Browse Topic: Air traffic control

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Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable AirspaceARP5535B (Current)11/26/2025
This document applies to safety observers or spotters involved with the use of outdoor laser systems. It may be used in conjunction with SAE Aerospace Standard (AS4970) “Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace.” Additional control measures may be applicable and are listed in ANSI Z136.6.
G10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee
Game-theoretic Resolution of Stochastic Multi-aircraft Near Midair CollisionsF-0081-2025-01595/20/2025
This paper presents a multi-aircraft Markov decision process congestion game to resolve multi-aircraft near midair collisions (NMACs) for small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAVs). Two key features of this framework are: 1) it leverages the concept of strategic equilibria from game theory to define optimality in multi-aircraft near midair encounters and 2) it extends the existing NMAC metrics to stochastic formulations via the occupancy measure of a Markov decision process. This game-theoretic approach decomposes the classically centralized air traffic control objective to multiple objectives that correspond to each aircraft within the NMAC, and as result, provides an aircraft-centric notion of optimality and safety that is well-suited for distributed conflict resolutions in multi-aircraft NMACs. In addition to modeling multi-aircraft as a game, stochastic metrics that extend the deterministic notions of NMACs are explored. The safety and optimality of the Nash equilibrium multi-aircraft
Wang, Jianchao, Li, Sarah
IAQG-03282025-1 IAQG-03282025-1 (Current)4/2/2025
IAQG-03282025-1
IAQG-1 Standards Committee
Applying and Testing the ASTM F3673 - 23 Weather Standard Specification for Enhanced Safety and Efficiency in eVTOL and Helicopter OperationsF-0080-2024-11425/7/2024
This article addresses the critical need for enhanced weather observation and prediction systems for rotary-wing aircraft. Current weather systems lack granularity in low-altitude airspace, posing safety risks. The application of the ASTM F3673 - 23 Weather Standard Specification is proposed to standardize weather data collection and transition towards a weather sensor performance-based approach rather than instrument certifications, facilitating the deployment of advanced weather sensors. Today, heliports have a binary weather measurement system choice, expensive certified surface weather stations or a windsock. The standard has the potential to change this paradigm, by allowing the deployment of cost-effective digital sensor technology to reduce uncertainty about what is happening at a heliport or vertiport/vertiplex destination. Operationalizing this specification requires rigorous testing and collaboration through public-private partnerships. Bridging the weather educational gap is
Berchoff, Don, Harper, Clint, Zarzar, Chris
Overcome Certification Challenges of AI/ML based Airborne Systems Using FAA Overarching Properties2022-26-12215/26/2022
Abstract- Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence encompassing Machine Learning, Deep Learning techniques have proved to be a game changer in multiple sectors. The use of these technologies in Aviation will prove to ensure higher rigor in predictive maintainability, air traffic management, safety assurance and airworthiness. Current traditional regulatory and industry standards have proved to be efficient and effective in providing highest level of safety. However, Certification of Avionics systems is becoming challenging because of increasing complexity of avionics systems. Current regulations and standards are very prescriptive and inadequate to support new technological trends. civil aviation authorities are working on establishing the regulatory guidance around these technologies. This paper discusses the novel approach of using "Overarching Properties" - a framework for showing that a product possesses the characteristics necessary to behave correctly and safely with the aim
Paramasivam, Prameela, Kumar, Shashi, Umesh, Vani
Best Practices to Prevent, Mitigate and Respond to Cyber Attacks on Air Traffic Management Systems 2022-26-12565/26/2022
Introduction With the digitization and advanced technology inclusions into the Air traffic management systems, there has been an increasing risk of cyber-attacks. The disruption to the computing, communication and control systems has been on an increase. These attacks along with equipment failures can have a far-reaching impact on the performance of the Air Traffic Management Systems. Cybersecurity is still uncommon and is more an after-thought than being engineered into the Systems. Description Deliberate attacks by Hackers have been demonstrated at some of the conferences where a ghost plane has been introduced in to the air space. In 2013, a German technology consultant claimed hacking Flight Management System with a simple android App and some easily available software and hardware. These increasing cyber-disruptions reflect a wider threat to the society which is pervasive, varied, and impactful. In consequence, an intense effort is needed to develop resilient cyber-systems that
Dubey, Kumud Bajaj
Predicting Aircraft Time of Arrival using ADS-B Data2022-26-12335/26/2022
On a busy airport an aircraft takes off or lands every few minutes. Knowing accurate time of arrival of an aircraft could be helpful in airport operations and resource management. Ground based services such as ground vehicle, trolley, aerobridge etc can be operated in a more optimized manner. To accurately model the aircraft time of arrival we propose to use ADS-B data. It is mandatory to equip an aircraft with ADSB-out in USA and it will followed across the globe very soon. This data can be harnessed to accurately model time of arrival of an aircraft. In our work, we have used one year of ADS-B data and created a model using regression to predict the time of arrival. The results show high prediction accuracy. A mean square error comparison is also shown with multiple methods and optimizations. The proposed model can be utilized by airline ground operations and air traffic control centers.
