Browse Topic: Diesel / compression ignition engines

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Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Calculation of Airflow through the Air Cycle Technology’s Turboexpander and Its Effects on a Diesel Engine—Part I2025-01-502303/31/2025
Amidst escalating climate change, the sustainability of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, particularly in heavy transport, remains a critical challenge. Despite emission reductions from 1990 to 2020, ICEs, particularly diesel engines in Europe, continue to pose environmental challenges, notably in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study proposes a novel solution to address the problem of NOx emissions by incorporating Air Cycle Technology’s (ACT) turboexpander into diesel engines. Acting as a second-stage compressor, intercooler, and expander, the turboexpander aims to lower intake air temperature, thereby mitigating NOx formation. The study utilizes a 4.4-l JCB-TCA-74 turbocharged diesel engine retrofitted with the ACT turboexpander as the experimental platform. The methodology involves using empirical formulae to calculate the key parameters of engine airflow for a standard turbocharged diesel engine followed by repeating the calculations for the same engine fitted with a
Fayaz, Farheen, Brace, Jordan, Allport, John, Javanbakht, Gina
Mitigating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Diesel Engines through the Application of Physical Adsorbents2025-01-500802/13/2025
Graphical Abstract Abstract The world is targeting zero-emission standards by promoting flexi-fuel-based vehicles. In the automotive industry, IC engine-powered vehicle has a good market. Either IC or flexi-fuel engines are considered the safest mode of transport, one tedious problem needs to be addressed is their toxic exhaust emissions from those engines. However, there are many aftertreatment systems available to control HC, CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. To control CO2 emissions there is no aftertreatment system available. Physical adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are going to be used in this work to reduce emissions from exhaust gases. Zeolite has a greater affinity toward NOx emission, and activated carbon has greater potential to capture HC and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially computational studies were carried out to evaluate back pressure developed in adsorbent chamber. Analysis was carried out by varying conical length of the adsorbent chamber (68 mm, 75 mm
Subramanian, MohanKumar, Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Pachamuthu, Senthilkumar, Naveena, B. E., Divya, G. S., Praveen Kumar, M. V.
Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel2025-01-500701/27/2025
Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to
Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles2024-01-408909/16/2024
Abstract We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground
Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash
Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity2024-01-508408/23/2024
This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their
Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun
QA Test for CSP-70370530202405/15/2024
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Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
A Mid-Infrared Laser Absorption Sensor for Gas Temperature and Carbon Monoxide Mole Fraction Measurements at 15 kHz in Engine-Out Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust03-17-01-000201/16/2024
Quantifying exhaust gas composition and temperature in vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs) is crucial to understanding and reducing emissions during transient engine operation. This is particularly important before the catalytic converter system lights off (i.e., during cold start). Most commercially available gas analyzers and temperature sensors are far too slow to measure these quantities on the timescale of individual cylinder-firing events, thus faster sensors are needed. A two-color mid-infrared (MIR) laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) sensor for gas temperature and carbon monoxide (CO) mole fraction was developed and applied to address this technology gap. Two quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) were fiber coupled into one single-mode fiber to facilitate optical access in the test vehicle exhaust. The QCLs were time-multiplexed in order to scan across two CO absorption transitions near 2013 and 2060 cm–1 at 15 kHz. This enabled in situ measurements of temperature and CO
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
After-treatment Improvement in Mahindra BS6.1 to BS6.22024-26-014801/16/2024
