Browse Topic: Intake systems

Items (3,762)

Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

2024-32-002504/18/2025

Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water

Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram

DoE-Based Numerical Optimization of Intake and Exhaust Port Geometry of a Small Opposed-Piston 2-Stroke (OP2S) Hydrogen Engine

2024-32-005404/18/2025

The future potential of an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide as it offers a high thermal efficiency and power-to-weight ratio with a simple engine configuration. This engine can be used with low-carbon fuels and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the two-stroke operation has always been limited by its low scavenging efficiency and short-circuit of fresh charge. The current work is focused on optimizing scavenging efficiency and short-circuit in a small 200 cc single-cylinder OP2S SI engine using 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The effect of four parameters, namely, area of intake ports, area of exhaust ports, and angular orientations of intake ports (swirl and tilt) on scavenging efficiency and short-circuit, has been assessed and optimized. A Latin-hypercube based Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to sample the design space spanning over a range of four parameters. A response

Singh, Saurabh, Boggavarapu, Prasad, Himabindu, M., Ravikrishna, R.V.

Title

AIRS12242024 (Current)12/24/2024

A-20A Crew Station Lighting

Tight

AIR12122024A (Current)12/12/2024

New Scoop

A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems

Tight

AIR12122024 (Historical)12/12/2024

Scoop

A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems

test

ARPTEST3008A (Current)12/12/2024

A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems

AIR12092024 (Current)12/09/2024

A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems

Automation 1730608826599

AIR12349999 (Current)11/08/2024

Automation Test Scope

null, null

OIL AEROSOL EMISSION OPTIMISAITON IN HIGH POWER DIESEL ENGINE USING DEFLECTORS IN TURBO CHARGER OIL DRAIN CIRCUIT

2024-26-004701/16/2024

Closed crankcase ventilation prevent harmful gases from entering atmosphere thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Ventilation system carries blowby gases leaking through combustion process along with oil mist to Engine intake system. Major sources of blowby often occurs from leak in combustion chamber through piston rings, leaks from turbo shafts & valve guides. Oil mist carried away by blowby gases gets separated using filtration media. Fleece type separation media has high separation efficiency for particles above 10 microns. Efficiency drops if mist particle is below 10-micron size. Low size aerosol mist generally forms due to flash boiling on piston under crown area and on shafts of turbo charger due to high speeds combined with elevated oil temperatures. High power density diesel engine is taken for our study. It produces low particle size oil mist which contributes to aerosol emission of 3 gm/hr when operated at rated speed. Particle size measurement done using light refraction

M, Velshankar, Dharan R, Bharani, DHADSE, ASHISH, Permude, Ashok, Loganathan, Sekar

Achieving New Pass-By Noise Regulatory Norms R51.3 (Method B) - An Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution

2024-26-019901/16/2024

Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms R51.3 (Method B) in the upcoming year to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized PBN level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, the test gear strategy and acceleration were changed to achieve a lower PBN level. Improved engine calibration resulted in a 20% increment of ith gear acceleration. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference acceleration range; hence, the vehicle was tested in a

kalsule cEng., Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara

Influence of clean side duct topology on mass air flow for gasoline engine on passenger vehicle

2024-26-033901/16/2024

The need for effective control systems is exacerbated by tighter pollution regulations. Also, there is growing demand for highly efficiently vehicles especially in the passenger segment. The air flow estimation of engine and accordingly controlling the fuel quantity removes many lacunas of the modern gasoline engines. The hot wire type mass air flow sensor is commonly used for air flow measurement, and is generally mounted in clean side piping to prevent damage to air mass flow sensor. The right estimation of air flow is possible by getting uniform flow over the different engine operating speed and load conditions. The placement of air flow sensor becomes critical considering the engine layout and packaging constraints and meeting the sensor mounting requirements. The deviation in mounting of air flow sensor will lead to consequential impact on engine performance and emissions. In our new developed air intake system for passenger vehicle application, torque oscillations were observed

SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Zope, Mahesh, Ghadge, Ganesh, dwivedi, Anil, Jadhav, Aashish

A mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in a turbocharged gas engine to meet Euro-VI emission regulation and to reduce oil consumption.

2024-26-014501/16/2024

Emissions regulation continually drives the automotive industry to innovate and develop. This pushes to introduce mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in gas engine to meet this changing regulation. The way a turbocharger is used, to meet engine performance, can impact the pressure balance over the compressor and turbine end seals. This pressure difference can allow oil to leak through turbocharger seals. In normal engine operating condition, the pressure in the turbocharger end housings is higher than the bearing housing and oil/gas flows into the bearing housing, through the oil drain to the crankcase. Under certain operating conditions, such as low idle and thermal management, this pressure difference can be reversed with a higher bearing housing pressure than the pressure behind the turbine compressor wheel. Under this condition oil/gas will flow out of the bearing housing to the recess behind the compressor wheel. The bearing housing pressure will always track the

R, MAHESH BHARATHI

Simulation Study on EGR Condensate Flow and Uniformity of Each Cylinder in the Intake Manifold

