Browse Topic: Transaxles

Items (58)

New Seven Speed DCT transaxle and effect of angular positioning of shaft in layout.

2020-01-042904/14/2020

This paper presents about new concept developed on 7 speed DCT transaxle for transverse application and a torque capacity of 200 Nm to 360 Nm. How current 6 speed DCT can modified to 7 speed with packaging benefit is discussed. In this paper, discussions are focused about torque carrying parts of transaxle only. Here only single countershaft is used giving lot of packaging advantage and at first glance layout looks like four speed layout, but it is compact layout. Further in this paper effect of angular position of shaft in layout is discussed.. Position of shafts in transaxle layout effects the stress, bending moment and displacement induced in shaft. Detailed study on effect of change in angle with respect to Bending moment, Stress in shaft, Cylindrical roller bearing (CRB) and Deep Groove Ball Bearing (DGBB) Bearing reaction force analysis, life calculations are computed.

Bhat, Muralidhar

Inside Tremec's SUPERCAR DCT

20AUTP02_0401/01/2020

To polish the 2020 mid-engine Corvette's driving prowess, GM and Tremec engineers joined forces to create a new and better automated transaxle. Explaining Corvette's move to one transmission for all buyers, global chief engineer Tadge Juechter notes, “Our customers began requesting a dual-clutch automatic transmission [DCT] several years ago. Following the introduction of the C7 Corvette in 2014, our take-rate for sticks [manual gearboxes] fell from 50 percent to less than 20 percent this year.” Searching the globe - read Europe - for a suitable DCT, Juechter's team found none with sufficient torque capacity to survive behind the lively LT2 6.2-L V8 planned for the all-new 2020 mid-engine edition of GM's reimagined sports car. To solve that dilemma, discussions began with Tremec, the Mexico City-based manufacturer which has supplied GM, Ford and FCA with manual transmissions for two decades. While Tremec had the expertise to make the mechanical components packed inside a dual-clutch

Automatic Transmissions - Schematic Diagrams

J647_201911 (Current)11/19/2019

The following schematic diagrams reflect various methods of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. These have been developed to facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of transmission diagrams are used: in neutral (clutches not applied), and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Honda's new 10-speed is a slick shifter

17AUTP02_0802/01/2017

Honda's 2018 Odyssey offers room for eight passengers and its all-new transaxle packs 10 forward gears. Developed in-house over a three-year period, the new automatic is the industry's first production 10-speed for front-drive vehicles. It is being produced at the company's Tallapoosa, GA, transmission plant. Automotive Engineering spoke with Tom Sladek, principal engineer at Honda R&D in Raymond, OH, about the new gearbox during the Odyssey's media unveiling at the 2017 Detroit auto show. He said the transaxle's input torque rating is 370 N·m (275 lb·ft) “with some degree of headroom designed in.” While Honda has yet to announce the SAE-rated torque of the Odyssey's 3.5-L V6, it is expected to be greater than the 2017 engine's 250 lb·ft (338 N·m). SAE peak power for the 2018 engine is 280 hp-a 32-hp increase over the current engine's output.

Brooke, Lindsay

Automotive Engineering: July 7, 2016

16AUTD0707/07/2016

Technology report Quest for 'new-car smell' dictates interior-materials changes Doing it again-this time with 10 After a successful decade-long collaboration on 6-speed transaxles, Ford and GM partner again on an all-new 10-speed automatic. Here's a look inside the gearbox and the project. Large-scale additive manufacturing for rapid vehicle prototyping A case study from Oak Ridge National Laboratory bridges the 'powertrain-in-the-loop' development process with vehicle systems implementation using big area additive manufacturing (BAAM). Global Vehicles Steel-intensive Mazda CX-9 sheds mass, debuts novel turbo setup

Shift System Inertia Mass Optimization Techniques to Minimize Double Bump for Manual Transmission

2012-01-199909/24/2012

The demand of gear shift quality in vehicles has increased considerably in the past few years. The gear shift is the key interface between driver and vehicle transmission. The essential criterions for the operating quality of the gear shift is the operating force and feel on the gear shift knob at each stage of gear shift, starting from start of gear shift to the end of gear shift. This paper deals with techniques to reduce secondary force due to synchronizer sleeve hitting on dog ring at the end of gear shift which is also known as Double Bump. The double bump ratio should be less than 0.4 to achieve the best in class shift feel for passenger car segment. Normal driver will not feel if double bump ratio is less than 0.6. Inertia mass mounted on shift system of manual transmission helps to generate momentum at the end of gear shift to nullify the double bump force. An iterative technique is established to increase the shift mass inertia on shift system and objective data measurement

