Browse Topic: Biomechanics

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Machine Learning Helps Detect Gait Problems in Multiple Sclerosis PatientsTBMG-3957908/01/2021
Monitoring the progression of multiple sclerosis-related gait issues can be challenging in adults over 50 years old, requiring a clinician to differentiate between problems related to MS and other age-related issues. To address this problem, researchers integrated gait data and machine learning to advance the tools used to monitor and predict disease progression.
Accuracy of Anthropometric Scaling: Using Stature to Estimate Body Segment Lengths2020-01-052304/14/2020
In the fields of forensic accident reconstruction and biomechanical engineering, it is often necessary to estimate the length of a specific body segment for an individual, about whom little is known besides overall stature. Since body proportions and body segment lengths vary throughout the population, there will be some error in these estimations. The current study provides estimates for the accuracy of human body segment length predictions based on stature. In this study, four different methods for predicting body segment lengths based on stature were evaluated. Using publicly available adult and child anthropometric datasets, a leave-one-out cross validation analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of each of the four methods in predicting body segment lengths. The results of the leave-one-out analysis showed that different prediction methods produced the best estimates for different body segment length measurements. When using the best method for each body segment, body
Campbell, Julius, Petroskey, Karla
Development of a Subhuman Primate Brain Finite Element Model to Investigate Brain Injury Thresholds Induced by Head Rotation2019-22-000303/31/2020
An anatomically detailed rhesus monkey brain FE model was developed to simulate in vivo responses of the brain of sub-human primates subjected to rotational accelerations resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI). The material properties used in the monkey model are those in the GHBMC 50th percentile male head model (Global Human Body Model Consortium). The angular loading simulations consisted of coronal, oblique and sagittal plane rotations with the center of rotation in neck to duplicate experimental conditions. Maximum principal strain (MPS) and Cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) were analyzed for various white matter structures such as the cerebrum subcortical white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem. The MPS in coronal rotation were 45% to 54% higher in the brainstem, 8% to 48% higher in the corpus callosum, 13% to 22% higher in the white matter when compared to those in oblique and sagittal rotations, suggesting that more severe DAI was expected from coronal and oblique
Arora, Tushar, Zhang, Liying, Prasad, Priya
Bio-Inspired Mechanics to Make Robots More EffectiveTBMG-3619103/01/2020
In an effort to make robots more effective and versatile teammates for soldiers in combat, researchers are looking to understand the value of the molecular living functionality of muscle and the fundamental mechanics that would need to be replicated in order to artificially achieve the capabilities arising from the proteins responsible for muscle contraction.
Harvesting Energy from the Human KneeTBMG-3509709/01/2019
An energy harvester attached to the wearer’s knee can generate 1.6 μW of power while the wearer walks without any increase in effort. The energy is enough to power small electronics like health monitoring equipment.
Wearable Liquid Unit Harvests EnergyTBMG-3493308/01/2019
Researchers have created wearable technology to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It presents a step toward the practical realization of self-powered, human-integrated technologies.
THOR Neck Moment Calculation at Atlanto-Occipital Joint2019-01-103704/02/2019
In biomechanics research of human neck injuries, the moment for the upper neck was calculated to the Atlanto-Occipital (AO) joint. In this paper, a mathematical method was presented to calculate the neck moment at AO for both Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) 50th male and THOR 5th female ATDs in neck flexion, extension and lateral bending directions. Detailed formula was derived according to the mechanical design and how parts functions in the ATD. The constant parameters for both THOR 50th and 5th were provided for the calculation. One THOR-50M neck test data was presented in this paper to illustrate the calculation results.