2023-01-703410/30/2023

As engine technology developed continuously, engine with both turbocharging and EGR has been researched due to its benefit on improving the engine efficiency. Nevertheless, a technical issue has raised up while utilizing both turbocharging and EGR at the same time: excess condensed water existed in intake manifold which potentially trigger misfire conditions. In order to investigate the root-cause, a CFD model (conducted by CONVERGE CFD software) was presented and studied in this paper which virtually regenerated intake manifold flow-field with EGR condensed water inside. Based on the simulated results, it concluded that different initial conditions of EGR condensed water could significantly change the amount of water which deposited in each cylinder. Thus, a coefficient of variation of deposited condensed water amount among these cylinders, was marked as the evaluation reference of cylinder misfire. Theoretically, as this coefficient of variation reduced, the EGR condensed water from

Pan, Shiyi, Li, Guanting, Wang, Jinhua, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Chen, Shanghua, Chen, Jun, Zhao, Shengwei

Numerical Investigations on Formation Process of N ₂ O in Ammonia/Hydrogen Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Engine

2023-01-702310/30/2023

Ammonia is used as the carbon-free fuel in the engine, which is consistent with the requirements of the current national dual-carbon policy. However, the great amount of NOx in the exhaust emissions is produced after combustion of ammonia and is one kind of the most tightly controlled pollutants in the emission regulation. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a very strong greenhouse effect, so that the N2O emissions needs to be paid close attention. In this paper, the CFD simulation of the N2O formation and emission characteristics during combustion is carried in the ammonia/hydrogen fueled pre-chamber jet ignition engine. The simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) around the orifices of the pre-chamber is enhanced due to the local temperature difference between the main-chamber and the pre-chamber, and then the residual ammonia/hydrogen fuel in the crevice or near the cylinder wall is trapped in the high temperature zone of the main chamber, leading

Shang, Quanbo, Ji, Meng, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun

Simulation Study on High Expansion Ratio Dedicated Hybrid Engine for Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Application

2023-01-700510/30/2023

The fuel economy and emission of the hybrid vehicle depend largely on the selected engine. And the dedicated hybrid engine (DHE) can be controlled to operate in the optimal operating range because DHE can be decoupled from the vehicle transmission system. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine under common operating conditions combined with high compression ratio (CR) and early or late intake valve closing (IVC) angle. According to the vehicle road spectrum data, the optimal operating range of the engine is determined to be 1200-1400 rpm and 70%-90% load. Then CR and IVC angle are optimized by using the calibrated one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the engine under limited peak combustion pressure (Pmax). The results show that the adjustment of IVC angle and CR can control the thermal state at the end of compression stroke. The combination of CR and IVC angle can achieve the optimal fuel consumption improvement. The minimum brake

Wang, Xiaosa, Lin, Zhiqiang, Wang, Hu, He, Hua, Liang, Depu

Design and Thermal Analysis of Intake Manifold and Investigation of Charge Motion in CI Engine

2022-28-044311/09/2022

It is close important so much a suitably designed consumption flatulence manifold is vital because the top-of-the-line performance concerning an IC Engine. This venture offers with the three-D simulation regarding a device yet the outcomes wish stand mentioned using computational softened dynamics (CFD) analysis. For foremost IC engine performance, airflow intimate the consumption miscellaneous is some regarding the necessary factors. The atmosphere rate is brought on at some point of the intake blow then another altered all through the suppression process, and the kinetic power on the fluid consequential between swirl and turbulence reasons quick mixing about gasoline yet wind inward the cylinder. Therefore, it is entirely a lot integral in conformity with recognize the in-cylinder fluid rate thoroughly. So up to expectation the version among special parameters certain namely drift coefficient, swirl coefficient, swirl velocity, swirl ratio, then version about stubborn electricity at

Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, A, Tamilselvan, M, Vignesh, P, Somasundaram, Singaravel, M

A Model-Based Investigation of Electrically Split Turbocharger Systems Capabilities to Overcome the Drawbacks of High-Boost Downsized Engines

2022-01-505207/20/2022

Engine downsizing is one the most common methods of coping with strict emission regulations. However, it must be coupled with complementary systems so that the engine performance would meet the standards. That is why new efficient solutions can pave the way toward this goal. The electric forced-induction system (EFIS) is the emerging replacement for conventional forced-induction systems (FIS), namely, turbochargers and superchargers. The reason behind this replacement is the drawbacks associated with FIS, among them are turbo lag and inefficiency in exhaust gas energy recycling. Electrically split turbocharger (EST) is a form of EFIS which offers a great potential for engine downsizing. In this paper, a new approach to EST utilization for lowering the fuel consumption (FC) without compromising performance has been introduced, through which the augmented degree of freedom enabled by an EST is used to optimize the air-charge boosting. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a

Kouhyar, Farzad, Nikzadfar, Kamyar

Study on Hiss Noise Reduction Method in Turbocharged Vehicles

2022-01-035203/29/2022

The application of turbocharger in fuel vehicle brings high frequency noise, which seriously affects the ride comfort of vehicle. The problem of improving the hiss noise of a turbocharged vehicle in use was studied in this paper.Firstly，under different operating conditions and whether the air intake system is wrapped or not, the noise in the vehicle cabin and the driver's right ear are tested, and the noise sources and noise characteristics are identified. Then, the acoustic calculation model of the muffler is established, and the transmission loss of the original muffler behind the turbocharger is calculated. The transmission loss of the muffler is measured by the double-load impedance tube method.The finite element calculation model is verified by comparing the transmission loss of muffler calculated with tested. Thirdly, the rear muffler of turbocharger is redesigned. The improved muffler has a great improvement in the performance of eliminating high frequency noise, and its