Sharma, Manish Kumar, Savla, Jinesh

Flywheels for Engine-Mounted Torque Converters

J927_201206 (Current)06/11/2012

This SAE Recommended Practice defines flywheel configuration to promote standardization of flywheels for engine flywheel mounted torque converters. Tables 1A and 1B and Figure 1 give dimensions for flywheels mounted-type torque converters. For torque converters using drive ring overcenter type disconnect clutch, see SAE J620.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Hydrodynamic Drives Terminology

J641_201206 (Historical)06/04/2012

Since the torque converter and fluid coupling are commonly used components of automatic transmissions in industry, the SAE appointed a committee to standardize terminology, test procedure, data recording, design symbols, and so forth, in this field. The following committee recommendations will facilitate a clear understanding for engineering discussions, comparisons, and the preparation of technical papers. The recommended usages represent the predominant practice or the acceptable practice. Where agreement is not complete, alternates have been included for clarification. This SAE Recommended Practice deals only with the physical parts and dimensions and does not attempt to standardize the design considerations, such as the actual fluid flow angle resulting from the physical blade shape.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automotive Engineering International 2011-11-01

11AEID110111/01/2011

Driving the pace of change Engineers speak out on software's impact on the automotive industry in online survey. Inside ZF's nine-speed transaxle for 2012 AEI travels to Friedrichshafen for an exclusive look at the development and technology behind the 9HP--the industry's first nine-speed transaxle slated for MY2013 production. Technology crosses industry borders Between the commercial- and military vehicle markets, knowledge sharing and tech transfer benefits both in areas such as vehicle electrification and altenative fuels. Cutting the cost of carbon Automakers streamline production to reduce the price premium for lightweight carbon fiber.

New Drivetrain for Toyota's Flagship Lexus LFA Sports Car

2011-01-142704/12/2011

Toyota Motor Corporation has developed a new drivetrain for their flagship Lexus LFA sports car. Passionate driving experience was pursued at the forefront of development. Superior vehicle performance, handling, and responsiveness that seem to anticipate the driver's intentions are achieved. Special vehicle packaging and component placement are adopted in the LFA in order to realize such performance. The engine, clutch, and front counter gear are positioned at the front of the vehicle, and the transaxle at the rear. The engine and transaxle are connected by a rigid torque tube. The transaxle is an automated manual transmission equipped with an electrohydraulic actuator for controlling both the shift and clutch operations. This actuator enables accurate control of the transmission and extremely quick response to shift paddle operation by the driver. This paper describes a general outline of the drivetrain and each component that has significantly contributed to LFA product appeal.

Kobayashi, Takahide, Masaru, Morise, Kano, Tomoyuki, Imafuku, Mizuki, Yamada, Masanobu

Automatic Transmissions - Schematic Diagrams

J647_201004 (Historical)

04/23/2010

The following schematic diagrams reflect various methods of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. These have been developed to facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of transmission diagrams are used: in neutral (clutches not applied) and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2010-01-14

10OFHD011401/14/2010

Software takes center stage Programs for hydraulics must combine reliability and flexibility. Technical Innovations Carraro launches concept variable transmission transaxle. Original Eqipment Case CE says new crawler dozer offers big performance, not weight.

Park Standard for Automatic Transmissions

J2208_200710 (Historical)

10/22/2007

To provide a Recommended Practice for validating the function and integrity of an automatic transmission park mechanism with its associated control system and environment.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Cast Iron Sealing Rings (Metric)

J1236_200710 (Historical)10/22/2007

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish specifications for use as a guide to the automatic transmission and hydraulic systems designer, helping him to select cast iron sealing ring width, thickness, coatings, and other accepted design details.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automatic Transmissions—Manual Control Sequence

J915_200710 (Historical)

10/22/2007

The scope and purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide a standard pattern or sequence for the manual control of automatic transmissions in passenger cars and light-duty trucks. This generally refers to left hand drive mechanical shift applications.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Passenger Car and Light Truck Automatic Transmission and Automatic Transaxle Test Code

J651_200506 (Historical)06/22/2005

To provide a means of obtaining the performance characteristics of automatic transmissions and automatic transaxles. It outlines dynamometer tests that map the steady-state characteristics over a range of operations of an automatic transmission/automatic transaxle and provides a method of presenting test data. This procedure must be followed, with similar test facilities so that results obtained from different laboratories are comparable. For this SAE Recommended Practice, the transmission is defined as the complete automatic transmission or transaxle assembly between the engine and the driveshaft(s) used to effect a ratio change in transmitting power. This test procedure deals with the aspect of conducting complete transmission and transaxle assembly testing. However, by its very nature a transmission should be viewed as a compilation of three major component systems: pump, torque converter, and gearbox (all ratio change elements). From a design perspective, it is important that the

