On Baggage Relating to the Emergency Evacuation of Transport Category AircraftARP4072A (Current)5/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides information and recommended guidelines for handling carry-on baggage prior to emergencies and during the emergency evacuation of transport category aircraft. Recommendations are provided on limiting the size, amount, and weight of carry-on baggage brought into the cabin, improved stowage of carry-on baggage to minimize hazards to passengers in flight and during emergency evacuations, and procedures to ensure carry-on baggage is not removed during an emergency evacuation.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)J2540/2_202012 (Current)12/6/2020
This standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing International Traveler Information Systems (ITIS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. The tables provided herein follow the rules of SAE J2540 and therefore allow a local representation in various different languages, media expressions, etc., to allow true international use of these phrases. The phrases are predominantly intended for use in the description of traffic-related events of interest to travelers and other traffic practitioners. Other phrases exist for other specific specialty areas of ITS, and all such phrases follow a set of encoding and decoding rules outlined in SAE J2540 to ensure that the use of these phrases in messages remain interoperable between disparate types of user equipment. Implementers are cautioned to obtain the most recent set of tables by means of the ITS data registry, a process which involves SAE and other standards-setting organizations, and which is
V2X Core Technical Committee
The Effect of Obesity on Rollover Ejection and Injury Risks2020-01-12194/14/2020
Obesity rates are increasing among the general population. This study investigates the effect of obesity on ejection and injury risk in rollover crashes through analysis of field accident data contained in the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database. The study involved front outboard occupants of age 15+ years in 1994+ model year vehicle rollover crashes. Occupants were sorted into two BMI groups, normal (18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Complete and partial ejection risks were first assessed by seating location relative to roll direction and belt use. The risk of serious-to-fatal injuries (MAIS 3+F) in non-ejected occupants were then evaluated. The overall risk for complete ejection was 2.10% ± 0.43% when near-sided and 2.65% ± 0.63% when far-sided, with a similar risk for both the normal and obese BMI groups. Complete ejection was highest for unbelted occupants, irrespective of BMI, and uncommon for belted occupants
Parenteau, Chantal, Smedley, Janine, Carhart, Michael, Dibb, Alan
Flight Deck Interior Doors for Transport AircraftARP4101/8A (Current)2/18/2020
This document recommends criteria for standardizing flight deck interior doors and their operation to optimize their use under normal and emergency conditions.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Heat Transfer Enhancement in Stagnation Region of Aero-Engine Inlet Vanes due to Ejection Slot and Anisotropic Heat Conduction2019-01-20406/10/2019
Ice protection is important for aero-engine induction system, such as the inlet vanes. For the ice protection of such parts manufactured with low thermal conductivity polymer-based composite material, the combined heating method using interior jet impingement and exterior ejection film has certain advantages. The simulation model coupling CFD with solid heat conduction was developed and solved with the anisotropic thermal conductivities model to investigate the heat transfer enhancement in the stagnation region of aero-engine inlet vanes due to ejection slot and anisotropic heat conduction, which is related to the curved geometry, ejection slots and anisotropic heat conduction. The temperature distribution and heat flux ratio between the stagnation region on outside surface and the impingement region inside were calculated and analyzed for the configuration with different ejection angle and different materials. The results show that ejection slots and anisotropic heat conduction plays
Ke, Peng, Liu, Jie, Schaeflein, Lukas, Yang, Kun, Zhou, Hongkui
Wearable Devices Allow Direct Communication by TouchTBMG-341554/1/2019
Emergency situations such as trying to escape heavy smoke from fire could leave the sense of touch as the only way to find an exit. Rather than trying to look at a smartphone screen, a smartwatch — alerted by the same alarms — begins “speaking” through the wearer’s skin, giving directions with coded vibrations, squeezes, and tugs with meanings as clear as spoken words. In other scenarios, a surgeon or a pilot might find it useful to have another channel of communication.