Singh, Rhishi Pratap, Trivedi, Ravi, Sengupta, Souparno, Multhalli, Santosh
Enhanced ADS-B – A futuristic approach to Free Flight2022-26-12445/26/2022
ADS-B is a surveillance technology that has almost replaced primary and secondary surveillance radars which enables to determine position, velocity, altitude of an aircraft through satellite navigation. This technology has enabled the Air traffic control ground stations to easily track the aircrafts at any part of the world. It provides situational awareness to the pilots in case ADS-B In is installed in the aircraft. ADS-B can provide a huge number of benefits leading to its usage in several applications. The free flight concept which is a future to autonomous Air traffic control will be based on the principles of ADS-B. This paper brings out the applications and challenges that are associated with ADS-B and provides solution which makes it an enhanced ADS-B solution with improved reliability.
Yelisetty, Sree Ramya Sree, KOLLI, SIVA PRASAD
Experiences in Anomaly Prediction Models for Aircraft Effective Flight Path Monitoring Through Trajectory Based Operations2022-26-12515/26/2022
As air traffic demand increases, many challenges surface in terminal areas pertaining to air traffic volume, hazardous meteorological conditions, adjacent airports, and special activity airspace in proximity whose procedures utilize the same airspace. There is a hence significant interest in air traffic management community to leverage opportunities to optimize throughput, improve flexibility, enable fuel-efficient climb and descent profiles, and increase capacity. These are in high-priority initiatives via trajectory based operations and change from prescribed to performance based operations. An important step in the operation of trajectory based operations or performance based monitoring, merging, and sequencing is that of assessing the impact of uncertainty and precision of aircraft trajectories. Aircraft onboard lateral and vertical trajectories generation systems receive sensors data and other systems data for computations such as optimal speed, Fuel burn, Time-to-go, etc. to
Chaubey, Rajesh, Raman, Ramakrishnan
Microphone Detects Turbulence Hundreds of Miles AwayTBMG-397849/1/2021
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
6.0.109 - Comparison Study on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel from Jatropha, Palm and Petroleum Based Diesel FuelSAE-PP-002652/4/2021
The increase of air pollution and global warming is a threat for human life. Besides, the price of petroleum is increasing rapidly and the resources are diminishing. This obliged scientists and engineers to look for alternative sources of energy, which are cleaner and more sustainable. Biodiesel, defined as mono-alkyls of esters from vegetable oils and animals fat, is a cleaner renewable fuel and has been considered as the best alternative for petroleum based diesel fuel hence it can be used in any compression ignition engines without any significant modification. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability and better quality of exhaust gas emissions due to their higher content of oxygen. The produce less soot and hence the feed stuck is plant it will regenerate the CO2 by the photosynthesis which ensures the renewability and reduces global warming. But these alternative fuels have faced some obstacles while utilizing in CI engines which are due to some of their
Mutagaana, Festo
Enhancing Flight Path Separation to Reduce Birdstrikes with Ultraviolet Radiation 02032021084035SAE-PP-002432/3/2021
In the autumn of 2018 a pilot study using a prototype (PAR46 sized) landing light incorporating 5 ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UVLEDs) was attached on a one-quarter scale remote controlled (RC) 6 plane. The plane was flown in the direction of birds to measure their behavioral response to the 7 approaching plane with landing light either turned ON or OFF. Data were collected from multiple sources 8 including cameras on the plane and the ground, and a bird radar unit to measure the flight path separation 9 between the plane and the birds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using 10 UVLEDs integrated into a PAR46 landing light to trigger bird avoidance behavioral responses that would 11 increase flight path separation to reduce the incidence of birdstrikes. The findings showed the mean 12 distance of the avoidance response was statistically significantly greater when the PAR46 with UVLEDs 13 were turned ON than OFF. Field test data were used to create a
Anthony, Lindsay
Enhancing Flight Path Separation to Reduce Birdstrikes 1 with Ultraviolet RadiationSAE-PP-002342/3/2021
