Browse Topic: All wheel drive

Items (50)

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: The Supplier's Role in Achieving Sustainability

1346607/10/2024

When people think of sustainability in the automotive world, they typically focus on the automaker. But the reality is that sustainability goals cannot be met without suppliers. GKN Automotive is a Tier 1 supplier of driveline components, all-wheel drive systems, and plug-in hybrid solutions. Listen in as Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Tom Salisbury, Director of Sustainability, GKN Automotive, to discuss the company's sustainability goals, working toward a net zero supply chain, and responsible sourcing practices. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can learn about the adoption of SAE standard J3400 (also known as NACS or the Tesla port) and what it means for the future of charging EVs.

Hineman, Marcie

Electro-Hydraulically controlled Steerable Rear axle for commercial vehicles

2024-26-038801/16/2024

This paper presents the hydraulically actuated and electronically controlled rear axle steering system developed indigenously for defence vehicle. Some defence applications required vehicles with long wheel base and deck length for the system to assemble on the chassis. For these vehicles, the steering system requirement mainly the turning circle diameter requirements are very stringent. To meet these requirement, vehicle steering system is divided in two parts- front steering (Traditional) and rear steering. This rear steering is controlled by electronic controller based on the inputs from front wheel angles from front angle transducers and vehicle speed from vehicle CAN system. With these inputs the electronic controller regulates the flow in hydraulic valve block received from primary tandem pump to steering cylinders for required stroke length to turn the rear wheels. Further, there are angle transducers on the rear axles which sends feedback signal to electronic controller, that

chikate, abhishek, Mane, Akshata Dattatray, Kumar, Ganesh, Singh, Dhirendra, Sou Mandal, Pranab, Patjoshi, Sarthak

Ford's unibody 2022 Maverick aims to revitalize the compact pickup

21AUTP08_1108/01/2021

Confirming one of the industry's worst-kept product secrets, Ford in early June unveiled the 2022 Maverick, its return to the compact-pickup segment that the original Ford Ranger anchored for nearly 30 years. The new 4-door, 5-passenger, unibody Maverick brings three significant numbers - 40 mpg capability with the standard hybrid powertrain, a $20,000 base price and a cargo-friendly 30.1-in (764-mm) load-floor height - to a product segment that is ripe for revitalization in North America. And strategically, Maverick leverages the production scale and cost benefits of Ford's C2 global architecture that also underpins the Escape and Bronco Sport SUVs. Maverick is the industry's first pickup with standard hybrid-electric propulsion. The system combines Ford's 2.5-L Atkinson-cycle 4-cylinder, SAE-rated at 162 hp, with the two-motor, power-split continuously variable transaxle used in the Escape hybrid. Total system output in this front-wheel-drive-only configuration is 191 hp. An optional

Brooke, Lindsay

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

21AUTP02_0802/01/2021

Since its U.S. launch for the '18 model year, the positioning of the Kicks has puzzled me. Though Nissan was anxious to bill it a “crossover,” I think most would call it a “car.” Nissan hardly is alone in this marketing sleight-of-hand. Given American buyers' refusal to tarnish themselves with anything that can't be construed as some kind of truck, it's at least understandable. But here's my rule: no calling it a crossover if it can't be had with all-wheel drive. And confoundingly, inexplicably, stubbornly against all sense, the Kicks is strictly front-drive. Apart from that, the Kicks probably accomplishes some of the mission of grabbing buyers who need to think they're not purchasing a car; Nissan sold a comparatively healthy 58,858 Kicks in 2020.

Magna execs warns on impending EV complexities

21AUTP02_1002/01/2021

The industry's transition to electrified - and ultimately, fully electric vehicles (EVs) is bringing far greater overall complexity in product development and technology-management, according to Magna Powertrain executives speaking in an online media session during mid-January's CES 2021 virtual trade show. Magna's traditional strengths in lightweight structures, driver-assistance sensor technologies, active aerodynamic systems, powertrain/drivelines and full-vehicle assembly serve as the foundation for the company as it moves further into vehicle electrification and automated-driving solutions, noted Sherif Marakby, the company's recently hired executive VP. Markaby is a veteran leader of Ford's hybrid and EV programs and headed the automaker's Team Edison autonomous R&D group before joining Magna.