Emergency Portability of Slide/RaftsARP5252A (Current)3/18/2019
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends design features for facilitating relocation of portable slide/rafts for deployment at an alternate exit under ditching conditions.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Survival Kit - Life Rafts and Slide/RaftsARP1282B (Current)3/5/2019
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) applies to survival kits to be carried with life rafts or slide/rafts on transport category airplanes flying extended over-water routes and equipped with approved satellite alerting devices (e.g., 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)), available for deployment after an emergency landing.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Offshore Oil Workers Learn Survival Skills in Astronaut Training PoolTBMG-336912/1/2019
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Aircraft Parachute Recovery SystemsTBMG-337612/1/2019
BRS Aerospace South St. Paul, MN 651-457-7491
New Laser for Improving Telecommunications and ComputingTBMG-3338912/1/2018
The first laser based on the wave physics phenomenon called bound states in the continuum (BIC) has been developed. The technology could revolutionize the development of surface lasers, making them more compact and energy-efficient for communications and computing applications. The BIC lasers could also be developed as high-power lasers for industrial and defense applications.
Exits and Their Operation - Air Transport Cabin EmergencyARP488F (Current)3/14/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design and performance recommendations for emergency exits in the passenger cabin.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Demonstration Emergency EquipmentARP6239 (Historical)1/4/2017
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends the design and features of aircraft demonstration emergency equipment for use in passenger safety briefings.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Aircraft Evacuation Signal SystemARP1178B (Historical)10/22/2016
This Aerospace Recommended Practice recommends general criteria for the development and installation of an aircraft emergency signal system to permit any crew member (flight or cabin) to inform all other crew members that an emergency evacuation situation exists and that an evacuation has been or should be immediately started.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Issues in Stairway Design Aboard Transport Category AirplanesAIR5670 (Historical)10/22/2016
This document contains information that can be used by the air transportation industry to evaluate the design of airplane interior stairways with respect to the safety of passengers and crew in normal operating conditions and emergency evacuations.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Experimental Investigation on a 3D Wing Section Hosting Multiple SJAs for Stall Control Purpose2015-01-24539/15/2015
Flow control over aerodynamic shapes in order to achieve performance enhancements has been a lively research area for last two decades. Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) are devices able to interact actively with the flow around their hosting structure by providing ejection and suction of fluid from the enclosed cavity containing a piezo-electric oscillating membrane through dedicated orifices. The research presented in this paper concerns the implementation of zero-net-mass-flux SJAs airflow control system on a NACA0015, low aspect ratio wing section prototype. Two arrays with each 10 custom-made SJAs, installed at 10% and 65% of the chord length, make up the actuation system. The sensing system consists of eleven acoustic pressure transducers distributed in the wing upper surface and on the flap, an accelerometer placed in proximity of the wing c.g. and a six-axis force balance for integral load measurement. A dSPACE™ hardware connected to the software environment Matlab/Simulink® and
Andreoli, Danilo, Cassaro, Mario, Battipede, Manuela, Ahmadi, Goodarz, Marzocca, Piergiovanni
Slung Load Divergence Speed Predictions for Vehicle Shapes2015-01-25709/15/2015
Loads slung under aircraft can go into divergent oscillations coupling multiple degrees of freedom. Predicting the highest safe flight speed for a vehicle-load combination is a critical challenge, both for military missions over hostile areas, and for evacuation/rescue operations. The primary difficulty was that of obtaining well-resolved airload maps covering the arbitrary attitudes that a slung load may take. High speed rotorcraft using tilting rotors and co-axial rotors can fly at speeds that imply high dynamic pressure, making aerodynamic loads significant even on very dense loads such as armored vehicles, artillery weapons, and ammunition. The Continuous Rotation method demonstrated in our prior work enables routine prediction of divergence speeds. We build on prior work to explore the prediction of divergence speed for practical configurations such as military vehicles, which often have complex bluff body shapes. Results from simulations are presented for 3 vehicle shapes: one
Liberi, Brandon, Kijjakarn, Praditukrit, Komerath, Narayanan
NASA Launch Pads Protected Against Lightning-Induced Power SurgesTBMG-2066810/1/2014
Circuit protection components Littelfuse Chicago, IL 773-628-1000
Mississippi Evacuation and Traveler’s Assistance (MSETA) SoftwareTBMG-205879/1/2014
The Mississippi Evacuation and Traveler’s Assistance (MSETA) system provides public assistance for emergency evacuation and tourism/travel. The MSETA system is composed of three major components: (1) a Web server that provides an interface to the public, (2) a GIS/backend server that retrieves data from multiple sources, and (3) a database server to store the data.