Ou Yang, Yihong

3-Dimentional Numerical Simulation and Research on Flow Distribution Unevenness in Intake Manifold for a Turbocharged Diesel Engine

2022-01-023403/29/2022

The design of engine intake system affects the intake uniformity of each cylinder of the engine, which in turn has an important impact on the engine performance, the uniform distribution of EGR exhaust gas and the combustion process of each cylinder. In this paper, the constant-pressure supercharged diesel engine intake pipe is used as the research model to study the intake air flow unevenness of the intake pipe of the supercharged diesel engine. The pressure boundary condition at the outlet of each intake manifold is set as the dynamic pressure change condition. The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient flow process in the intake manifold of diesel engine is simulated and analyzed by using numerical method, and the change of the internal flow field in the intake manifold under different working conditions during the intake overlapping period is discussed. The dynamic effects of diesel engine intake boost pressure, rotated speed, and intake pipe geometrical

Yang, Shuai, Yan, Kai, Liu, Haifeng, Liu, Hairan, Li, Tong

Development of downsizing of intake system for high horsepower turbocharged engine

2022-01-076203/29/2022

Recently, automotive customers were preferring a larger interior space in their vehicles. To this end, in the development of a passenger car, more interior space can be secured only when the engine room is reduced in the specifications of the entire given vehicle. In this reduced engine room layout, such as braking and driving stability, new technology parts must be continuously and installed in the engine room. So, a design methodology is required that minimizes the size of each system component installed in the engine room while improving the performance of the vehicle. In the compact engine room layout, the range of the intake system is very large. In this paper, the intake system is downsized according to the engine characteristics and installed in the front direction of the engine. The vehicle power performance was improved by decreasing the inlet temperature. NVH performance was improved by increasing stiffness of the intake filter’s mounting surface, and applying a support ring

JANG, YOUNGHAK

Research on neural network-based prediction model for CNG engine intake charge

2022-01-018403/29/2022

Based on the sample data obtained from the bench test of a four-cylinder naturally aspirated CNG engine, three different neural networks, BP, SVM and GRNN, were used to develop the intake charge prediction model for the intake system of this engine, in which engine speed, intake manifold pressure and intake temperature, VVT angle and gas injection time were taken as input parameters and intake charge was used as output parameter. The comparative analysis of the experimental data and model prediction data showed that the mean absolute error (MAE) of BP model, SVM model, and GRNN model were 2.69, 5.13, and 8.11, and the root mean square error (MSE) were 3.53, 7.17, and 9.29, respectively. BP neural network has smaller prediction error and higher accuracy than SVM and GRNN neural network, which is more suitable for the prediction of the intake charge of this type of four-cylinder naturally aspirated CNG engine.

zhang, peng, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong

Study the impact of Engine and Vehicle level parameters for reduction in Engine Oil Consumption for advanced emission architecture

2022-01-071303/29/2022

Automotive industry has seen implementation of advanced emission regulations like BS-VI in India along with growing market demand for increased product performance and reduction in total cost of ownership. This has made the engine architecture more intricate leading to complex interaction among engine and vehicle level parameters. It poses a challenge to understand mechanism and underlying physics for achieving product attributes like increased power density, higher fluid economy and reduced oil consumption. The current paper focusses on reducing engine oil consumption across diverse duty cycles using simulation tools, vehicle data analytics and design of experiments. The contribution of oil consumption mechanisms viz. oil evaporation, oil throw and oil transport are identified across different loads and duty cycles patterns. Piston ring dynamics simulation has been used to identify critical piston and ring parameters impacting oil consumption through directional trends. Design of

Gautam, Navneet

Random Vibration Fatigue Evaluation of Plastic Components in Automotive Engines

2022-01-093903/29/2022

Light weighting in modern automotive powertrains call for use of plastics (PP, PA66GF35) for cam covers, intake manifolds and style covers, and noise encapsulation covers. Conventionally, in early stage of design these components are evaluated for static assembly loads & gasket compression loads at component level. However, engine dynamic excitations which are random in nature make it challenging to evaluate these components for required fatigue life. In this paper, robust methodology to evaluate the fatigue life of engine style cover assembly for random vibration excitations is presented. The investigation is carried out in a high power-density 4-cylinder in-line diesel engine. The engine style cover (with Polyurethane foam) is mounted on cam cover and the intake manifold using steel studs and rubber isolators to suppress the radiated noise. The style cover mounting ribs experience higher dynamic bending stresses due to the overhang of the mounting bosses from cam cover and intake

Soundarajan, Aravamuthan, Yadav, Vivek, K, Karthikeyan

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Abnormal Combustion in a SI Gasoline Engine with a Re-Entrant Piston Bowl and Swirl Flow

