Browse Topic: Crash research

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An Uncertainty Propagation Approach to Collective Bounce Rotorcraft-Pilot Couplings AnalysisF-0080-2024-13215/7/2024
In the context of Rotorcraft Pilot Couplings, the biomechanics of the pilot body play a fundamental role in determining the stability of the pilot-vehicle closed loop system. The response of the pilot body is, in turn, inherently stochastic, being a function of pilot biometrics and muscular activation. Coupling the statistical distribution of pilot biomechanical behavior determined in specialized experimental campaign with linear models of the helicopter heave dynamics, an uncertainty propagation procedure is developed, with the aim of estimating the statistical distribution of the stability margins of the closed loop pilot-vehicle system. Results obtained varying the collective lever characteristics, as well as the helicopter model parameters, align well with results obtained previously in deterministic settings. However, the new scheme allows to define quantitative robustness indices.
Zanoni, Andrea, Masarati, Pierangelo, Colombo, Francesca, Zilletti, Michele, Marchesoli, Davide, Talamo, Carmen, Cassoni, Gianni
Pilot Biomechanics for the Definition of a Rotorcraft-Pilot Interaction ExperimentF-0078-2022-175205/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Colombo, Francesca, Kemp, Sarah, Fosco, Ermanno, Zanoni, Andrea, Cocco,  Alessandro, Marchesoli,  Davide, Masarati,  Pierangelo, Talamo, Carmen
Machine Learning Helps Detect Gait Problems in Multiple Sclerosis PatientsTBMG-395798/1/2021
Monitoring the progression of multiple sclerosis-related gait issues can be challenging in adults over 50 years old, requiring a clinician to differentiate between problems related to MS and other age-related issues. To address this problem, researchers integrated gait data and machine learning to advance the tools used to monitor and predict disease progression.
Methods for Quantifying the Impact Severity of Low-Speed Side Impacts at Varying Angles2020-01-06414/14/2020
Accurately quantifying the severity of minor vehicle-to-vehicle impacts has commonly been achieved by utilizing the Momentum Energy Restitution (MER) method. A review of the scientific literature revealed investigations assessing the efficacy of the MER method primarily for: 1) inline rear-end impacts, 2) offset rear-end impacts, and 3) side impacts configured with the bullet vehicle striking the target vehicle at an approximate 90° angle. To date, the utility of the MER method has not been thoroughly examined and readily published for quantifying oblique side impacts. The aim of the current study was to analyze the effectiveness of the MER method for predicting the severity of side impacts at varying angles. Data were collected over a series of 12 tests with bullet-to-target-vehicle contact angles ranging from approximately 45° to 315° with corresponding impact speeds of approximately 12.5 km/h (7.8 mph) to 16.1 km/h (10.0 mph). Vehicle damage profiles were documented after each test
Brink, Justin, Swinford, Scott, Furbish, Christopher, Jones, Brian, Welcher, Judson, Anderson, Robert
Accuracy of Anthropometric Scaling: Using Stature to Estimate Body Segment Lengths2020-01-05234/14/2020
In the fields of forensic accident reconstruction and biomechanical engineering, it is often necessary to estimate the length of a specific body segment for an individual, about whom little is known besides overall stature. Since body proportions and body segment lengths vary throughout the population, there will be some error in these estimations. The current study provides estimates for the accuracy of human body segment length predictions based on stature. In this study, four different methods for predicting body segment lengths based on stature were evaluated. Using publicly available adult and child anthropometric datasets, a leave-one-out cross validation analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of each of the four methods in predicting body segment lengths. The results of the leave-one-out analysis showed that different prediction methods produced the best estimates for different body segment length measurements. When using the best method for each body segment, body
Campbell, Julius, Petroskey, Karla
Development of a Subhuman Primate Brain Finite Element Model to Investigate Brain Injury Thresholds Induced by Head Rotation2019-22-00033/31/2020
An anatomically detailed rhesus monkey brain FE model was developed to simulate in vivo responses of the brain of sub-human primates subjected to rotational accelerations resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI). The material properties used in the monkey model are those in the GHBMC 50th percentile male head model (Global Human Body Model Consortium). The angular loading simulations consisted of coronal, oblique and sagittal plane rotations with the center of rotation in neck to duplicate experimental conditions. Maximum principal strain (MPS) and Cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) were analyzed for various white matter structures such as the cerebrum subcortical white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem. The MPS in coronal rotation were 45% to 54% higher in the brainstem, 8% to 48% higher in the corpus callosum, 13% to 22% higher in the white matter when compared to those in oblique and sagittal rotations, suggesting that more severe DAI was expected from coronal and oblique
Arora, Tushar, Zhang, Liying, Prasad, Priya
Optimization of Braking Strategy for Automatic Emergency Braking System in Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents07-12-02-00093/23/2020
Braking strategy is the core of the automatic emergency braking (AEB) system. How to make the braking strategy of the AEB system more suitable for real traffic conditions and more acceptable to drivers is a very important research. This article carries out the braking strategy optimization for the AEB system. From the vehicle-pedestrian accidents collected by the National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System (NAIS) of Songjiang Station, this article selects typical cases equipped with event data recorder (EDR) and then analyzes the EDR data. On this basis, the strategy for the optimization of the AEB system is formed. The optimized strategy is simulated in the test scenario specified in the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro-NCAP) and compared with the real vehicle test results. The result illustrates that the optimized braking strategy is more effective to avoid or mitigate collisions.