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Application of Transmission Systems for Different Driveline Configurations in Passenger Cars

2001-01-088203/05/2001

The most common driveline configurations in cars are the standard drive with front longitudinal engine and rear wheel drive and the front-transverse drive with east west installed powertrain as well as all-wheel drive variants derived from these. These driveline configurations are used in different vehicle segments. The transmission systems mainly used today are automatic transmissions with 4 or 5 speeds and manual transmissions with 4, 5 or 6 speeds. A small number of automated manual transmissions (AMT) and continuously variable transmissions (CVT) are in production. Various systems of automated manual transmissions, powershift transmissions designed as double clutch transmissions and toroidal transmissions are currently being developed. A brief explanation will be given about the structure of all different driveline configurations and the transmission systems will then be considered for specific applications in these different drivelines. The installation situation with transmission

Wagner, Gerhard

Automatic Transmission Functions--Terminology

J649_200005 (Historical)05/16/2000

The following is a list of the most common terminology used in describing automatic transmission functions.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

One-Way Clutches--Nomenclature and Terminology

J1087_200005 (Historical)05/16/2000

The definitions and illustrations in this SAE Information Report are intended to establish common nomenclature and terminology for automotive transmission one-way clutches.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Hydrodynamic Drive Test Code

J643_200005 (Historical)05/16/2000

The range of test conditions on the dynamometer shall be sufficient to determine the primary operating characteristics corresponding to the full range of vehicle operations. The characteristics to be determined are: a. Torque ratio versus speed ratio and output speed b. Input speed versus speed ratio and output speed c. Efficiency versus speed ratio and output speed d. Capacity factor versus speed ratio and output speed e. Input torque versus input speed

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Hydrodynamic Drives Terminology

J641_200003 (Historical)03/10/2000

Since the torque converter and fluid coupling have become commonly used components of automatic transmissions in industry, the SAE appointed a committee to standardize terminology, test procedure, data recording, design symbols, and so forth, in this field. The following committee recommendations will facilitate a clear understanding for engineering discussions, comparisons, and the preparation of technical papers. The recommended usages represent the predominant practice or the acceptable practice. Where agreement is not complete, alternates have been included for clarification. Example - Two systems of blade angle designations are described. Consequently when a blade angle is specified, the system should be designated. This SAE Recommended Practice deals only with the physical parts and dimensions and does not attempt to standardize the design considerations, such as the actual fluid flow angle resulting from the physical blade shape.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Symbols for Hydrodynamic Drives

J640_200003 (Historical)03/10/2000

The following system of symbols is recommended for use in technical papers and engineering reports dealing with hydrodynamic drives.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Manual Transmissions and Transaxle High-Speed Lubrication, Unbalance, and Seizure Evaluation

J2132_199909 (Historical)09/09/1999

It is anticipated that this SAE Recommended Practice will be only one step in a comprehensive evaluation of the vehicle/transmission application. This document alone is not adequate "due care" to insure against high-speed seizure or other high-speed problems. The notes printed in bold print throughout the practice convey important information about the test itself or the results and should be considered carefully. All references to transmissions also apply to transaxles, except for the unbalance evaluation which applies only to rear-wheel-drive transmissions with propeller shaft output.

SAE IC Powertrain Steering Committee

Manual Transmission and Transaxle Efficiency and Parasitic Loss Measurement

J2453_199908 (Historical)08/30/1999

Because of the intense focus on CAFE and fuel emission standards, optimization of the automobile drivetrain is imperative. In light of this, component efficiencies have become an important factor in the drivetrain decision-making process. It has therefore become necessary to develop a universal standard to judge transmission efficiency. This SAE Recommended Practice specifies the dynamometer test procedure which maps a manual transmission's efficiency. The document is separated into two parts. The first compares input and output torque throughout a specified input speed range in order to determine 'in-gear' transmission efficiency. The second procedure measures parasitic losses experienced while in neutral at nominal idling speeds and also churning losses while in gear. The application of this document is intended for passenger car and light truck. All references to transmissions throughout this document include transaxles.

