This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting simulated dynamic lateral rollover restraint system tests for heavy truck applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system testing for heavy trucks. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

Truck Crashworthiness Committee

AVSC Best Practice for Data Collection for Automated Driving System-Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs) to Support Event Analysis

AVSC0000420200909/23/2020

As technology and functionality of vehicle systems change, so do data recording needs. In ADS-dedicated vehicles (DV), the ADS perceives the environment and handles vehicle motion control, i.e., the dynamic driving task (DDT), as described in SAE J3016. When an ADS takes the place of a human driver, its sensing, processing, and control systems necessitate new considerations for data recording. Data recording is important to crash reconstruction, system performance investigations, and event analysis. It enables industry-wide improvements in ADS safety. This best practice makes recommendations for the ADS-DV data needed to support: (1) information about what the ADS "saw" and "did" and (2) identify the technology-relevant factors that contributed to the event. The Best Practice for Data Collection for Automated Driving System Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs) to Support Event Analysis makes recommendations for the collection, storage, and retrievability of onboard motor vehicle ADS event data

Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium

Applying Automotive EDR Data to Traffic Crash Reconstruction Virtual Pre-Conference Certification

C201608/07/2020

EDR\'s were first installed in 1994 and are now installed in 99% of new light vehicles sold in the US. In the US EDR’s are not required, but vehicles with EDR’s made after 9/1/2012 must meet minimum standardized content requirements of 49 CFR, Part 563 including speed, throttle, brake on/off and Delta V. Data must be retrievable with a publicly available tool. Only a few manufacturers install EDR’s worldwide currently, but the EU and China are adopting regulations to require them in the next few years. Some manufacturers provide stability control system data far beyond the US regulation that aid in understanding vehicle movement in the 5 seconds prior to the crash. This course will provide the participant with the skills necessary to analyze EDR data that has already been imaged, apply it to crash reconstruction, and reconcile it with calculations using other data sources. The course will enable the participant to analyze current and potential future EDR data set without regard to

A Method for Mapping a Light Source Utilizing HDR Imagery

2020-01-056604/14/2020

Mapping a light source, any light source, is of broad interest to accident reconstructionists, human factors professionals and lighting experts. Such mappings are useful for a variety of purposes, including determining the effectiveness and appropriateness of lighting installations, and performing visibility analyses for accident case studies. Currently, mapping a light source can be achieved with several different methods. One such method is to use an illuminance meter and physically measure each point of interest on the roadway. Another method utilizes a goniometer to measure the luminous intensity distribution, this is a near-field measurement. Both methods require significant time and the goniometric method requires extensive equipment in a lab. A third method measures illumination distribution in the far-field using a colorimeter or photometer. These systems utilize a CCD sensor to measure the illuminance distribution and then software can convert that illuminance distribution to

Cornetto, Anthony, Suway, Jeffrey

Quantifying Engine Braking for Various Common Street Motorcycles

2020-01-088004/14/2020

Motorcycle engine braking was measured in each forward gear for a cross-section of typical street motorcycles. Using GPS data acquisition and video, deceleration relative to speed was examined. Motorcycle characteristics included various engine displacements and types of motorcycle. The data acquired will give more insight into the extent which engine braking is a factor for deceleration, a topic which has not been addressed in a peer-reviewed journal article to this date.

Jansen, Henricus, LeBlanc, Beau, Wilhelm, Christopher, Shaw, Tyler, Lowi, Alvin

Comparison of Head Kinematics of Bicyclist in Car-to-Bicycle Impact

2020-01-093204/14/2020

This study focused on European NCAP activities of introducing a new head protection evaluation procedure, as proposed by BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute - GERMANY). Various kinds of E-bikes are available in the market, ranging from E-bikes that have a small motor to assist the rider’s pedal-power i.e., pedelecs to somewhat more powerful E-bikes which is similar to a moped-style scooter. This paper focused on identifying the factors influencing bicyclist head kinematics during bicycle vs. passenger vehicle (PV) collisions at the intersection. Two AM50 bicyclist FE models are developed using i) GHBMC Human Body Model (HBM) and ii) WorldSID (WS) side impact dummy. Head kinematics of bicyclists of pedal-assist E-bike and normal bike were compared using CAE simulation. It is found that the vehicle’s impact velocity, type of bicycle, the mass of E-bike and bicycle traveling speed will influence the head kinematics.