Wang, Zhenwen Jerry
Analysis of Rear Seat Sled Tests with the 5th Female Hybrid III: Incorrect Conclusions in Bidez et al. SAE 2005-01-17082019-01-061804/02/2019
Objective: Sled test video and data were independently analyzed to assess the validity of statements and conclusions reported in Bidez et al. SAE paper 2005-01-1708 [7]. Method: An independent review and analysis of the test data and video was conducted for 9 sled tests at 35 km/h (21.5 mph). The 5th female Hybrid III was lap-shoulder belted in the 2nd or 3rd row seat of a SUV buck. For one series, the angle was varied from 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 deg PDOF. The second series involved shoulder belt pretensioning and other belt modifications. Results: Bidez et al. [7] claimed “The lap belts moved up and over the pelvis of the small female dummy for all impact angles tested.” We found that there was no submarining in any of the tests with the production lap-shoulder belts. Bidez et al. [7] claimed “H3-5F dummies began to roll out of their shoulder belt at… 30 degrees. Complete loss of torso support was seen at 45 degrees without significant kinetic energy dissipation.” We found that the
Viano, David, Parenteau, Chantal
Thoracic Spine Extension Injuries in Occupants with Pre-Existing Conditions during Rear-End Collisions2019-01-122204/02/2019
Certain ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) can substantially alter clinicopathologic spine biomechanics as well as injury mechanisms in rear-end motor vehicle collisions. AS is an inflammatory disease which can lead to structural impairments of the spine secondary to flowing ossification along the spinal column, including ossification across the spinal discs, facet joints, and ligaments, and it has also been associated with diffuse osteoporosis of the spine. DISH is characterized by excess bone formation along the spinal column, encompassing the annulus and forming the thickest and strongest bridging osteophytes over adjacent vertebral bodies at the level of the disc space. In both conditions the spine is mechanically stiffened and generally more kyphotic than a healthy spine. This paper presents a series of case studies in which a front-seat occupant with ankylosing spondyloarthropathy experienced a
Davis, Mathieu, Isaacs, Jessica, Graber, Martin, Fisher, Jacob
Development of Subject-Specific Elderly Female Finite Element Models for Vehicle Safety2019-01-122404/02/2019
Previous study suggested that female, thin, obese, and older occupants had a higher risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Human body finite element models were a valuable tool in the study of injury biomechanics. The mesh deformation method based on radial basis function(RBF) was an attractive alternative for morphing baseline model to target models. Generally, when a complex model contained many elements and nodes, it was impossible to use all surface nodes as landmarks in RBF interpolation process, due to its prohibitive computational cost. To improve the efficiency, the current technique was to averagely select a set of nodes as landmarks from all surface nodes. In fact, the location and the number of selected landmarks had an important effect on the accuracy of mesh deformation. Hence, how to select important nodes as landmarks was a significant issue. In the paper, an efficient peak point-selection RBF mesh deformation method was used to select landmarks. The
Dong, Wenxiang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yin, Yunlei, Li, Junming, Wang, Qingmiao, Jin, Xin
Development of Component Level Transfer Equations of Simplified Human and ATD Occupant Models09-06-01-000506/05/2018
Safety systems have historically been evaluated with anthropomorphic test devices for research, development, or regulatory concerns. Human body models are another avenue for use in the investigation of occupant safety. In this study, transfer equations are developed to quantify the response of a human model (Global Human Body Models Consortium average male simplified model) and dummy model (Hybrid-III) in equivalent environments. Environments were selected based on certification test setups used for the Hybrid III ATD as well as a basic frontal sled environment. The tests include a head drop, neck flexion/extension, and chest and knee impacts. Furthermore, models were positioned within a simplified occupant interior for sled tests. In all, 30 matched pair simulations were run, 60 in total. Peak metrics between human and anthropomorphic test device models showed strong linear correlation in component testing however, as the complexity of the simulations increased, agreement tended to
Guleyupoglu, Berkan, Koya, Bharath, Gayzik, Francis Scott
Malleable ‘Electronic Skin’ Self-Healable, RecyclableTBMG-2874804/01/2018
CU Boulder researchers have developed a new type of malleable, self-healing and fully recyclable “electronic skin” that has applications ranging from robotics and prosthetic development to better biomedical devices.