Brooke, Lindsay

Definition and Measurement of Power Transfer Unit Speed-Dependent Parasitic Loss

J3039_202012 (Current)

12/30/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice covers power transfer units (PTUs) used in passenger car and sport utility vehicles to support all wheel drive (AWD) operation. PTUs are typically full-time use geared devices (see 3.1). Some PTUs have additional features such as part-time on-demand capability via electronically actuated disconnect features, and other configurations are possible.

Drivetrain Standards Committee

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

20AUTP10_0710/01/2020

Kia's 2020 Seltos SX is an urbanely-styled compact SUV that looks like it's simultaneously trying to give Land Rover's new Defender and Subaru's Forester a run for their money. Packed with technology in a fashion similar to which Japanese automakers became renowned in the 1980s, nobody looking at it would believe how lovely this thing rides. For a shade less than $30,000, the Seltos has a 1.6-L turbocharged and direct-injected 4-cylinder engine, a 7-speed (wet) dual-clutch automated-manual transmission, torque-vectoring all-wheel drive and even LED headlights. An expansive suite of advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) technology and top-line electronics include a vivid 10-in central touchscreen. The only trade-off is the vividly low-rent touchable plastics.

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

20AUTP05_0605/01/2020

The aftermarket driven by Jeep Wrangler is reportedly north of $1 billion and I like to think that my dad had something to do with kickstarting that phenomena. After purchasing a new 1947 Willys CJ2A ($1,067!), he began adding accessories that, at the time, were practical rather than fashionable - a front-mounted Koenig PTO winch, a Warn overdrive, extra driving lights and an hydraulic snowplow. Today's Wrangler buyers need only check the boxes - dozens of them - to customize their new steeds “from the factory.” On the heels of last year's launch of the Gladiator pickup body-style, Jeep has added the Mojave moneymaker to the Gladiator lineup for 2020. Although aimed at the “desert runner” vehicle trend, many “Glad Mojaves” will never see a speck of sand. Their owners will nonetheless point to their Jeeps' truly desert-capable hardware - Fox 2.5 Performance suspension dampers, Dana-44 axles with rear locker, 33-inch tires and more skid plates than a Stryker combat vehicle.

Heavy Dump Truck

TBMG-3567512/01/2019

Mack Defense Allentown, PA 1 (800) 866-1177

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

19AUTP10_0710/01/2019

What first impresses about the GT is how easy it is to drive. Ingress is a little tricky over the wide sill, but once situated in the comfy driver's seat you use a strap to position the foot controls to your liking in a very cramped pedal box, and you have a few degrees of seatback angle to play with. The 3.5-L EcoBoost twin-turbo-charged V6 erupts to life from what feels like just behind your right earlobe, but settles quickly in a buzzing idle. Like many competition-focused machines, the V6 has a lightened-crank eagerness about it, but the “automatic” gearbox prevents any uneasiness about getting underway. Thanks to the rear-wheel-drive GT's low and centered mass, the engine can mutter away at low rpm while easily bringing the GT up to traffic speeds.

Braking Performance of the One Side Wheels for the Realization of the Crab Motion for the Front-Wheel Vehicle

2019-01-214709/15/2019

A method of vehicle straight angle motion relative its axial axis by turning the front wheels and simultaneous braking of the external side wheels is offered. The equation describing the condition of four-wheel drive vehicle crab motion is obtained. The purpose of the research is to determine the law of control of torque on the wheels of the car, the realization of which makes crab motion possible. For realization of the aim, the following challenges were solved: the torque difference on the driving wheels (the braking torque on the outside wheel) that provides “crab motion" is determined; an analysis of the operational factors influences and design parameters of the vehicle, on the magnitude of the required torque difference, was conducted. The angle of rotation of the track wheels determines the direction of vehicle movement, and the torque difference on the driving wheels creates a moment stabilizing the position of the vehicle and ensures the straightness of the trajectory of

Podrigalo, Mikhail, Klets, Dmytro, Boboshko, Oleksandr, Rudzinskyi, Volodymyr, Kaidalov, Ruslan, Nikorchuk, Andrey, Adamchuk, Maxim, Luhovskyi, Ihor, Bilenko, Oleksandr, Kriukov, Oleksandr, Besedin, Yuri