2022-32-003801/09/2022

Some SI (spark-ignition) engines fueled with gasoline for industrial machineries are designed based on the conventional diesel engine in consideration of the compatibility with installation. Such diesel engine-based SI engines secure a combustion chamber by a piston bowl instead of a pent-roof combustion chamber widely applied for SI engines for automobiles. In the development of SI engines, because knocking deteriorates the power output and the thermal efficiency, it is essential to clarify causes of knocking and predict knocking events. However, there has been little research on knocking in diesel engine-based SI engines. The purpose of this study is to elucidate knocking phenomena in a gasoline engine with a re-entrant piston bowl and swirl flow numerically and experimentally. In-cylinder visualization and pressure analysis of knock onset cycles have been experimentally performed. Locations of autoignition have been predicted by 3D-CFD analysis with detailed chemical reactions. The

Matsuoka, Ayano, Shiraishi, Kentaro, Kishi, Shinji, Bae, Jaeok, Kaneko, Makoto, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo

Measurement of propagating flame in a gasoline engine under transient operating conditions using a multiple-ion probe

2022-32-004501/09/2022

The propagating flame in a 2-stroke gasoline engine under WOT or transient operating conditions was measured with up to 12 ion probes. Flame arrival time data obtained from multiple-ion probes were statistically compared between arrival time data obtained by different ion probes or between data obtained by the same ion probe for different cycles to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of flame propagation behavior. Spatial statistical data analysis revealed that the propagating flame is strongly influenced by the in-cylinder flow prior to ignition. Temporal statistical data analysis revealed that the state of flame propagation, starting from any given cycle and continuing in subsequent cycles, shows a tendency similar to that of the initial cycle for some time, and that the original tendency is completely lost after about 50 cycles.

Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Goto, Yuki, Hiroi, Shota

E-Fuel applications in Non Road Mobile Machinery

2022-32-007401/09/2022

Professional users in particular will continue to rely on internal combustion engine drives in the future due to high power requirements and high daily energy consumption. Especially if they have to work in rural areas without the possibility of recharging batteries, such as in forestry or maintenance of road verges or railway lines. For these applications, it must be possible to run sustainable fuels for defossilization and drastically reduced CO2 emissions. This paper provides insights into a possible future fuel market and describes its evolution towards a more sustainable future from the perspective of a handheld equipment manufacturer. As developments in the fuel market are currently difficult to predict, manufacturers of hand-held power tools with combustion engines need to be prepared for changes in the composition of fuels that might become available on the market. This paper presents the engine performance results of both a 2-stroke engine and a 4-stroke engine, each with

von Gaertringen, Christoph Hiller, Schwerin, René, Schweiger, Stefan, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Schmidt, Stephan, Zinner, Christian, Kirchberger, Roland, Gschanes, Dominik

Development of 1.5L Diesel Engine for Stage V with common rail system

2022-32-005201/09/2022

Recently, EU StageV emissions regulations have been enforced in the European market since 2019, increasing environmental requirements for diesel engines. EU StageV has been tightened compared to EPA Tier4 regulation, which demand PM (Particulate Matter) reduction and added new PN (Particle Number) regulations. Until the previous regulation EU Stage IIIA, the power category of 19kW or more and less than 37 kW had adopted mechanical IDI (Indirect-Injection). This mechanical engine is characterized by compactness and lightweight because of simple structure. Therefore, this engine is appreciated by customer with easy installation. On the other hand, to achieve EU StageV, it is necessary to adopt the electronic direct injection common rail system with more precise fuel injection and advanced exhaust gas aftertreatment device. The newly developed V1505-CR-T engine is not only small displacement of 1.5L, but also four-cylinders, and it is low vibration in addition compactness and lightweight

Okimi, Shoichi, Nagai, Kentaro, Yoshida, Reo, Akitomo, Tomoya, Yamazaki, Takahiro

Experimental Analysis of Heavy Duty CNG Engine based on its Aspiration and Fuel System

2021-26-011709/22/2021

Engine calibration involves the interaction of Electronic components with various engine systems like intake system, exhaust system, ignition system, etc. Emissions are the byproducts of combustion of fuel and air inside the combustion chamber. After-treatment systems generally take up the responsibility to scrape out harmful emissions from the engines. However, a good engine calibration will focus on emission reduction at source i.e. during the combustion itself. Thus, the intake of air and fuel in proper amount at each engine operating point is crucial for optimized engine performance and minimal emissions. The Intake system is an integral part of any internal combustion engine and it plays an important role to improve its performance and emission. Generally, for an SI engine, maintaining the stoichiometric A/F ratio is a challenging endeavor from an operational standpoint. Engine power, BSFC, torque and harmful emissions are much influenced by geometric aspect of intake manifold and

bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, S D, Kavathekar, Kishorkumar, Thipse, Sukrut S, Kshirsagar, Chinmay, Kale, Samir

Homogeneous Charge with Direct Multi-Pulse Injection - A Promising High Efficiency and Clean Combustion Strategy for Diesel Engines

2021-01-115609/21/2021

Extensive experimental investigations done over a decade in different engine types demonstrated the capability of achieving high efficiency along with low levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions with low temperature combustion (LTC) modes. However, the commercial application of LTC strategies requires several challenges to be addressed, including precise ignition timing control, reducing higher unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The lower exhaust gas temperatures with LTC operation pose severe challenges for after-treatment control systems. Among the available LTC strategies, Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) has emerged as the most promising strategy due to better ignition timing control with higher thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, the complexity of engine system hardware due to the dual fuel injection system and associated controls, high HC and CO emissions are the major limiting factors in RCCI. Homogeneous Charge with

chaurasiya, rishabh, Krishnasamy, Anand

Characterization and Comparison of Steady-Flow Techniques Used for Engine Airflow Development

