Browse Topic: Intake systems

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Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra
A Mathematical Modelling Approach Based on Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of Key Parameters in Internal Combustion Engine2026-26-0659To be published on 01/16/2026
In a conventional powertrain driven by Internal combustion (IC) engines, there are many key sensors such as intake manifold temperature sensor, exhaust temperature sensor, Nitrogen oxide (NOx) sensors etc. to monitor engine performance and emissions. For enabling various diagnostics strategies and engine monitoring, virtual sensors or modelled values of such sensors play an important role. Conventional strategies incorporate the use of regression models, map-based models and physics-based models. There are a few drawbacks with conventional models in terms of accuracy and model calibrations efforts. Data driven models or neural networks have fairly better accuracy and reliability for estimating complex parameters. Representing the neural network with a mathematics-based model would help to eliminate drawbacks associated with conventional modelling approach. The proposed methodology uses artificial intelligence technique called artificial neural network (ANN) for estimation, for example
Jagtap, Virendra Shashikant, Shejwal, Sanket, Mitra, Partha
Engine compartment front end module layout placements to achieve maximum volumetric efficiency2026-26-0588To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing demand for electric vehicles has led to design considerations prioritizing visual brand consistency across both electric vehicles (EV) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Front grille is one such area where efforts are taken to have similar looking features between both EV and ICE. This has lead to low front grille opening and low air flow through the front. A critical consequence of this design trend: the suboptimal thermal performance, high engine bay and air intake temperatures of snorkel-type air intake systems in ICE vehicles when paired with front grille designs intended to mimic EV aesthetics. Factors such as snorkel positioning, airflow patterns must be optimized to maintain cooler intake air. Effective system design ensures that the engine receives air at an optimal temperature, improving combustion efficiency, throttle response, and reducing the likelihood of knock. This paper emphasizes the importance of controlling intake air temperature through
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Kolhe, Vivek M, Singh, Nil Kanth
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-0441To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Improving Cold Start and Transient Performance of Medium BMEP CEV Stage V Engines at Low Ambient Temperature and Pressure2026-26-0142To be published on 01/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges, particularly concerning cold startability. Low ambient temperatures and pressures intensify the cold start difficulties which are characterized by prolonged cranking, incidences of misfiring, compromised transient response and overall engine performance. This paper highlights the strategies and technologies employed to enhance cold start and transient performance of medium BMEP engines under such demanding environmental conditions. Investigations were conducted up to an altitude of 4500m and ambient temperatures as low as-20°C, utilizing only air heater at intake manifold as the sole cold start aid. This cost effective approach is integrated with an optimized combustion chamber design, along with minimal pilot injection timing and quantity to facilitate smooth ignition and stable combustion during cold start. The paper also explore the techniques to improve the
Saxena, Harshit, Lokare, Prasad, Santhosh, Ajith, Gandhi, Naresh, Shinde, Prashant
Optimization of Negative Crankcase Pressure Mechanism to Minimize Oil Pumping into Combustion chamber and Ensure Particulate Number Compliance in Euro VI Emission for Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine.2026-26-0223To be published on 01/16/2026
Emissions regulations, such as Euro VI, drives the Automotive industry to innovate continuously in Engine development. One significant challenge is the engine oil pumping from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, where it participates in combustion, which contributes to increased Particulate Numbers and fails to meet Euro VI emission compliance. This issue is most noticeable during engine idling and motoring conditions. During this time, a higher negative pressure difference develops between the intake manifold, which is acting above the combustion chamber and the engine crankcase. Within the crankcase, engine oil is present along with aerosols carried in the blow-by gas. This pressure difference causes oil passes through piston rings during suction stroke and valve stem seals in Naturally Aspirated Gas engines. The impact of the pressure difference between the intake manifold and crankcase was studied by varying the crankcase pressure through crankcase ventilation system. The
R, MAHESH BHARATHI
Comprehensive evaluation and development of a single cylinder engine vehicle for refinement of NVH characteristics2026-26-0308To be published on 01/16/2026