Qian, Yubin, Yang, Xueyan, Xiao, Lingyun, Zhu, Yican
Bio-Inspired Mechanics to Make Robots More EffectiveTBMG-361913/1/2020
In an effort to make robots more effective and versatile teammates for soldiers in combat, researchers are looking to understand the value of the molecular living functionality of muscle and the fundamental mechanics that would need to be replicated in order to artificially achieve the capabilities arising from the proteins responsible for muscle contraction.
Influence Analysis of AEB Two-Wheeler on Passenger Car Impact Two-Wheeler Traffic Accidents in China2020-01-50232/24/2020
AEB two-wheeler system is an active safety technology which developed for avoiding two-wheeler accidents. With a large number of two wheelers, China needs to conduct research and analysis of this system. In this paper, real traffic accident data in China are used to analyze the possible influence of AEB two-wheeler system on traffic accidents. The paper chooses real passenger car impact two wheeler accidents happen in China, and gets the characteristics of data analysis. Then the paper analysis the influence of AEB system using position data when TTC=3s. According to the analysis, the detection range of 90 meters and the detection angle of 45 degrees can improve the recognition rate of day crossing accident by 17.7%, night crossing accident by 21.5% and longitudinal accident by 38.8%. The paper provides effective support for the development and test of AEB two-wheeler system in China. Car-to-two-wheeler accident AEB two-wheeler system Influence of the accident
Xudong, Li, Xiaowei, Lian, Xingchang, Wang
Pedestrian Collision Avoidance System for Autonomous Vehicles12-02-04-002112/18/2019
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are state of the art in modern vehicles (SAE level 1-2). They support the driver and improve thereby the vehicle safety during manual driving. In critical situations, collision avoidance systems warn the driver or trigger an autonomous emergency braking maneuver to mitigate or avoid a collision. Also, automated driving vehicles (SAE level 3+) must be able to avoid critical situations and must be more capable than currently available systems. During automated driving, the vehicle is responsible for the driving task instead of the driver. Therefore, safe automated driving requires robust algorithms to avoid collisions with other traffic participants in every situation, especially in critical situations with pedestrians and a limited perception ability. In this work, we investigate how automated driving vehicles can handle critical situations with pedestrians on multilane roads with an emergency braking or evasion maneuver. We focus in detail on
Schratter, Markus, Hartmann, Michael, Watzenig, Daniel
Harvesting Energy from the Human KneeTBMG-350979/1/2019
An energy harvester attached to the wearer’s knee can generate 1.6 μW of power while the wearer walks without any increase in effort. The energy is enough to power small electronics like health monitoring equipment.
Wearable Liquid Unit Harvests EnergyTBMG-349338/1/2019
Researchers have created wearable technology to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. It presents a step toward the practical realization of self-powered, human-integrated technologies.
Flight Simulator Testing to Enhance Comprehension and Modeling of Rotorcraft Pilot CouplingsF-0075-2019-146435/13/2019
This work presents the results of a piloted flight simulator campaign aimed at measuring biomechanical performance indicators -- upper limbs motion and electromiography of main muscle bundles -- of pilots performing complex, realistic tasks. Ship deck landings performed by a single pilot, flying several helicopter configurations with sea conditions of increasing intensity have been considered. The analysis of the results shows an increase in muscular activity in relation with the increase in task difficulty, in agreement with subjective ratings (Bedford workload scale). The study provided useful indications to improve the corresponding biomechanical simulations, as well as to characterize pilot performance during specific tasks.
Zanoni, Andrea, Maisano, Giorgio, Frigerio, Lorenzo, Murawa, Michal, Zago, Matteo, Paolini, Rita, Quaranta, Giuseppe, Masarati, Pierangelo, Galli, Manuela
Investigation of Structural Coupling Problems in Tiltrotor AircraftF-0075-2019-145835/13/2019
The paper investigates structural coupling problems in tiltrotor aircraft. A detailed tiltrotor model, representative of the Bell XV-15, has been built. The airframe model has been modified with a thinner wing to better reveal structural coupling proneness. A linearized FCS has been introduced to analyze the overall stability on an extended frequency band, ranging from the flight mechanics up to the aeroelastic modes. In addition to the FCS, biomechanical models of the pilot, acting on the power-lever and on the center stick, are included in feedback loop. Overall stability analyses demonstrate that the FCS improves handling qualities although several structural coupling mechanisms arise, in combination with the involuntary pilot's response, reducing flutter clearance. A modified version of the XV-15, using differential collective pitch for yaw control in airplane mode, has been also investigated. This configuration reduces costs and weights although the FCS destabilizes the
Muscarello, Vincenzo
Residual Injury Situation and Accident Characteristics of Severe Motorcycle Accidents2019-01-06384/2/2019