Nissan concept sport sedan is all-electric, driver-optional

19AUTP03_1203/01/2019

Nissan looks to pump up the fun factor with the IMs, an all-electric sports sedan concept with autonomous driving capability. The car made its global debut at the 2019 North American International Auto Show. “While still being a driver's car, this concept lives within our very graspable future of creating/engineering a thrilling autonomous ride, bringing the car into the realm of ‘entertainment’, Giovanny Arroba, Nissan's program design director, told Automotive Engineering. IMs features dual electric motors in the front and the rear with an estimated 483 hp (360 kW) and 590 lb·ft (800 N·m) for all wheel drive capability. The 115 kWh battery pack, packaged under the floor, provides an estimated 380-mi (611.5-km) driving range. The sedan's dedicated EV platform essentially mirrors that of Nissan's IMx KURO electric crossover concept that debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2017.

Cadillac pulls the wraps off two new V-Series sedans

19AUTP08_1901/01/2019

Cadillac has added two more sedans to its V-Series performance lineup, the 2020 CT4-V and CT5-V. The CT4-V will square off against established C-segment players such as the BMW 3-Series and Mercedes-Benz C-Class, along with Hyundai's new Genesis G70. The CT5-V will compete with the BMW 5-Series and Audi A6. The two new 4-door sedans join the larger 2019 CT6-V sedan in the V-Series stable, though the company noted that the series is evolving to be less focused on hard-core, track-worthy machines, and more about sporty and comfortable daily drivers. “We are inviting even more customers into the V-Series family,” said Brandon Vivian, Cadillac executive chief engineer, “by adding a new level of elevated performance between our Sport models and the ultimate, high-performance track capability that the V-Series has grown to represent.”

Seredynski, Paul

Porsche reveals eighth-generation of fabled 911

19AUTP01_1501/01/2019

Regularly updating and evolving the Porsche 911's aesthetic signature might seem an impossible task. But more than half a century after its birth, the unveiling of the eighth-generation at the 2018 L.A. Auto Show demonstrated that it is in fact still a totally possible art-with design boss Michael Mauer the chief artist. Designated in-house as the 992 series and slightly larger than the outgoing 991, it is launched in rear-wheel-drive and all-wheel-drive forms-Carrera S and Carrera 4S-and now only in the wide-body width previously used for the Carrera 4 GT3 and GTS, instead of two body widths. Across the nose, the new 911 is 45 mm (1.8 in) wider than the outgoing version, a figure some 911 purists may look at askance, as growth in recent years has already been considerable.

VinFast: Vietnam's first car company has big ambitions

18AUTP10_0610/01/2018

Vietnam's economy is expected to grow as much as 7% annually in the near-term, and with a population of around 90 million, its automotive market is expected to surge rapidly from the current 300,000 annual pace. And where sales are dominated by brands like Toyota and Hyundai, Pham Nhat Vuong is determined to grab a share for his new company, VinFast, which aims to become Vietnam's first major carmaker. Barely a year ago, 40% of the company's 827-acre manufacturing site was still underwater. There's still plenty of mud and debris, workers racing to pull things together. They don't have time to waste, considering the plan is to have the manufacturing complex up and running before mid-2019.

Eisenstein, Paul A.

Automotive Engineering: August 2018

18AUTP0808/02/2018

LiDAR: new "eyes" for vehicle autonomy The steadily-evolving sensor tech offers big leaps forward in capability-once cost is reduced. e-Axles speed electrification Creating a practical 'bridge' between today's legacy ICE architectures and the electric future. McLaren earns its Ph.D in handling McLaren Automotive and the University of Cambridge collaborate on a no-compromise semi-active suspension for the 720S supercar. Jaguar's new EV pacesetter The 2019 I-Pace brings benchmark vehicle dynamics to the nascent battery-electric SUV segment. Editorial Connecting SAE with China's mobility future Supplier Eye Supplying the multi-energy platform The Navigator Traversing the autonomous trust gap What We're Driving 2018 Volvo XC40 T5 AWD; 2017 Toyota Land Cruiser; 2018 Toyota Corolla Eaton goes internal with its next-generation EGR solution Driver out, simulation in for AV transmission, driveline engineering Teaming carbon fiber-and embroidery? New Osram IREDs enhance vehicle vision without