2021-01-115109/21/2021

This paper compares bulk impulse-torque and 2D planar PIV steady flow-field measurements created by an engine cylinder head and intake system model using a steady-flow bench and evaluates operational aspects of the steady-flow test system. The model included a full-sized intake manifold and cylinder head section from a Chrysler 2.4L PFI four-valve per cylinder engine mounted to an optical cylinder. Two test system operational aspects were evaluated: (1) upstream versus downstream engine location relative to the flowbench (operational modes corresponding to flow bench pulling or pushing through the system), (2) PIV seeding particulate choice. Several dry and oil fog particulates were assessed however, of the options tested, only laboratory grade glass and consumer grade talc allowed long enough operation for practical data acquisition. Tests were performed over lift-over-diameter (L/D) ratios spanning from 0.1 to 0.3. The results indicate that for the setup evaluated, the flowbench

Voris, Alex R., Puzinauskas, Paulius

Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Direct and Port Water Injection in a Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engine

2021-24-003509/05/2021

Water injection represents a promising tool to improve performance of spark-ignition engines. It allows reducing in-cylinder temperature, preventing knock risks. Optimizing the spark advance, water injection allows obtaining an increase of both efficiency and power output, particularly at medium and high loads. Water can be injected into the intake port or directly into the combustion chamber. In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of both direct and port water injection in a downsized PFI spark-ignition engine at high load operation. Different water-to-fuel ratios have been analyzed for both configurations. For the experimental analysis, low-pressure water injectors have been installed in the intake ports of the engine under study, upstream of the fuel injectors. Experimental tests have been carried out at various operating points. Furthermore, engine operation with port water injection has been simulated by means of the AVL Fire 3-D code. The numerical analysis has been

Lanni, Davide, Galloni, Enzo, Fontana, Gustavo, Erme, Giovanni

Experimental and 0D Numerical Investigation of Ultra-Lean Combustion Concept to Improve the Efficiency of SI Engine

2021-01-038404/06/2021

Recently, the car manufacturers are moving towards innovative Spark Ignition (SI) engine architectures with unconventional combustion concepts, aiming to comply with the stringent regulation imposed by EU and other legislators. The introduction of burdensome cycles for vehicle homologation, indeed, requires an engine characterized by a high efficiency in the most of its operating conditions, for which a conventional SI engine results to be ineffective. Combustion systems which work with very lean air/fuel mixture have demonstrated to be a promising solution to this concern. Higher specific heat ratio, minor heat losses and increased knock resistance indeed allow improving fuel consumption. Additionally, the lower combustion temperatures enable to reduce NOX production. Since conventional SI engines can work with a limited amount of excess air, alternative solutions are being developed to overcome this constraint and reach the above benefit. Among all these solutions, replacing the

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Malfi, Enrica, Bozza, Fabio, KUMAR, Deepak, Serrano, David, Dulbecco, Alessio, Zaccardi, Jean-Marc

Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies

J1223_202012 (Current)

12/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice covers all carburetors and throttle bodies used on permanently installed gasoline marine engines.

Marine Engine Fuel Systems Committee

BMW reveals its first “M” performance-badged two-wheeler

20AUTP11_1111/01/2020

BMW has revealed its first-ever M-badged motorcycle, the M 1000 RR superbike. A heavily reworked version of the already-capable S 1000 RR sportbike, the new machine is riding the trend of track-focused machines, as the motorcycle industry watches sportbike sales follow the same path as sedans in the automotive world. BMW's highly regarded Motorsports division produced its first racecar (the 3.0 CSL) in 1972 and its first road-going car with the mid-engine M1 in 1978. Since then, the Munich-based auto- and motorrad-maker has since produced an M version of nearly every car it has manufactured, the 7 Series being a notable exception.

Seredynski, Paul

A Simulation Study Assessing the Viability of Shifting the Location of Peak In-Cylinder Pressure in Motored Experiments

2020-24-000909/27/2020

Hybrid powertrains utilize an engine to benefit from the power density of the liquid fuel to extend the range of the vehicle. On the other hand, the electric machine is used for; transient operation, for very low loads and where legislation prohibits any gaseous and particulate emissions. Consequently, the operating points of an engine nowadays shifted from its conventional, broad range of speed and load to a narrower operating range of high thermal efficiency. This requires a departure from conventional engine architecture, meaning that analytical models used to predict the behavior of the engines early in the design cycle are no longer always applicable. Friction models are an example of sub-models which struggle with previously unexplored engine architectures. The “pressurized motored” method has proven to be a simple experimental setup which allows a robust FMEP determination against which engine friction simulation can be fine-tuned. This is due to the elimination of the

Sammut, Gilbert, Pipitone, Emiliano, Caruana, Carl, Farrugia, Mario

Study on the Pre-Chamber Fueling Ratio Effect on the Main Chamber Combustion Using Simultaneous PLIF and OH* Chemiluminescence Imaging