The total number of persons severely and fatally injured in road traffic accidents has reduced considerably in recent decades. However, the number of motorcyclists involved in accidents has not reduced to the same extent, and some countries have even recorded an increase. The aim of this study is to analyse the circumstances of motorcycle accidents in Germany involving vehicles with a cubic capacity of over 125 cm3 with particular reference to severely or fatally injured riders. An analysis is to be made of the characteristics and patterns of injuries suffered by the most severely injured motorcyclists and proposals developed for injury prevention. The study included accident data from 464 motorcycle accidents collected in Hanover and Dresden between 2010 and 2015 by an academic research team in the course of the GIDAS project (German In-Depth Accident Study). This data represents a statistically representative sample from real accidents occurring in Germany. The analysis of the
Otte, Dietmar
Development of Subject-Specific Elderly Female Finite Element Models for Vehicle Safety2019-01-12244/2/2019
Previous study suggested that female, thin, obese, and older occupants had a higher risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Human body finite element models were a valuable tool in the study of injury biomechanics. The mesh deformation method based on radial basis function(RBF) was an attractive alternative for morphing baseline model to target models. Generally, when a complex model contained many elements and nodes, it was impossible to use all surface nodes as landmarks in RBF interpolation process, due to its prohibitive computational cost. To improve the efficiency, the current technique was to averagely select a set of nodes as landmarks from all surface nodes. In fact, the location and the number of selected landmarks had an important effect on the accuracy of mesh deformation. Hence, how to select important nodes as landmarks was a significant issue. In the paper, an efficient peak point-selection RBF mesh deformation method was used to select landmarks. The
Dong, Wenxiang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yin, Yunlei, Li, Junming, Wang, Qingmiao, Jin, Xin
Thoracic Spine Extension Injuries in Occupants with Pre-Existing Conditions during Rear-End Collisions2019-01-12224/2/2019
Certain ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) can substantially alter clinicopathologic spine biomechanics as well as injury mechanisms in rear-end motor vehicle collisions. AS is an inflammatory disease which can lead to structural impairments of the spine secondary to flowing ossification along the spinal column, including ossification across the spinal discs, facet joints, and ligaments, and it has also been associated with diffuse osteoporosis of the spine. DISH is characterized by excess bone formation along the spinal column, encompassing the annulus and forming the thickest and strongest bridging osteophytes over adjacent vertebral bodies at the level of the disc space. In both conditions the spine is mechanically stiffened and generally more kyphotic than a healthy spine. This paper presents a series of case studies in which a front-seat occupant with ankylosing spondyloarthropathy experienced a
Davis, Mathieu, Isaacs, Jessica, Graber, Martin, Fisher, Jacob
Analysis of Rear Seat Sled Tests with the 5th Female Hybrid III: Incorrect Conclusions in Bidez et al. SAE 2005-01-17082019-01-06184/2/2019
Objective: Sled test video and data were independently analyzed to assess the validity of statements and conclusions reported in Bidez et al. SAE paper 2005-01-1708 [7]. Method: An independent review and analysis of the test data and video was conducted for 9 sled tests at 35 km/h (21.5 mph). The 5th female Hybrid III was lap-shoulder belted in the 2nd or 3rd row seat of a SUV buck. For one series, the angle was varied from 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 deg PDOF. The second series involved shoulder belt pretensioning and other belt modifications. Results: Bidez et al. [7] claimed “The lap belts moved up and over the pelvis of the small female dummy for all impact angles tested.” We found that there was no submarining in any of the tests with the production lap-shoulder belts. Bidez et al. [7] claimed “H3-5F dummies began to roll out of their shoulder belt at… 30 degrees. Complete loss of torso support was seen at 45 degrees without significant kinetic energy dissipation.” We found that the
Viano, David, Parenteau, Chantal
THOR Neck Moment Calculation at Atlanto-Occipital Joint2019-01-10374/2/2019
In biomechanics research of human neck injuries, the moment for the upper neck was calculated to the Atlanto-Occipital (AO) joint. In this paper, a mathematical method was presented to calculate the neck moment at AO for both Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) 50th male and THOR 5th female ATDs in neck flexion, extension and lateral bending directions. Detailed formula was derived according to the mechanical design and how parts functions in the ATD. The constant parameters for both THOR 50th and 5th were provided for the calculation. One THOR-50M neck test data was presented in this paper to illustrate the calculation results.
Wang, Zhenwen Jerry
Seat Performance and Occupant Moving Out of the Shoulder Belt in ABTS (All-Belts-to-Seat) in Rear Impacts2019-01-10314/2/2019
This study examined occupant and seat responses with ABTS (all-belts-to-seat) in rear end collisions. Some have claimed improved ABTS seat performance and retention in rear impacts than conventional seats. ABTS seats tend to have higher ultimate yield strengths than conventional yielding seats. Most ABTS seats have asymmetric seatback stiffness due to the need for additional structure on one side of the seat to support shoulder belt loads. Many designs use a single-side recliner and single stanchion that anchors the D-ring. This asymmetry results in twisting of the seatback in severe rear impacts. Seatback twist can allow the occupant to move away from the shoulder belt. Rearward pull tests on ABTS seats also demonstrates seatback twisting and in some cases large drops in load during the test. The added strength and stiffness of ABTS seats lead to designs that are vulnerable to sudden force drops from separated parts.