Effective 1st April 2023, India's automotive emissions regulation has moved from BS6.1 to BS6.2 standard the after-treatment systems need to demonstrate robust performance not just on the cycle, but also to demonstrate emissions for on-road driving (RDEs) conditions. A stringent OBD strategy to monitor the real-time emission levels along with compliance On Road Driving Emissions (RDEs) are focus areas for BS6.2 emission legislation. The max speed on MIDC is 90km/h in BS6.1, DOC+SCRF® was meeting legislation at the lab and now with iRDE cycle max speed of the vehicles under M1 category will have the max permitted legal limit shall surpass 100 km/h for not greater than 3% of the time duration in the Phase-3 driving cycle for which max speed is up to 120 km/h. The monitoring window intended for BS6.2 with higher operating temperatures and higher space velocity plays a major role and adds a challenge to tackling the emission on the road. In this article, Mahindra and Johnson Matthey will
Vediappan, Sudhagar, Mandla, Manoj, Ragunathan, Santhosh Kumar, Kumar, Uday, O'Connell, Tim, Harris, Matthew, Green, Alexander, Sharma, Prashant, V, Suryanarayanan, MALATHKAR, Prakash Rao, Sharma, Vinay
DEVELOPMENT OF A C-SHAPED EXHAUST AFTER-TREATMENT SYSTEM WITH AN AURICLE MIXER2024-26-014301/16/2024
Internal combustion engines have been there for nearly a century and half and will continue to remain and play a major role in the mobility industry. Exhaust aftertreatment system is like a sibling to the internal combustion engine, since both work in tandem, complementing each other's functions and contributing to the overall goal of reducing emissions and improving environmental sustainability. The faster adoption of Euro VI emission norms globally and announcement of Euro VII norms, emphasizes the need to continually improve our exhaust aftertreatment systems. This paper presents a breakthrough in the development of a C-shaped compact, modular and cost-effective exhaust aftertreatment system (EATS) with an auricle mixer, designed at Ashok Leyland. This system is specifically engineered to meet the stringent requirements of BS VI OBD-II emission norms for diesel engine applications and can be upgraded for H2 ICE. A typical BS VI EATS has catalysts, sensors and urea nozzle integrated
Giridharan, Jyothivel, Chandrasekar, Vasu, L, suresh
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Diesel Engines, Part II: Air-handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment2024-26-004401/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this second of a two-part article, several component levels advancements are discussed including both engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS). For engine, role of
Kumar, Praveen, Shah, Ashish, Lago, Rafael, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
OIL AEROSOL EMISSION OPTIMISAITON IN HIGH POWER DIESEL ENGINE USING DEFLECTORS IN TURBO CHARGER OIL DRAIN CIRCUIT2024-26-004701/16/2024
Closed crankcase ventilation prevent harmful gases from entering atmosphere thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Ventilation system carries blowby gases leaking through combustion process along with oil mist to Engine intake system. Major sources of blowby often occurs from leak in combustion chamber through piston rings, leaks from turbo shafts & valve guides. Oil mist carried away by blowby gases gets separated using filtration media. Fleece type separation media has high separation efficiency for particles above 10 microns. Efficiency drops if mist particle is below 10-micron size. Low size aerosol mist generally forms due to flash boiling on piston under crown area and on shafts of turbo charger due to high speeds combined with elevated oil temperatures. High power density diesel engine is taken for our study. It produces low particle size oil mist which contributes to aerosol emission of 3 gm/hr when operated at rated speed. Particle size measurement done using light refraction
M, Velshankar, Dharan R, Bharani, DHADSE, ASHISH, Permude, Ashok, Loganathan, Sekar
DESIGN EVOLUTION OF AN EXHAUST AFTER TREATMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FOR A HIGH POWER DIESEL ENGINE ADHERING GLOBAL EMISSION NORMS2024-26-013801/16/2024
With the advent of stricter emission norms such as Bharat Stage VI - Phase I and II, the design of the exhaust after treatment system becomes cruicial for the internal combustion engine. Inadvertently, the size of the after treatment system also becomes bigger to cater to the norms. However, the back pressure generated in these devices deteriorates the engine performance. Hence, the onus is on the engine designer to design the after treatment system and the bracketing concept in such a way that the engine performance remain intact and the entire system is packaged within the vehicle boundary conditions. The after treatment system experiences severe vibration loads as well as thermal loads. Hence the designer faces the challenge of carefully design the system and its brackets to survive the desired engine life and to package the system within the vehicle boundaries considering the thermal expansion of the system. Current work depicts the design evolution of the after treatment system
