Browse Topic: Transmission control units

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“Rds_on” Based OBD for Pre-Supply Fuel Pump Driver ModulesSAE-PP-0016001/26/2021
In automotive electronics on-board diagnostics does the fault diagnosis and reporting. It provides the level of robustness required for the control electronics against various faults. The amount of diagnostic information available via on board diagnostics are depends on the type of vehicle. Pre-supply fuel pump is the component in the common rail hydraulic system. It pumps the fuel from the fuel tank to the inlet valve of the high pressure fuel pump. Electronic control unit synchronizes its operation with high pressure fuel pump. A dedicated driver module in the ECU controls the operation of pre-supply fuel pump. The driver module consist of an ASIC with internal voltage, current monitoring modules for the fault diagnosis and the pre-drivers to control external HS and LS power stages. The software part of the OBD programmed in the internal memory of the ASIC. The “Rds_on” of the power MOSFETs are used for the fault detection purpose. The module designed to operate in dual frequencies
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Benchmarking a 2018 Toyota Camry UB80E Eight-Speed Automatic Transmission2020-01-128604/14/2020
As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) continuing assessment of advanced light-duty automotive technologies in support of regulatory and compliance programs, a 2018 Toyota Camry front wheel drive eight-speed automatic transmission was benchmarked. The benchmarking data were used as inputs to EPA’s Advanced Light-duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) vehicle simulation model to estimate GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA requires both detailed engine fuel consumption maps and transmission torque loss maps. EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory has developed a streamlined, cost-effective in-house method of transmission testing, capable of gathering a dataset sufficient to characterize transmissions within ALPHA. This testing methodology targets the range of transmission operation observed during vehicle testing over EPA’s city and highway drive cycles. With this method, the transmission is tested as a complete system, as opposed to
Moskalik, Andrew, Stuhldreher, Mark, Kargul, John
Objectified Evaluation and Classification of Passenger Vehicles Longitudinal Drivability Capabilities in Automated Load Change Drive Maneuvers at Engine-in-the-Loop Test Benches2020-01-024504/14/2020
The growing number of passenger car variants and derivatives in all global markets, their high degree of software differentiability caused by regionally different legislative regulations, as well as pronounced market-specific customer expectations require a continuous optimization of the entire vehicle development process. In addition, ever stricter emission standards lead to a considerable increase in powertrain hardware and control complexity. Also, efforts to achieve market and brand specific multistep adjustable drivability characteristics as unique selling proposition, rapidly extend the scope for calibration and testing tasks during the development of powertrain control units. The resulting extent of interdependencies between the drivability calibration and other development and calibration tasks requires frontloading of development tasks. Usually, drivability calibration takes place towards the end of the vehicle development program as soon as a sufficient level of product
Guse, Daniel, Heusch, Christian, Klein, Serge, Fahrbach, Timm, Andert, Jakob, Pischinger, Stefan, Tegelkamp, Stefan, Nijs, Martin, Scharf, Johannes
Two-Speed Transmission Gear Shift Process Analysis and Optimization Using Genetic Algorithm08-09-01-000101/16/2020
Electric Vehicle (EV) equipped with two-speed transmission has benefit in improving dynamic performance and saving battery consumption. However, during gear shift process, torque interruption and shift impact may lead to a bad shift quality. This work investigates gear shift process in an Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) configuration-based two-speed transmission. First of all, a typical gear shift process is analyzed. Parameters like motor speed, shift force, motor torque change rate, and speed difference between synchronizer and target engage gear are all included to find the relationships with shift duration. Then vehicle jerk is introduced as a criterion to evaluate shift impact. Besides, a comprehensive shift control strategy is developed. While keeping the output torque at wheels unchanged, the shift strategy also improved motor working efficiency after gear shift. Therefore, to determine an optimum shift strategy and achieve a balance among different parameters, Genetic
Cao, Zhan, Yang, Jiansen, Wang, Xinyu
Harness Model Development by co-simulation of the Transmission Black Box model and Vehicle model for a Medium Heavy Duty Internal Combustion based Powertrain2019-01-226812/19/2019
With the automotive industry moving toward model based development approach, detailed model integration plays an important role in the process. In comparison to map-based models, detailed models have higher fidelity with the results being more accurate & repeatable. High fidelity models are significant as it allows for early design validation through experimentation. The primary objective of this study is to develop a co-simulation between the transmission black box in Simulink and the vehicle model in GT-Suite. The secondary objective of this study is to understand the difference in the fidelity of the map based transmission model and the detailed transmission model. For the detailed transmission model, the transmission black box provided by the supplier, is a comprehensive model setup in the Simulink platform. The co-simulation is initialized from Simulink, where in Simulink acts as the primary platform. The commands are then forwarded to GT-Suite which is embedded in the Simulink
Shetty, Aishwarya, Pasupathi, Santhosh, Vernham, Bruce, Bergsieker, Gerald
Hybrid Transmission for Optimizing Input Machine Operation08-08-02-000811/14/2019
The hybrid transmission with a single energy source is presented in this article, which has the ability to, under certain constraints, transfer the energy from the input shaft with arbitrary variable speed onto the output shaft with the variable speed required for an output machine or propelling member operation - without a control system. The transmission is in a way similar to a power-split transmission for hybrid electric vehicles sans the battery and a power-split control logic. Development of a dedicated control system enables the optimal operation of the input machine. As an example, the transmission is designed for a passenger automobile. For the chosen automobile type, the power train is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. In drive simulations during the single New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the powertrain efficiency and fuel consumption are obtained and compared with two comparable vehicles: the conventional one and the advanced HEV. The competitiveness of the proposed
Jelaska, Damir, Perkušić, Milan, Podrug, Srdjan, Tvrdić , Vjekoslav
Dual Clutch Transmission Vibrations during Gear Shift: A Simulation-Based Approach for Clunking Noise Assessment2019-01-155306/05/2019