White, Samuel, Viano, David, Burnett, Roger
Video-Recorded “Looked-but-Failed-to-See” (LBFTS) Accidents in the Junctions of Hong Kong2018-01-50491/18/2019
To determine causation and contributory factors of “looked-but-failed-to-see” (LBFTS) junction accidents in which the driver stated that “I did not see the pedestrian,” in-depth studies of 22 such accidents which had taken place in Hong Kong were conducted. The studied crashes were all video recorded by closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and/or dashboard cameras. Using the video recordings, these junction accidents were reconstructed at the scenes to determine the drivers’ views of the pedestrians and the sequence of events leading up to each accident. The results of the reconstructions and the police investigations, as well as the testimony of the drivers, were analyzed to identify causation and contributing factors of each accident. Attention error/visual search strategy (41%) and misjudgments of drivers (18%) remain the dominant cause of LBFTS crashes. However, it was found that eight crashes (36%) were attributed to the physical obstructions caused by the A-pillars of the
Cheng, Yuk Ki, Tam, Cheok Ning, Tao, Chi Hang, Tsang, Cheuk Nam
Adhesive Failure Prediction in Crash Simulations2019-26-02971/9/2019
Structural adhesive is a good alternative to provide required strength at joinery of similar and dissimilar materials. Adhesive joinery plays a critical role to maintain structural integrity during vehicle crash scenario. Robust adhesive failure definitions are critical for accurate predictions of structural performance in crash Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations. In this paper, structural adhesive material characterization challenges like comprehensive In-house testing and CAE correlation aspects are discussed. Considering the crash loading complexity, test plan is devised for identification of strength and failure characteristics at 0°, 45°, 75°, 90°, and Peel loading conditions. Coupon level test samples were prepared with high temperature curing of structural adhesive along with metal panels. Test fixtures were prepared to carryout testing using Instron VHS machine under quasi-static and dynamic loading. Various material models available in LSDYNA are studied and MAT169
Rao, Hrishikesh S., Tiwari, Sourabh, Koralla, Sivaprasad, Ghosh, Debabrata, Dey, Susanta
Styling and Packaging Approach to Meet Pedestrian Upper Leg Requirements as per Euro NCAP Protocol2019-26-00071/9/2019
In most of the countries all over the world, thousands of pedestrians and vulnerable road users are struck by motor vehicles and getting killed or get severe injuries. Accident research data shows that pedestrians are a significant proportion of all road user casualties []. In pedestrian impact with vehicle front end, several organ forms impact directly to front end of the vehicles and get severe injuries in head, lower leg and pelvis region. Pelvis region of pedestrian get severe injuries due to hit by Bonnet Leading Edge. Impact force is major injury driving parameter in case of pelvis region. In earlier Euro NCAP Pedestrian Protocol -v7.1.1 [], upper leg impact energy calculation was based on BLE (Bonnet Leading Edge) height and bumper lead. Vehicle front end styling was not playing any role in deciding upper leg impact energy. Upper leg impact performance was purely dependent on BLE height and package space available. Whereas in current Euro NCAP Pedestrian Protocol -v8.4 [], upper
Mhaskar, Dnyaneshwar, Mahapatre, Ashish Kumar, Bhagat, Milind
Predictive Estimation of Side Pole Impact Dummy Response Based on Linear Impactor SAB Performance2018-01-50186/18/2018
This article discusses steps to predictively estimate the responses of Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) in a side impact event, based on a Side Airbag (SAB) Force-Deformation (F-D) characteristics derived from the linear impactor test. A critical load management challenge that has been used to assess this predictive response process is the oblique pole impact test - part of the FMVSS 214 protocol. In this scenario, the ATD is assumed to have a free travel until it is stopped by the crushed and stacked up door against the rigid pole. Three critical energy management paths involved to manage the kinetic energy of the ATD at impact are assumed at the onset, namely, the door trim crush, ATD torso loading and most important efficient energy management of the SAB at a controlled force level. The SAB energy management is assumed critical and tied with the final response of the test ATD. In the study being reported, the amount of energy absorbed by the SAB and the reaction force of the SAB
Uduma, Kalu, Purushothaman, Dipu, Wu, Jianping, Beaudet, Brian, Keshtkar, Hamid
Development of Component Level Transfer Equations of Simplified Human and ATD Occupant Models09-06-01-00056/5/2018
Safety systems have historically been evaluated with anthropomorphic test devices for research, development, or regulatory concerns. Human body models are another avenue for use in the investigation of occupant safety. In this study, transfer equations are developed to quantify the response of a human model (Global Human Body Models Consortium average male simplified model) and dummy model (Hybrid-III) in equivalent environments. Environments were selected based on certification test setups used for the Hybrid III ATD as well as a basic frontal sled environment. The tests include a head drop, neck flexion/extension, and chest and knee impacts. Furthermore, models were positioned within a simplified occupant interior for sled tests. In all, 30 matched pair simulations were run, 60 in total. Peak metrics between human and anthropomorphic test device models showed strong linear correlation in component testing however, as the complexity of the simulations increased, agreement tended to
Guleyupoglu, Berkan, Koya, Bharath, Gayzik, Francis Scott
A Comprehensive Aeroservoelastic Approach to Detect and Prevent Rotorcraft-Pilot Coupling Phenomena in TiltrotorsF-0074-2018-127535/14/2018
ABSTRACT This work investigates rotorcraft-pilot coupling phenomena in tiltrotors. A detailed tiltrotor model, representative of the Bell-Boeing XV-15, has been built. Biomechanical models of the pilot, acting on the power lever and on the centre stick, are included in feedback loop to define the Pilot-Vehicle System. Pilot-Assisted Oscillation phenomena are investigated on the overall conversion corridor using Nyquist's criterion. Pilot-in-the-loop analyses demonstrate that a critical parameter is detected in the vertical fins geometry. Due to an asymmetric flaperons deflection the wing's wake impacts on the vertical fins, producing a side force. The pulsating tail-side-force makes the fuselage to yaw and excites the asymmetric wing chord mode coupled with the lateral pilot's biomechanics, leading to a reduction, or even a loss, of stability. No unstable event is detected about the longitudinal direction. Conversely, a resonance between the pilot's biomechanics and the aircraft poorly