Integrated Genomic and Proteomic Information Security ProtocolTBMG-2874004/01/2018
The evolving nature of the Internet will require continual advances in authentication and confidentiality protocols. Nature provides some clues as to how this can be accomplished in a distributed manner through molecular biology. Cryptography and molecular biology share certain aspects and operations that allow for a set of unified principles to be applied to problems in either venue.
System and Method for Managing Autonomous Entities Through ApoptosisTBMG-2870604/01/2018
This NASA innovation is a biologically inspired system management method designed to make sensor webs as well as other autonomous and autonomic systems more self-directing and self-managing. Based on the mechanisms of cell apoptosis, this method ensures safe and correct operation over time by enabling self-destruct, self-sleep, or standby actions in response to potentially harmful or compromising situations. The capabilities provided by this technology will benefit systems such as sensors, computer systems, and spacecraft.
OCE Aids Development of Therapies for Damaged Heart TissueTBMG-2828701/24/2018
Researchers have developed a new way to capture the detailed biomechanical properties of heart tissue. The high-resolution optical technique fills an important technology gap necessary to develop and test therapies that might eventually be used to heal heart damage after a heart attack.
3D Textile EngineeringTBMG-2595011/01/2016
Secant Medical, Telford, PA, has developed 3D textile engineering technology by integrating traditional textile engineering with advanced biomaterials. By combining the spatial resolution capability with advanced bioresorbable polymers, the company uses its proprietary bioelastomer Regenerez® to assist in enhancing the biomechanical properties of these 3D structures. This technology transforms a simple, synthetic textile into an elastomeric scaffold, which provides for a broad range of bioresorbable polymers for the structural design. The company has begun development of an anatomical scaffold prototype based on the trachea. The 3D textile engineered trachea scaffold demonstrates the precision of creating 20 Cshaped rings stacked along the length of the prototype with narrow, flexible regions spaced in between to mimic the natural bioarchitecture of the trachea.
Analysis and optimization of All Terrain Wheelchair2015-01-136804/14/2015
An all-terrain wheelchair is a lever propelled wheelchair which enables an individual to drive on all terrains easily as the driving mechanism is efficient, ergonomic and fast. It also increases the reach capabilities and social boundaries of disabled. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, a comparative study of push rim wheelchair and All-terrain Wheelchair (lever propelled) has been done. In the second part, Optimization of this All-terrain Wheelchair has been done. The comparison is done on various parameters such as peak velocity, average velocity, acceleration, retardation, stroke frequency, reduction in effort, mechanical efficiency, obstacle climbing ability, turning radius, the distance travelled per stroke, Pressure cuts and burns caused during propelling the chair. Biomechanical testing is also done considering the heart rate and oxygen consumption level. This information was used to determine the energy demand, which is intrinsically connected to a
Agarwal, Shikhar, Gautam, Saumya
Biomechanical Responses of PMHS in Moderate-Speed Rear Impacts and Development of Response Targets for Evaluating the Internal and External Biofidelity of ATDs2012-22-000410/29/2012
The objectives of this study were to obtain biomechanical responses of post mortem human subjects (PMHS) by subjecting them to two moderate-speed rear impact sled test conditions (8.5g, 17 km/h; 10.5g, 24 km/h) while positioned in an experimental seat system, and to create biomechanical targets for internal and external biofidelity evaluation of rear impact ATDs. The experimental seat was designed to measure external loads on the head restraint (4 load cells), seat back (6 load cells), and seat pan (4 load cells) such that subject dynamic interaction with the seat could be evaluated. This seat system was capable of simulating the dynamic characteristics of modern vehicle seat backs by considering the moment-rotation properties of a typical passenger vehicle, thus providing a more realistic test environment than using a rigid seat with a non-rotating seat back as done in previous studies. Instrumentation used to measure biomechanical responses of the PMHS included both accelerometers
Kang, Yun-Seok, Bolte IV, John H, Moorhouse, Kevin, Donnelly, Bruce, Herriott, Rodney, Mallory, Ann
BYU Engineers Conceive Disc Replacement to Treat Chronic Low Back PainTBMG-1464409/01/2012
In between the vertebrae of the human spine are 23 Oreo™ cookie-sized, cartilage-filled discs that hold the vertebrae together and allow for spine movement.