In the autumn of 2018 a pilot study using a prototype (PAR46 sized) landing light incorporating 5 ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UVLEDs) was attached on a one-quarter scale remote controlled (RC) 6 plane. The plane was flown in the direction of birds to measure their behavioral response to the 7 approaching plane with landing light either turned ON or OFF. Data were collected from multiple sources 8 including cameras on the plane and the ground, and a bird radar unit to measure the flight path separation 9 between the plane and the birds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using 10 UVLEDs integrated into a PAR46 landing light to trigger bird avoidance behavioral responses that would 11 increase flight path separation to reduce the incidence of birdstrikes. The findings showed the mean 12 distance of the avoidance response was statistically significantly greater when the PAR46 with UVLEDs 13 were turned ON than OFF. Field test data were used to create a
Anthony, Lindsay
Human Engineering Recommendations for Data Link SystemsARP4791B (Current)11/3/2020
This document sets forth general, functional, procedural, and design criteria and recommendations concerning human engineering of data link systems. The recommendations are based on limited evidence from empirical and analytic studies of simulated data link communication, and on experience from operational tests and actual use of data link. However, because data are not yet available to support recommendations on all potentially critical human engineering issues these recommendations necessarily go beyond the data link research and include requirements based on related research and human factors engineering practice. It is also recognized that evolution of these recommendations will be appropriate as experience with data link accumulates and new applications are implemented. This document focuses primarily on recommendations for data link communications between an air traffic specialist and a pilot, i.e., air traffic services communications, although some recommendations address use of
G-10 Executive Advisory Group
Explainable AI: Rotorcraft Attitude PredictionF-0076-2020-1634410/5/2020
Rotorcrafts are generally subject to a higher fatal accident rate than other segments of aviation, including commercial and general aviation. The safety improvement for rotorcrafts would directly improve the efficiency of air traffic control, since rotorcrafts operate primarily within low-level airspace; an area that is becoming increasingly complex with new entrants, such as unmanned aircraft systems and urban air mobility. The recent impact of artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms on various aspects of our lives has led to the investigation of the application of these algorithms in the aviation domain; as it may offer a prime opportunity to enhance safety within the aviation community. In this research, we explore the efficacy, reliability, and, more importantly, the explainability of modern deep learning algorithms. We use machine learning models to predict the attitude (pitch and yaw) of rotorcrafts using video data recorded with ordinary cameras. The cameras were
Khan, Hikmat, Johnson, Charles, Bouaynaya, Nidhal, Rasool, Ghulam, Travis, Tyler, Thompson, Lacey
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Constant Innovation in Aviation129018/7/2020
As the innovation center for Airbus, Acubed is bringing the Silicon Valley approach to advancement to the aerospace industry. Mark Cousin, CEO of Acubed, joins host Grayson Brulte for an in-depth conversation on the aviation innovations that Acubed is working on to improve efficiency and safety. Mark shares with us the important developments that Acubed and Airbus have made over the past 10-15 years to help the organization achieve year-over-year efficiencies; how Acubed has evolved over the past five years to become a more targeted innovation center; and some of the specific innovations, including Fly by Wire, Project Wayfinder and ATOL, that demonstrate the importance of machine learning and AI to enable autonomy that will improve safety of commercial aviation, reduce costs and address the pilot shortage. He also gives a sneak peek at some of the current and future projects in the works at Acubed that will advance Airbus' vision for innovation, including unmanned traffic management
Hineman, Marcie
Approach to Landing Guidance System for Transport AircraftARP4102/12B (Current)6/11/2020
This document specifies requirements for an Approach to Landing Guidance System (ALGS) electronic device. This equipment shall display relative aircraft position and situation information for flight along precision three-dimensional paths within the appropriate coverage area. The precision three-dimensional path may be an ILS straight-in look-alike path or a complex, curved path. The requirements are applicable to electronic devices capable of receiving signals or other information from one or more sources, including but not limited to ILS, GNSS, or IRU inputs.