A novel methodology, for the assessment of Dual Clutch Transmission vibrations during gear shifts, is proposed in this paper. It is based on the capability to predict through numerical simulation a typical dynamic quantity used to objectively evaluate the vibrational behavior of a gearbox during experimental tests, i.e. the acceleration of a point on the external surface of the gearbox housing. To achieve this result, a two-step approach is proposed: an accurate simulation of the internal transmission dynamics and an offline uncoupled computation of the gearbox housing acceleration from the output of the simulation. The first step required the definition of a suitable nonlinear lumped parameter model of the car equipped with a DCT that was implemented in Amesim software. The second step, developed as a post processing tool in Matlab, is based on the knowledge of the inertance Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) between a single component of force applied in a bearing and a single
Galvagno, Enrico, Dimauro, Luca, Mari, Gianluca, Velardocchia, Mauro, Vella, Angelo Domenico
Integrated Multi-Physics Simulation for Full-Vehicle Low Frequency NVH Optimization in HEVs2019-01-145506/05/2019
The recent automotive industry trend towards electrification has created new challenges for NVH engineers. These challenges stem from new powertrain architectures and their complex interactions, the governing control strategies which aim to optimize energy management, and new unmasked sources of excitation. Additionally, vehicle manufacturers are attempting to reduce hardware testing in order to rapidly satisfy increasing production demand and to minimize its costs. Hence, to meet the above-mentioned challenges up front in the development process of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs) while balancing competing design objectives of drivability, durability and NVH, a simulation-led design and optimization is required. NVH problems are often the result of mechanisms that originate through complex interactions between different physical domains (flow, electromagnetic, structural/mechanical, control logic, etc.) and the assembly of individual components into a complete system. Therefore
Gomez, Llorenc Foraste, Zeman, Jonathan, Liu, Jack
Development of Electric Oil Pump Controller in Hybrid Vehicle Based on PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) and the AUTOSAR Platform2019-01-076504/02/2019
Traditional hybrid vehicles operated two types of oil pump, mechanical for combustion engine and electrical for electric motor, to supply oil pressure for automatic transmission in each power source. New hybrid vehicles has only one electrical pump to reduce system volume and to improve fuel efficiency. Purposes of this study are to make standardization of firmware development process for oil pump unit (OPU) and electric oil pump (EOP) and to apply permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) instead of brushless DC (BLDC) motor. In old-fashioned non-operating system (OS) firmware, it was convenient to calculate control timing for motor control, however the firmware was deeply dependent to specific microcontroller Unit (MCU). In other words, much of efforts and time are needed if new MCU were applied. In this study, new standard development process for MCU firmware can be built up based on automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR) platform by developing specific motor complex device
Kim, Haejin, Ryu, Seung-yun, Yoo, Hojeong, Kim, Hyoungsu, Kim, Gyeongcheol
Sensor Selection for Selective Clutch Fault Isolation in Automatic Transmissions Based on Degree of Fault Tolerance2019-01-011704/02/2019
Multiple clutches are engaged to achieve a specific gear ratio in an automatic transmission (AT). When an engaged clutch loses pressure during the AT operation, it is classified as a clutch stuck off fault. Automatic transmissions can enter in neutral states because of these faults and the vehicle can lose power at the wheels. Our previous work describes a systematic way of performing sensor placement analysis for diagnosis of clutch faults in automatic transmissions. In this paper, we approach the issue from the point of view similar to that of functional safety according to the ISO 26262 standard; where a transmission functional safety concept should address transitioning to a safe state in case of hazards associated with stuck off clutches. We try to address the questions whether all the faults really need to be isolated from each other and whether it is possible to isolate only a subset of faults to reduce the number of required sensors and still maintain a reasonable performance
Deosthale, Eeshan Vijay, Ahmed, Qadeer, Rizzoni, Giorgio, Mohammed, Majed, Hathaway, Richard, Henning, Abigail A.
In-Gear Slip Control Strategy of Dry-Clutch Systems Using a Sliding Mode Control2019-01-130504/02/2019
This paper proposes a clutch control strategy during in-gear driving situations for Dual Clutch Transmissions (DCTs). The clutch is intentionally controlled to make small amount of a slip to identify the torque transfer capacity. The control objective of this phase is to ensure the clutch slip fairly remaining the specified value. To achieve this, the micro-slip controller is designed based on sliding mode control theory. Experimental verifications performed on onboard control system of the DCT equipped vehicle demonstrate that the proposed controller good tracking performance of the desired slip speed.
Kim, Jinsung, Nam, Juhyun
Design, Analysis, Simulation and Development of a Ravigneaux Gear-Train2019-26-025001/09/2019
With increased vehicular traffic density a trend has been observed where customers have started preferring automatic transmission in place of its manual version. This Automatic transmission not only shifts the gear automatically, with the help of sensors and actuators, but they are also tuned for better performance of the vehicle in terms of fuel efficiency and emission. This all comes at the cost of power consumption from the battery, increment in cost, weight and complexity. The main parts of an automatic transmission include Torque Convertor, Sensors, Actuators, Transmission Control Unit (TCU) with the epicyclic gear-train being the heart of it. In terms of use in the automotive, a system of epicyclic gear-train can provide only 2 gear ratios. Ravigneaux gear-train is the modified version of epicyclic gear-train where there are two set of Planet gears and Sun gears or Ring gears thereby capable of giving 4 gear ratios with a single system. This paper discusses the design analysis
Moulick, Enanko, Wani, Kiran, Kapoor, Karan, Rawat, Ankit
Investigation of the Hybrid Operating Modes Regarding Efficiency, Emissions and Comfort for the Parallel-Series Hybrid Powertrain Concept DE-REX2018-01-182809/10/2018
The “Two-Drive-Transmission with Range-Extender” (called DE-REX) is an innovative hybrid powertrain concept using two electric motors and an internal combustion engine. The two electric motors are permanent magnet synchronous motors with a maximum power of 48 kW each. As combustion engine a 3 cylinder, turbocharged engine with a power of 65 kW is used. The aggregates are coupled to a transmission whose layout is characterized by consisting of two parallel 2-speed sub-transmissions. This layout offers a high flexibility and enables both parallel and series hybrid driving. The hybrid control unit (HCU) has to select the optimal driving mode and power distribution between the aggregates in regard to in some extend competing objectives like efficiency, emissions or driving comfort. In particular, the operation of the internal combustion engine with only two gear ratios is challenging. In the course of the publically funded DE-REX project, the DE-REX powertrain concept was designed
Fischer, S., Viehmann, A., Beidl, C., Rinderknecht, S.