Safety Briefings for Passengers in Exit RowsARP5655 (Historical)5/2/2014
This SAE ARP provides guidance for (1) ensuring passenger suitability for being seated in an exit row and (2) the standardization of safety briefings for passengers, seated at exits, who may be responsible for opening exits on transport airplanes during an emergency. This recommendation is primarily for briefing passengers seated in the Type III overwing exit row, but may be applied to briefing passengers responsible for other exit types. In addition, these recommendations pertain to briefings on airplanes on which the flight attendants would conduct the exit row briefing, and to briefings on airplanes without flight attendants, on which pilots would conduct the briefing.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Safety Instructions for Sight-Impaired PassengersARP5446A (Current)4/14/2014
These recommendations are provided to aid the international air transport industry by identifying a standard, minimum amount of safety instructions that should be given to sight-impaired passengers. This document is not meant to address problems associated with communicating safety information to sight-impaired passengers who are also hearing impaired or non-conversant in the language(s) used by the cabin crew to disseminate general safety information to passengers. Aircraft operators are encouraged to customize the safety instructions for their own operations in order to ensure that required safety information is provided to sight-impaired passengers.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Hybrid Brake System Control Strategy in Typical Transient Conditions2014-01-02674/1/2014
The control in transient conditions when hydraulic brake and regenerative brake switch mutually is the key technical issue about electric vehicle hybrid brake system, which has a direct influence on the braking feel of driver and vehicle braking comfort. A coordination control system has been proposed, including brake force distribution correction module and motor force compensation module. Brake force distribution correction module has fixed the distribution results in hydraulic brake force intervention condition, hydraulic brake force evacuation condition and regenerative brake force low speed evacuation condition. Motor compensation module has compensated hydraulic system with motor system, which has fast and accurate response, thus the response of whole hybrid system has been improved. Simulation results in transient conditions show that the coordination control strategy can effectively reduce the fluctuations and deviations of total brake force, and improve braking feel of driver
Zhu, Zhiting, Xiong, Lu, Jin, Chi
Oil Flow in Piston Oil Ring Groove2014-01-16704/1/2014
The oil flow in the oil ring groove was observed in order to improve the oil ejection efficiency in the oil ring groove. The oil flow was visualized with a clear head piston using fluorescing agent and particles under motoring condition. The influences of oil ring specification on the direction and the velocity of the oil flow were evaluated. The velocity of the oil ring with oil vent holes was faster than that of the oil ring without oil vent holes. In the case of the oil ring with vent holes, the reverse flow of the oil toward the front side was observed in the back clearance. Therefore, oil vent holes can change the oil flow and improve the oil ejection efficiency in the oil ring groove.
Ichinose, Shigenori, Iwade, Kiyoshi, Hata, Yoshiharu
Rivet and Bolt Injector with Bomb Bay Ejection Doors2013-01-21519/17/2013
Electroimpact's newest riveting machine features a track-style injector with Bomb Bay Ejection Doors. The Bomb Bay Ejection Doors are a robust way to eject fasteners from track style injector. Track style injectors are commonly used by Electroimpact and others in the industry. Using the Bomb Bay Doors for fastener ejection consists of opening the tracks allowing very solid clearing of an injector when ejecting a fastener translating to a more reliable fastener delivery system. Examples of when fastener ejection is needed are when a fastener is sent backwards, when there are two in the tube, or when a machine operator stops or resets the machine during a fastening cycle. This method allows fasteners to be cleared in nearly every situation when ejecting a fastener is required. Additional feature of Electroimpact's new injection system is integrated anvil tool change. Anvils with fingers are parked on each Injector and an indexing system automatically changes tools for different fastener
Krejci, Cosmos
Stowage of Flight Crew's Survival Emergency and Miscellaneous EquipmentARP4101/6A (Current)7/18/2013
This document recommends general specifications for the location, accessibility and restraint for those items of survival, emergency, and miscellaneous equipment which are intended to be used by the flight crew, and which are stowed on or near the flight deck.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Escape Provisions for Transport AircraftARP4101/7A (Current)7/18/2013