Colombo, Francesca, Muscarello, Vincenzo, Quaranta, Giuseppe, Masarati, Pierangelo
Considerations for ISO 26262 ASIL Hazard ClassificationJ2980_201804 (Historical)4/28/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice presents a method and example results for determining the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) for automotive motion control electrical and electronic (E/E) systems. The ASIL determination activity is required by ISO 26262-3:2011 [1], and it is intended that the process and results herein are consistent with ISO 26262:2011 [1]. The technical focus of this document is on vehicle motion control systems. It is limited to passenger cars weighing up to 3.5 metric tons. Furthermore, the scope of this recommended practice is limited to collision-related hazards associated with motion control systems. The recommended practice focused on motion control systems since the hazards they can create generally have higher ASIL ratings, as compared to the hazards non-motion control systems can create. Because of this, the Functional Safety Committee decided to give motion control systems a higher priority and focus exclusively on them in the SAE J2980 recommended
Functional Safety Committee
Considerations for ISO 26262 ASIL Hazard ClassificationJ2980_201804-TEST-REC (Historical)4/28/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice presents a method and example results for determining the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) for automotive motion control electrical and electronic (E/E) systems. The ASIL determination activity is required by ISO 26262-3:2011 [1], and it is intended that the process and results herein are consistent with ISO 26262:2011 [1]. The technical focus of this document is on vehicle motion control systems. It is limited to passenger cars weighing up to 3.5 metric tons. Furthermore, the scope of this recommended practice is limited to collision-related hazards associated with motion control systems. The recommended practice focused on motion control systems since the hazards they can create generally have higher ASIL ratings, as compared to the hazards non-motion control systems can create. Because of this, the Functional Safety Committee decided to give motion control systems a higher priority and focus exclusively on them in the SAE J2980 recommended
Functional Safety Committee
Estimation of Injury Risk of the Cervical Spine of Car Occupants after Emergency Braking2018-01-05414/3/2018
This study deals with the question whether or not a “braking with maximum deceleration” represents a specific physical load situation for the occupants of a car. For this purpose, a literature study was performed to determine the relevance of symptoms concerning whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) of car occupants who were involved in traffic accidents with low accident severity. Additionally, test drives with full braking cars were conducted to determine the load situation of the neck for human test persons. Dummies were used too, which were equipped with measuring components at the head and thorax to identify the effective acceleration/deceleration and to compare these values to scientific approved characteristic deceleration values and to the existing neck injury criteria. Finally, the likelihood of occurrence of symptoms in terms of a neck injury was evaluated from the medical and biomechanical point of view. The study shows that there is basically no risk for the occurrence of
Otte, Dietmar, Facius lng, Thorsten, Johannsen, Heiko, Hüfner, Tobias
Correlation of “Non-Zero” Speedometer Readings with EDR Data2018-01-05224/3/2018
Observations made during forensic automotive crash investigations have identified instances of non-zero, post-crash speedometer readings and created questions as to the validity of the indicated speed relative to the vehicle speed at impact. Previously published work has addressed many issues related to the reliability of non-zero, post-crash speedometer readings identified in vehicles as well as motorcycles. Much of this work established criteria that related the reliability of the post-crash needle position to the design of the stepper motor that controls the needle. Part of this criteria is related to the static torque associated with the speedometer needle shaft rotation due to outside (crash) forces. The published criteria were evaluated in staged crash tests which investigated the ability to maintain needle position under longitudinal and lateral forces after an electrical power loss. In an effort to extend the science, this paper compares non-zero, post-crash speedometer
Yannaccone, John R., Kinder, Robert
Ground Landing Mechanisms in Vehicle-To-Pedestrian Impacts Based on Accident Video Records2018-01-10444/3/2018
Accident data have shown that the pedestrian injuries resulting from contact with the ground are serious and may even be worse than the injuries resulting from the primary contact with the vehicle. The landing mechanisms, including the pedestrian trajectory and subsequent sequential body region contacts to the ground, are the basis for understanding the ground impact injuries of pedestrians. However, the landing mechanisms of pedestrian are too complicated to be categorized via investigation of the collision information after an accident has occurred. Nowadays, pedestrian kinematics after vehicle impacts can be observed from the accident videos that have been recorded by road monitoring and driver recorders. This study was aimed at investigating the pedestrian landing mechanisms and analyzing the influencing factors. In the current study, 134 pedestrian cases (involving 136 pedestrians) were selected from the internet, and 13 types of landing mechanisms were classified according to the
Li, Quan, Han, Yong, Mizuno, Koji
Malleable ‘Electronic Skin’ Self-Healable, RecyclableTBMG-287484/1/2018
CU Boulder researchers have developed a new type of malleable, self-healing and fully recyclable “electronic skin” that has applications ranging from robotics and prosthetic development to better biomedical devices.