Probabilistic Structural Analysis ProgramTBMG-794605/01/2010
NASA/NESSUS 6.2c is a general-purpose, probabilistic analysis program that computes probability of failure and probabilistic sensitivity measures of engineered systems. Because NASA/NESSUS uses highly computationally efficient and accurate analysis techniques, probabilistic solutions can be obtained even for extremely large and complex models. Once the probabilistic response is quantified, the results can be used to support risk-informed decisions regarding reliability for safety-critical and one-of-a-kind systems, as well as for maintaining a level of quality while reducing manufacturing costs for larger-quantity products. NASA/NESSUS has been successfully applied to a diverse range of problems in aerospace, gas turbine engines, biomechanics, pipelines, defense, weaponry, and infrastructure.
Biomechanical Response of the Human Face and Corresponding Biofidelity of the FOCUS Headform2010-01-131704/12/2010
In order to evaluate a human surrogate, the human and surrogate response must be defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of cadaver subjects to blunt impacts to the frontal bone, nasal bone and maxilla. Force-displacement corridors were developed based on the impact response of each region. Variation in the force-displacement response of the cadaver subjects due to the occurrence of fracture and fracture severity was demonstrated. Additionally, impacts were performed at matched locations using the Facial and Ocular CountermeasUre Safety (FOCUS) headform. The FOCUS headform is capable of measuring forces imposed onto facial structures using internal load cells. Based on the tests performed in this study, the nasal region of the FOCUS headform was found to be the most sensitive to impact location. Due to a wide range in geometrical characteristics, the nasal impact response varied significantly, resulting in wide corridors for human response. The FOCUS headform
Cormier, Joseph, Manoogian, Sarah, Bisplinghoff, Jill, Rowson, Steve, Santago, Anthony Charles, McNally, Craig, Duma, Stefan, Bolte, John H.
Jaw Loading Response of Current ATDs2009-01-038804/20/2009
Biomechanical surrogates are used in various forms to study head impact response in automotive applications and for assessing helmet performance. Surrogate headforms include those from the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) and the many variants of the Hybrid III. However, the response of these surrogates to loading at the chin and how that response may affect the loads transferred from the jaw to the rest of the head are unknown. To address part of that question, the current study compares the chin impact response performance of select human surrogates to that of the cadaver. A selection of Hybrid III and NOCSAE based surrogates with fixed and articulating jaws were tested under drop mass impact conditions that were used to describe post mortem human subject (PMHS) response to impacts at the chin (Craig et al., 2008). Results were compared to the PMHS response with cumulative variance technique (Rhule et al., 2002). A Hybrid III based surrogate
Craig, Matthew J., Viano, David C., Bir, Cynthia A.
Dynamic Biaxial Tissue Properties of Pregnant Porcine Uterine Tissue2008-22-000711/03/2008
Automobile crashes are the largest single cause of death for pregnant females and the leading cause of traumatic fetal injury mortality in the United States. Current research for pregnant occupant safety utilizing computational models is limited by available pregnant tissue data. The purpose of this study is to collect experimental data from biaxial tissue tests on pregnant uterine tissue at a dynamic rate. Experimental tests were completed on pregnant porcine uterus which was chosen as a surrogate for the human pregnant uterus given its similarity and availability. Biaxial dynamic tensile tests were performed using a custom-designed system of linear motors to pull a cruciform-shaped specimen in tension simultaneously with four tissue clamps. The test series included 23 tests with corresponding peak stress and strain measurements of the central region of the specimen where optical markers tracked local displacements. The specimen was loaded at a rate of 0.7 strains per second to match
Manoogian, Sarah J., McNally, Craig, Stitzel, Joel D., Duma, Stefan M.