S-7 Flight Deck Handling Qualities Stds for Trans Aircraft
Air Data Computer – Minimum Performance StandardAS8002B (Current)4/28/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers air data computer equipment (hereinafter designated the computer) which when connected to sources of aircraft electrical power, static pressure, total pressure, outside air temperature, and others specified by the manufacturer (singly or in combination) provides some or all of the following computed air data output signals (in analog and/or digital form) which may supply primary and/or standby flight instruments: Pressure Altitude Pressure Altitude, Baro-Corrected Vertical Speed Calibrated Airspeed Mach Number Maximum Allowable Airspeed Over-speed Warning Total Air Temperature
A-4 Air Data Subcommittee
Unsettled Topics in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle IcingEPR20200084/27/2020
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are an emerging technology with a large variety of commercial and military applications. In-flight icing occurs during flight in supercooled clouds or freezing precipitation and is a potential hazard to all aircraft. In-flight icing on UAVs imposes a major limitation on the operational envelope. This report describes the unsettled topics related to UAV icing. First, typical UAV applications and the general hazards of icing are described. Second, an overview of the special technical characteristics of icing on autonomous and unmanned aircraft is given. Third, the operational challenges for flight in icing conditions are discussed. Fourth, technologies for ice protection that mitigate the icing hazard are introduced. Fifth, the tools and methods required to understand UAV icing and to develop aircraft with cold-weather capabilities are presented. Finally, an assessment of the current and future regulations regarding icing on UAVs is provided.Icing is a key
Hann, Richard, Johansen, Tor A.
Nonlinear IMM-SUKF Algorithm for Maneuvering Target Tracking with Bearings-Only Measurement2019-01-600512/30/2019
Abstract In this paper, we present an efficient filtering algorithm to perform accurate estimation in jump Markov nonlinear systems, which we aim to contribute in solving the problem of model-based body motion estimation using bearings-only measurement, the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm is specially designed to track accurately maneuvering targets whose state and/or measurement (assumed to be linear) models change during motion transition. However, when these models are nonlinear, the IMM algorithm must be modified in order to guarantee an accurate track. In this paper we propose to avoid the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) because of its limitations and substitute it with the Scaled Unscented Kalman Filter (SUKF) which seems to be more efficient especially according to the simulation results obtained with the Interacting Multiple Model Scaled Unscented Kalman Filter (IMM-SUKF).
Sebbagh, Abdennour, Kechida, Sihem
Self-Affinity of an Aircraft Pilot’s Gaze Direction as a Marker of Visual Tunneling2019-01-18529/16/2019
For the last few years, a great deal of interest has been paid to crew monitoring systems in order to address potential safety problems during a flight. They aim at detecting any degraded physiological and/or cognitive state of an aircraft pilot or crew, such as visual tunneling, also called inattentional blindness. Indeed, they might have a negative impact on the performance to pursue the mission with adequate flight safety levels. One of the usual approaches consists in using sensors to collect physiological signals which are then analyzed. Two main families exist to process the signals. The first one combines feature extraction and machine learning whereas the second is based on deep-learning approaches which may require a large amount of labeled data. In this work, we focused on the first family. In this case, various features can be deduced from the data by different approaches: spectrum analysis, a priori modeling and nonlinear dynamical system analysis techniques including the
Berthelot, Bastien, Mazoyer, Patrick, Egea, Sarah, André, Jean-Marc, Grivel, Éric, Legrand, Pierrick
The Cloud Detectability Conundrum2019-01-19326/10/2019
Since the beginning of aviation, aircraft designers, researchers, and pilots have monitored the skies looking for clouds to determine when and where to fly as well as when to deice aircraft surfaces. Seeing a cloud has generally consisted of looking for a white / grey puffy orb floating in the sky, indicating the presence of moisture. A simple monitoring of a temperature gauge or dew point sensor was used to help determine if precipitation was likely or accumulation of ice / snow on the airframe could occur. Various instruments have been introduced over the years to identify the presence of clouds and characterize them for the purposes of air traffic control weather awareness, icing flight test measurements, and production aircraft ice detection. These instruments have included oil slides, illuminated rods, vibrating probes, hot wires, LIDAR, RADAR, and several other measurement techniques. Each technology has its own strength and weakness including the particle size range and water
Jackson, Darren Glenn
Numerical study and optimization of a novel architecture of Vertiport and Vertistop for Urban Air MobilityF-0075-2019-146555/13/2019