Integrated Genomic and Proteomic Information Security ProtocolTBMG-287404/1/2018
The evolving nature of the Internet will require continual advances in authentication and confidentiality protocols. Nature provides some clues as to how this can be accomplished in a distributed manner through molecular biology. Cryptography and molecular biology share certain aspects and operations that allow for a set of unified principles to be applied to problems in either venue.
System and Method for Managing Autonomous Entities Through ApoptosisTBMG-287064/1/2018
This NASA innovation is a biologically inspired system management method designed to make sensor webs as well as other autonomous and autonomic systems more self-directing and self-managing. Based on the mechanisms of cell apoptosis, this method ensures safe and correct operation over time by enabling self-destruct, self-sleep, or standby actions in response to potentially harmful or compromising situations. The capabilities provided by this technology will benefit systems such as sensors, computer systems, and spacecraft.
OCE Aids Development of Therapies for Damaged Heart TissueTBMG-282871/24/2018
Researchers have developed a new way to capture the detailed biomechanical properties of heart tissue. The high-resolution optical technique fills an important technology gap necessary to develop and test therapies that might eventually be used to heal heart damage after a heart attack.
Association of Impact Velocity with Serious-Injury and Fatality Risks to Cyclists in Commercial Truck-Cyclist Accidents2017-22-001311/13/2017
This study aimed to clarify the relationship between truck–cyclist collision impact velocity and the serious-injury and fatality risks to cyclists, and to investigate the effects of road type and driving scenario on the frequency of cyclist fatalities due to collisions with vehicles. We used micro and macro truck–cyclist collision data from the Japanese Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) database. We classified vehicle type into five categories: heavy-duty trucks (gross vehicle weight [GVW] ≥11 × 103 kg [11 tons (t)], medium-duty trucks (5 × 103 kg [5 t] ≤ GVW < 11 × 103 kg [11 t]), light-duty trucks (GVW <5 × 103 kg [5 t]), box vans, and sedans. The fatality risk was ≤5% for light-duty trucks, box vans, and sedans at impact velocities ≤40 km/h and for medium-duty trucks at impact velocities ≤30 km/h. The fatality risk was 6% for heavy-duty trucks at impact velocities ≤10 km/h. Thus, the fatality risk appears strongly associated with vehicle class and
Matsui, Yasuhiro, Oikawa, Shoko, Sorimachi, Kazuhiro, Imanishi, Akira, Fujimura, Takeshi
Brazil's Option to Join iGLAD - International Harmonized In-Depth Accident Data2017-36-018311/7/2017
A strong local initiative in Campinas - Brazil is studying how to be more effective in the improvement of road safety in order to align to other worldwide initiatives with similar goals. This paper describes the Brazilian initiative’s approach to the challenge of being aligned with iGLAD (Initiative for the Global Harmonization of Accident Data, starting as a project in 2011 and collecting data since 2007) on the delivery of its first set of accident cases from 2016. The Brazilian source of data started as a pilot project collecting local data with the aim of extending it within the next years to a larger region. In fact, a consistent method for the development of strategies and measures to prevent accidents and mitigate injury severity comes from accident database analysis. Although databases such as national statistics are available for many countries for assessing accident situations, examining trends, or carrying out similar analysis; the identification of accident and injury
Longton, Alejandro, Schulze, Oliver, Bakker, Jörg, Parera, Nuria, Leitao, Joel
Activation Timing of a Collision Avoidance System with V2V Communication2017-01-00393/28/2017
A vehicle-to-vehicle communication system (V2V) sends and receives vehicle information by wireless communication and assists safe driving. The present study investigated the activation timings of collision information support, collision caution support, and collision warning support provided by a V2V in an experiment using a driving simulator for four situations of (1) assistance in braking, (2) assistance in accelerating, (3) assistance in making a right turn, and (4) assistance in making a left turn at a blind intersection. The four situations are common scenarios of traffic accidents in Japan. Safety margins for collision information support and collision warning support were the time required for the driver to fully apply the brake pedal, while the safety margin for collision caution support was the time required for the driver to begin applying the brake pedal. The study investigated the effects of adding safety margins to standard activation timings. The standard activation
Hirose, Toshiya, Ohtsuka, Yasufumi, Gokan, Masato
NHTSA’s Proposed Frontal Oblique Impact Test Protocol: Analyses and Evaluation2017-01-14753/28/2017