The purpose of this document is to recommend criteria for the provision of crew escape facilities from the flight deck area.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Life RaftsARP1356B (Current)5/21/2013
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes criteria for the design and performance of aircraft life raft devices which will ensure their rapid and effective use as a flotation device in a water landing. This document is not intended to specify particular design methods, mechanisms, or equipment to be used to accomplish the objectives established herein.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Evaluation of Variation in the Excursion Measured in the FMVSS 226 Ejection Mitigation Test Resulting from Test Vehicle Setup2012-01-00974/16/2012
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 226 outlines a component test methodology that consists of a linear impact test that uses a featureless head-form with a mass of 18 kg to impact a vehicle's side windows' daylight openings at various positions. The test measures the excursion of the head-form beyond the plane of the window glazing. The intention is to evaluate the ability of a vehicle's ejection mitigation system, such as the curtain airbag or other vehicle features, to manage the impactor energy and limit excursion. However, there are several factors which may cause variation in the amount of excursion measured in the test. These factors include how the vehicle is restrained for the test, the friction of the linear impactor shaft and the lateral deflection of the impactor shaft among others. This paper will present background information from a previous study on variability involving the impactor shaft as well as a study which identifies the effects of vehicle restraint on the
Mueller, Joe, Stein, Douglas, Dix, Jeff
Concepts for Mechanical Abuse Testing of High-Voltage Batteries2012-01-01244/16/2012
Currently lithium-batteries are the most promising electrical-energy storage technology in fully-electric and hybrid vehicles. A crashworthy battery-design is among the numerous challenges development of electric-vehicles has to face. Besides of safe normal operation, the battery-design shall provide marginal threat to human health and environment in case of mechanical damage. Numerous mechanical abuse-tests were performed to identify load limits and the battery's response to damage. Cost-efficient testing is provided by taking into account that the battery-system's response to abuse might already be observed at a lower integration-level, not requiring testing of the entire pack. The most feasible tests and configurations were compiled and discussed. Adaptions of and additions to existing requirements and test-procedures as defined in standards are pointed out. Critical conditions that can occur during and after testing set new requirements to labs and test-rigs. A ‘thermal runaway
Sinz, Wolfgang, Feist, Florian, Gstrein, Gregor, Gugler, Jürgen, Tomasch, Ernst, Breitfuss, Christoph, Luttenberger, Peter, Steffan, Hermann, Gollob, Peter, Hennige, Volker
Influence of Complying with FMVSS 226 (Ejection Mitigation) on Side Airbag Occupant Out of Position Injury Assessment2012-01-04664/16/2012
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has identified ejection mitigation as a top priority, issuing a final rule for FMVSS 226, Ejection Mitigation, in January of 2011 to set performance standards for a vehicle's ejection mitigation countermeasures to mitigate the risk of ejection through a vehicle's side window openings. The most likely countermeasures to be used for compliance with this standard are rollover activated curtain airbags that deploy from a vehicle's roof rail. However, this rule will most likely result in increases in the coverage area and inflator outputs of the curtain airbag; which may influence out-of-position occupant injury as measured in the test methods that have been outlined by the Side Airbag Out-of-Position Injury Technical Working Group (TWG). This paper presents a case study in which the out-of-position performance of a curtain airbag optimized for both ejection mitigation and side impact protection, as outlined per FMVSS 226 and FMVSS
Dix, Jeff, Hammoud, Selim, Cardinali, Alex, Mitchell, Abe, Fulk, Daniel
Launch Escape System Advances Commercial Human SpaceflightTBMG-109889/1/2011
Launch escape system Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) Hawthorne, CA 310-363-6000 www.spacex.com
Crew Test Module Provides Launch Escape SystemTBMG-91652/1/2011
New Shepard rocket-propelled vehicle Blue Origin Kent, WA 253-872-0411
Three Methods of Detection of HydrazinesTBMG-79305/1/2010
Three proposed methods for measuring trace quantities of hydrazines involve ionization and detection of hydrazine derivatives. These methods are intended to overcome the limitations of prior hydrazine-detection methods.