The scale of worldwide population presents its own set of difficulties, especially in densely populated cities. Almost every individual has some form of personal transport, which leads to congestion and limited parking space. Automotive manufacturers are scaling down the size of vehicles to resolve these issues to some extent. This paper is based on the NVH development of a single-cylinder diesel engine vehicle. It provides an insight into the comprehensive vehicle level NVH refinement approaches adopted. The NVH characteristics of the benchmark two-cylinder diesel and baseline vehicle were measured and analyzed for target setting. The performance of each subsystem, such as engine mounting, vehicle structure, intake and exhaust, was evaluated, and gap analysis was performed against set targets. It was found that the engine mounting system and vehicle structure were inefficient in isolating the excitation forces. The design and location of the mounting system was evaluated using CAE and
Ghale, Guruprasad Chandrashekhar, Baviskar, Shreyas, Bendre, Parag, Kamble, Pranit, Bhangare, Amit, THAKUR, SUNIL, Kunde, Sagar, Wagh, Sachin
DPF Passive Regeneration Approach for CEV/TREM-V Off-Highway Applications2026-26-0211To be published on 01/16/2026
With introduction of Diesel Particulate Filter to achieve CEV/TREM V Emission Limits for off-highway segment, requirement of DPF regeneration at defined intervals depending on time of operation and soot loading of DPF. This can be achieved by two methods. First is the frequent regeneration or active regeneration, wherein fuel is injected before DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst) at specific temperature to burn the soot in the DPF. The second method is the continuous or passive regeneration, where soot is burnt based on NO2. DPF frequent regeneration (Active Regeneration) requires soot load estimation in DPF over entire engine operation range as well as vehicle operation in different climatic conditions. Frequent regeneration leads to oil dilution and penalty in the fuel consumption. More frequent regeneration promotes the chemical aging of DOC , leading to the poor performance of DOC which results in deteriorated performance of SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) situated at downstream of
Sharma, Rakshit, Garg, Varun, Dhiman, Nitish, Grauenfels, Attila
Mitigating Air Flow Sensor Signal Variability to Optimize Engine Operation in Passenger Cars2026-26-0512To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for advanced engine control systems has grown significantly in response to stricter emission regulations and increasing consumer demand for fuel-efficient passenger vehicles. Accurate estimation of intake air flow, coupled with precise fuel control, is essential to overcoming the challenges associated with modern gasoline engine performance. Hot-wire type mass air flow (MAF) sensors are commonly used for measuring intake air flow and are typically mounted on the clean side of the air intake system to protect them from contamination and extend their operational life. Reliable air flow measurement depends on maintaining a consistent and uniform flow across various engine speeds and load conditions. However, the optimal placement of the MAF sensor is often limited by engine packaging constraints, making sensor positioning a critical factor. Incorrect installation can result in inaccurate air flow readings, which negatively impact engine performance and emissions. During the
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Kale, Vishal, Kolhe, Vivek M
Design and Optimization of Air Intake Manifold for 4cylinder 4valve Turbocharged CNG Engines: Enhancing Performance Metrics and Emission Compliance2026-26-0124To be published on 01/16/2026
This study presents the development and optimization of an air intake manifold for a 3-liter, 4-cylinder, 4-valve turbocharged engine operating on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The intake manifold plays a critical role in determining engine performance, directly influencing parameters such as power output, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and emissions. A systematic design methodology was adopted, starting with standard design repository, which were refined through iterative improvements focused on manifold volume, runner geometry, injector location, and fuel injection pressure. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the influence of manifold geometry and injector positioning on air-fuel mixing. The analysis assessed three potential injector locations: the tangential port, the swirl port, and a common upstream point where air splits into individual intake runners. Among these, the common upstream point consistently demonstrated superior air
Lomada, Balaji, Vasudevan, Sindhuja, RAVI, HARIKRISHNAN, N, Harish, UG, Remesh
Calibration strategies to overcome the Challenges for Naturally Aspirated Off-Highway Engines for Trem-V emissions2026-26-0210To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition to Trem V emission norms presents significant challenges for naturally aspirated (NA) off-highway engines. Off-highway applications like construction and agriculture segments require high load variability and extended duty cycles with increased BMEP resulting in high PM emissions, and increased exhaust temperatures with lower lambda levels. Given the cost-competitive nature of the segment, it also requires designing leaner intake and exhaust system. To overcome above mentioned challenges, holistic calibration strategies need to be adapted during development phase. To meet Trem V emission norms, solutions like advanced combustion, high-pressure fuel injection, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), and optimized calibration had to be explored in meeting Trem V emission norms with aftertreatment systems like Diesel Particulate Filters and Diesel oxidation catalysts. Implementation of aftertreatment systems for Trem-V introduces this segment with pre-dominantly with naturally
Patil, Madhavi M., Madhukar, Prahlad, Ravukutam Sr, Aniketh, Raghu, M Y