Product Line Engineering for Basic Software of Automotive Embedded Systems2018-01-145704/03/2018
In the early 1980s, an oxygen sensor was applied to improve the fuel efficiency of automotive embedded systems. Currently, the complexity of software development has being increased due to the emergence of various requirements and the electronic control devices to ensure the safety and convenience of the driver. The high-performance hardware embedded in the ECU is a big issue for the automobile industry. OEMs, TIERs, tool providers, and the others are aiming at a variety of unit reusability, including software and hardware, based on the plug-and-play architecture concept. It is enhancing the quality attributes (safety, performance, real-time) of various perspectives. Furthermore, international standard process (ISO 26262, A-SPICE) does not provide a direct methodology for dealing with requirements refinement procedures, standard specification methods, and traceability of extracts. Although the area of the conventional basic software, which is the other area excluding the application in
Park, Joonhyun, Han, SeonMi
Design Optimization of the Transmission System for Electric Vehicles Considering the Dynamic Efficiency of the Regenerative Brake2018-01-081904/03/2018
In this paper, gear ratios of a two-speed transmission system are optimized for an electric passenger car. Quasi static system models, including the vehicle model, the motor, the battery, the transmission system, and drive cycles are established in MATLAB/Simulink at first. Specifically, since the regenerative braking capability of the motor is affected by the SoC of battery and motors torque limitation in real time, the dynamical variation of the regenerative brake efficiency is considered in this study. To obtain the optimal gear ratios, iterations are carried out through Nelder-Mead algorithm under constraints in MATLAB/Simulink. During the optimization process, the motor efficiency is observed along with the drive cycle, and the gear shift strategy is determined based on the vehicle velocity and acceleration demand. Simulation results show that the electric motor works in a relative high efficiency range during the whole drive cycle. The energy economy of the case-study vehicle
Zhao, Bolin, Lv, Chen, Hofman, Theo, Steinbuch, Maarten, Zhang, Junzhi, Cao, Dongpu
Structural Analysis Based Sensor Placement for Diagnosis of Clutch Faults in Automatic Transmissions2018-01-135704/03/2018
This paper describes a systematic approach to identify the best sensor combination by performing sensor placement analysis to detect and isolate clutch stuck-off faults in Automatic Transmissions (AT) based on structural analysis. When an engaged clutch in the AT loses pressure during operation, it is classified as a clutch stuck-off fault. AT can enter in neutral state because of these faults; causing loss of power at wheels. Identifying the sensors to detect and isolate these faults is important in the early stage of the AT development. A universal approach to develop a structural model of an AT is presented based on the kinematic relationships of the planetary gear set elements. Sensor placement analysis is then performed to determine the sensor locations to detect and isolate the clutch stuck-off faults using speed sensors and clutch pressure sensors. The proposed approach is then applied to a 10-Speed AT to demonstrate its effectiveness. A simulator is developed to qualitatively
Deosthale, Eeshan Vijay, Ahmed, Qadeer, Arasu, Mukilan, Rizzoni, Giorgio, Mohammed, Majed, Hathaway, Richard
Travelling Resistance Estimation and Sandy Road Identification for SUVs2018-01-057804/03/2018
The mechanical properties of sandy road are quite different from those of hard surface road. For vehicle control systems such as EMS (engine management system), TCU (transmission control unit) and ABS (antilock brake system), the strategies and parameters set for solid surface road are not optimal for driving on sandy road. It is an effective way to improve the mobility of all-terrain vehicles by identifying sandy road online and shifting the control strategies and parameters of control systems to sandy sets. In this paper, a sandy road identification algorithm for SUVs is proposed. Firstly, the vehicle signals, such as engine torque and speed, gear position, wheel and vehicle speed, are acquired from EMS, TCU and ESP (electronic stability program) through CAN (controller area network) bus respectively. Based on the information and longitudinal force equilibrium equation, the travelling resistance of vehicle is estimated. The hydraulic torque converter is divided into several parts to
Wu, Weixiang, Zhang, Jian, Zhao, Jian, Zhu, Bing
Testing and Benchmarking a 2014 GM Silverado 6L80 Six Speed Automatic Transmission2017-01-502011/17/2017
As part of its midterm evaluation of the 2022-2025 light-duty greenhouse gas (GHG) standards, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been acquiring fuel efficiency data from testing of recent engines and vehicles. The benchmarking data are used as inputs to EPA’s Advanced Light Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) vehicle simulation model created to estimate GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles. For complete powertrain modeling, ALPHA needs both detailed engine fuel consumption maps and transmission efficiency maps. EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory has previously relied on contractors to provide full characterization of transmission efficiency maps. To add to its benchmarking resources, EPA developed a streamlined more cost-effective in-house method of transmission testing, capable of gathering a dataset sufficient to broadly characterize transmissions within ALPHA. This technique targets the range of transmission operation observed during vehicle
Stuhldreher, Mark, Kim, Youngki, Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel
Electronic Horizon: A Map as a Sensor and Predictive Control2017-01-194508/25/2017