On December 2015, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published its proposal to implement U.S New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) changes covering three categories of crashworthiness, crash avoidance and pedestrian protection, beginning with the 2019 model year. The crashworthiness category included a new frontal oblique impact (OI) test protocol. The test compromises of a new Oblique Moving Deformable Barrier (OMDB), new THOR 50th percentile male (THOR-50M) anthropomorphic test device (ATD), and a new test configuration. An OMDB of 2,486 kg (5,480 lb) impacts a stationary target vehicle at a speed of 90 kph (56 mph) at an angle of 15 degrees with a 35% barrier overlap with the front end of the target vehicle. In vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, the lighter weight vehicle experience higher velocity change and higher acceleration levels, thereby, occupants in the lighter vehicle experience higher injury risk. This paper describes the analyses of a series of 31 OI
Barbat, Saeed, Li, Xiaowei
Method to Optimize Key Parameters and Effectiveness Evaluation of the AEB System Based on Rear-End Collision Accidents2017-01-01123/28/2017
Rear-end accident is one of the most important collision modes in China, which often leads to severe accident consequences due to the high collision velocity. Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system could perform emergency brake automatically in dangerous situation and mitigate the consequence. This study focused on the analysis of the rear-end accidents in China in order to discuss about the parameters of Time–to-Collision (TTC) and the comprehensive evaluation of typical AEB. A sample of 84 accidents was in-depth investigated and reconstructed, providing a comprehensive set of data describing the pre-crash matrix. Each accident in this sample is modeled numerically by the simulation tool PC-Crash. In parallel, a model representing the function of an AEB system has been established. This AEB system applies partial braking when the TTC ≤ TTC1 and full braking when the TTC ≤ TTC2. Lastly, the AEB system’s model is coupled to the kinematic of the vehicle in simulation for virtual
Zhao, Mingming, Wang, Hongyan, Chen, Junyi, Xu, Xiao, He, Yutong
Analysis of Non-Police Reported Accidents on Indian Highways2017-26-00051/10/2017
The official Indian accident statistics show that the number of road accidents and fatalities are one of the highest worldwide. These official statistics provide important facts about the current accident situation. It is suspected that for various reasons not all accidents are reported to the official statistic. This study estimates the degree of underreporting of traffic accidents with casualties in India. In order to get a national overview of the traffic accident situation it is necessary to improve the knowledge about underreported accidents. Therefore, the in-depth accident database of “Road Accident Sampling System India” (RASSI) was analyzed [1]. This project is organized by a consortium that has collected traffic accidents scientifically in four different regions since 2011 on the spot which have been reported either by police or by local hospitals and own patrol by RASSI engineers. Thus, the level of underreporting is researched by comparing data from hospital records and
Joerg, Moennich, Kumaresh, Girikumar, Lich, Thomas, Georgi, Andreas
Association of Impact Velocity with Risks of Serious Injuries and Fatalities to Pedestrians in Commercial Truck-Pedestrian Accidents2016-22-000711/7/2016
This study aimed to clarify the relationship between truck-pedestrian crash impact velocity and the risks of serious injury and fatality to pedestrians. We used micro and macro truck-pedestrian accident data from the Japanese Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) database. We classified vehicle type into five categories: heavy-duty trucks (gross vehicle weight [GVW] ≥11 × 103 kg [11 tons (t)], medium-duty trucks (5 × 103 kg [5 t] ≤ GVW < 11 × 103 kg [11 t]), light-duty trucks (GVW <5 × 103 kg [5 t]), box vans, and sedans. The fatality risk was ≤5% for light-duty trucks, box vans, and sedans at impact velocities ≤ 30 km/h and for medium-duty trucks at impact velocities ≤20 km/h. The fatality risk was ≤10% for heavy-duty trucks at impact velocities ≤10 km/h. Thus, fatality risk appears strongly associated with vehicle class. The results also revealed that a 10 km/h reduction in impact velocities could mitigate the severity of pedestrian injuries at impact
Matsui, Yasuhiro, Oikawa, Shoko, Sorimachi, Kazuhiro, Imanishi, Akira, Fujimura, Takeshi
3D Textile EngineeringTBMG-2595011/1/2016
Secant Medical, Telford, PA, has developed 3D textile engineering technology by integrating traditional textile engineering with advanced biomaterials. By combining the spatial resolution capability with advanced bioresorbable polymers, the company uses its proprietary bioelastomer Regenerez® to assist in enhancing the biomechanical properties of these 3D structures. This technology transforms a simple, synthetic textile into an elastomeric scaffold, which provides for a broad range of bioresorbable polymers for the structural design. The company has begun development of an anatomical scaffold prototype based on the trachea. The 3D textile engineered trachea scaffold demonstrates the precision of creating 20 Cshaped rings stacked along the length of the prototype with narrow, flexible regions spaced in between to mimic the natural bioarchitecture of the trachea.