KULKARNI, SHRIHARI, Dharan R, Bharani, Ramkumar, J
INVESTIGATION OF GASKET SEALING BEHAVIOUR OF AN ALL-ALUMINIUM HIGH PERFORMANCE, NEW GENERATION PASSENGER CAR ENGINE UNDER EXTREME ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS2024-26-003301/16/2024
The increasing demand for higher specific power, fuel economy, Operating Costs as well as meeting global emission norms have become the driving factors of today’s product development in the automotive market today. Substitution of high-density materials and more precise adjustment of material parameters help in significant weight decrease, but it is accompanied by undesirable cost increase and manufacturing complexity. This becomes a challenge for every automotive engineer to balance the above parameters to make a highly competitive design. This work is a part of the Design and Development of 2.2 L, 4 Cylinder TCIC Diesel Engine for a complete new monocoque vehicle platform, focused on automotive passenger car application. This paper explains the selection of a suitable cylinder head gasket technology for a lightweight engine that acts as a sealing interface between the cylinder block and cylinder head. The decision to select an aluminum alloy for both cylinder block and head still
DHADSE, ASHISH, Dharan R, Bharani, Vellandi, Vikraman, Sasikumar, M
Weight and Drivetrain optimization via Fuel pump & Vacuum Pump drive by engine camshaft in a pushrod type valve actuated engine.2024-26-004601/16/2024
Optimizing weight, cost and friction is critically focused in most modern powertrains. Lesser components in drive trains makes the systems` lightweight and more efficient. This paper explains the idea of integrating a fuel pump and a vacuum pump drive system on to the main camshaft eliminating many rotating & static parts in a two valve per cylinder push-rod type actuated 4-cylinder diesel engine, thereby reducing overall weight, cost and drive losses. The modified camshaft will now drive oil pump, vacuum pump, fuel pump and valve train together. The existing camshaft is extended with a slot at one end and a three lobed cam made of higher grade material is press fitted on to the said portion with an additional journal bearing face added. Proposed camshaft design is evaluated for handling higher power transmission considering multiple drives are connected. Design verification simulations are run including High cycle fatigue, camshaft bearing EHD, Timing drive dynamics to ensure all
John, Shijino Shaji, Sasikumar, K
Experimental And Numerical Investigation of a Single-Cylinder Methanol Port-Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine for a Heavy-Duty Applications.2024-26-007201/16/2024
With the increasing focus on reducing CO2 emissions to combat global warming and climate change, the automotive industry is exploring near zero-emission alternative fuels to replace traditional fossil-based fuels like diesel, gasoline, and CNG. Methanol is a promising alternative fuel that is being evaluated in India due to its easy transportation and storage, as well as its production scalability and availability potential. This study focuses on the retro-fitment solution of M100 (pure methanol) SI port-fuel injection (PFI) mode of combustion. A heavy duty single-cylinder engine test setup was used to assess methanol SI combustion characteristic. Lean operation strategy has been investigated. At lean mixture conditions a significant drop in NOX and CO emissions was achieved. The fuel injection techniques and the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the conventional stoichiometric combustion process is highlighted. Increase of the EGR ratio at stoichiometric operation led to 3
Singh, Inderpal, Güdden PhD, Arne, Raut PhD, Ankit, Emran, Ashraf, Dhongde PhD, Avnish, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
Intelligent Diagnosis for Fuel Line Fault of Diesel Engine based on Vibration Signatures2024-26-022101/16/2024
Early fault detection is vital in maintaining system stability and to decrease the cost associated with maintenance. This paper presents an approach to identify the fuel line failure in a diesel engine based on its vibration signals and machine learning. Vibration signals were acquired on the fuel line of the engine for both normal and faulty conditions for engine ramp up condition. After acquiring the time domain vibration signals, various features were extracted and have been analyzed in time domain and time-frequency domain. After selecting the most effective feature, a machine learning algorithm (i.e., support vector machine (SVM)) based diagnosis model has been developed. Results showed that the proposed SVM based method can identify the fuel line fault correctly. This study can be useful for early detection of this critical fault in diesel engine and take useful decision before any catastrophic failure happens because of this fault.