Accelerating engine auxiliaries’ development by deploying ML techniques in CFD virtual verification2026-26-0374To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive and off-road industries are heavily investing in research and development (R&D) to improve both physical and virtual verification and validation techniques. Recent software and hardware advancements have extended these techniques from simple component evaluations to complex system assessments such as involving multi-physics scenarios. Despite the benefits of virtual validation tools like structural analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), they often come with high development costs, particularly in CFD applications. Virtual verification methodology, especially when combined with data science, offer significant advantages over traditional physical methods by enhancing computer-aided engineering (CAE) efficiency and reducing resource consumption which can greatly improve product design and validation efficiency across many industries. The success of machine learning applications depends on effective data processing, adequate computational resources, and the right
Jadhav, Mitali, Kumbhar, Appaso, Tirumala, Bhaskar, Nisha, Kumari
Comprehensive Validation Methodologies for Hydrogen IC Engines: Combustion Analysis and Performance Metrics2026-26-0256To be published on 01/16/2026
The validation of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine (H2 ICE) is critical to assess its feasibility as sustainable transportation with zero carbon emissions. Validation of H2 ICE necessitates a specialized testing & analysis methodologies to achieve reliable test results. This study shows the adverse effects on engine performance due to barometric pressure variation, turbo compressor out temperature variation due to increase in ambient temperature. The analysis also shows experimental results of engine performance variation based on hydrogen gas quality. Charge air quality reduces due to presence of nitrogen and moisture content in hydrogen gas and has direct impact on combustion. Engine Performance variation also observed due to engine components detoriation like valve seat wear & spark plug gap expansion. This study emphasizes the significance of precise instrumentation of thermocouples across engine on cylinder head, intake manifold & exhaust manifold, to detect performance
Vasudevan, Sindhuja, J, Narayana Reddy, Bolar, Yogesh Ganesh, Pandey, Sunil, N, Harish, N R, Varatharaj, Karthikeyan, K, Kumar D, Kishore
Guidelines for Engine Component TestsARP5757B (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance for substantiating the airworthiness of aircraft engine components. Generally these components are associated with the engine control system, the system or systems that allow the engine to provide thrust or power as demanded by the pilot of the aircraft while also ensuring the engine operates within acceptable operating limits. But these components may also include hardware and systems associated with engine lubrication, engine or aircraft hydraulic or electrical systems, aircraft environmental control systems, thrust reverser control, or similar aircraft or engine propulsion system functions. This paper develops the concept of using a 26 item matrix of environmental conditions for evaluating aircraft engine component airworthiness. This approach is compatible with current practices used in the industry and has been accepted by engine certification authorities as part of engine certification programs.
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
Guidelines for the Integration of Electronic Engine Control Systems for Transport Category (Part 25) and General Aviation (Part 23) AircraftAIR5924B (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides methodologies and approaches that have been used to install and integrate full-authority-digital-engine-control (FADEC) systems on transport category aircraft. Although most of the information provided is based on turbofan engines installed on large commercial transports, many of the issues raised are equally applicable to corporate, general aviation, regional and commuter aircraft, and to military installations, particularly when commercial aircraft are employed by military users. The word “engine” is used to designate the aircraft propulsion system. The engine station designations used in this report are shown in Figure 1. Most of the material concerns an Electronic Engine Control (EEC) with its associated software, and its functional integration with the aircraft. However, the report also addresses the physical environment associated with the EEC and its associated wiring and sensors. Since most of today’s transport category
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
DoE-Based Numerical Optimization of Intake and Exhaust Port Geometry of a Small Opposed-Piston 2-Stroke (OP2S) Hydrogen Engine2024-32-005404/18/2025
The future potential of an opposed-piston two-stroke (OP2S) engine has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide as it offers a high thermal efficiency and power-to-weight ratio with a simple engine configuration. This engine can be used with low-carbon fuels and hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the two-stroke operation has always been limited by its low scavenging efficiency and short-circuit of fresh charge. The current work is focused on optimizing scavenging efficiency and short-circuit in a small 200 cc single-cylinder OP2S SI engine using 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The effect of four parameters, namely, area of intake ports, area of exhaust ports, and angular orientations of intake ports (swirl and tilt) on scavenging efficiency and short-circuit, has been assessed and optimized. A Latin-hypercube based Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is used to sample the design space spanning over a range of four parameters. A response
Singh, Saurabh, Boggavarapu, Prasad, Himabindu, M., Ravikrishna, R.V.