Adverse Aeroelastic Roll/Lateral Rotorcraft-Pilot Couplings AnalysisF-0072-2016-114425/17/2016
The paper investigates the basic mechanism of aeroservoelastic Pilot Assisted Oscillation phenomenon (PAO) about the roll axis due to the interaction with the pilot's arm biomechanics. The motivation stems from the observation that a rotor imbalance may occur as a consequence of rotor cyclic lead-lag modes excitation. The instability mechanism is analogous to the 'air resonance' phenomenon, in which the pilot's involuntary action plays the role of the AFCS. Using robust stability analysis, the paper demonstrates that, in particular, the introduction of a gain and a time-delay between the stick motion and the servoactuator displacements may reduce the gain and phase margins of the pilotvehicle system. The mechanism of instability proves that the pilot biodynamics is participating to the destabilization of the system by inputting energy directly into the flapping mode. This destabilizes the airframe roll motion which, in turn, causes lag motion imbalance. It is found that, depending on
Masarati, Pierangelo, Tod, Georges, Pavel, Marilena, Muscarello, Vincenzo, Quaranta, Giuseppe, Malburet, François
Integration Strategy of Safety Systems - Status and Outlook2016-01-14994/5/2016
On the way to automated driving, the installation rate of surround sensing systems will rapidly increase in the upcoming years. The respective technical progress in the areas of driver assistance and active safety leads to a numerous and valuable information and signals to be used prior to, during and even after an accident. Car makers and suppliers can make use of this new situation and develop integrated safety functions to further reduce the number of injured and even deaths in car accidents. Nevertheless, the base occupant safety remains the core of this integrated safety system in order to ensure at least a state-of-the-art protection even in vehicles including partial, high or full automation. Current networked safety systems comprehend a point-to-point connection between single components of active and safety systems. The optimal integration requires a much deeper and holistic approach. This paper and presentation describe current and future challenges and a clear strategy for
Klier, Willy, Lich, Thomas, D’Addetta, Gian Antonio, Freienstein, Heiko, Koehler, Armin, Reckziegel, Bastian, Yu, Zerong
Research on Method for Classifying Injury Severity Using Motorcycle Accident Data for ISO 262622015-32-071411/17/2015
ISO 26262 was established in 2011 as a functional safety standard for passenger cars. In this standard, ASILs (Automotive Safety Integrity Levels) representing safety levels for passenger cars are determined by evaluating the hazardous events associated with each item constituting an electrical and/or electronic safety-related system according to three evaluation criteria including injury severity. On the other hand, motorcycles will be included in the scope of application of ISO 26262 in the next revision. It is expected that a severity evaluation for motorcycles will be needed because motorcycles are clearly different from passenger cars in vehicle mass and structure. Therefore, this study focused on severity class evaluation for motorcycles. A method of classifying injury severity according to vehicle speed was developed on the basis of accident data. In addition, a severity table for motorcycles classifying injury severity according to vehicle speed for each accident type was
Arai, Yuji, Hasegawa, Makoto, Harigae, Takeshi
Study on Airbag Concept for Motorcycles Using Opposing Vehicle as Reaction Structure2015-32-081311/17/2015
An airbag system for motorcycle applications was developed and commercially released in 2006 based on many research results on that system. In the airbag system, the bag should be supported during the period in a collision. The previously developed system employed a configuration in which the airbag was supported by the structures of the motorcycle, such as the instrument panel and the surrounding structures. These structures receive the reaction force to hold the airbag during a crash to properly absorb the rider's kinetic energy. Meanwhile, the previous system requires a larger area for these reaction structures and is applicable only to the motorcycles that can provide the area. To overcome this limitation, we propose an airbag system employing another concept. In this concept, the airbag does not use its vehicle structures as reaction structures but uses the structures of an opposing vehicle, such as doors and/or pillars. For evaluations of the proposed system, full scale
Aikyo, Yutaka, Kobayashi, Yuki, Sato, Takashi, Akashi, Tomohiko, Ishiwatari, Makoto
Study on Airbag Concept for Motorcycles Using Opposing Vehicle as Reaction Structure2015-32-0813-TEST-REC11/17/2015
An airbag system for motorcycle applications was developed and commercially released in 2006 based on many research results on that system. In the airbag system, the bag should be supported during the period in a collision. The previously developed system employed a configuration in which the airbag was supported by the structures of the motorcycle, such as the instrument panel and the surrounding structures. These structures receive the reaction force to hold the airbag during a crash to properly absorb the rider's kinetic energy. Meanwhile, the previous system requires a larger area for these reaction structures and is applicable only to the motorcycles that can provide the area. To overcome this limitation, we propose an airbag system employing another concept. In this concept, the airbag does not use its vehicle structures as reaction structures but uses the structures of an opposing vehicle, such as doors and/or pillars. For evaluations of the proposed system, full scale
Aikyo, Yutaka, Kobayashi, Yuki, Sato, Takashi, Akashi, Tomohiko, Ishiwatari, Makoto
Risks of Serious Injuries and Fatalities of Cyclists Associated with Impact Velocities of Cars in Car-Cyclist Accidents in Japan2015-22-001511/9/2015
The main purpose of this study is to define the relationship between the car impact velocity and serious injury risk or fatality risk of cyclists. The authors investigated the risks of serious injuries and fatalities of cyclists using vehicle-cyclist accident data from the database of the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. The vehicle types considered are sedans, mini vans, box vans, light passenger cars and light cargo vans. The results revealed that a 10-km/h decrease in the impact velocity could reduce the severe injury risk and fatality risk for impact velocities of 40 km/h or higher. Specifically, when the impact velocity was less than or equal to 30 km/h, the serious injury risks were less than 21% and the fatality risks were less than or equal to 1% for the above listed vehicle types. Therefore, if the Collision Damage Mitigation Braking System (CDMBS) equipped vehicles can perform its functions effectively so as to reduce the impact
Matsui, Yasuhiro, Oikawa, Shoko
Considerations for ISO 26262 ASIL Hazard ClassificationJ2980_201505 (Historical)5/7/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice presents a method and example results for determining the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) for automotive electrical and electronic (E/E) systems. This activity is required by ISO 26262-3:2011 [1], and it is intended that the process and results herein are consistent with ISO 26262:2011 [1]. The technical focus of this document is on vehicle motion control systems. It is limited to passenger cars weighing up to 3.5 metric tons. Furthermore, the scope of this recommended practice is limited to collision-related hazards. ISO 26262:2011 [1] has a wider scope than SAE J2980, covering other functions and accidents (not just motion control or collisions as in SAE J2980).
Functional Safety Committee
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