Chaudhari, Parag, Gangsar, Purushottam, Dharmadhikari, Nitin, Pawar, Sachin, Mandke, Devendra
Engine Modelling with Smart Online DoE2024-26-033801/16/2024
The implementation of TREM/CEV 5 emission norms on farm equipment will bring in cost pressure due to the need for exhaust after treatment systems. This cost increase needs to be reduced by bringing in more efficient and effective processes to shorten the development phase and to provide better fuel efficiencies. In this work ETAS ASCMO Online DoE with Constraint Modelling (ODCM) to execute smart online DoE on a new common rail diesel engine with EGR, whose exact bounds of operation was not available. A Global test plan with ASCMO Static was created without much focus on detailed constraints of engine operation, other than the full load curve. The parameters which were selected were Speed, Torque, Rail Pressure, Main Timing, EGR Valve Position, Pilot Separation and Quantity and Post Quantity and Separation. For these parameters, the safe operating bounds were not available. This ASCMO Static test plan is automated and executed on engine test cell with ETAS INCAFlow. ODCM at each step
Paulraj, Lemuel Srinivasan, Varsha, Anuroopa, Karadi, Subramanya, KUMAR, DEVENDRA
Industrialization of the Commercial Hydrogen Engine till 20252024-26-016701/16/2024
India striving for carbon neutrality influences futures powertrain architecture of commercial vehicles. The use of CO2-free drives as battery electric have been demonstrated for various applications. The productivity still is a challenge due to missing high power charging infrastructure or limited range. This draws the attention to the use of sustainable fuels due to lower refueling times. The hydrogen engine got highest attention in the last couple of years. For markets as the EU the driver for hydrogen is the CO2 emission reduction, whereas for markets as India hydrogen offers the additional opportunity for more independence from fossil imports. Different OEMs all over the world have converted diesel engines to hydrogen operation with strong focus on performance and emission demonstration, so far with limited technology readiness of different key components. As of a strong market pull, AVL will show how to ensure SOP readiness in 2025 by effective use of simulation, verification
Arnberger, Anton
Development of Transmission adaptor for diesel engine application2024-26-033601/16/2024
Transmission adapter is solid, located on cylinder block , on which sits the transmission housing. The function of a flexplate is to provide a mounting point for a torque converter which is used to couple the engine and transmission together when an automatic transmission is used. Transmission adapter provide access for torque convertor and flexplate assembly and protect the flexplate from external environment. Transmission adapter is also support and locate the starter. This study deals with different alloy grade material use, improvement in process to reduce porosity. Porosity observed in first samples of the proposed grade material. The study represents investigation of Transmission adaptor porosity root cause. This also included visual observation, radiography -X ray testing , analysis,3D scan, dimensional inspection, chemical analysis and comparison, tensile testing, truck testing validation tasks. Make sure critical parameter of the clearance meet between flexplate and
Karale, Pranjali
Failure Analysis and Design Improvements for Ductile Cast Iron Multi-Piece Exhaust Manifold from Medium Duty Diesel Engine2024-26-033501/16/2024
Exhaust manifold in engine is used to transfer the hot exhaust gas from cylinder head to the turbocharger with minimum pressure loss and to support the turbocharger assembly. This puts manifold under intense thermal and mechanical loading and makes the design very complex. While designing the manifold, resonance of the system must be avoided, and thermo-mechanical fatigue life expectations must be met. Different engine applications would call for multiple turbocharger configuration and orientations to be considered in the design layout for system level resonance assessment. This paper talks about the failure investigation of the manifold which was designed for High mount rear out (HMRO) turbo orientation and then used with high mount front out (HMFO) layout in road miller application resulted into the manifold failures. Root cause identified was Mechanical fatigue caused by resonance vibration at machine operating modes in the presence of very high mean stress from thermal expansion of
Kale, Pradnya, Potdar, Vivek, Thakur, Anil Ganeshsingh, Paygude, Sachin
Effect of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a CI Diesel Engine Suitable for Stationary Application Rahul Garg1, Nalini Kanta Mukherjee2, Chithra V.1, Vasu Choudhary2, Bharat Newalkar1, Devendra Nene2, Manoj Kusumba2 1 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Greater Noida, UP, 201306 2 TAFE Motors and Tractors Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, 3010012024-26-007801/16/2024
Diesel engines are primarily used in the power generation sector owing to their characteristics of high efficiency and power, but account for higher emissions, mainly NOX and PM. Ethanol being a bio-based alternate fuel, holds the potential to be one of the most promising fuels for blending with diesel for emissions reduction, primarily due to its oxygenated nature, which results in a lower carbon content than diesel. In this study, four different ethanol-diesel blends have been developed for investigation (a) 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E5D95), (b) 10% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E10D90), (c) 15% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E15D85) and (d) 20% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E20D80). Additives and couplers were developed, as well, to address the problem of corrosion, cetane number reduction and blend stability. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed to measure various critical properties (density, cetane number, calorific value, flash point, etc.) of various diesel