Statistical Analysis of Data Acquired from Propagating Flames in Gasoline Engines Using a Multiple Ion Probe2024-32-003504/18/2025
Multiple-ion-probe method consists of multiple ion probes placed on the combustion chamber wall, where each individual ion probe detects flame contact and records the time of contact. From the recorded data, it is also possible to indirectly visualize the inside of the combustion chamber, for example, as a motion animation of moving flame front. In this study, a thirty-two ion probes were used to record flames propagating in a two-stroke gasoline engine. The experiment recorded the combustion state in the engine for about 3 seconds under full load at about 6500 rpm, and about 300 cycles were recorded in one experiment. Twelve experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions, and a total of 4,164 cycles of signal data were obtained in the twelve experiments. Two types of analysis were performed on this data: statistical analysis and machine learning analysis using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis calculated the average flame detection time and standard
Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okahira, Takehiro, Nagashige, Kohei
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
TitleAIRS12242024 (Current)12/24/2024
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A-20A Crew Station Lighting
TightAIR12122024A (Current)12/12/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
TightAIR12122024 (Historical)12/12/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
testARPTEST3008A (Current)12/12/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
TTAIR12092024 (Current)12/09/2024
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A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
A mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in a turbocharged gas engine to meet Euro-VI emission regulation and to reduce oil consumption.2024-26-014501/16/2024
Emissions regulation continually drives the automotive industry to innovate and develop. This pushes to introduce mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in gas engine to meet this changing regulation. The way a turbocharger is used, to meet engine performance, can impact the pressure balance over the compressor and turbine end seals. This pressure difference can allow oil to leak through turbocharger seals. In normal engine operating condition, the pressure in the turbocharger end housings is higher than the bearing housing and oil/gas flows into the bearing housing, through the oil drain to the crankcase. Under certain operating conditions, such as low idle and thermal management, this pressure difference can be reversed with a higher bearing housing pressure than the pressure behind the turbine compressor wheel. Under this condition oil/gas will flow out of the bearing housing to the recess behind the compressor wheel. The bearing housing pressure will always track the
R, MAHESH BHARATHI
Achieving New Pass-By Noise Regulatory Norms R51.3 (Method B) - An Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution2024-26-019901/16/2024
Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms R51.3 (Method B) in the upcoming year to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized PBN level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, the test gear strategy and acceleration were changed to achieve a lower PBN level. Improved engine calibration resulted in a 20% increment of ith gear acceleration. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference acceleration range; hence, the vehicle was tested in a
kalsule cEng., Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara
OIL AEROSOL EMISSION OPTIMISAITON IN HIGH POWER DIESEL ENGINE USING DEFLECTORS IN TURBO CHARGER OIL DRAIN CIRCUIT2024-26-004701/16/2024
Closed crankcase ventilation prevent harmful gases from entering atmosphere thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Ventilation system carries blowby gases leaking through combustion process along with oil mist to Engine intake system. Major sources of blowby often occurs from leak in combustion chamber through piston rings, leaks from turbo shafts & valve guides. Oil mist carried away by blowby gases gets separated using filtration media. Fleece type separation media has high separation efficiency for particles above 10 microns. Efficiency drops if mist particle is below 10-micron size. Low size aerosol mist generally forms due to flash boiling on piston under crown area and on shafts of turbo charger due to high speeds combined with elevated oil temperatures. High power density diesel engine is taken for our study. It produces low particle size oil mist which contributes to aerosol emission of 3 gm/hr when operated at rated speed. Particle size measurement done using light refraction