Derivation of Boundary Manikins: A Principal Component Analysis2008-01-187906/17/2008
When designing any human-system interface, it is critical to provide realistic anthropometry to properly represent how a person fits within a given space. This study aimed to identify a minimum number of ‘boundary manikins’ or representative models of subjects' anthropometry from a target population, which would realistically represent the population. The boundary manikin anthropometry was derived using, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA is a statistical approach to reduce a multi-dimensional dataset using eigenvectors and eigenvalues. The measurements used in the PCA were identified as those measurements critical for space suit and cockpit design. The PCA yielded a total of 26 manikins per gender, as well as their anthropometry from the target population. Reduction techniques were implemented to reduce this number further with a final result of 20 female and 22 male subjects. The anthropometry of the ‘boundary manikins’ was then be used to create 3D digital models (to be
Young, Karen, Margerum, Sarah, Barr, Abbe, Ferrer, Mike A., Rajulu, Sudhakar
On the Determination of Joint Motion Coupling for the Human Shoulder Complex2008-01-187006/17/2008
This paper presents a novel approach to determining the joint motion coupling relationship for the human shoulder complex. The human shoulder complex is the most sophisticated part in terms of degrees of freedom and motion. In the literature, different human shoulder biomechanical models have been developed for various purposes. Also, researchers have realized that there are constant movement relationships among the shoulder bones: the clavicle, scapula, and humerus. This is due to muscles and tendons that are involved in skeletal motions. These relationships, which are also called shoulder rhythm, entail joint motion coupling and joint limit coupling. However, the scope of this work is to determine the joint motion coupling relationship. This relationship is available in the literature, but it is an Euler-angle-based relationship. In the virtual human modeling environment, we cannot directly use this Euler-angle-based relationship. A novel approach is proposed to transfer Euler-angle
Feng, Xuemei, Yang, Jingzhou, Abdel-Malek, Karim
Evaluation of Neck Bracket Angles and Neck Torque Procedures in the Hybrid III Small Female Neck Flexion Test2008-01-053004/14/2008
Lab-to-lab differences are an important consideration in the verification testing of Hybrid III dummy necks in user labs. The authors, the Anthropomorphic test device Certification Research group (ACR), conducted and presented two previous studies investigating lab to lab differences in Hybrid III 5th female dummy neck certification results [1, 2]. The results of both studies underscored the need to have better controls on the test procedure. The complex procedure for dummy neck certification has many setup factors that can contribute to test variation and unacceptable precision. Two steps within this protocol - two aspects of the neck's physical setup - were identified by the ACR group as potential sources for variation: 1) setting the pre-test D-plane angle by neck bracket adjustment, and 2) setting the torque on the neck cable. Fifth female neck flexion tests were conducted with variations in these factors to determine their effect on neck test results. In this paper the authors
Below, John D., Depinet, Paul J., Jenkins, Jason D., Al-Tabakha, Emad, Watters, Virginia L.
Comparison of D-Plane Measurement Methods for the Hybrid III Small Female Neck Flexion Test2008-01-053104/14/2008
This study by the Anthropomorphic test device Certification Research group (ACR) takes a new look at dummy neck rotation measurement methods. The authors' previous SAE Congress paper, Watters et al., 2005, focused on comparing three different rotary pot measurement systems in the same Hybrid III 5th Female neck flexion test at a single laboratory [1]. Differences between the pot systems, and between the pot systems and video analysis of the head rotation, were found to be a significant component of the observed test variation. The 2005 rotary potentiometer study used a modified head known as the Nine Accelerometer Array Head (NAAH). The NAAH data for rotation about the Y-axis, only recently analyzed, showed exceptional agreement with the video analysis as compared to the rotary potentiometer data. This new series of 5th Female neck flexion tests has been conducted using four rotation measurement methods simultaneously: 1) one of the previously- tested conventional rotary potentiometer
Jenkins, Jason D., Al-Tabakha, Emad, Below, John D., Depinet, Paul J., Watters, Virginia L.