New York auto show: Lincoln unveils all-new, aluminum-bodied 2018 Navigator

17AUTP05_1305/01/2017

Ford's Lincoln luxury-vehicle unit revealed the 2018 Navigator fullsize SUV at the 2017 New York auto show by touting its blend of smart basic engineering and smart features. Like the recently-revealed Ford Expedition, its Lincoln counterpart is fitted with weight-saving aluminum bodywork to cut roughly 200 lb (91 kg) from the curb weight and help offset the mass of the new Navigator's copious luxury and advanced driver-assist features.

Dynamic Stiffness Estimation of Elastomeric Mounts Using OPAX in an AWD Monocoque SUV

2015-01-219006/15/2015

Mount development and optimization plays an important role in the NVH refinement of vehicle as they significantly influence overall driving experience. Dynamic stiffness is a key parameter that directly affects the mount performance. Conventional dynamic stiffness evaluation techniques are cumbersome and time consuming. The dynamic stiffness of mount depends on the magnitude of load, frequency of application and the working displacement. The above parameters would be far different in the test conditions under which the mounts are normally tested when compared to operating conditions. Hence there is need to find the dynamic stiffness of mounts in actual vehicle operating conditions. In this paper, the dynamic stiffness of elastomeric mounts is estimated by using a modified matrix inversion technique popularly termed as operational path analysis with exogenous inputs (OPAX). The test vehicle is an all-wheel drive (AWD) monocoque vehicle which has power train in east-west configuration

Rao, Manchi Venkateswara, Moorthy, S Nataraja, Raghavendran, Prasath

Automotive Engineering: April 7, 2015

15AUTP0404/07/2015

GM's CTO driving new paths to technology leadership 'We're making actual production commitments regarding our advanced-technology strategy, rather than just talking about it,' says GM's CTO Jon Lauckner. 'We're absolutely going to be among the leaders, if not the leader, in these areas.' Aluminum prepares for its next big leap Ford's F-Series blockbuster was just the beginning. New micromills now in pilot phase aim to bring vastly stronger and more formable light-alloy materials at higher capacity, says Alcoa's Mike Murphy. Slick solutions for friction reduction From new lubricants to 'smart' oil pumps and clever bearing technologies, engine designers are attacking every potential source of spin losses and internal friction in the quest for more mechanical work out of less fuel. Next-gen NSX: a twin-turbo, multi-material Ferrari-fighter The production NSX made its much-awaited global debut at NAIAS in January. More technical details of Acura's mid-engine AWD hybrid supercar will be

Automotive Engineering: February 3, 2015

15AUTP0202/03/2015

Getting a grip on AWD efficiency The safety and performance benefits of all-wheel drive are undeniable, but so are the penalties of added weight, friction losses, and complexity. Clever axle disconnects and E-axles are driving future AWD developments. E pluribus unum Inputs from many sensors are being combined to give safety systems a true vision of vehicle surroundings, with the resulting sensor fusion becoming a mainstay of autonomous vehicle electronics. Lightweighting poses repair challenges Mass-produced aluminum bodies and mixed-material structures present challenges for assembly and repair, as automakers increasingly pursue these lightweight strategies. Setting the standard Meggitt CTO Emeritus begins term at helm of SAE International, seeks to encourage cross-sector relations, elevate image of SAE as aerospace industry leader.

Simulation and Analysis Drive Transmission Development

TBMG-1720709/01/2013

Vicura is a developer of manual transmissions and dry dual clutch transmissions, as well as powertrain integration in a large number of front wheel drive and all wheel drive applications. The company’s engineers are responsible for a broad range of complex simulation and analysis testing including system, structure, and fluid mechanics. The team performs critical simulation and analysis to ascertain the strength, stiffness, thermal, and dynamic behaviors of all possible transmission assemblies and components (housings, shafts, gears, synchronizers, clutches, etc.).