Currently the VTOL world sees a high number of players investing in electrification, especially coming from the lower end of the market: like commercial drones and startups. Electric engines allow for new architectures and configurations, and partially simplify the design. Simplifying design, lowering cost of development and maintenance, has led to imagine the use of the eVTOL in the passengers' air transportation market, currently reserved to VIP and high net worth individuals. The shift is potentially so radical that a new name has been coined: Urban Air Mobility. This new market is widely imagined as a radical change compared to the current situation: with more traffic, simplified procedures for boarding and in some cases the use of unmanned or remotely piloted vehicles. This leads to the conclusion that the whole transportation system architecture will have to be upgraded or modified to allow for this to happen. Many projects are already running in this direction regarding specific
Cacciavillani, Edoardo, Ielmini, Francesco
Automated Conflict Resolution for Air Traffic Control (AAC) Versions 1 and 2TBMG-336221/1/2019
A conflict resolution algorithm that can provide automated separation assurance for the next-generation air traffic control system has been developed. The algorithm generates resolution trajectories that can be sent to the aircraft from a ground-based system via a data link. With suitable reconfiguration, the algorithm can also be installed onboard aircraft to support airborne separation assurance. It handles the complete spectrum of conflict types encountered in en-route airspace, including ascents to cruise altitude and descents to arrival fixes. The resolution trajectories are patterned after changes to flight plans (route changes), altitude clearances, and speed profiles that controllers customarily issue to pilots in resolving conflicts.
Directory of Databases Part I - Whole Body Anthropometry SurveysAIR5145A (Current)11/2/2018
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) lists whole body anthropometric surveys and provides current sources for the survey raw data and summary statistics.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
2018 Create the Future Design Contest: Sustainable Technologies Category WinnerTBMG-3332111/1/2018
Air Traffic Management (ATM) SystemTBMG-3311210/1/2018
As the demand for air transportation increases, the capacity of the current U.S. ATM system will eventually be stressed to its limits. New technologies in communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS), along with new decision-support systems and an evolutionary development of the ATM system architecture, can extend the capacity of the current system for several years. NASA has developed a new method and system, based on Extensible Markup Language (XML), that relates to control of aircraft traffic through specification of trajectory coordinates.
Guidance on Mitigation Strategies Against Laser Illumination EffectsARP6378 (Current)6/2/2018
This document is intended to give guidance to users, regulators and persons in the aviation field who may be affected by the potential visual interference effects of lasers aimed at aircraft by the general public. The potential effects include startle (distraction, disruption, disorientation, and operational incapacitation), glare, and flashblindness. This document provides mitigation strategies against such effects, including operational procedures, pilot education, and the use of Laser Glare Protection. Prevention of harm from laser eye injuries is discussed but is not a focus of this document, due to the extremely low likelihood of injurious levels of laser light in typical aircraft illumination scenarios. Devices for detecting and reporting hazardous laser illuminations are briefly described in Appendix D, but are not a focus of this document. Some information in this document may also be useful for non-aviation users, such as persons driving vehicles. Additional information can be
G10-OL Operational Laser Committee
Automated Flight System SoftwareTBMG-289025/1/2018
Kittyhawk San Francisco, CA +1 415-598-7757
Standard Handbook for Aerospace Engineers, 2nd EditionJP-MGH-0014/1/2018
This fully revised resource presents theories and practices from more than 50 specialists in the many sub-disciplines of aeronautical and astronautical engineering—all under one cover. The Standard Handbook for Aerospace Engineers, Second Edition, contains complete details on classic designs as well as the latest techniques, materials, and processes used in aviation, defense, and space systems. You will get insightful, practical coverage of the gamut of aerospace engineering technologies along with hundreds of informative diagrams, charts, and graphs. Standard Handbook for Aerospace Engineers, Second Edition covers: • Future of aerospace • Aircraft systems • Aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, and acoustics • Aircraft performance, stability and control • Avionics and air traffic management systems • Aeronautical design • Spacecraft design • Astrodynamics • Rockets and launch vehicles • Earth’s environment and space • Spacecraft subsystems • Spacecraft design
The MITRE CorporationTBMG-283122/1/2018
The MITRE Corporation was chartered in 1958 as a private, not-for-profit organization to provide engineering and technical guidance for the federal government. Today, with locations in McLean, VA and Bedford, MA, MITRE serves a variety of government agencies through the operation of federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) that assist the United States government with scientific research and analysis, development and acquisition, and systems engineering and integration.