SAE IC Powertrain Steering Committee

Methodology: Automatic Transaxle Lash Study for Park Disengagement Clunk

1999-01-176505/17/1999

The purpose of this paper is to explain a methodology for diagnosing noise and vibration of internal components of the automatic transaxle and particularly for park disengagement clunk. The method for determining contributing lash is three-fold. First the lash values are physically measured. Secondly, in-vehicle test data is taken using accelerometers, microphones, and stress gages. The data is taken at a baseline condition and then when various lash interfaces are set at zero. Thirdly, component impact testing can be done to identify noise contributing parts. For the condition of park disengagement clunk this method helps to diagnose the source of the noise. When a vehicle is parked on an incline and the transaxle put in park, there is an energy transfer of the weight of the vehicle through the transmission and onto the suspension of the vehicle. When the transmission is pulled out of park, the released energy results in a loud clunk. The clunk has a high and low frequency content

Volinski, Bridget

Automatic Transmission Hydraulic Pump Test Procedure

J2311_199901 (Historical)01/28/1999

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a method to determine the performance characteristics of the hydraulic oil pumps used in automatic transmissions and automatic transaxles. This document outlines the specific tests that describe the performance characteristics of these pumps over a range of operating conditions and the means to present the test data. This document is not intended to assess pump durability.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Rectangular Cross Section Polymeric Sealing Rings (Metric)

J2310_199901 (Historical)01/01/1999

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish guidelines for the automatic transmission and hydraulic systems Engineer to design rectangular cross section seals for rotating and static grooved shaft applications. Also included are material property comparisons of polymeric materials suitable for these applications. Material covered in this document is not intended to include aluminum applications.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automotive Transmission Terminology

J645_199707 (Historical)07/01/1997

The following listed definitions are intended to establish terminology and criteria for describing the various kinds of automotive transmissions. A specific arrangement may be described by a combination of several of these definitions.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Transmissions-Schematic Diagrams

J647_199707 (Historical)07/01/1997

The following schematic diagrams exemplify the SAE recommended method of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. They were developed to standardize industry practice and facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of diagrams are used: Transmission in neutral and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Passenger Car and Light Truck Automatic Transmission and Automatic Transaxle Test Code

J651_199601 (Historical)01/01/1996

To provide a means of obtaining the performance characteristics of automatic transmissions and automatic transaxles. It outlines dynamometer tests that map the steady-state characteristics over a range of operations of an automatic transmission/automatic transaxle and provides a method of presenting test data. This procedure must be followed, with similar test facilities so that results obtained from different laboratories are comparable. For this SAE Recommended Practice, the transmission is defined as the complete automatic transmission or transaxle assembly between the engine and the driveshaft(s) used to effect a ratio change in transmitting power. This test procedure deals with the aspect of conducting complete transmission and transaxle assembly testing. However, by its very nature a transmission should be viewed as a compilation of three major component systems: pump, torque converter, and gearbox (all ratio change elements). From a design perspective, it is important that the

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automatic Transmissions - Schematic Diagrams

J647_199506 (Historical)06/01/1995

The following schematic diagrams exemplify the SAE recommended method of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. They were developed to standardize industry practice and facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of diagrams are used: Transmission in neutral and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Cast Iron Sealing Rings (Metric)

J1236_199505 (Historical)05/01/1995

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish specifications for use as a guide to the automatic transmission and hydraulic systems designer, helping him to select cast iron sealing ring width, thickness, coatings, and other accepted design details.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Flywheels for Engine-Mounted Torque Converters

J927_199503 (Historical)03/05/1995

This SAE Recommended Practice defines flywheel configuration to promote standardization of flywheels for engine flywheel mounted torque converters.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Park Standard for Automatic Transmissions

J2208_199306 (Historical)06/01/1993

To provide a Recommended Practice for validating the function and integrity of an automatic transmission park mechanism with its associated control system and environment. To define the requirements for parking mechanisms of automatic transmissions through evaluation in designed ratios.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Cast Iron Sealing Rings (Metric)

J1236_199304 (Historical)04/01/1993

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish specifications for use as a guide to the automatic transmission and hydraulic systems designer, helping him to select cast iron sealing ring width, thickness, coatings, and other accepted design details.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Cast Iron Sealing Rings

J281_199212 (Current)12/01/1992

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Passenger Car and Light Truck Automatic Transmission and Automatic Transaxle Test Code

J651_199101 (Historical)01/23/1991

To provide a means of obtaining the performance characteristics of automatic transmissions and automatic transaxles. It outlines dynamometer tests that map the steady-state characteristics over a range of operations of an automatic transmission/automatic transaxle and provides a method of presenting test data. This procedure must be followed, with similar test facilities so that results obtained from different laboratories are comparable. For this SAE Recommended Practice, the transmission is defined as the complete automatic transmission or transaxle assembly between the engine and the driveshaft(s) used to effect a ratio change in transmitting power. This test procedure deals with the aspect of conducting complete transmission and transaxle assembly testing. However, by its very nature a transmission should be viewed as a compilation of three major component systems: pump, torque converter, and gearbox (all ratio change elements). From a design perspective, it is important that the