Garg, Rahul, Mukherjee, Nalini, Viswanath, Chithra, Newalkar, Bharat
The effect of different Air Path based ATS thermal management strategy on a Non- EGR Medium Duty Diesel Engine’s performance and emissions.2024-26-003801/16/2024
The effect of different Air Path based ATS thermal management strategy on a Non- EGR Medium Duty Diesel Engine’s performance and emissions. Ajeet Kumar Sharma AVL Technical Center Pvt. Ltd. Abstract: In view of BS6.2 emission norms implementation for medium duty diesel engine, the tail pipe emissions are not only confirmed in test bed conditions but also in real driving condition including different combinations of ambient temperature and pressure. In modern non-EGR engine the Engine out emissions especially NOx emission is higher compared to EGR engine, therefore the tail pipe emissions are solely depending on conversion efficiency of After Treatment System (ATS). Hence meeting the stringent tail pipe emission, quick heating of ATS required. It became more challenging with a WHTC Cycle, where beginning of the cycle is not only having low load engine operations, but also cold ATS system followed by cold soaking. Further addition of DOC (Diesel oxidation Catalyst), DPF (Diesel
Sharma, Ajeet Kumar, Kreuzig, Gerhard, Gupta, Ayush, Goyal, Dinesh, Garg, Varun
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean CI Engines, Part I: Combustion System Optimization2024-26-003701/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this first of a two-part article, cost effective means of improving the combustion process in a Diesel engine to reduce engine-out emissions, specifically of NOx and
Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Various Diesel – Ethanol Blends on in-use Multi-Cylinder Engine Performance and Emission2024-26-007501/16/2024
At present, In India B7 (blend of bio-diesel 7% by volume in diesel) is notified and permitted to used in diesel engines. An alternative fuel for diesel has become essential due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and strict emission standards. Yet, given the characteristics of diesel, there is no direct renewable alternative fuel that can completely replace diesel. Thus, replacing some of the diesel with ethanol could be one of the options. In this study, the impact of various diesel-ethanol blends, including ED5, ED10, ED15, and ED20, was examined on two multi-cylinder engines in operation of varying vintages. The two engines under consideration complied with CPCB-I and CPCB-II, which is an Indian legal requirement for stationary Genset engines. For both engines, a 5-mode steady state test cycle was considered. For each mode, the engine's performance characteristics, including power, torque, and BSFC, were tested and described. Also, the emission pollutants such as CO, HC, NOx
Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Sekhar, Ravi, Warke, Arundhati, Thipse, Sukrut S, Rairikar, Sandeep, Sutar, Prasanna S, Jadhav, Ajnkya
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Mutagaana, Festo
Simulation Study on EGR Condensate Flow and Uniformity of Each Cylinder in the Intake Manifold2023-01-703410/30/2023
As engine technology developed continuously, engine with both turbocharging and EGR has been researched due to its benefit on improving the engine efficiency. Nevertheless, a technical issue has raised up while utilizing both turbocharging and EGR at the same time: excess condensed water existed in intake manifold which potentially trigger misfire conditions. In order to investigate the root-cause, a CFD model (conducted by CONVERGE CFD software) was presented and studied in this paper which virtually regenerated intake manifold flow-field with EGR condensed water inside. Based on the simulated results, it concluded that different initial conditions of EGR condensed water could significantly change the amount of water which deposited in each cylinder. Thus, a coefficient of variation of deposited condensed water amount among these cylinders, was marked as the evaluation reference of cylinder misfire. Theoretically, as this coefficient of variation reduced, the EGR condensed water from
Pan, Shiyi, Li, Guanting, Wang, Jinhua, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Chen, Shanghua, Chen, Jun, Zhao, Shengwei
LES Study of the Mixing Process and Cyclic Variation of a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engine2023-01-702510/30/2023
Hydrogen internal combustion engine is considered to be one of the promising ways to achieve zero-carbon emissions in the automotive industry. However, the problem of high NOx emissions from hydrogen engines needs to be addressed. Although homogeneous lean-mixture combustion could reduce engine-out NOx emissions, it is necessary to ensure mixing homogeneity to avoid excessive NOx formation from the rich mixture packets. In this study, large-eddy simulations (LES) of a direct-injection hydrogen engine were carried out to assess the hydrogen-air mixing process in forming homogeneous charges with consideration of cyclic variations. The high-speed hydrogen jet flow was modeled in a constant-volume vessel first to verify the LES model. Engine simulations were then performed to study the effects of the injector location (side vs. central), injection pressure, and injector type (pintle vs. outward opening) on the mixing process, mixture homogeneity, and cyclic variations. The results show
Liu, Xiaoqi, Han, Zhiyu
Simulation Study of the Effect of Nozzle Position and Hydrogen Injection Strategy on Hydrogen Engine Combustion Characteristic2023-01-701810/30/2023