Using Ground Sensors to Defend Aircraft Against Laser StrikesTBMG-281191/1/2018
A growing safety concern for pilots and aircraft passengers is laser strikes, or the aiming of high-power laser pointers at aircraft. To address the present lack of effective laser strike mitigation systems, the Laser Technology and Applications and Air Traffic Control Systems Groups at MIT Lincoln Laboratory have teamed up to develop the Laser Aircraft Strike Suppression Optical System (LASSOS). LASSOS is a ground-based sensor system that can accurately identify the probable location of a laser perpetrator.
INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE (IPS) FOR AERONAUTICAL SAFETY SERVICES ROADMAP DOCUMENTARINC658 (Current)12/18/2017
ARINC 658 was prepared to recognize the expanding role of data communication technology and the evolutionary path forward starting from ACARS protocols, to ATN/OSI protocols, and eventually ATN/IPS protocols using highly secure networks. The ATN/IPS network will be implemented onboard an aircraft and in the ground infrastructure to support safety services, including Air Traffic Services (ATS) and Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC). As such it provides a so-called “roadmap” for the development of the aviation standards for ATN/IPS services. ATN/IPS standards will evolve in coming years and be coordinated with other international standards organizations such as ICAO, EUROCAE and RTCA.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Networked In-Flight Validation Environment for Air Traffic Management ConceptsTBMG-2798312/1/2017
Modernization of the National Airspace System (NAS) will involve future air traffic management (ATM) concepts of operation and technology frameworks that rely on the automated exchange of information between aircraft, and between aircraft and ground-based air traffic control systems. In-flight validation is critical to the acceptance and ultimate implementation of these concepts, so an approach and enabling infrastructure are needed to reduce the costs of flight tests. The approach and infrastructure must also support refinement and validation of interoperability standards for enabling communications and surveillance technologies. The innovation described here is a concept to develop an in-situ test environment for advanced ATM concepts by leveraging existing computing and network infrastructure and existing simulations of future surveillance equipage.
Protective Breathing Equipment for Flight Deck and Cabin Crew MembersAIR825/10A (Current)11/7/2017
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides general information to aircraft engineers, regarding the types of Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) configurations which are available, the intended functions of such equipment, and the technical approaches which may be used in accomplishing these functions. The term "PBE" or "Protective Breathing Equipment" has been used to refer to various types of equipment, which are used in a variety of applications. This way of using the terminology has been a source of confusion in the aviation industry. One objective of this AIR is to assist the reader in distinguishing between the types of PBE applications. A further objective is to assist in understanding the technical approaches which can be used in each of the major applications. Principles of PBE design are reviewed briefly. However, discussion of specific performance specifications and information regarding the details of manufacture and testing of such equipment is beyond the scope
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Multi-Fidelity Simulator (MFS)TBMG-2768410/1/2017
Many next-generation air traffic algorithms may be formed by learning algorithms or dynamic programming techniques. These techniques form their solutions through iterative methods where the efficacy of a proposed solution needs to be evaluated for every round of iteration. In complex air traffic scenarios, often the only way to evaluate a proposed solution is to simulate the impact of the solution in an air traffic simulator. Such a simulator has to be fast enough to allow for many rounds of iteration. In addition, the simulator will have to be modular enough to allow modules to be created that simulate a portion of the airspace in detail.
Redundant Transmitting System in Aircraft (RTSA)TBMG-269966/1/2017
In air navigation, a flight transponder (transmitter-responder) is a device that emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. Transponders are used as Identification of Friend or Foe (IFF) systems in military aviation, and also in Air Traffic Control (ATC) Secondary Surveillance Radar (beacon radar) systems for general aviation and commercial aviation.