During recent years, all major North American and European commercial vehicle OEMs have introduced predictive functionalities based on an electronic horizon for their on-highway fleets. This is a system concept that lets vehicles know what is happening on the road ahead and allows them to react to that information without driver involvement. When an electronic horizon is used in heavy-duty trucks, a significant reduction in fuel consumption is possible as a key application. This is achieved by optimizing the algorithms in the engine control unit, the transmission control device or other control units in the vehicle. There is a clear business case for the vehicle owners. In this paper we review the long development from early navigation technologies to an in-vehicle sensor, called an electronic horizon. We present an overview of different architectures from several perspectives as well as multiple use cases for commercial vehicles. Furthermore, we look at the future, in which the
Varnhagen, Dr. Raimund
Shift-by-Wire System for Lexus RWD Vehicles2017-01-109403/28/2017
Shift selection devices are desired to be flexible for design and layout, in order to realize the next generation of cockpits for Lexus vehicles. In addition, refined shift operation feelings are also required to be suitable for Lexus vehicles. To meet these demands, the Lexus LC500 has been equipped with a shift-by-wire system, which replaces the mechanical linkage between the shift selector and transmission with electrical signals and an actuator. This shift-by-wire system will be installed in a wide variety of Lexus powertrain lineup, including conventional gas vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Therefore, the next generation shift-by-wire system for Lexus has been developed with high reliability and applicability. This technology will be essential when autonomous driving and autonomous parking systems are realized in the near future. To enable shifting of the parking mechanism in a simple configuration regardless of the engine operation state, shifting of the parking mechanism is
Nakade, Yusuke, Kamada, Atsushi, Ueno, Koki, Kume, Mikine, Sakaguchi, Kouji
Multi-Performance Optimal Gearshift Schedule of Stepped Automatic Transmissions Adaptive to Road Slope2017-01-113703/28/2017
For the vehicle equipped with stepped automatic transmission (SAT) that has a fixed number of gears, gearshift schedule is crucial to improve the comprehensive performance that takes into account power performance, fuel economy, and driver’s performance expectation together. To optimize and individualize the gearshift schedule, an optimization method and an improved performance evaluation approach for multi-performance gearshift schedule were proposed, which are effective in terms of reflecting the driver's expectation on different performance. However, the proposed optimization method does not consider the influence of the road slope on the comprehensive performance. As the road slope changes the load of vehicle that is different from the load when a vehicle runs on a level road, the optimized gearshift schedule without considering road slope is obviously not the optimal solution for a vehicle equipped with SAT when it runs on ramp. To this end, the influence of the road slope on the
Yin, Xiaofeng, Lu, Han, Wu, Xiaohua, Zhang, Yongtong, Luo, Wei
A Unified Creep-Speed Control Approach for Automated Parking System2017-01-060903/28/2017
This paper presents a unified creep-speed controller specifically designed for the automated parking system of an automated manual transmission vehicle, whereby the engine management system, transmission control unit, and electronic stability control system can work cooperatively and harmoniously within the same control framework. First, a novel reference speed generator is designed and employs sinusoidal functions to produce the speed profile based on the maneuver-dependent distances computed by a path planner, such that the lag in vehicle response during start-up can be effectively reduced. Second, a well-tuned PID controller is adopted to determine the resultant longitudinal force in attempt to follow the reference speed and eliminate the distance error during the parking maneuvers. Third, the electronic control units in the powertrain and brake systems interact with one another and generate exclusive control actions in order to achieve the desired motion control command, where the
Song, Pan, Xie, Shugang, Zhong, Yuan, Gao, Bolin
Development of a Cruise Controller Based on Current Road Load Information with Integrated Control of Variable Velocity Set-Point and Gear Shifting2017-01-008903/28/2017
Road topography has a remarkable impact on vehicle fuel consumption for both passenger and heavy duty vehicles. In addition, erroneous or non-optimized scheduling of both velocity set-point and gear shifting may be detrimental for fuel consumption and performance. Recent technologies have made road data, such as elevation or slope, either available or measurable on board, thus making possible the exploitation of this additional information in innovative controllers. The aim of this paper is the development of a smart, fuel-economy oriented controller adapting cruising speed and engaged gear to current road load (i.e. local slope). Unlike traditional cruise controllers, the velocity set-point is not constant, but it is set by applying a mathematical transformation of the current slope, accounting for the mission time duration as well. A smart shifting logic operation has also been implemented according to the following rules: i) avoid excessive shifting; ii) choose suitable gear to deal
D'Amato, Antonio, Donatantonio, Fabrizio, Arsie, Ivan, Pianese, Cesare
Efficient Dual Clutch Transmission Family for Transversal, Transaxle Powertrains2017-26-003601/10/2017
The reduction of CO2 emissions at vehicle level through the improvement of transmission efficiency represents the essential goal of transmission development engineers. New requirements, such as the recovery of the kinetic energy of the vehicle while coasting, the hybridization of drivetrains and autonomous driving, are challenges that can best be overcome with automatic transmissions. Dual clutch transmissions (DCT) with power-on-demand actuation systems offer a particularly efficient method of meeting the new requirements. However, many markets show vehicle applications with production volumes of less than 100.000 units per year. FEV’s new DCT family is conceived especially for customers in these markets. The re-use of proven subsystems which are already in series production results in a "business case" for applications with lower volumes also. This article introduces this transmission family.