M, Velshankar, Dharan R, Bharani, DHADSE, ASHISH, Permude, Ashok, Loganathan, Sekar
Intake and Exhaust System Orifice Noise Optimization of a Single Cylinder Engine Using 1D Simulation Approach2024-26-021201/16/2024
Reducing vehicular noise has become a crucial step in product development to meet stringent legislation and improve passenger experience. Smaller vehicles like three-wheelers and quadricycle are often powered by a single cylinder engine due to product cost, packaging and weight constraints. Unlike a multi-cylinder engine where cylinders fire one after another which helps to reduce noise levels by destructive interference of pressure waves, a single cylinder engine produces higher noise levels due to firing of only a single cylinder. Intake and exhaust flow noise is one of the dominant sources of vehicular noise. Testing performed on an actual vehicle demonstrates reduction in cabin noise levels by reducing intake and exhaust flow noise. This study focuses on using CAE tools to reduce intake and exhaust flow noise levels to meet target noise requirements. One dimensional (1-D) gas dynamics simulation provides a good balance between simulation fidelity and run-time, allowing for
Paranjape, Sumeet, Thakur, Sunil, Emran, Ashraf, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
Influence of clean side duct topology on mass air flow for gasoline engine on passenger vehicle2024-26-033901/16/2024
The need for effective control systems is exacerbated by tighter pollution regulations. Also, there is growing demand for highly efficiently vehicles especially in the passenger segment. The air flow estimation of engine and accordingly controlling the fuel quantity removes many lacunas of the modern gasoline engines. The hot wire type mass air flow sensor is commonly used for air flow measurement, and is generally mounted in clean side piping to prevent damage to air mass flow sensor. The right estimation of air flow is possible by getting uniform flow over the different engine operating speed and load conditions. The placement of air flow sensor becomes critical considering the engine layout and packaging constraints and meeting the sensor mounting requirements. The deviation in mounting of air flow sensor will lead to consequential impact on engine performance and emissions. In our new developed air intake system for passenger vehicle application, torque oscillations were observed
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Zope, Mahesh, Ghadge, Ganesh, dwivedi, Anil, Jadhav, Aashish
Simulation Study on EGR Condensate Flow and Uniformity of Each Cylinder in the Intake Manifold2023-01-703410/30/2023
As engine technology developed continuously, engine with both turbocharging and EGR has been researched due to its benefit on improving the engine efficiency. Nevertheless, a technical issue has raised up while utilizing both turbocharging and EGR at the same time: excess condensed water existed in intake manifold which potentially trigger misfire conditions. In order to investigate the root-cause, a CFD model (conducted by CONVERGE CFD software) was presented and studied in this paper which virtually regenerated intake manifold flow-field with EGR condensed water inside. Based on the simulated results, it concluded that different initial conditions of EGR condensed water could significantly change the amount of water which deposited in each cylinder. Thus, a coefficient of variation of deposited condensed water amount among these cylinders, was marked as the evaluation reference of cylinder misfire. Theoretically, as this coefficient of variation reduced, the EGR condensed water from
Pan, Shiyi, Li, Guanting, Wang, Jinhua, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Chen, Shanghua, Chen, Jun, Zhao, Shengwei
Numerical Investigations on Formation Process of N 2 O in Ammonia/Hydrogen Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Engine2023-01-702310/30/2023
Ammonia is used as the carbon-free fuel in the engine, which is consistent with the requirements of the current national dual-carbon policy. However, the great amount of NOx in the exhaust emissions is produced after combustion of ammonia and is one kind of the most tightly controlled pollutants in the emission regulation. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a very strong greenhouse effect, so that the N2O emissions needs to be paid close attention. In this paper, the CFD simulation of the N2O formation and emission characteristics during combustion is carried in the ammonia/hydrogen fueled pre-chamber jet ignition engine. The simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) around the orifices of the pre-chamber is enhanced due to the local temperature difference between the main-chamber and the pre-chamber, and then the residual ammonia/hydrogen fuel in the crevice or near the cylinder wall is trapped in the high temperature zone of the main chamber, leading