Pal, Chinmoy, Hirayama, Shigeru, Vallabhaneni, Pratap Naidu, Vimalathithan, Kulothungan, Manoharan, Jeyabharath

Analysis of Various Vehicle Dynamic Simulations Software Packages Using Design of Experiments (DOE)

2020-01-063904/14/2020

A previous paper on this topic presented the use of design of experiments (DOE) to evaluate the sensitivity of vehicle dynamics simulation of the postimpact motion of a vehicle that included high initial rotational rates. That investigation involved only one software package and thus was confined to one simulation model for the purposes of developing and refining the analysis method rather than including a variety of simulation models for broader application. This paper expands the application of the method to investigate the comparative behavior and sensitivity of several other vehicle dynamic simulation models commonly used in the field of crash reconstruction. The software packages included in the studies presented in this paper are HVE (Simon and EDSMAC4), PC-Crash and VCRware. This paper will present the results of the study, conducted using DOE, using these models. The eleven factors selected for the study presented here were chosen based largely on the results of the prior study

Brach, R. Matthew, Manuel, Emmanuel Jay, Bailey, Robert, Rogers, Joshua, Capser, Shawn P.

An Improved Probabilistic Threat Assessment Method for Intelligent Vehicles in Critical Rear-End Situations

2020-01-069804/14/2020

Threat assessment (TA) method is vital in the decision-making process of intelligent vehicles (IVs), especially for ADAS systems. In the research of TA, the probabilistic threat assessment (PTA) method is acting an increasing role, which can reduce the uncertainties of driver’s maneuvers. However, the driver behavior model (DBM) used in present PTA methods was mainly constructed by limited data or simple functions, which is not entirely reasonable and may affect the performance of the TA process. This work aims to utilize crash data extracted from Event Data Recorder (EDR) to establish more accurate DBM and improve the current PTA method in rear-end situations. EDR data with responsive maneuvers were firstly collected, which were then employed to construct the initial DBM (I-DBM) model by using the multivariate Gaussian distribution (MGD) framework. Besides, the model was further subdivided into six parts by two important risk indicators, Time-to-collision (TTC) and velocity. To

Zhou, Huajian, Zhong, Zhihua, Wang, Xiaowei, Huang, Jin

Accuracy of Anthropometric Scaling: Using Stature to Estimate Body Segment Lengths

2020-01-052304/14/2020

In the fields of forensic accident reconstruction and biomechanical engineering, it is often necessary to estimate the length of a specific body segment for an individual, about whom little is known besides overall stature. Since body proportions and body segment lengths vary throughout the population, there will be some error in these estimations. The current study provides estimates for the accuracy of human body segment length predictions based on stature. In this study, four different methods for predicting body segment lengths based on stature were evaluated. Using publicly available adult and child anthropometric datasets, a leave-one-out cross validation analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of each of the four methods in predicting body segment lengths. The results of the leave-one-out analysis showed that different prediction methods produced the best estimates for different body segment length measurements. When using the best method for each body segment, body

Campbell, Julius, Petroskey, Karla

Frequency Domain Analysis of 2-Wheeler Systems

2020-01-047604/14/2020

Most automotive companies validate their vehicle designs by running vehicle on the durability proving grounds. Part fractures and collisions between two components are common failures observed during proven ground testing. Laboratory testing and FEA simulation are used to validate designs in the concept stage as it consumes less time and cost as compared to proven ground testing. The lab testing and simulation process both have their own limitations. It is difficult to incorporate effect of multi-direction input loading (x, y, z) with single direction loading in laboratory testing due to restrictions with electrodynamic shaker testing. However, in simulation, multi direction input can be easily incorporated but often actual vehicle measured test track data is not available in the early design stage. In the present work, Modern methodologies have been employed [ref 1, 2] in frequency domain to validate design in FEA simulation. First, relative random response calculation is performed

Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Bishop, Neil, Kolar, Harsha

Optimization of Braking Strategy for Automatic Emergency Braking System in Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents

07-12-02-000903/23/2020

Braking strategy is the core of the automatic emergency braking (AEB) system. How to make the braking strategy of the AEB system more suitable for real traffic conditions and more acceptable to drivers is a very important research. This article carries out the braking strategy optimization for the AEB system. From the vehicle-pedestrian accidents collected by the National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System (NAIS) of Songjiang Station, this article selects typical cases equipped with event data recorder (EDR) and then analyzes the EDR data. On this basis, the strategy for the optimization of the AEB system is formed. The optimized strategy is simulated in the test scenario specified in the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro-NCAP) and compared with the real vehicle test results. The result illustrates that the optimized braking strategy is more effective to avoid or mitigate collisions.

Qian, Yubin, Yang, Xueyan, Xiao, Lingyun, Zhu, Yican

Influence Analysis of AEB Two-Wheeler on Passenger Car Impact Two-Wheeler Traffic Accidents in China

2020-01-502302/24/2020

AEB two-wheeler system is an active safety technology which developed for avoiding two-wheeler accidents. With a large number of two wheelers, China needs to conduct research and analysis of this system. In this paper, real traffic accident data in China are used to analyze the possible influence of AEB two-wheeler system on traffic accidents. The paper chooses real passenger car impact two wheeler accidents happen in China, and gets the characteristics of data analysis. Then the paper analysis the influence of AEB system using position data when TTC=3s. According to the analysis, the detection range of 90 meters and the detection angle of 45 degrees can improve the recognition rate of day crossing accident by 17.7%, night crossing accident by 21.5% and longitudinal accident by 38.8%. The paper provides effective support for the development and test of AEB two-wheeler system in China. Car-to-two-wheeler accident AEB two-wheeler system Influence of the accident