2020-01-202409/15/2020

Pre-chamber combustion (PCC) enables leaner air-fuel ratio operation by improving its ignitability and extending flammability limit, and consequently, offers better thermal efficiency than conventional spark ignition operation. The geometry and fuel concentration of the pre-chamber (PC) is one of the major parameters that affect overall performance. To understand the dynamics of the PCC in practical engine conditions, this study focused on (i) correlation of the events in the main chamber (MC) with the measured in-cylinder pressure traces and, (ii) the effect of fuel concentration on the MC combustion characteristics using laser diagnostics. We performed simultaneous acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) from the side, and OH* chemiluminescence imaging from the bottom in a heavy-duty optical engine. Two different PC Fueling Ratios (PCFR, the ratio of PC fuel to the total fuel), 7%, and 13%, were investigated. The “negative” regions of the PLIF fields were used to visualize

Sampath, Ramgopal, Tang, Qinglong, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Sharma, Priybrat, Hlaing, Ponnya, Ben Houidi, Moez, Cenker, Emre, Chang, Junseok, Johansson, Bengt, Magnotti, Gaetano

Optimization and Evaluation of a Low Temperature Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Engine over a Transient Cycle

2020-01-203309/15/2020

Powertrain efficiency is a critical factor in lowering fuel consumption and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases for an internal combustion engine. One method to increase the powertrain efficiency is to recover some of the wasted heat from the engine using a waste heat recovery system e.g. an organic Rankine cycle. Most waste heat recovery systems in use today for combustion engines use the waste heat from the exhaust gases due to the high temperatures and hence, high energy quality. However, the coolant represents a major source of waste heat in the engine that is mostly overlooked due to its lower temperature. This paper studies the potential of using elevated coolant temperatures in internal combustion engines to improve the viability of low temperature waste heat recovery. The paper first uses engine experiments and multi-linear regression analysis to model the indicated efficiency and recoverable power for a Scania D13 heavy duty engine across a range of engine loads, speeds

Singh, Vikram, Rijpkema, Jelmer, Li, Xiufei, Munch, Karin, Andersson, Sven, Verhelst, Sebastian

Research of Fuel Components to Expand Lean-limit in Super Lean-burn Condition (Part II)

2020-01-204209/15/2020

Thermal efficiency can be improved with a super lean-burn. In a super lean-burn engine, combustion takes place at lower temperatures, meaning lower energy losses and much greater thermal efficiency. In Part I (presented at PF&L 2019) [1], we studied the effects of various fuels on the lean limit in super lean-burn conditions. We found that the lean limit could be greatly extended and thermal efficiency improved with the right combination of engine technology and fuel technology. We also found that the lean limit closely linked to the duration from start-of-spark discharge to CA10, and that substances which shorten this duration extends the lean limit. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hydrocarbons closer in composition to commercial gasoline on the lean limit and found that at the specific components, the lean limit could be much higher than that with commercial gasoline. We also studied the lean limit extension mechanism by focusing on autoignition.

Naiki, Taketora, Obata, Ken, Watanabe, Manabu

Effect of Jet-Jet Angle on Combustion Process of Diesel Spray in an RCEM

2020-01-205809/15/2020

The effects of jet-jet angle on the combustion process were investigated in an optical accessible rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) under various injection conditions and intake oxygen concentrations. The RCEM was equipped with an asymmetric six-hole nozzle having jet-jet angles of 30° and 45°. High-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging and direct photo imaging using the Mie scattering method captured the transient evolution of the spray flame, characterized by lift-off length and liquid length. The RCEM operated at 1200 rpm. The injection timing was -5°ATDC, and the in-cylinder pressure and temperature were 6.1 MPa and 780 K at the injection timing, respectively, which achieved a short ignition delay. The effects of injection pressure, nozzle hole diameter, and oxygen concentration were investigated. The results show that the liquid and lift-off length of the jet-jet angle of 30° were shorter than those of the jet-jet angle of 45°, irrespective of injection conditions and

Jo, Hyun, Ishikawa, Taichi, Horibe, Naoto, Hayashi, Jun, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Ishiyama, Takuji

Simulation of Driving Cycles by Means of a Co-Simulation Framework for the Prediction of IC Engine Tailpipe Emissions

2020-37-001106/23/2020

The current European legislation concerning pollutant emissions from IC engine vehicles is very stringent and demanding. In addition, the CO2 fleet emission must obey to a significant reduction path during the next decade, to cope with the prescribed targets recently agreed. The prediction of pollutant emissions from IC engines has been a challenge since the introduction of the emission regulation legislation. During the last decade, along with the more tightening limits and increased public concern about air quality, the capability of simulating different operating conditions and driving cycles with an acceptable computational effort has become a key feature for modern simulation codes. The role of 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation models is extremely important to achieve this task, in order to investigate the performances of the next generation of IC engines working over a wide range of operating conditions, under steady-state and transient conditions. This work is based on the idea

Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, D'Errico, Gianluca, Cerri, Tarcisio, Marinoni, Andrea, Tziolas, Vasileios, Zingopis, Nikolaos

A Numerical Investigation on VVA Influence on the Combustion Phase for Premixed Combustion Engine Under Partial Load Conditions