Hydrogen energy is a kind of secondary energy with an abundant source, wide application, green, and is low-carbon, which is important for building a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system and achieving the goal of carbon peaking and being carbon neutral. In this paper, the effect of nozzle position, hydrogen injection timing, and ignition timing on the in-cylinder combustion characteristics is investigated separately with the 13E hydrogen engine as the simulation object. The test results show that when the nozzle position is set in the middle of the intake and exhaust tracts (L2 and L3), the peak in-cylinder pressure is slightly higher than that of L1, but when the nozzle position is L2, the cylinder pressure curve is the smoothest, the peak exothermic rate is the lowest, and the peak cylinder temperature is the lowest. When the ignition timing is consistent, with the delay of hydrogen injection timing, the peak in-cylinder pressure decreases and the peak phase remains
Tan, Piqiang, Tian, Yuan, Lou, Diming, Zhang, Yunhua, Liu, Dengcheng, Zhao, Keqin
Numerical Investigations on Formation Process of N 2 O in Ammonia/Hydrogen Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Engine2023-01-702310/30/2023
Ammonia is used as the carbon-free fuel in the engine, which is consistent with the requirements of the current national dual-carbon policy. However, the great amount of NOx in the exhaust emissions is produced after combustion of ammonia and is one kind of the most tightly controlled pollutants in the emission regulation. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a very strong greenhouse effect, so that the N2O emissions needs to be paid close attention. In this paper, the CFD simulation of the N2O formation and emission characteristics during combustion is carried in the ammonia/hydrogen fueled pre-chamber jet ignition engine. The simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) around the orifices of the pre-chamber is enhanced due to the local temperature difference between the main-chamber and the pre-chamber, and then the residual ammonia/hydrogen fuel in the crevice or near the cylinder wall is trapped in the high temperature zone of the main chamber, leading
Shang, Quanbo, Ji, Meng, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun
Research on Injection Characteristics of Marine Ammonia Fuel Injector under Wide Temperature Range2023-01-701710/30/2023
Ammonia fuel is typically characterized by low viscosity, low flash point, and non-flammability. This means that fuel characteristics and operational requirements significantly deviate from those of conventional fuels, requiring a significant technical upgrade to the existing fuel supply and injection systems. This research involves a numerical analysis of ammonia utilization in high-pressure direct injection. Considering the non-isothermal compressibility of the fuel flow process, the fluid properties in the model are specifically defined based on the physical properties of the ammonia fuel. The injection performance of ammonia fuel was studied, including comparing the injection performance of ammonia fuel with conventional diesel fuel under typical operating conditions in the injector, and exploring the injection characteristics of ammonia fuel injector under a wide fuel temperature range. The results of ammonia injection indicate that the response characteristics of liquid ammonia
Li, Meisi, Fan, Liyun, Wei, Yunpeng, Mao, Yuntao
Simulation Study on the Effect of In-Cylinder Water Injection Mass on Engine Combustion and Emissions Characteristics2023-01-700410/30/2023
The rapid development of the automobile industry has brought energy and environmental issues that scholars are increasingly concerning about. Improving efficiency and reducing emissions are currently two hot topics in the internal combustion engine industry. Direct water injection technology (DWI) can effectively reduce the cylinder temperature, which is due to the absorption of the heat by the injecting liquid water. In addition, lower temperature in the cylinder will reduce the formation of NO. In this paper, a CFD simulation of DWI application in a lean-burning single-cylinder engine with pre-chamber jet ignition was carried out. And the engine was experimentally tested for the simulation model validation. And then the effect of DWI strategy with different injecting water mass on the combustion and emissions characteristics are analyzed. Physically, injected water not only absorbs heat but also provides heat insulation. The results are shown under the rotating speed of 2800 r/min
Guan, Jun, Shang, Quanbo, Hu, Yinuo, Lu, Ye, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun
Simulation Study on High Expansion Ratio Dedicated Hybrid Engine for Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Application2023-01-700510/30/2023
The fuel economy and emission of the hybrid vehicle depend largely on the selected engine. And the dedicated hybrid engine (DHE) can be controlled to operate in the optimal operating range because DHE can be decoupled from the vehicle transmission system. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine under common operating conditions combined with high compression ratio (CR) and early or late intake valve closing (IVC) angle. According to the vehicle road spectrum data, the optimal operating range of the engine is determined to be 1200-1400 rpm and 70%-90% load. Then CR and IVC angle are optimized by using the calibrated one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the engine under limited peak combustion pressure (Pmax). The results show that the adjustment of IVC angle and CR can control the thermal state at the end of compression stroke. The combination of CR and IVC angle can achieve the optimal fuel consumption improvement. The minimum brake