Shang, Quanbo, Ji, Meng, Li, Liguang, Deng, Jun
Simulation Study on High Expansion Ratio Dedicated Hybrid Engine for Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Application2023-01-700510/30/2023
The fuel economy and emission of the hybrid vehicle depend largely on the selected engine. And the dedicated hybrid engine (DHE) can be controlled to operate in the optimal operating range because DHE can be decoupled from the vehicle transmission system. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine under common operating conditions combined with high compression ratio (CR) and early or late intake valve closing (IVC) angle. According to the vehicle road spectrum data, the optimal operating range of the engine is determined to be 1200-1400 rpm and 70%-90% load. Then CR and IVC angle are optimized by using the calibrated one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the engine under limited peak combustion pressure (Pmax). The results show that the adjustment of IVC angle and CR can control the thermal state at the end of compression stroke. The combination of CR and IVC angle can achieve the optimal fuel consumption improvement. The minimum brake
Wang, Xiaosa, Lin, Zhiqiang, Wang, Hu, He, Hua, Liang, Depu
Design and Thermal Analysis of Intake Manifold and Investigation of Charge Motion in CI Engine2022-28-044311/09/2022
It is close important so much a suitably designed consumption flatulence manifold is vital because the top-of-the-line performance concerning an IC Engine. This venture offers with the three-D simulation regarding a device yet the outcomes wish stand mentioned using computational softened dynamics (CFD) analysis. For foremost IC engine performance, airflow intimate the consumption miscellaneous is some regarding the necessary factors. The atmosphere rate is brought on at some point of the intake blow then another altered all through the suppression process, and the kinetic power on the fluid consequential between swirl and turbulence reasons quick mixing about gasoline yet wind inward the cylinder. Therefore, it is entirely a lot integral in conformity with recognize the in-cylinder fluid rate thoroughly. So up to expectation the version among special parameters certain namely drift coefficient, swirl coefficient, swirl velocity, swirl ratio, then version about stubborn electricity at
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, A, Tamilselvan, M, Vignesh, P, Somasundaram, Singaravel, M
A Model-Based Investigation of Electrically Split Turbocharger Systems Capabilities to Overcome the Drawbacks of High-Boost Downsized Engines2022-01-505207/20/2022
Engine downsizing is one the most common methods of coping with strict emission regulations. However, it must be coupled with complementary systems so that the engine performance would meet the standards. That is why new efficient solutions can pave the way toward this goal. The electric forced-induction system (EFIS) is the emerging replacement for conventional forced-induction systems (FIS), namely, turbochargers and superchargers. The reason behind this replacement is the drawbacks associated with FIS, among them are turbo lag and inefficiency in exhaust gas energy recycling. Electrically split turbocharger (EST) is a form of EFIS which offers a great potential for engine downsizing. In this paper, a new approach to EST utilization for lowering the fuel consumption (FC) without compromising performance has been introduced, through which the augmented degree of freedom enabled by an EST is used to optimize the air-charge boosting. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a
Kouhyar, Farzad, Nikzadfar, Kamyar
Research on neural network-based prediction model for CNG engine intake charge 2022-01-018403/29/2022
Based on the sample data obtained from the bench test of a four-cylinder naturally aspirated CNG engine, three different neural networks, BP, SVM and GRNN, were used to develop the intake charge prediction model for the intake system of this engine, in which engine speed, intake manifold pressure and intake temperature, VVT angle and gas injection time were taken as input parameters and intake charge was used as output parameter. The comparative analysis of the experimental data and model prediction data showed that the mean absolute error (MAE) of BP model, SVM model, and GRNN model were 2.69, 5.13, and 8.11, and the root mean square error (MSE) were 3.53, 7.17, and 9.29, respectively. BP neural network has smaller prediction error and higher accuracy than SVM and GRNN neural network, which is more suitable for the prediction of the intake charge of this type of four-cylinder naturally aspirated CNG engine.