The Design, Development and Industrialization of an New 8 Speed Automatic Transmission in China

2013-01-127704/08/2013

Shengrui Transmission Limited Corporate (Shengrui) has developed a new 8 speed automatic transmission (SR 8AT) for front wheel drive (FWD) vehicle. The concept of SR 8AT is unique and different from the conventional automatic transmission. The design of the SR 8AT system and components are new and compact. By combining an innovative gear train which is similar with the conventional manual transmission and the simple planetary gear structure, SR 8AT achieved 8 speed with the shortest length of the FWD transmission, the competitive fuel economy and the smooth shift performance among comparable automatic transmissions.

J2059 All-Wheel Drive Drivetrain Schematic Symbol Standard and Drawings

J2059ZIP_02201303/01/2013

A Novel Method of Axle Torque Measurement for Off-Road Vehicles

2012-01-031004/16/2012

Most vehicles designed primarily for off-road use - whether for the SUV, military, agricultural or earthmoving industries - employ all wheel drive systems. For off-road conditions where the traction is limited by the deformable nature of the ground, for example, loose track, soil or sand, providing a drive torque to all the wheels is the obvious design solution for maximising the total tractive effort. For military or commercial vehicles, this results in optimum mobility in difficult terrain, whereas for agricultural or earthmoving vehicles it often results in optimum work rates. In order to analyse the performance of off-road vehicles, it is necessary to understand the torque and power flows through the driveline system to each axle or wheel. The research presented in this paper focuses on the use of novel, non-contact torque sensors to measure the driveline torque distribution. The example vehicle is a four wheel drive (4WD) agricultural tractor - but it is proposed that the same

All-Wheel Drive Systems Classification

J1952_201010 (Historical)10/14/2010

In this SAE Recommended Practice, attention will be given to passenger cars and light trucks (through Class III).

Drivetrain Standards Committee

EV opportunities as the future becomes current

10AEID0707_0107/07/2010

As OEMs lay out their plans for an increasingly electric vehicle future, suppliers and engineering consultancies consider the way ahead. Prodrive is an engineering consultancy with a name that is very much associated with motorsport, notably with the Subaru World Rally Car team between 1990 and 2009. It saw its task then as providing technology opportunities born out of tackling very tough challenges. Now it sees tremendous opportunities emerging from a very different challenge: engineering electric vehicles (EVs). “Across almost every discipline, from dynamics to crash performance, there is significant potential to implement new approaches that will improve future electric vehicles that today are either impractical or too costly,” said David Hemming, Prodrive's Head of Engineering, who has a list of possibilities. “So far, we have only seen production electric vehicles that are based on conventional platforms, but when designing from scratch, without the barriers set by today's

Approaches to Achieving AWD Torque Accuracy

2008-01-030304/14/2008

In an actively managed AWD driveline system, a vehicle-level controller communicates a torque request to a torque-transfer device which couples the front and rear drive axles, in order to achieve a desired vehicle behavior. The accuracy with which the coupling device responds to the torque request has a significant impact on both the vehicle performance and the durability of the driveline. Inaccurate torque response may affect vehicle performance by degrading vehicle traction, handling, and stability, or by producing undesirable NVH behavior. Driveline durability may be at risk in modern vehicles where lighter, lower-cost driveline components require that driveline torque be limited, in order to prevent mechanical failure. The degree to which the AWD system is successful in accurately transferring torque is dependant upon several factors, including unit-to-unit production variation inherent in the manufacturing process, mechanical and electrical component variation over the range of

West, Russell S., Haselton, David

Development of NexTrac™ Electronic Driveline Coupling for Front-Wheel Drive Based All-Wheel Drive Applications

2007-01-066004/16/2007

There is a significant market shift taking place between RWD and FWD based AWD segments. The industry is experiencing a tremendous growth of FWD based AWD with the majority of new FWD platforms offering an AWD derivative. This has created demand for higher performing, cost effective, electronically controlled on-demand AWD couplings. To meet this demand BorgWarner, has developed a new electronically controlled driveline coupling called NexTrac™. NexTrac™ is a significant departure from conventional electro-magnetically actuated FWD/AWD couplings prevalent in the market today. The most distinct new feature is the direct actuation of the primary clutch by an electro-mechanical system using organic friction material for the primary clutch plates instead of steel. This, and other features give NexTrac superior lifetime NVH performance and cost effective driveline integration.