2020-37-000506/23/2020

Nowadays, the vehicle hybridization and the use of more clean fuel in heavy-duty applications brings to a new beginning in the use of spark ignition engine. In standard intake system, the pre-mixed fuel air mixture is controlled by the injection of fuel after the throttle valve. Then, intake system, consisting in intake duct, valve number and geometry and cylinder head shape influence the characteristics of the intake flow within the cylinder up to the ignition of the combustion by the spark plug. The technology advancement in fluid-power and electrical actuation gives the opportunity to decouple the intake and exhaust valve actuation with respect to the standard cam shaft distribution. The Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) concepts is not new, but its application is now affordable and flexible enough to be applied in partial load conditions. Here, by means of three-dimensional numerical simulations the intake and combustion process is studied with a finite volume approach to solve the

Fornarelli, Francesco, Camporeale, Sergio, Magi, Vinicio

The Virtual Engine Development for Enhancing the Compression Ratio of DISI-Engines by Means of Water Injection and Variable Valve Timing

2020-37-001006/23/2020

With the aim of significantly reducing emissions, while keeping CO2 production under control, gasoline engines are faced with a new challenge to survive the constraints imposed by the RDE cycles. Current downsized engines are developed with the most recent techniques for increasing efficiency, such as high direct injection pressure, selective valve actuation, variable turbine geometry, and innovative thermal management system. The factor limiting their further step towards enhanced efficiency is the onset of abnormal combustion process. Therefore the challenge for the further boost of modern engine efficiency is the improvement of the combustion process. Different combustion technics such as HCCI and the employment of pre-chamber have been investigated, but the possibility of effectively use them in a wide range of the engine map, by fulfilling at the same time the needing of fast load control are still limiting their dissemination. For these reasons the technologies for improving the

Vacca, Antonino, Cupo, Francesco, Chiodi, Marco, Bargende, Michael, Berkemeier, Oliver, Khosravi, Maziar

The In-Depth PHEV Driveline Torsional Vibration Induced Vehicle NVH Response Study by Integrated CAE/Testing Methodology

2020-01-150706/03/2020

In this paper,an amesim 1-d refined driveline model, including detailed engine, damper, dual clutch, transmission, differential, motor, halfshaft, wheel, body, suspension, powertrain mounting and powertrain rigid body, was built up, off a p2.5 topology phev,to predict torsional vibration induced vehicle NVH response addressing differing driving scenarios,like WOT rampup,parking engine start/stop,ev driving to tipnin(engine start) then to tipout(engine stop).firstly,the torsional vibration modes were predicted,addressing differing transmission gear steps of hev/ev driving mode,and the critical modes could be detected,as such, caveats/measures could be applied to setup the modal alignment chart/warn other engineering section from the very start of vehicle development; secondly,secondly,the holistic operational testing,which defined plenty measurement points including rpm fluctuation at differing location of engine/transmission,spark angle,crank position,injection angle,valve timing,MAP

zhao, Qian, zhang, Li, jia, Jianning, WU, LIE, zhuang, Huimin, Yu, Hongzhi, lu, Shouwei, zhao, honghui, poduturu, Anil, jain, Swejal, carter, Steven

Optical Characterization of the Combustion Process inside a Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Two-Stroke Marine Engine by Using Multiple High-Speed Cameras

2020-01-078804/14/2020

Dual-fuel engines for marine propulsion are gaining in importance due to operational and environmental benefits. Here the combustion in a dual-fuel marine engine operating on diesel and natural gas, is studied using a multiple high-speed camera arrangement. By recording the natural flame emission from three different directions the flame position inside the engine cylinder can be spatially mapped and tracked in time. Through space carving a rough estimate of the three-dimensional (3D) flame contour can be obtained. From this contour, properties like flame length and height, as well as ignition locations can be extracted. The multi-camera imaging is applied to a dual-fuel marine two-stroke engine, with a bore diameter of 0.5 m and a stroke of 2.2 m. Both liquid and gaseous fuels are directly injected at high pressure, using separate injection systems. Optical access is obtained using borescope inserts, resulting in a minimum disturbance to the cylinder geometry. In this type of engine

Hult, Johan, Matamis, Alexios, Baudoin, Eric, Mayer, Stefan, Richter, Mattias

Infrared/Visible Optical Diagnostics of RCCI Combustion with Dieseline in a Compression Ignition Engine

2020-01-055704/14/2020

Compression ignition engines are widely used for transport and energy generation due to their high efficiency and low fuel consumption. To minimize the environmental impact of this technology, the pollutant emissions levels at the exhaust are strictly regulated. To reduce the after-treatment needs, alternative strategies as the low temperature combustion (LTC) concepts are being investigated recently. The reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) uses two fuels (direct- and port- injected) with different reactivity to control the in-cylinder mixture reactivity by adjusting the proportion of both fuels. In spite of the proportion of the port-injected fuel is typically higher than the direct-injected one, the characteristics of the latter play a main role on the combustion process. Use of gasoline for direct injection is attractive to retard the start of combustion and to improve the air-fuel mixing process. In this work, the influence of the direct-injected fuel properties on

Sequino, Luigi, Mancaruso, Ezio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio

CO2 Neutral Heavy-Duty Engine Concept with RCCI Combustion Using Seaweed-based Fuels

2020-01-0808-TEST-REC04/14/2020

This paper focusses on the application of bioalcohols (ethanol and butanol) derived from seaweed in Heavy-Duty (HD) Compression Ignition (CI) combustion engines. Seaweed-based fuels do not claim land and are not in competition with the food chain. Currently, the application of high octane bioalcohols is limited to Spark Ignition (SI) engines. The Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion concept allows the use of these low carbon fuels in CI engines which have higher efficiencies associated with them than SI engines. This contributes to the reduction of tailpipe CO2 emissions as required by (future) legislation and reducing fuel consumption, i.e. Total-Cost-of-Ownership (TCO). Furthermore, it opens the HD transport market for these low carbon bioalcohol fuels from a novel sustainable biomass source. In this paper, both the production of seaweed-based fuels and the application of these fuels in CI engines is discussed. Ethanol and butanol are considered as the most

Seykens, Xander, Bekdemir, Cemil, Han, Jinlin, Willems, Robbert, Van Hal, Jaap

Effect of Different Geometrical Changes in the Intake Manifold of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel-Diesel Blends

2020-01-034604/14/2020

One of the major challenges of biodiesel run diesel engines is poor mixture formation. This problem can be overcome by inducing the turbulence into the engine cylinder, thereby a proper mixing of air-fuel occurs. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the engine behavior in terms of its combustion, performance and emission characteristics by replacing the normal intake manifold with the internally buttress threaded manifold, which is designated as IBTM throughout the manuscript. This investigation was further carried out to run the engine with suitable blends such as WCOME10 (10% of WCOME + 90% diesel) and WCOME20 (20% of WCOME + 80% diesel). Based on the results obtained in this study, IBTM exhibits a higher BTE of about by 2.8% for WCOME20-b than that of diesel operation (at normal intake). At the same time, the carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions were decreased by about 1%, 30.3%, and 20.4% respectively, whereas, NOx emissions were increased by about

Reddy, Niklesh P., Khayum, Naseem, Uppara, Devendra

A Novel Design of Engine Misfire Detection System Suitable for Small Capacity S.I. Engine for Two Wheeled Vehicle

2020-01-026704/14/2020

As per the OBD II regulations, it is essential to detect and monitor the misfire event in an I.C. engine. Misfiring of an I.C. engine affects the quality of combustion and degrades the performance of catalyst convertor which can lead to an increase of emissions. Misfire event can be categorized as partial or complete, based on amount of combustion occurred during that particular engine cycle. Most of the production engine for non-two wheeler vehicle identifies misfire by monitoring angular acceleration of the engine crank-shaft. However, single cylinder engine with lower capacity (less than 300 cubic centimeter) provides challenges to identify misfire due to low mechanical inertia of the I.C. engine using the same approach. The problem of misfire identification for this category of I.C. engine turn out to be more challenging due to presence of various load disturbances on the powertrain. Ion current sensing is one of the alternate method to detect misfire, which received good attention

Bagade, Monika Jayprakash, Das, Himadri Bhushan, Raveendranath Sr, Arjun, Jabez Dhinagar, S

High Efficiency Intake System Leveraging Exhaust Thermal Boost

2020-01-027704/14/2020

This IC engine amelioration tackles the hurdling barrier of ICE’s intrinsic efficacy limit through innovative mechanical design of a consolidated system encompassing intake bypass and coordinating injection mechanism. To be specific, a CFD-optimized passage is constructed alongside the intake and injection design which utilizes multi-stage variable mixing precisely, taking full advantage of exhaust temperature elevation. Regenerative heat gained through exhaust system gives rise to flexible amount of thermal dynamics adjustment to the intake. Furthermore, variable geometry intake port is developed based on maximizing air-fuel interaction rate under different circumstances, where high temperature turbulence optimization is implemented in ANSYS Fluent. Pin-slider mechanic design at intake interface enables modular variable intake routing supporting engine efficiency promotion. Regarding ECU development, integrated valve, intake airflow, as well as injection control are designed to

Jia, Xianzhe, Ouyang, Qianyu

Analysis of In-Cylinder Flow and Cycle-to-Cycle Flow Variations in a Small Spark-Ignition Engine at Different Throttle Openings

2020-01-079304/14/2020

Flow variations from one cycle to the next significantly influence the mixture formation and combustion processes in engines. Therefore, it is important to understand the fluid motion and its cycle-to-cycle variations (CCVs) inside the engine cylinder. Researchers have generally investigated the cycle-to-cycle flow variations in moderate- to large-sized engines. In the present work, we have performed the flow measurement and analysis in a small spark-ignition engine. Experiments are conducted in an optically accessible, single-cylinder, port-fuel-injection engine with displacement volume of 110 cm3 at different throttle openings (i.e. 50% and WOT) using particle image velocimetry. Images are captured at different crank angle positions during both intake and compression strokes over a tumble measurement plane, bisecting the intake and exhaust valves and passing through the cylinder axis. The histograms of vorticity are used as a metric for the quantification of cycle-to-cycle flow

Alam, Afaque, Mittal, Mayank, Lakshminarasimhan, V

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