Steinberg, Ingo, Freiholtz, Dan, Hellenbroich, Gereon
“Rds_on” Based OBD for Pre-Supply Fuel Pump Driver Modules2017-26-034801/10/2017
In automotive electronics on-board diagnostics does the fault diagnosis and reporting. It provides the level of robustness required for the control electronics against various faults. The amount of diagnostic information available via on board diagnostics are depends on the type of vehicle. Pre-supply fuel pump is the component in the common rail hydraulic system. It pumps the fuel from the fuel tank to the inlet valve of the high pressure fuel pump. Electronic control unit synchronizes its operation with high pressure fuel pump. A dedicated driver module in the ECU controls the operation of pre-supply fuel pump. The driver module consist of an ASIC with internal voltage, current monitoring modules for the fault diagnosis and the pre-drivers to control external HS and LS power stages. The software part of the OBD programmed in the internal memory of the ASIC. The “Rds_on” of the power MOSFETs are used for the fault detection purpose. The module designed to operate in dual frequencies
Mathew, Renny
Addressing Variation in Full Vehicle Automatic Transmission Fluid Fuel Economy Testing2016-01-220710/17/2016
With government mandates, original equipment manufacturers are increasingly focusing on fuel economy and finding efficiency gains throughout the vehicle. Lubricant companies have been asked to design fluids that aid in this effort. Demonstrating real gains becomes complex given the intricacies of these systems and methods range from bench top screen tests to component test stands to full vehicle testing. This paper addresses the variation that was encountered when testing automatic transmission fluid efficiency within a full vehicle test. While it is well known that variability in testing conditions such as engine load or vehicle speed will lead to variability in results, the magnitude of their impact on average throughout the test cycle suggests that repeat testing may not be sufficient to guard against improper conclusions. In fact, our data indicates that typical differences in average conditions across the cycle can be associated with predictable impacts in test results of 0.7%-1
Schiferl, Elizabeth, Hunt, Timothy N., Slocum, Robert
Signal Generator for Prediction of Transient Control Signals of an Automotive Transmission Control Unit Depending on Scalar Calibration Parameters2016-01-215510/17/2016
In this investigation an innovative signal generator will be introduced, which enables the generation of transient control signals for the gearshift process. The signals are generated merely depending on scalar transmission control unit (TCU) calibration parameters. The signal generator replaces the comprehensive TCU software within the simulation environment. Thus no extensive residual bus simulation is required. Multiple experimental models represent the core part of the signal generator. To predict the system behavior of the underlying system, the models are trained using measured data from a powertrain with automatic transmission mounted on a test rig. The results demonstrate that the introduced signal generator is suitable to predict transient control signals for the gearshift operation accurately. In combination with an additional powertrain model it is possible to simulate the gearshift process and subsequently to evaluate the gearshift comfort. The signal generator allows a
Rot, Ivan, Rinderknecht, Stephan
In-Tractor Cloud: A Vision of Service-Oriented System Design Enabled by High-Speed In-Vehicle Networks for a Safer Task and Machine Management2016-01-813009/27/2016
Automotive industry compartment is undertaking a massive technology revolution. ADAS systems and infotainment promise to change the way that customers mean travel and transportation radically, through several use cases. The key enabling technologies for this trend are Ethernet and its newly standardized physical layer, IEEE 802.3bw 100BASE-T1 (a.k.a. BroadR-Reach). From an architectural point of view, the evolution of the applications that rely on Automotive Ethernet resembles in many ways the evolution that the IT has had in the last decades. In the IT world, increased throughput and computational power to the end-user enabled technologies like multimedia streaming; scalability and availability requirements, together with the increased complexity of IT infrastructure, led to the “Anything as a Service” paradigm and Software Defined Networks. For what concerns commercial vehicles, new use cases and the enhancement of some existing ones, require the adoption of a high-speed network like
Malaguti, Giorgio, Ruggeri, Massimiliano, Dariz, Luca, Selvatici, Michele
Vehicle and Drive Cycle Simulation of a Vacuum Insulated Catalytic Converter2016-01-096704/05/2016
A GT-SUITE vehicle-aftertreatment model has been developed to examine the cold-start emissions reduction capabilities of a Vacuum Insulated Catalytic Converter (VICC). This converter features a thermal management system to maintain the catalyst monolith above its light-off temperature between trips so that most of a vehicle’s cold-start exhaust emissions are avoided. The VICC thermal management system uses vacuum insulation around the monoliths. To further boost its heat retention capacity, a metal phase-change material (PCM) is packaged between the monoliths and vacuum insulation. To prevent overheating of the converter during periods of long, heavy engine use, a few grams of metal hydride charged with hydrogen are attached to the hot side of the vacuum insulation. The GT-SUITE model successfully incorporated the transient heat transfer effects of the PCM using the effective heat capacity method. A variety of conventional, stop-start and hybrid electric vehicles have been simulated
Daya, Rohil, Hoard, John, Chanda, Sreedhar, Singh, Maneet
GPGPU-Based High Performance Parallel Computation Method for Valve Body Failure Mode2016-01-135304/05/2016
The method that enables a Simulink model to execute parallel computation by using GPGPU technology is introduced. The GPGPU, General-purpose computing on graphics processing units, is a technology to accelerate program by using graphic card instead of CPU computation. This method was developed to reduce the time to detect failure mode of automatic transmission’s valve body. The valve body is the major part of automatic transmission. It is extremely important to confirm the functional safety of automatic transmission in the case that any parts of valve body failed. We have developed Simulink-based valve body failure mode simulator, and made a considerable contribution for this work. However, the number of failure mode is increasing recently. Therefore, we made the simulator to compute at a high-speed using GPGPU technology. We have sharply reduced the computation time and strengthened the computing ability to support the detection for an increasing amount of failure modes. In addition
Suzuki, Tomonori, Mani, Tsutomu, Tsuchida, Kenichi, Yamaguchi, Masamichi
Performance Evaluation Approach Improvement for Individualized Gearshift Schedule Optimization2016-01-114704/05/2016