Wang, Xiaosa, Lin, Zhiqiang, Wang, Hu, He, Hua, Liang, Depu
testSAE-PP-0878910/09/2023
test
SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-000307/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-0003-TEST-REC07/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Comparison of conventional vs reactivity-controlled compression ignition diesel-hythane dual-fuel combustion: An investigation on engine performance and emissions at low-load2023-01-120306/26/2023
The exponential rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment is one of the major concerns of international organisations and governments. As a result, lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions has become a priority across a wide range of industries, including transportation sector, which is recognised as one of the major sources of these emissions. Therefore, cleaner powertrain technologies, such as the use of alternative fuels and combustion modes in internal combustion engines, are required. Dual-fuel operation with high substitution ratios using low carbon and more sustainable fuels can be an effective short-term solution. Hythane, a blend of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane, could be a potential solution to this problem. In this research, two alternative diesel-hythane dual-fuel modes, namely conventional dual-fuel (CDF) combustion and reactivity-controlled compression ignition dual-fuel (RCCI DF) combustion, were experimentally evaluated and compared to
Longo, Kevin, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Active Control of Engine Order Noise for Heavy-duty Trucks: Using the Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Error Microphone Arrangement2025-01-001305/05/2023
The arrangement of error microphones for a vehicle active noise control (ANC) system is no trivial work, especially for heavy-duty trucks due to the dilemma resulted from the large volume of the cab and the limited number of microphones accepted by most manufacturers in the auto industry. Most ANC developers resort to trial and error, which is not only a heavy workload given the amount of interested working conditions to be test, but also does not guarantee to yield the optimum noise cancellation performance. In this paper, the authors proposed an error microphone selection methodology using a genetic-algorithm (GA) -based mechanism. The target vehicle was a heavy-duty truck with a six-piston diesel engine, and two scenarios were particularly interested, i.e. driver & copilot and driver & one passenger sleeping on the berth. We first arranged eight microphones at different locations in the cab, five on the headrests, two on the B pillars and one at the head position of the sleeping
Wang PhD, Jian, Ling, Zihong, Zhang, Zhe, Cai, DeHua, lv, Xiao, Zhang, Ming, Gao, GuoRan
Investigations on the Effect of Injection Pressure and Timing on Noise and Vibration Characteristics of a Biodiesel Fueled Genset Engine and Artificial Neural Network Architecture2022-28-049911/18/2022
In this present investigation, combustion, noise and vibration characteristics were studied in a direct injection compression ignition engine by blending of 20% Pongamia biodiesel with neat diesel. Experiments were conducted with different fuel injection pressures and injection timings. The brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blend found increased to 1.75% when the fuel was injected at 200 bar and 23° before top dead center. Higher engine vibration of 5.5% was observed in Y-axis at the fuel injection pressure of 250 bar with the injection timing of 25° bTDC when comparing to the standard operating condition of the engine. The combustion noise level found decreased to 4% when the fuel injection time increased from 21 to 23° bTDC. From Artificial Neural Network analysis, two metrics, such as Coefficient of correlation (R) and Mean Square Error (MSE), were found as 0.99 and 12.6, respectively. The developed artificial neural network model predicts and optimizes the parameters used
Selvan, V. Arul Mozhi, G, Arumugam
Determine Torque Plate Tightening Torque Strategy to Achieve Low Bore Distortion for Diesel Engine2022-28-049011/18/2022
There is a two-step migration in the Indian automotive industry from Bharat stage IV to Bharat stage VI emission norms. This emission regulatory migration demands substantial engineering efforts to design, develop and validate engine, engine components, and complete exhaust after-treatment system. In this context, cylinder bore distortion plays a vital role in engine blow-by, oil consumption, and its effect on DPF ash loading. For Bharat stage VI engines, overall thermal loading is increased which exerts higher mechanical & thermal stresses over the engine and subsequent components. Increased engine bore distortion has ill effects on the engine and after-treatment devices. Reduction of bore distortion helps piston rings to confirm with the bore, which results in low oil passing through rings towards the combustion chambers which finally results in low oil burn off in the combustion chamber. In the present work, the study was conducted to reduce cylinder bore distortion by various
Bodake, Rajendra, Mahajan, Pratik, Thakur, Anil, Vaidya, Omkar
An experimental study to understand the effect of calibration parameters and operating conditions on piston and cylinder bore temperatures for a multi-cylinder DI diesel engine through piston telemetry.2022-28-048511/18/2022