Barlage, John, Mastie, Joseph, Niffenegger, Donn

Automotive Engineering International 2006-10-01

AUTOOCT0610/01/2006

Like a rolling home Suppliers are helping automakers engineer vehicles that allow passengers to bring along the comforts of home. Focusing on distraction An explosion of new features, functions poses challenges for safety. Performance goes green With record-high fuel prices and CO2 concerns providing the impetus, automakers are developing more fun-to-drive cars with an eye towards efficiency. GM re-engineers pickips More refined ride, higher-quality interiors, and greater efficiency are some of the highlights of the 2007 models. Jeep takes on tough terrain For 2007, the brand's iconic Wrangler is engineered to be more rugged off-road and more refined on it. Audi updates TT theme The second-generation rendition is bigger, more powerful, and uses a subtle metals mix and match. Vantage: as Aston to the core A common platform strategy is a vital element of the company's design and manufacturing flexibility. Lexus hybridizes sports sedan The GS450h is the world's first series production ICE

General Motors New Hydra-Matic RWD Six-Speed Automatic Transmission Family

2006-01-084604/03/2006

The Hydra-Matic 6L80 is General Motors first model of a new, four-variant, rear wheel drive (RWD) six speed automatic transmission family. The four variants are the 6L45, 6L50, 6L80 and 6L90. The new, high performance 6L80 will debut in 2006 model year performance vehicles, including the Chevrolet Corvette C6 and new Cadillac STS-V and XLR-V. By 2007, GM expects to use the RWD six speed family in as many as 25 different car, truck and SUV models in RWD, 4WD and all-wheel drive configurations. While the Hydra-Matic RWD six-speed family was designed with four variants, the built in modularity requires only two different basic diameters of parts and “flexing” on part width (length) depending on specific torque requirements. This built in modular design enables a tremendous amount of part sharing and part scaling. Modularity minimizes engineering resources, improves investment and piece cost, speed to market and allows for a wide bandwidth of vehicle and engine applications. The current

Baran, Jeff, Hendrickson, James, Solt, Michael

Fundamentals of Automotive All-Wheel Drive Systems

C030511/24/2003

This seminar provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts and evolution of passenger car and light truck 4x4/all-wheel drive (AWD) systems including the nomenclature utilized to describe these systems. Basic power transfer unit and transfer case design parameters, component application to system function, the future of AWD systems, and emerging technologies that may enable future systems are covered. This course is an excellent follow-up to the 98024-A Familiarization of Drivetrain Components seminar (which is designed for those who have limited experience with the total drivetrain). By attending this seminar, you will be able to: Identify front wheel drive and rear wheel drive vehicle architectures Identify part time, full time, and on demand all-wheel drive systems Explain the benefits of all-wheel drive over two-wheel drive Quantify all wheel drive traction and mobility benefits Describe auxiliary axle disconnect systems Explain basic vehicle dynamics performance and the

All-Wheel Drive Systems Classification

J1952_200311 (Historical)11/17/2003

In this SAE Recommended Practice, attention will be given to passenger cars and light trucks (through Class III).

Drivetrain Standards Committee

Improved Differential Function for Avoiding Slippage of Motor Vehicles in a Muddy Trench

2002-01-098803/04/2002

Vehicles such as trucks, buses and cars often get struck up in muddy trenches or in snow with one of wheels in the trench and the other on level ground. With an open differential, driver's effort to pull the vehicle out normally ends up with one wheel, which is rotating still going deeper into the trench. Until now Limited Slip Differentials (LSD), Locked Differentials and Viscous Coupling etc. have been used to overcome this difficulty but with limited success. Incorporating logic devices has developed a novel solution to this problem and the traction on the required wheel is achieved automatically. The system works independently of the conventional brakes.