To improve the comprehensive performance of vehicles equipped with stepped automatic transmission (SAT), the optimization of gearshift schedule should take into account various performance such as power performance, fuel economy, etc. In addition, the SATs would become more acceptable if the optimized gearshift schedule could also be individualized to reflect the driver’s expectation on vehicle performance to a reasonable extent. For the purpose of ensuring the comprehensive performance and improving the individual-ability (i.e., the ability to adapt to different driver’s performance expectation) of vehicles equipped with SAT, a linear weighted method has been proposed to construct a performance evaluation function, which applies different weights to represent driver’s expectation on performance by using these weights to multiply the normalized value of each sub-performance index. Taking this evaluation function as the optimization objective, several gearshift schedules of a vehicle
Yin, Xiaofeng, Lu, Han, Zhao, Xiaojuan, Wu, Xiaohua, Zhang, Yongtong
Neural Network Transmission Control2016-01-008904/05/2016
This Application is using Multilayer Perceptron Algorithm to predict the shifting gear timing based on throttle percentage, vehicle velocity, time history and engine speed, in order to enhance the fuel efficiency, shifting time, power loss and driver’s comfort during shifting. The model makes no assumptions about how transmission performance aspects like gears slipping time or the existence of distinct environments like high temperature affects the power train system performance. Instead, the model can learn to model any type of distortion or additive noise in the sensor data; induced in the CAN protocol, through sufficient training data characterization. The network will be implemented on an AMESim model to characterize the operating temperatures and optimize the gearbox design to work with an optimal temperature and advance to this temperature during operation. Multilayer Perceptron Algorithm possesses important properties such as many degrees of freedom, non-linearity, and
Barakat, Mohamed Samy, Abdelaziz, Mohamed
Comparison of Parameter-Identified Simulation Models with Different Detailing Level to Reproduce the Side Shaft Torque of an Automotive Powertrain with Automatic Transmission2016-01-114804/05/2016
The underlying basic model represents a powertrain with automatic transmission including a torque converter. It is based on a greybox-modeling approach, which refers to ordinary differential equations with identified parameters and characteristic curves. The validated basic model is extended in order to reproduce the system behavior and especially the side shaft torque during a gear shift process. Therefore the model is extended by a transmission model with clutches for gear shifting in order to simulate specific powertrain dynamics additionally. The parameters have already been determined for the basic model using a method for isolated and structured parameter identification based on measurement data of an automotive powertrain test bench. A comparable structured parameter identification method is applied to obtain the parameters of the extended model. The extended model will be compared with a state observer which is based on a low-order model and neglects the detailed consideration
Yousif, Leonard, Rot, Ivan, Rinderknecht, Stephan
A New Control Scheme for Automated Manual Transmission with Electromagnetic Powder Clutch2015-24-254709/06/2015
This study aims to provide modeling and control approaches for automated manual passenger and commercial vehicle transmissions in order to improve the overall disengagement-gear shifting-engagement performance using electromagnetic powder clutch (EMPC). The rationale behind selecting this clutch is its rapid behavior. During the modeling procedure of the EMPC, the analogy between this type of clutches and dry plate friction clutches has been exploited and a simple control method is proposed. The study also includes modeling method for gear shifting and selecting mechanisms of the automated manual transmission gearbox as well as development and implementation of controllers which is designed for these mechanisms. Automated manual transmission gearbox is utilized due to its combination of ease of construction and ability for electronic automation.
Ergenc, Ali Fuat, Ergenc, Alp, Erdogan, Caner, Dumanli, Alper
Design of an Eddy Current Torque Bypass Clutch for Seamless Automated Manual Transmissions of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles2015-01-914307/01/2015
This paper presents the design and experimental validation of an eddy current torque transfer clutch for use inside Automated Manual Transmissions (AMTs) to perform seamless gear upshifts. Electric vehicles (EVs) with a single-ratio gearbox may provide high levels of smoothness, but using a multi-speed gearbox provides significant benefits in terms of vehicle acceleration, top speed, powertrain cost, mass, and energy consumption. AMTs can provide smooth shifts without torque interruption when coupled to a normally-open torque bypass clutch. However, conventional dry friction clutches are not best suited for such torque bypass due to wear and controllability concerns, while wet clutches would decrease powertrain efficiency due to viscous losses. An eddy current clutch would be highly controllable, simple to manufacture, low-cost, robust, and do not wear compared to friction clutches. The potential of eddy current clutches is assessed from a representative case study consisting of a ∼190
Pouliot, Gabriel, Lacerte, Marc-Olivier, Plante, Jean-Sebastien, Micheau, Philippe
Democratizing hybrid technologies15AUTD05_0105/01/2015
Engineers continue to wring efficiency and mass out of their latest electrified propulsion systems with the aim of mainstreaming the technology. Would you buy a new plug-in hybrid car if the price was 75% less than retail? If so, then hop a plane to Amsterdam because the Dutch have a deal for you. To jump-start the sale of PHEVs, thus assisting its multi-million-euro investment in national vehicle-charging infrastructure, the Netherlands government is offering the richest purchase incentive of its kind in the world-75% of the vehicle's MSRP, noted Dr. Francois Badin, Director of Vehicle Electrification at IFPEN, a French research organization studying future transportation issues.
Brooke, Lindsay
Generic software architecture for cost efficient powertrain electrification2015-01-163004/14/2015
Hybrid-electric vehicles provide additional functionality compared to conventional vehicles. So-called ‘hybrid’ software functions are required to coordinate the conventional powertrain control and these additional control functions. A key factor to reduce the fuel consumption lies in optimal control of the entire interconnected powertrain. This paper aims to provide a framework for efficient interface definition, connection and coordination of control units for hybrid electric vehicles. Such a framework supports an efficient development of control unit architectures and the distribution of software functions. The generic approach necessitates modular software functions. It defines the distribution of these functions in control units optimized with respect to reuse, interfaces and compatibility with different powertrain topologies and electrification variants, especially also considering compatibility with a conventional powertrain and its electric hybridization.