There is a huge shift in Indian emission standards and that had made a huge impact on engineering work allied with engines and their AFT devices. The piston is most loaded with thermomechanical stresses and early detection of failure can save much time, cost and overall organization can focus to make more robust, technically fit, and reliable products to market. So, it is important to know the effect of engine operating conditions on power cylinder components and other related systems during the development phase of an engine. The operating temperatures are known to be affected by various calibration/control parameters relating to sub-systems like air handling, injection, and cooling systems. These are often tuned based on performance and emission requirements. In this work, a detailed experimental investigation has been reported about the effect of key calibration parameters and boundary conditions on the temperatures of the power cylinder components of a multi-cylinder medium-duty DI
Chaudhari, Priyanka, Thakur, Anil, Chila, Shreepal, Paygude, Sachin, More, Rahul Shriram, Rohokale, Dilip
Experimental Investigation of Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biobutanol-Castor Oil Blends on the Performance2022-28-043311/09/2022
Castor Oil is one of the oils that are available from the waste seeds at and low cost. Biobutanol can be manufactured from waste fruits by bioprocessing. This study uses the blends of castor oil-biobutanol along with diesel to replace 85-90% of diesel fuel for fueling direct injection compression ignition engines without any major modifications in engine operating parameters. The experimentation sequence includes the preparation of blends with a base blend of diesel-biobutanol in 50:50 with the additive of castor oil from 0- 10% in increments of 1%. The solubility and properties test (as per the American Society of Testing Methods) is being performed to arrive at an optimal blend that possesses closer properties compared to diesel. This optimal blend is tested for thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and emissions for various brake power conditions. Results of the properties test depict that the blend containing castor oil up to 5% is found suitable by comparing the kinematic
B, Prabakaran
Effects of Emission and Performance Characteristics Study of Rubber Seed Biodiesel Fueled DI Diesel Engine Fumigated with Methanol2022-28-042611/09/2022
Researchers are looking for renewable and alternative fuels with efficient combustion that may be generated locally in response to rising prices and increasing usage of fossil fuels, as well as worries about tailpipe emissions. As a result, it is detailed here how the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine may be assessed utilizing Methanol fumigation and Rubber seed oil. Rubber seed oil has a lower viscosity. The transesterification procedure was used to make Rubber seed biodiesel, and the attributes of plain and blended Rubber seed biodiesel were investigated. However, during transesterification, the viscosity of crude Rubber seed oil decreases. After that, the physiochemical characteristics of Rubber seed oil are compared to the qualities of diesel fuel. Rubber seed biodiesel has also been blended in volumetric ratios with plain diesel, and the qualities of the mixed biodiesel have been assessed against applicable criteria. The B20 rubber seed biodiesel and its
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, K, Nivethitha, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, PC, Murugan, R, Aswathaman
Engine Overheating Prediction with Machine Learning Using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)2022-28-000710/05/2022
The Advancement in Connected vehicles Technology in recent years has propelled the use of concepts like the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data in the automotive industry. The progressive electrification of the powertrain has led to the integration of various sensors in the vehicle. The data generated by these sensors are continuously streamed through a telematics device on the vehicle. Data analytics of this data can lead to a variety of applications. Predictive maintenance is one such area where machine learning algorithms are applied to relevant data to predict failure. Field vehicle malfunction or breakdown is costly for manufacturers’ aftermarket services. In the case of commercial vehicles, downtime is the biggest concern for the customer. The use of predictive maintenance techniques can prevent many critical failures by tending to the root cause in the early stages of failure. Engine overheating is one such problem that transpires in diesel engines. Overheating of an engine
Hiwase, Shrikant Deokrishna, JAGTAP, PRAMOD, Krishna, Dinesh
Evaluating Class 6 Delivery Truck Fuel Economy and Emissions Using Vehicle System Simulations for Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains and Co Optima Fuel Blends2022-01-115609/20/2022
The US Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Engine and Fuels Initiative (Co-Optima) investigated how unique properties of bio-blendstocks considered within Co-Optima help address emissions challenges with mixing controlled compression ignition (i.e., conventional diesel combustion) and enable advanced compression ignition modes suitable for implementation in a diesel engine. Additionally, the potential synergies of these Co-Optima technologies in hybrid vehicle applications in the medium- and heavy-duty sector was also investigated. In this work, vehicles system were simulated using the Autonomie software tool for quantifying the benefits of Co-Optima engine technologies for medium-duty trucks. A Class 6 delivery truck with a 6.7 L diesel engine was used for simulations over representative real-world and certification drive cycles with four different powertrains to investigate fuel economy, emissions, and well-to-wheel greenhouse gas performance. Comparisons were made between
Vijayagopal, Ram, Curran, Scott, Deter, Dean, Longman, DOUGLAS
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