Redundant Transmitting System in Aircraft (RTSA)17AERP06_056/1/2017
In air navigation, a flight transponder (transmitter-responder) is a device that emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. Transponders are used as Identification of Friend or Foe (IFF) systems in military aviation, and also in Air Traffic Control (ATC) Secondary Surveillance Radar (beacon radar) systems for general aviation and commercial aviation. Primary radar is limited by terrain and weather, and also detects unwanted objects such as automobiles, hills, and trees. It also cannot estimate the attitude of an aircraft. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) overcomes these limitations, but it de pends on a transponder in the aircraft to respond to interrogations from the ground station in order to make the plane more visible. Depending on the type of interrogation, the transponder sends back a transponder code (or “squawk code”) or altitude information to maintain separation between planes. Mode S (Mode Select) is designed to help avoid over
Method and System for Air Traffic Rerouting for Airspace Constraint ResolutionTBMG-265233/1/2017
NASA's National Airspace System Constraint Evaluation and Notification Tool (NASCENT) is a dynamic constraint avoidance system that automatically analyzes routes of aircraft flying, or to be flown, in or near constraint regions, and attempts to find more time- and fuel-efficient reroutes around current and predicted constraints. NASCENT provides an evaluation of avoidance routes that saves more than a user-specified number of minutes of wind-corrected flying time savings for all the 20 Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs or Centers) in the National Airspace System (NAS) simultaneously. The dynamic constraint avoidance route system continuously analyzes all flights and provides reroute advisories that are dynamically updated in real time. This system includes a graphical user interface that allows users to visualize, evaluate, modify if necessary, and implement proposed reroutes.
Automated Behavior and Cohesion Assessment Tools (ABCAT)TBMG-263622/1/2017
An important consideration of long-duration spaceflight operations is interpersonal dynamics that affect crew cohesion and performance. Flight surgeons have stated the need for unobtrusive monitoring to help detect if crews are having difficulties coping with long-duration spaceflight environments.
Miles-In-Trail with Passback Restrictions for Use in Air Traffic ManagementTBMG-2600212/1/2016
NASA has developed a unique innovation to compute passed back spacing requirements in air traffic management. The air traffic managers of the National Airspace System (NAS) in the United States regularly implement various Traffic Management Initiatives (TMI) to handle traffic in a safe and efficient manner. One such initiative is the Miles-in-Trail restriction. Imposed Miles-in-Trail is the value of spacing required between aircraft flying along a certain path. They help air traffic managers control the flow of aircraft into and out of an air traffic control facility. Miles-in-Trail can be implemented independently or in conjunction with other TMIs (e.g., a severe weather avoidance plan route, or a Playbook route). This model computes passback restrictions given the imposed constraint, the start and end times, the boundaries at where those restrictions need to be passed back, and the amount of maximum ground and airborne delay allowed.
Training and Qualification Program for Deicing/Anti-icing of Aircraft on the GroundAS6286 (Historical)11/29/2016
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators and the level and length of training should therefore be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, each hour of classroom training should at least equal the same amount (or include more) of practical training wherever this is relevant. Both basic and recurrent practical training shall be performed and documented periodically.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Aeronautical Data Link and Radar Simulator (ADRS)TBMG-2570311/1/2016
Air traffic management research needs to adequately address all players, including flight crews, air traffic controllers/managers, and airline dispatchers. Interactions between the different stakeholders are crucial elements for the viability of a given concept. A simulation capable of addressing this type of distributed decision-making needs to meet several requirements in terms of fidelity, operator proficiency, and number of participants. Most research facilities and laboratories can provide a sufficient fidelity for one particular aspect, but lack in the other aspects because of budget, personnel, and proprietary constraints.
Optimum Strategies for Selecting Descent Flight-Path AnglesTBMG-2569611/1/2016
Efficient and safe arrival operations under challenging traffic conditions are a key objective for air transportation modernization efforts taking place throughout the world. However, trajectory predictability issues often prevent Air Traffic Control (ATC) from allowing continuous descent approaches in congested airspace. An arrival procedure with a specific descent profile, such as a fixed-flight-path angle, provides high trajectory predictability for air-traffic management. Accordingly, it can enable ATC to increase the use of continuous descent approaches, thereby increasing the throughput of arrival operations and reducing fuel burn and other direct operating costs in the process. Moreover, such a procedure is already supported by current avionics in almost all small (regional, business, and light) jets and a fraction of large jets, including Boeing and Airbus.