Ebner, Wolfgang, Stolz, Michael, Bachinger, Markus, Korsunsky, Evgeny
Multi-Objective Optimization Employing Genetic Algorithm for the Torque Converter with Dual-Blade Stator2015-01-111904/14/2015
The traditional automotive torque converter (TC) is equipped with a single-blade stator, at the suction side of which there is an apparent boundary layer separation at stalling condition because of its large impending angle. The separation flow behind the suction side of stator blade is found to create large area of low-energy flow which blocks effective flow passage area, produces more energy losses, decreases impeller torque capacity and transmission efficiency. It is found effective to suppress the boundary layer separation by separating the original single-blade stator into a primary and a secondary part. The gap between them guides high-energy flow at the pressurized side of the primary blade to the suction side of the secondary one, which helps to make boundary layer flow stable. As a result, the impeller torque capacity and torque ratio at low-speed ratio increase tremendously at the cost of little drop of maximum efficiency. The original matching property between the torque
Wu, Guangqiang, Wang, Lijun
General Motors Front Wheel Drive Seven Speed Dry Dual Clutch Automatic Transmission2015-01-109304/14/2015
General Motors has introduced a new front wheel drive seven speed dry dual clutch automatic transmission in 2014. The 250 Nm input torque rated gear box was designed and engineered for a global market in both front wheel drive and all-wheel drive configurations. The transmission has integrated start/stop capability enabled by the use of an electric motor driven pump and a pressurized accumulator. The architecture selected was chosen for optimization of packaging, fuel economy, mass, shift pleasability, and NVH. High mileage durability and world class drivability were the cornerstone deliverables during the engineering and design process Fuel efficiency is estimated to be 3% - 10% improvement over a conventional six speed automatic transmission. FWD variant wet mass of 78.1 kg was achieved through the rigorous engineering processes used to optimize the transmission system.
Clark, Kirby S., Singh, Tejinder, Buffa, Ronald P., Gayney, Jack M., Cousins, William L., Xie, Zhe, Moorman, Steven P., Wilson, Alexandria, Fannin, Michael P., Graham, Mark L., Preston, Christopher B., Solt, Michael B., Varda, David J., Gilmore, Mark R., Foulkes, Martin G., Risko, Rebecca K.
Model-Based Optimization for an AMT Clutch Control during the Vehicle Starting2015-01-016104/14/2015
With the continuous growth in the emission requirements and higher riding comfort demand, the shift quality becomes more and more an important evaluation index of the automated transmission control algorithms. Traditionally, the shift quality is assessed subjectively by the driver's feeling and then adjusted based on the calibration engineer experience. This classical calibration has disadvantages, such as low reproducibility of the shifting event and a high dependence on the driver's driving habit, so here a model-based multi-objective optimization method is proposed, and the optimization of the clutch control parameters during the vehicle starting is used as an example. Firstly, a Modelica® based vehicle model is introduced. A second-order sliding mode control is applied to track the clutch position trajectory. The clutch engagement point and the clutch engagement speed in the slipping stage are taken as the optimization objects. The shift quality, clutch engagement duration and mean
Huang, Hua, Di, Di, Chu, Yuqiang, Guehmann, Clemens
Integrated Control Strategy in the Power-On Upshift Process of Automatic Transmission Based on Transmission Output Torque2015-01-023104/14/2015
Gear-shift process of automatic transmission (AT) can be achieved with hydraulic control system which operates clutches or brakes' engagement or disengagement. According to the state of engagement elements, gear-shift process can be divided into torque phase and inertia phase. This article analyses gear-shift process of automatic transmission with the lever analogy and got the variation of the transmission's output torque. Then, the control principle of clutch to clutch shift is studied. This article takes power on up shift as study example and minimum of transmission output torque fluctuations during shifting as control target. Then this article analysis two control principles including inertia phase engine & transmission integrated control principle and entire shift process engine & transmission integrated control principle. For the factors that affect shifting during different stages and the characteristics of different shift control principles, clutch pressure observer based on
Wei, Qingkai, Lei, Yulong, Li, Xingzhong, Hu, Boqin, Liu, Zhengwei, Song, Bin
Application of Slope Sensor in Hill-Start to AMT (Automated Manual Transmission) Vehicles2015-01-110804/14/2015
In order to improve the drivability and reduce the clutch friction loss, low-cost slope sensor is used in hill-start control of AMT vehicles. After the power spectrum analysis of the original signal and the design of the digital filter, the angle of the slope is obtained with short enough delay and small enough noise. By using this slope angle information, slope resistance force can be calculated online so that the vehicle can be prevented from sliding backward and optimal launch control can be realized. The digital filter of slope angle signal and the optimal controller of dry clutch engagement are embedded in the TCU (Transmission Control Unit) of a micro-car Geely Panda. Real-vehicle experiments are carried out with optimal clutch controller, which shows that the hill-start with low-cost slope sensor and optimal clutch controller can provide successful vehicle launch with little driveline shock. In addition, it can also avoid backward sliding and engine over-speed effectively
Chu, Hongqing, Chen, Yong, Guo, Lishu, Gao, Bingzhao, Chen, Hong
Model-Based Optimization for an AMT Clutch Control during the Vehicle Starting2015-01-0161-TEST-REC04/14/2015
With the continuous growth in the emission requirements and higher riding comfort demand, the shift quality becomes more and more an important evaluation index of the automated transmission control algorithms. Traditionally, the shift quality is assessed subjectively by the driver's feeling and then adjusted based on the calibration engineer experience. This classical calibration has disadvantages, such as low reproducibility of the shifting event and a high dependence on the driver's driving habit, so here a model-based multi-objective optimization method is proposed, and the optimization of the clutch control parameters during the vehicle starting is used as an example. Firstly, a Modelica® based vehicle model is introduced. A second-order sliding mode control is applied to track the clutch position trajectory. The clutch engagement point and the clutch engagement speed in the slipping stage are taken as the optimization objects. The shift quality, clutch engagement duration and mean
Huang, Hua, Di, Di, Chu, Yuqiang, Guehmann, Clemens
Algorithm Design for Filtering Input Shaft Speed from Judder and Minimize Static Error by Phase Advance Method2015-01-002903/10/2015
Accuracy of clutch torque model which converts target torque to target stroke is essential to control the dry clutch system. Continuous Adaptation algorithm requires micro slip control during in-gear driving. Clutch judder during micro slip control can cause detrimental effect on the output of controller as slip speed is calculated by deviation of engine speed and clutch speed. Conventional approach to avoid clutch judder is using low pass filter to the input of controller which is slip speed. But this affect to the overall response time of slip controller.