Exits and Their Operation – Air Transport Cabin EmergencyARP488E (Historical)4/14/2010
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design and performance recommendations for emergency exits in the passenger cabin.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Probabilistic Multi-Factor Interaction Model for Complex Material BehaviorTBMG-76113/1/2010
Complex material behavior is represented by a single equation of product form to account for interaction among the various factors. The factors are selected by the physics of the problem and the environment that the model is to represent. For example, different factors will be required for each to represent temperature, moisture, erosion, corrosion, etc. It is important that the equation represent the physics of the behavior in its entirety accurately.
Improved Aerogel Vacuum Thermal InsulationTBMG-56299/1/2009
An improved design concept for aerogel vacuum thermal-insulation panels calls for multiple layers of aerogel sandwiched between layers of aluminized Mylar (or equivalent) poly(ethylene terephthalate), as depicted in the figure. This concept is applicable to both the rigid (brick) form and the flexible (blanket) form of aerogel vacuum thermal-insulation panels.
Safety Considerations of Carry-On Baggage Relating to the Emergency Evacuation of Transport Category AircraftARP4072 (Historical)8/4/2009
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides information and recommended guidelines for handling carry-on baggage prior to emergencies and during the emergency evacuation of transport category aircraft. Recommendations are provided on limiting the size, amount, and weight of carry-on baggage brought into the cabin, improved stowage of carry-on baggage to minimize hazards to passengers in flight and during emergency evacuations, and procedures to ensure carry-on baggage is not removed during an emergency evacuation.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Robert W. Moorehead, Director of Space Flight Systems, John H. Glenn Research CenterTBMG-339711/1/2008
Robert W. Moorehead served as NASA’s chief investigator for the Space Shuttle Challenger accident in 1986 and managed the Space Station Freedom program from 1989 to 1993. He has also held the title of NASA’s Chief Engineer, developing system architectures for the Space Shuttle’s replacement. He is currently Director of Space Flight Systems at the John H. Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
Safety Instructions for Sight-Impaired PassengersARP5446 (Historical)6/12/2008
These recommendations are provided to aid the international air transport industry by identifying a standard, minimum amount of safety instructions that should be given to sight-impaired passengers. This document is not meant to address problems associated with communicating safety information to sight-impaired passengers who are also hearing impaired or non-conversant in the language(s) used by the cabin crew to disseminate general safety information to passengers. Aircraft operators are encouraged to customize the safety instructions for their own operations in order to ensure that required safety information is provided to sight-impaired passengers.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Safety Considerations of Carry-On Items During the Emergency Evacuation of Transport AircraftAIR4072A (Current)11/19/2007
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information about and suggests guidelines for handling carry-on items prior to and during the emergency evacuation of transport aircraft.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Stowage of Flight Crew’s Survival Emergency and Miscellaneous EquipmentARP4101/6 (Historical)7/10/2007
This document recommends general specifications for the location, accessibility and restraint for those items of survival, emergency, and miscellaneous equipment which are intended to be used by the flight crew, and which are stowed on or near the flight deck.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Escape Provisions for Transport AircraftARP4101/7 (Historical)7/10/2007
The purpose of this document is to recommend criteria for the provision of crew escape facilities from the flight deck area.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Flight Deck Interior Doors for Transport AircraftARP4101/8 (Historical)7/10/2007
This document recommends criteria for standardization of flight deck interior doors and their operation which will provide optimum use under normal and emergency conditions.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Emergency Portability of Slide/RaftsARP5252 (Historical)1/18/2007
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends design features for facilitating relocation of portable slide/rafts for deployment at an alternate exit under ditching conditions.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Forecasting of Storm-Surge Floods Using ADCIRC and Optimized DEMsTBMG-126912/1/2006
Increasing the accuracy of storm-surge flood forecasts is essential for improving preparedness for hurricanes and other severe storms and, in particular, for optimizing evacuation scenarios. An interactive database, developed by WorldWinds, Inc., contains atlases of storm-surge flood levels for the Louisiana/Mississippi gulf coast region. These atlases were developed to improve forecasting of flooding along the coastline and estuaries and in adjacent inland areas. Storm-surge heights depend on a complex interaction of several factors, including: storm size, central minimum pressure, forward speed of motion, bottom topography near the point of landfall, astronomical tides, and, most importantly, maximum wind speed.
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