Implementation of Child Biomechanical Neck Behaviour into the Hybrid III Crash Test Dummy2008-01-112004/14/2008
This research focuses on comparing the biomechanical response of the head and neck of the Hybrid III 3-year-old anthropometric test device finite element model and pediatric cadaver data, under flexion-extension bending and axial tensile loading conditions. Previous experimental research characterized the quasi-static biomechanical response of the pediatric cervical spine under flexion-extension bending and tolerance in tensile distraction loading conditions. Significant differences in rotational and linear stiffness were found between the Hybrid III model and the pediatric cadaver data. In this research the biomechanical child cadaver neck response has been implemented into the 3-year-old Hybrid III child dummy FE model. An explicit finite element code (LS-DYNA) and the modified Hybrid III model were used to numerically simulate the previous cadaver tests and validate the altered Hybrid III neck. Subsequent simulation of the child cadaver sled tests were completed with the child
Tot, Miroslav, Kapoor, Tanya, Altenhof, William, Marino, Wayne, Howard, Andrew
Evaluations of Physical Fatigue during Long-term Driving with a New Driving Posture2007-01-034804/16/2007
In a previous study, we developed and validated a new driving posture focused on biomechanical loads for physical fatigue reduction in static long-term sitting. In this study, the posture was evaluated in dynamic long-term driving condition by qualitative and quantitative measurements. The results showed physical fatigue of the new posture was halved in comparison with the one of the conventional posture in same car by subjective evaluations. Physiological indices had same tendency with subjective evaluations. From the results, we extracted seven physiological indices as good measures of physical fatigue while driving. Therefore, fatigue reduction of the new posture was qualitatively validated by physiological measurements.
Hirao, Akinari, Kato, Kazuhito, Kitazaki, Satoshi, Yamazaki, Nobutoshi
Scattering-Type Surface-Plasmon-Resonance BiosensorsTBMG-2917201/01/2005
Biosensors of a proposed type would exploit scattering of light by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Related prior biosensors exploit absorption of light by SPR. Relative to the prior SPR biosensors, the proposed SPR biosensors would offer greater sensitivity - in some cases, enough sensitivity to detect bioparticles having dimensions as small as nanometers.
Effect of Head-Neck Position on Cervical Facet Stretch of Post Mortem Human Subjects during Low Speed Rear End Impacts2004-22-001511/01/2004
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of head-neck position on cervical facet stretch during low speed rear end impact. Twelve tests were conducted on four Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) in a generic bucket seat environment. Three head positions, namely Normal (neutral), Zero Clearance between the head and head restraint, and Body Forward positions were tested. A high-speed x-ray system was used to record the motion of cervical vertebrae during these tests. Results demonstrate that: a) The maximum mean facet stretch at head restraint contact occurs at MS4 and MS5 for the Body Forward condition, b) The lower neck flexion moment, prior to head contact, shows a non-linear relationship with facet stretch, and c) “Differential rebound” during rear end impact increases facet stretch.
Sundararajan, Srini, Prasad, Priya, Demetropoulos, Constantine K., Tashman, Scott, Begeman, Paul C., Yang, King H., King, Albert I.
A Normalization Technique for Developing Corridors from Individual Subject Responses2004-01-028803/08/2004
This paper presents a technique for developing corridors from individual subject responses contained in experimental biomechanical data sets. Force-deflection response is used as an illustrative example. The technique begins with a method for averaging human subject force-deflection responses in which curve shape characteristics are maintained and discontinuities are avoided. Individual responses sharing a common characteristic shape are averaged based upon normalized deflection values. The normalized average response is then scaled to represent the given data set using the mean peak deflection value associated with the set of experimental data. Finally, a procedure for developing a corridor around the scaled normalized average response is presented using standard deviation calculations for both force and deflection.