Lee, Dongjin
Comparison of Powertrain System Configurations for Electric Passenger Vehicles2015-01-005203/10/2015
Electric vehicles (EV) are considered a practical alternative to conventional and hybrid electric passenger vehicles, with higher overall powertrain efficiencies by omitting the internal combustion engine. As a consequence of lower energy density in the battery energy storage as compared to fossil fuels powered vehicles, EVs have limited driving range, leading to a range phobia and limited consumer acceptance. Particularly for larger luxury EVs, electric motors with a single reduction gear typically do not achieve the diverse range of function needs that are present in multi-speed conventional vehicles, most notably acceleration performance and top speed requirements. Subsequently, multi-speed EV powertrains have been suggested for these applications. Through the utilization of multiple gear ratios a more diverse range of functional needs can be realized without increasing the practical size of the electric motor. The major limitation of multi-speed EV powertrains is that the increased
Walker, Paul D., Roser, Holger, Zhang, Nong, Fang, Yuhong
Controls Development and Vehicle Refinement for a 99% Showroom Ready Parallel Through the Road Plug-In Hybrid Electric2014-01-290610/13/2014
This paper details the control system development process for the University of Washington (UW) EcoCAR 2 team over the three years of the competition. Particular emphasis is placed upon the control system development and validation process executed during Year 3 of the competition in an effort to meet Vehicle Technical Specifications (VTS) established and refined by the team. The EcoCAR 2 competition challenges 15 universities across North America to reduce the environmental impact of a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu without compromising consumer acceptability. The project takes place over a three year design cycle, where teams select a hybrid architecture and fuel choice before defining a set of VTS goals for the vehicle. These VTS are selected based on the desired static and dynamic performance targets to balance fuel consumption and emissions with consumer acceptability requirements. The UW team selected a Parallel through the Road hybrid architecture due to its combination of performance
Crain, Trevor, Mallory, Michael Ryan, Cawley, Megan, Fabien, Brian, Reinhall, Per
Challenges and Opportunities in Variant Calibration of Hybrid Vehicles2014-01-288910/13/2014
The automotive industry is racing to introduce some degree of hybridization into their product ranges. Since the term “hybrid vehicle” can cover a wide range of differing technologies and drivetrain topologies, this has led to a large amount of vehicles that call themselves “hybrid”. This poses an interesting challenge for marketers to differentiate these vehicles from the incumbents. However, it is not just the marketers who are faced with challenges, the developers of such hybrid drivetrains are faced with a rise in technical complexity due to the wide range of operating modes hybridization introduces. As propulsive torque is being generated in more than one place in a hybrid vehicle, the transitions from conventional drive to electrically supported drive bring with them complex aspects of multi-dimensional system control. The challenge is to be able to implement hybrid technology in an existing drivetrain, while adapting the existing components as required. The functional
Kokalj, Gerhard, Schatz, Patrick, Zach, Christoph
Investigation of NVH Characteristics of a Downsizing Vehicle2014-01-204206/30/2014
The automotive industry permanently enhances Downsizing concepts due to environmental commitments and energy consumption concerns. Even in the category of city- and supermini-cars, great efforts are made for the development of highly charged engines with small displacement. So far the main focus of these developments is set on the reduction of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption. However these are not the only aspects, which have to be fulfilled by the vehicle in order to meet the demands of the customers and to be successful in competition. The NVH characteristics of such Downsizing vehicles have to match a class-specific level, which can only be achieved by additional measures. Regarding this, a view of the dynamic behavior of the entire vehicle is required. At the Institut für Kraftfahrwesen Aachen (ika) the potential for reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of a Downsizing concept is investigated using a city-car as reference. For this purpose, among other things, the three
Elm, Jan Hendrik, Viehöfer, Jens, Biermann, Jan-Welm
Measurement and Modeling of Perceived Gear Shift Quality for Automatic Transmission Vehicles2014-01-912505/09/2014
This study was conducted to develop and validate a multidimensional measure of shift quality as perceived by drivers during kick-down shift events for automatic transmission vehicles. As part of the first study, a survey was conducted among common drivers to identify primary factors used to describe subjective gear-shifting qualities. A factor analysis on the survey data revealed four semantic subdimensions. These subdimensions include responsiveness, smoothness, unperceivable, and strength. Based on the four descriptive terms, a measure with semantic scales on each subdimension was developed and used in an experiment as the second study. Twelve participants drove and evaluated five vehicles with different gear shifting patterns. Participants were asked to make kick-down events with two different driving intentions (mild vs. sporty) across three different speeds on actual roadway (local streets and highway). After each event, participants were asked to complete the rating of the four
Jeon, Byeong wook, Kim, Sang-Hwan
Research on Shift Control Strategy in Braking Conditions of Automatic Transmission Vehicles based on Fuzzy Inference2014-01-174204/01/2014
In a traditional shift control strategy, the gear range is selected based on the throttle opening and the vehicle speed. The disadvantage of two-parameter based system is that the shift map is lack of adaptability in certain special conditions. The driving environment and the true intentions of the drivers are not fully taken into account by the shift control system. Therefore, improving the feasibility of the shift control strategy for the true intentions of the driver and driving environment is of great significance. Under braking conditions, Automatic transmission shift map with two parameters is unable to use engine braking effectively, which affects the drivability and safety of vehicles greatly. This paper presents a newly developed shift control strategy under braking conditions. First of all, the necessity of engine braking was analyzed. Then, this paper proposed a shift control strategy based on fuzzy inference of braking duration, load, braking deceleration and the vehicle
Fu, Yao, Lei, Yulong, Liu, Ke, Zhang, Yuanxia, Zeng, Huabing
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