Predictive Analytics for Turbulence Avoidance and Aircraft Fatigue Diagnostics2016-01-20229/20/2016
Turbulence is by far the number one concern of anxious passengers and a cause for airline injuries. Apart from causing discomfort to passengers, it also results in unplanned downtime of aircrafts. Currently the Air Traffic Control (ATC) and the meteorological weather charts aid the pilot in devising flight paths that avoid turbulent regions. Even with such tailored flight paths, pilots report constant encounters with turbulence. The probability of turbulence avoidance can be increased by the use of predictive models on historical and transactional data. This paper proposes the use of predictive analytics on meteorological data over the geographical area where the aircraft is intended to fly. The weather predictions are then relayed to the cloud server which can be accessed by the aircraft planned to fly in the same region. Predictive algorithms that use Time series forecasting models are discussed and their comparative performance is documented. This paper further brings out the
Rao, Ajay, Karan, Vivek, Kumar, Pradeep
A Methodology for Collision Prediction and Alert Generation in Airport Environment2016-01-19769/20/2016
Aviation safety is one of the key focus areas of the aerospace industry as it involves safety of passengers, crew, assets etc. Due to advancements in technology, aviation safety has reached to safest levels compared to last few decades. In spite of declining trends in in-air accident rate, ground accidents are increasing due to ever increasing air traffic and human factors in the airport. Majority of the accidents occur during initial and final phases of the flight. Rapid increase in air traffic would pose challenge in ensuring safety and best utilization of Airports, Airspace and assets. In current scenario multiple systems like Runway Debris Monitoring System, Runway Incursion Detection System, Obstacle avoidance system and Traffic Collision Avoidance System are used for collision prediction and alerting in airport environment. However these approaches are standalone in nature and have limitations in coverage, performance and are dependent on onboard equipment. There is a need to
Thupakula, Kiran, Sivaramasastry, Adishesha, Gampa, Srikanth
Method and Apparatus for Generating Flight-Optimizing TrajectoriesTBMG-249787/1/2016
NASA’s Langley Research Center is developing Traffic Aware Strategic Aircrew Requests (TASAR). TASAR features a cockpit automation system that monitors for potential flight trajectory improvements and displays them to the pilot. These wind-optimized flight trajectory changes are pre-cleared of potential conflicts with other known airplane traffic, weather hazards, and airspace restrictions. The TASAR is to improve the process in which pilots request flight path and altitude modifications due to changing flight conditions. Changes may be made to reduce flight time, increase fuel efficiency, or improve some other flight attribute desired by the operator. Currently, pilots make such requests to air traffic control (ATC) with limited awareness of what is happening around them. Consequently, some of these requests will be denied resulting in no flight improvements and an unnecessary workload increase for both pilots and ATC. The TASAR technology provides pilots with recommended flight path
Pressure Altimeter SystemsAS8009C (Current)5/24/2016
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance requirements for pressure altimeter systems other than air data computers. This document covers altimeter systems that measure and display altitude as a function of atmospheric pressure. The pressure transducer may be contained within the instrument display case or located remotely. Requirements for air data computers are specified in AS8002. Some requirements for nontransducing servoed altitude indicators are included in AS791. This document does not address RVSM requirements because general RVSM requirements cannot be independently detailed at the component level. The instrument system specified herein does not include aircraft pressure lines. Unless otherwise specified, whenever the term “instrument” is used, it is to be understood to be the complete system of pressure transducer components, any auxiliary equipment, and display components. The test procedures specified herein apply specifically to mechanical type
A-4 Air Data Subcommittee
Mariana Text Classification SystemTBMG-245735/1/2016
Support Vector Machines (SVM) can be used as a binary classifier for a wide range of data and problems. For text, it is often used to determine automatically if a document belongs to a given topic category. Automatic and reliable classification of documents can be an invaluable tool for industries that monitor problem reports, accident reports, maintenance logs, and corrective action reports that span different specialties.
Dynamic Weather Routes (DWR)TBMG-2321311/1/2015
Convective weather systems, i.e., thunderstorms, are the leading cause of flight delay in U.S. airspace. Airline dispatchers must file their flight plans 1 to 2 hours before takeoff, and are often required to incorporate large buffers to forecast weather. Weather changes as flights progress, and airline dispatchers, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) traffic managers, and air traffic controllers are especially busy during weather events. Workable opportunities for more efficient routes around bad weather are often missed, and automation does not exist to help operators determine when weather avoidance routes have become stale and could be updated to reduce delay.
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