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

One-Way Clutches--Nomenclature and Terminology

J1087_199010 (Historical)10/01/1990

The definitions and illustrations in this SAE Recommended Practice are intended to establish common nomenclature and terminology for automotive transmission one-way clutches.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automatic Transmissions - Schematic Diagrams

J647_199004 (Historical)04/01/1990

The following schematic diagrams exemplify the SAE recommended method of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. They were developed to standardize industry practice and facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of diagrams are used: Transmission in neutral and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Hydrodynamic Drive Test Code

J643_198906 (Historical)06/01/1989

The range of test conditions on the dynamometer shall be sufficient to determine the primary operating characteristics corresponding to the full range of vehicle operations. The characteristics to be determined are: a. Torque ratio versus speed ratio and output speed b. Input speed versus speed ratio and output speed c. Efficiency versus speed ratio and output speed d. Capacity factor versus speed ratio and output speed e. Input torque versus input speed

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Flywheels for Engine-Mounted Torque Converters

J927_198811 (Historical)11/01/1988

This SAE Recommended Practice defines flywheel configuration to promote standardization of flywheels for engine flywheel mounted torque converters.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automatic Transmission Functions - Terminology

J649_198807 (Historical)07/01/1988

The following is a list of the most common terminology used in describing automatic transmission functions.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Hydrodynamic Drives Terminology

J641_198807 (Historical)07/01/1988

Since the torque converter and fluid coupling are commonly used components of automatic transmissions in industry, the SAE appointed a committee to standardize terminology, test procedure, data recording, design symbols, and so forth, in this field. The following committee recommendations will facilitate a clear understanding for engineering discussions, comparisons, and the preparation of technical papers. The recommended usages represent the predominant practice or the acceptable practice. Where agreement is not complete, alternates have been included for clarification. EXAMPLE: Two systems of blade angle designations are described. Consequently when a blade angle is specified, the system should be designated. This SAE Recommended Practice deals only with the physical parts and dimensions and does not attempt to standardize the design considerations, such as the actual fluid flow angle resulting from the physical blade shape.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Symbols for Hydrodynamic Drives

J640_198806 (Historical)06/01/1988

The following system of symbols is recommended for use in technical papers and engineering reports dealing with hydrodynamic drives.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automotive Transmission Terminology

J645_198605 (Historical)05/01/1986

The following listed definitions are intended to establish terminology and criteria for describing the various kinds of automotive transmissions. A specific arrangement may be described by a combination of several of these definitions.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automatic Transmissions - Schematic Diagrams

J647_198506 (Historical)06/01/1985

The following schematic diagrams exemplify the SAE recommended method of illustrating automotive transmission arrangements. They were developed to standardize industry practice and facilitate a clear understanding of the functional interrelations of the gearing, clutches, hydrodynamic drive unit, and other transmission components. Two variations of diagrams are used: Transmission in neutral and in gear. For illustrative purposes, some typical transmissions are shown.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

One-Way Clutches--Nomenclature and Terminology

J1087_198401 (Historical)01/01/1984

The definitions and illustrations in this SAE Recommended Practice are intended to establish common nomenclature and terminology for automotive transmission one-way clutches.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Automatic Transmission Functions - Terminology

J649_198303 (Historical)03/01/1983

The following is a list of the most common terminology used in describing automatic transmission functions.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Hydrodynamic Drives Terminology

J641_198302 (Historical)02/01/1983

Since the torque converter and fluid coupling are commonly used components of automatic transmissions in industry, the SAE appointed a committee to standardize terminology, test procedure, data recording, design symbols, and so forth, in this field. The following committee recommendations will facilitate a clear understanding for engineering discussions, comparisons, and the preparation of technical papers. The recommended usages represent the predominant practice or the acceptable practice. Where agreement is not complete, alternates have been included for clarification. EXAMPLE: Two systems of blade angle designations are described. Consequently when a blade angle is specified, the system should be designated. This SAE Recommended Practice deals only with the physical parts and dimensions and does not attempt to standardize the design considerations, such as the actual fluid flow angle resulting from the physical blade shape.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

Symbols for Hydrodynamic Drives

J640_198112 (Historical)12/01/1981

The following system of symbols is recommended for use in technical papers and engineering reports dealing with hydrodynamic drives.

Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee

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