Lessley, David, Crandall, Jeff, Shaw, Greg, Kent, Richard, Funk, James
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_200312 (Historical)12/01/2003
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
A Study of Ais1 Neck Injury Parameters in 168 Frontal Collisions Using a Restrained Hybrid Iii Dummy2000-01-SC0811/01/2000
The research of AIS1 neck injuries has focused on rear-end collisions, but a great portion of these injuries occur in frontal impacts. AIS1 neck injuries in frontal impacts can be associated with seat belt use and it can be hypothesized that the seat belt may transfer injurious loads to the neck. This study investigates the influence of the restraint system on the neck loads by using mechanical as well as mathematical (MADYMO) models of the HIII 50th percentile dummy. The mathematical simulations were based on 168 frontal crash pulses collected from crash recorders, installed in passenger cars in Sweden. The neck loads were evaluated by a new neck injury criterion NIC protraction, the upper neck flexion moment and the Nij criterion. It was found that a pretensioner, a load limiter or an airbag have the potential to reduce the neck loads below recently suggested reference values for long-term neck injuries only as well as short- plus long-term neck injuries. Moreover, the interaction
Bohman, Katarina, Haland, Yngve
Digital Man Models and Physical Strength – A New Approach in Strength Simulation2000-01-216806/06/2000
ABSTRACT A radical new approach was started to realize physical strength in digital man models. The basic idea is to synthesize individual force exertions by local muscle moments powering relevant body joints. We envelop these articular 3 D-moments by spherical bodies suggesting potatoes. „M-Potatoes“ are describing the local situation in particular: the variety of diverging maximum moments a single joint may generate in a specified joint posture. A total of 244 „M-Potatoes“ was sampled at 34 body joints. Indication is further given how to adjust „M-Potatoes“ to varying target populations and how to integrate „M-Potatoes“ into digital man models.
Schaefer, Peter, Rudolph, Helmut, Schwarz, Wolfgang
Hybrid III Dummy Neck Round-Robin Testing97104302/24/1997
The Hybrid III dummy is the anthropomorphic test device specified in the federal regulation for occupant protection in frontal impacts. Performance requirements for the Hybrid III neck are defined in Part 572E of the Code of Federal Regulations, based on biomechanical research and development by General Motors. Compliance requires meeting specified corridors for the input to the system and the response of the system. In 1991 and 1992, a collaborative test effort was undertaken by a Task Group of the Dummy Testing Equipment Subcommittee of the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulation Standards Committee. Ten dummy calibration laboratories participated in this effort. The Hybrid III neck flexion test, as specified by Part 572E, was the focus of this investigation. During the design and execution of these neck round-robin tests, it was found that test results were sensitive to many parameters (e.g., test apparatus physical characteristics; Hexcel® crush properties, mounting, and precrush
Biomechanical Responses and Injuries in Blunt Lateral Impact89243210/01/1989
Viano, David C.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_198607 (Historical)07/01/1986
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Human Mechanical Response CharacteristicsJ1460_198503 (Historical)03/01/1985
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
A New Dummy for Pedestrian Test85603101/01/1985
Improvement of pedestrian safety is considered a priority in crash injury protection. Dummies, however, are not able to give a humanlike and repeatable impact response in pedestrian tests. The Biomechanical Laboratory of ONSER in France and the Department of Traffic Safety of Chalmers University in Götheborg, Sweden have designed a new dummy for pedestrian testing. The dummy is designed according to the latest available anthropometric and biomechanical data. Its symmetry around the vertical axis allows repeatability for the kinematic and injury parameters. It allows a measurement of uncommon biomechanical parameters related to injury mechanisms. Its leg is instrumented to determine the distribution of forces and momenta applied to the leg.