Gill, S. S., Kalsi, N. S., Singh, Balraj, Singh, Nirmal, Singh, Neetu

Influencing Dynamic Handling Response with Manipulation of Advanced All Wheel Drive Systems

2000-01-346012/04/2000

Trucks and sport utility class vehicles are established as choice of daily transportation in the US. A new breed of vehicles, commonly referred as “crossover vehicles”, based on passenger car derived platforms, are rapidly filling in the ranks between trucks and automobiles. Most of these vehicles are equipped with relatively sophisticated all wheel drive systems. This sophistication is necessary to fulfill the target mission of these vehicles, to provide an automatic and effortless all wheel drive capability while retaining refined on road comfort. Building on some of the existing systems and sensors, and integrating with other vehicle systems such as ABS, traction control and stability control systems, it is possible to enhance handling response by creating a moment along yaw axis. Pitch and roll movements can also be indirectly influenced. Further possibilities and enhancements will be feasible when drive by wire systems and active suspensions will become available. While most of

Okcuoglu, Murat

Automotive Driveline System Engineering

2000-01-143901/15/2000

The trend in the automotive industry to include niche products with 4WD results in high development and investment cost for the manufacturer due to major changes to the platform and new technology. System suppliers for 4WD drivelines can help to reduce these costs significantly by developing “standardised” driveline concepts and taking on the responsibility for the layout, design, manufacture, assembly and validation of the system. A range of traction and handling improving limited slip devices as well as halfshafts and propshafts are available. They need to be integrated into the driveline system which then is being optimised with regard to system function, endurance and NVH.

Trommer, Jörg, Exner, Wolfgang

An All Wheel Drive System Utilizing Twin Hydraulic Couplings with Gerodisc System

97323511/17/1997

Hydraulically actuated, friction disc type couplings are capable of being utilized as direct drive limited slip devices for use on auxiliary drive axles. These couplings can be excited to function at wheel speed Δn levels due to their high torque transfer density and high torque transfer capacity. The utilization of these hydraulic couplings eliminates the need for torque multiplication through speed reduction. The common differential element is replaced by two independent, but communicating couplings to facilitate direct drive of the wheels on the auxiliary axle. The arrangement described in this paper provides a built in limited slip differential (LSD) effect as well as a simple and powerful all wheel drive (AWD) system. This paper will compare the performances of such systems with classic architectures under various driving conditions.

Okcuoglu, Murat

All-Wheel Drive Systems Classification

J1952_199512 (Historical)12/27/1995

In this SAE Recommended Practice, attention will be given to passenger cars and light trucks (through Class III). The definitions are inteded to outline basic nomenclature and to categroize all-wheel drive concepts. The goal is to give those working in the field a common base for discussion regarding the type of all-wheel drive systems independent of marketing terminology.

Drivetrain Standards Committee

Viscous Couplings in 4WD Vehicles: Application of Computational Modelling

92061102/01/1992

With the increasing popularity of all wheel drive (AWD) vehicles, the use of viscous couplings (VCs) in drive systems is becoming more common. The torque-speed characteristic of the VC is used to limit the slip between the driven axles and provide effective traction under adverse conditions. Typically, the torque is transmitted through the shearing action of a viscous fluid between alternating sets of rotating plates. The VC can be designed to achieve a self energized torque amplification called “humping” under certain temperature and speed conditions. During “hump”, the plates come into mechanical contact and Coulomb friction is thought to enhance the torque transfer. Existing theories to explain the axial pressure gradient and the resulting movement of the plates necessary for mechanical contact are found to be inadequate. The present work analyzes the shear and hump characteristics of the VC. The influence of the plate geometry and fluid characteristics on “humping” are studied. The

Stephens, C.F., Varma, S.K., Gokul, B.V.

Modular, Electronic Traction Control Transfer Case

91248501/01/1991

A modular traction control transfer case was designed and developed using two variable reluctance electronically controlled inboard electric motors to shift high/low range and operate traction control. The modular construction helps to minimize the weight of the transfer case assembly, providing for the adaptation of reduction or over-drive ratios with minimal modification. The module design also provide easy adaptation to numerous transmission and because of its unique design the transfer case lends itself to low clearance floor pans. The compact size of the transfer case is a prime example of the “power density” concept; it is light weight and compact. Even with two electric motors internal to the design, space is utillized to the fullest. The transfer case offers a full array of functions consisting of: high gear 2 wheel drive with the front axle disconnected; part time 4 wheel drive with the front and rear axle rigidly connected; synchronized 2 wheel to 4 wheel drive with shifting

Reuter, Dave Carnell

All-Wheel Drive Systems Classification

J1952_199101 (Historical)01/01/1991

In this SAE Recommended Practice, attention will be given to passenger cars and light trucks (through Class III).