Xudong, Li, Xiaowei, Lian, Xingchang, Wang

Thoracic Spine Extension Injuries in Occupants with Pre-Existing Conditions during Rear-End Collisions

2019-01-122204/02/2019

Certain ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) can substantially alter clinicopathologic spine biomechanics as well as injury mechanisms in rear-end motor vehicle collisions. AS is an inflammatory disease which can lead to structural impairments of the spine secondary to flowing ossification along the spinal column, including ossification across the spinal discs, facet joints, and ligaments, and it has also been associated with diffuse osteoporosis of the spine. DISH is characterized by excess bone formation along the spinal column, encompassing the annulus and forming the thickest and strongest bridging osteophytes over adjacent vertebral bodies at the level of the disc space. In both conditions the spine is mechanically stiffened and generally more kyphotic than a healthy spine. This paper presents a series of case studies in which a front-seat occupant with ankylosing spondyloarthropathy experienced a

Davis, Mathieu, Isaacs, Jessica, Graber, Martin, Fisher, Jacob

Lateral and Tangential Accelerations of Left Turning Vehicles from Naturalistic Observations

2019-01-042104/02/2019

When reconstructing collisions involving left turning vehicles at intersections, accident reconstructionists are often required to determine the relative timing and spacing between two vehicles involved in such a collision. This time-space analysis frequently involves determining or prescribing a path and acceleration profile for the left turning vehicle. Although numerous studies have examined the straight-line acceleration of vehicles, only two studies have presented the tangential and lateral acceleration of left turning vehicles. This paper expands on the results of those limited studies and presents a methodology to automatically detect and track vehicles in a video file. The authors made observations of left turning vehicles at three intersections. Each intersection incorporated permissive green turn phases for left turning vehicles. The authors recorded video of left turning vehicles at each intersection from a small unmanned aerial system (sUAS), and that video was analyzed

Carter, Neal, Beier, Steven, Cordero, Rheana

Residual Injury Situation and Accident Characteristics of Severe Motorcycle Accidents

2019-01-063804/02/2019

The total number of persons severely and fatally injured in road traffic accidents has reduced considerably in recent decades. However, the number of motorcyclists involved in accidents has not reduced to the same extent, and some countries have even recorded an increase. The aim of this study is to analyse the circumstances of motorcycle accidents in Germany involving vehicles with a cubic capacity of over 125 cm3 with particular reference to severely or fatally injured riders. An analysis is to be made of the characteristics and patterns of injuries suffered by the most severely injured motorcyclists and proposals developed for injury prevention. The study included accident data from 464 motorcycle accidents collected in Hanover and Dresden between 2010 and 2015 by an academic research team in the course of the GIDAS project (German In-Depth Accident Study). This data represents a statistically representative sample from real accidents occurring in Germany. The analysis of the

Otte, Dietmar

Uncertainty in Radius Determined by Multi-Point Curve Fits for Use in the Critical Curve Speed Formula

2019-01-042804/02/2019

The critical curve speed formula used for estimating vehicle speed from yaw marks depends on the tire-to-road friction and the mark’s radius of curvature. This paper quantifies uncertainty in the radius when it is determined by fitting a circular arc to three or more points. A Monte Carlo analysis was used to generate points on a circular arc given three parameters: number of points n, arc angle θ, and point measurement error σ. For each iteration, circular fits were performed using three techniques. The results show that uncertainty in radius is reduced for increasing arc length, decreasing point measurement error, and increasing number of points used in the curve fit. Radius uncertainty is linear if the ratio of the standard deviation in point measurement error (σ) to the curve’s middle ordinate (m) is less than 0.1. The ratio σ/m should be less than 0.018 for a radius found using a 3-point circular fit to be within 5% of the actual value 95% of the time. Increasing the number of

Heinrichs, Bradley, Mithrush, Troy

Research on the Model of Safety Boundary Condition Based on Vehicle Intersection Conflict and Collision

2019-01-0132

04/02/2019

Because of the high frequency and serious consequences of traffic accidents in the intersection area, it is of great significance to study the vehicle conflict and collision scenarios of the intersection area. Due to few actual crash accidents occurring in naturalistic driving studies data or field operational tests data, the data of traffic accident database should be also used to analyze the intersection conflict and collision. According to the China Field Operation Test (China-FOT) database and the China in Depth Accident Study (CIDAS) database, the distribution feature of the respective intersection scenario type is obtained from the data analysis. Based on the intersection scenario type, two characters of intersection conflict and collision, the environmental character and the vehicle dynamic character, are used to analyze for the integration process of intersection conflict and collision. The environmental character contains several parameters, including environment type, weather

Wu, Biao, Zhu, Xichan, Liao, Maozhu, Liu, Rui