Cesari, Dominique, Bouquet, Robert, Zac, R., Aldman, Bertil, Kajzer, Janusz
The Biomechanics Data Base84086704/01/1984
The Biomechanics Data Base contains the signals recorded during tests of human response to impact. A variety of possible errors in the signals from a test have been discovered, and are described in this paper, as well as the possible corrections for these errors. In addition, the contents of the data base are described as well as the tools available to analyze the data. Finally, plans for future development of the data base are revealed.
Marcus, Jeffrey H.
An Apparatus for studying the Neural Control and Biomechanics of Bilateral Coordination in Conventional Versus Novel Pedaling84002902/01/1984
An unusual stationary pedaling system has been built to teat the interaction of neural control and biomechanics during difficult bilateral coordination tasks. Subjects are tested during both conventional and novel pedaling. Neuromuscular and biomechanical data (electro-mayograms, kinematics and pedaling forces) are collected as the subject pedals. A brief discussion of the study's rationale, theoretical approach and preliminary results is presented as background to an understanding of the functional design features of the apparatus.
Schwandt, Douglas F., Zomlefer, Michael R., Boylls, C. Curtis, Onyski, Jean H., Cohen, Lisa A.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_198004 (Historical)04/01/1980
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Biomechanics and Its Application to Automotive Design P-49 - A Continuing Engineering Education Course developed by SAE Automobile Body Activity, Passenger Protection Committee73041302/01/1973
Improved Laminated Windshield with Reduced Laceration Properties73096902/01/1973
A new laminated automobile windshield called Triplex “Ten-Twenty,” fabricated from two thermally stressed glass plies of 2.3 mm soda-lime float glass laminated with a 0.76 mm HPR polyvinyl butyral interlayer, has been biomechanically evaluated by Triplex Safety Glass Co., Ltd., using a dropping headform and a skull impactor, and by Wayne State University, using a 50th percentile anthropomorphic dummy on the WHAM III sled test facility. The results of these evaluations at velocities up to 60 km/h are expressed in terms of Gadd index, head injury criterion, and various laceration scales including the new Triplex laceration index (TLI). Some details are also given of other properties of the windshield. The results of the evaluations indicate that the Ten-Twenty windshield offers a reduction of about two units on the TLI scale equivalent to one of the following: 1. A 99% reduction in the number of cuts when the length and depth of cuts remain unaltered. 2. A 90% reduction in the length of
Kay, S. E., Pickard, J., Patrick, L. M.
Form as a Visual Communicator73002002/01/1973
This paper intends to show the importance of visual form in the human environment. Form is herewith defined as gross three-dimensional shape. From the viewpoint of a visual designer, form is treated as a discrete dimension-one that should be considered of equal importance with other functions in the design process. The reader is brought into contact with an area of design thinking that exists between the traditional form considerations of human factors-engineering (biomechanics, ergonomics, etc.) and the purely aesthetic-artistic (taste, beauty, etc.). If we are to confirm “form as language,” it will be necessary to understand how form communicates, and what is being communicated. This concept is presented in two parts: the first explores man-made objects and environments as examples of “how” and “what” form communicates; the second part probes vehicular design as a logical area for application of a form-value system.
Knight, Leland W.
Application and Development of the Tramasaf Headform69047602/01/1969
The authors discuss the use of Tramasaf, a laboratory instrument that will test the energy absorption capability of automotive components, and will concurrently measure the extent of trauma to the human forehead. The most recently published biomechanics data has required a revision of the original development goals for the device. The paper describes these new goals, the stage of the progress, and some applications which verify the utility of the device.
Holcombe, H.G., Foster, J.K.
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885A_196610 (Historical)10/01/1966
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_196403 (Historical)03/01/1964
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations.
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Injuries, Anatomy, Biomechanics and Federal Regulation Learning Assessment85049.LA
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