Drivetrain Standards Committee

GM All Wheel Drive Van

89253911/01/1989

A new All Wheel Drive Astro/Safari Van has been developed to offer enhanced “on-road” performance in inclement weather. Its content is a blend of proven components from existing products and a new transfer case featuring a viscous clutch. The result is a vehicle with the traction and handling potential of four wheel drive plus the driving ease and riding comfort of its two wheel drive counterpart.

Hunter, Douglas W.

Development of the WABCO 353FT Twin Engine Elevating Scraper

78077402/01/1978

The development of the WABCO 353FT Twin Engine Elevating Scraper for surface mining applications is an example of advancements being made in mining equipment technology. The 353FT optimizes the benefits of the various scraper configurations available by combining the ability to work under adverse conditions, due to its all wheel drive, with large capacity and the self loading feature of an elevating scraper.

Hurst, Cedric G.

Euclid Turbine-Electric Rear Dump

72037502/01/1972

The need for a compact, lightweight rear dump truck of large capacity has generated a new concept in the 200 ton class truck market. The dimensions of the load-carrying body and tires for the given capacity were set forth at the basic parameters inside of which the structure of the truck was to be accommodated. Recent development of an exceptionally small 7500 lb, 1850 hp, gas turbine-alternator package permits ideal amidship installation of the powerplant. Dual tires on the front and rear axles gives low body loading height and 50-50 weight distribution, both empty and loaded. Electric motors allow simple, convenient drive to all wheels for 100% traction capability in propulsion and dynamic braking.

Kelley, Douglas M.

The Superiority of the Multipan Multiengine Scraper

65068602/01/1965

The development of the self-loading multipan, multiengine scraper is discussed. Both the elevating scraper and the all wheel drive are mentioned, the latter being described in greater detail. The advantages and disadvantages of self-loading scrapers are explored, with particular emphasis on cycle time and versatility.

Harris, Kenneth

GOODYEAR ROLLIGON TIRES - A New Approach to Vehicular Mobility

56019301/01/1956

The Goodyear Rolligon tire development program has partially explored a field of extremely low pressure tires and the application of these tires to vehicles as a means of extending vehicular mobility. The tire characteristics explored have included: Low ground bearing pressures. Flexible tire surface and side wall. Deflection at operating loads and pressures. Low skin stresses in tire surface. The program has also included the exploration of vehicle design concepts such as: Utilization of walking beam. Integral central inflation system. Axle and peripheral drive and loading. All wheel drive. Field testing indicates that increased tired vehicle mobility has been achieved.

FORD, C. J., NILSSON, L. U. G.

TWIN POWER FOR EASY MOBILITY

55014801/01/1955

WILLIAMS, R. C.

MULTIWHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES

55020101/01/1955

McCASLIN, H. C., SCHARBACK, G. W.

MILITARY MOTOR VEHICLES THE PROBLEMS OF THE QUARTERMASTER CORPS

39011301/01/1939

The views expressed in this discussion are those of the speaker and do not represent necessarily the views of the War Department.

The Fundamentals of 1 Automotive All-Wheel Drive Systems

This on-demand course provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts and evolution of passenger car and light truck 4x4/all-wheel drive (AWD) systems, including the nomenclature utilized to describe these systems. It covers basic power transfer unit and transfer case design parameters, component application to system function, the future of AWD systems, and emerging technologies that may enable future systems. Based on the popular classroom seminar, this eight-module course includes the instructor's insights and industry experience, including answers to participant questions. To engage the learner and ensure that the objectives are met, interactions, knowledge checks, and summaries have been added. A downloadable course handbook is also included.

The Fundamentals of Automotive All-Wheel Drive Systems

This on-demand course provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts and evolution of passenger car and light truck 4x4/all-wheel drive (AWD) systems, including the nomenclature utilized to describe these systems. It covers basic power transfer unit and transfer case design parameters, component application to system function, the future of AWD systems, and emerging technologies that may enable future systems. Based on the popular classroom seminar, this eight-module course includes the instructor's insights and industry experience, including answers to participant questions. To engage the learner and ensure that the objectives are met, interactions, knowledge checks, and summaries have been added. A downloadable course handbook is also included.

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