zhang, peng, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong
Study the impact of Engine and Vehicle level parameters for reduction in Engine Oil Consumption for advanced emission architecture2022-01-071303/29/2022
Automotive industry has seen implementation of advanced emission regulations like BS-VI in India along with growing market demand for increased product performance and reduction in total cost of ownership. This has made the engine architecture more intricate leading to complex interaction among engine and vehicle level parameters. It poses a challenge to understand mechanism and underlying physics for achieving product attributes like increased power density, higher fluid economy and reduced oil consumption. The current paper focusses on reducing engine oil consumption across diverse duty cycles using simulation tools, vehicle data analytics and design of experiments. The contribution of oil consumption mechanisms viz. oil evaporation, oil throw and oil transport are identified across different loads and duty cycles patterns. Piston ring dynamics simulation has been used to identify critical piston and ring parameters impacting oil consumption through directional trends. Design of
Gautam, Navneet
Study on Hiss Noise Reduction Method in Turbocharged Vehicles2022-01-035203/29/2022
The application of turbocharger in fuel vehicle brings high frequency noise, which seriously affects the ride comfort of vehicle. The problem of improving the hiss noise of a turbocharged vehicle in use was studied in this paper.Firstly，under different operating conditions and whether the air intake system is wrapped or not, the noise in the vehicle cabin and the driver's right ear are tested, and the noise sources and noise characteristics are identified. Then, the acoustic calculation model of the muffler is established, and the transmission loss of the original muffler behind the turbocharger is calculated. The transmission loss of the muffler is measured by the double-load impedance tube method.The finite element calculation model is verified by comparing the transmission loss of muffler calculated with tested. Thirdly, the rear muffler of turbocharger is redesigned. The improved muffler has a great improvement in the performance of eliminating high frequency noise, and its
Ou Yang, Yihong
3-Dimentional Numerical Simulation and Research on Flow Distribution Unevenness in Intake Manifold for a Turbocharged Diesel Engine2022-01-023403/29/2022
The design of engine intake system affects the intake uniformity of each cylinder of the engine, which in turn has an important impact on the engine performance, the uniform distribution of EGR exhaust gas and the combustion process of each cylinder. In this paper, the constant-pressure supercharged diesel engine intake pipe is used as the research model to study the intake air flow unevenness of the intake pipe of the supercharged diesel engine. The pressure boundary condition at the outlet of each intake manifold is set as the dynamic pressure change condition. The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient flow process in the intake manifold of diesel engine is simulated and analyzed by using numerical method, and the change of the internal flow field in the intake manifold under different working conditions during the intake overlapping period is discussed. The dynamic effects of diesel engine intake boost pressure, rotated speed, and intake pipe geometrical
Yang, Shuai, Yan, Kai, Liu, Haifeng, Liu, Hairan, Li, Tong
Development of downsizing of intake system for high horsepower turbocharged engine2022-01-076203/29/2022
Recently, automotive customers were preferring a larger interior space in their vehicles. To this end, in the development of a passenger car, more interior space can be secured only when the engine room is reduced in the specifications of the entire given vehicle. In this reduced engine room layout, such as braking and driving stability, new technology parts must be continuously and installed in the engine room. So, a design methodology is required that minimizes the size of each system component installed in the engine room while improving the performance of the vehicle. In the compact engine room layout, the range of the intake system is very large. In this paper, the intake system is downsized according to the engine characteristics and installed in the front direction of the engine. The vehicle power performance was improved by decreasing the inlet temperature. NVH performance was improved by increasing stiffness of the intake filter’s mounting surface, and applying a support ring
JANG, YOUNGHAK
Random Vibration Fatigue Evaluation of Plastic Components in Automotive Engines2022-01-093903/29/2022
Light weighting in modern automotive powertrains call for use of plastics (PP, PA66GF35) for cam covers, intake manifolds and style covers, and noise encapsulation covers. Conventionally, in early stage of design these components are evaluated for static assembly loads & gasket compression loads at component level. However, engine dynamic excitations which are random in nature make it challenging to evaluate these components for required fatigue life. In this paper, robust methodology to evaluate the fatigue life of engine style cover assembly for random vibration excitations is presented. The investigation is carried out in a high power-density 4-cylinder in-line diesel engine. The engine style cover (with Polyurethane foam) is mounted on cam cover and the intake manifold using steel studs and rubber isolators to suppress the radiated noise. The style cover mounting ribs experience higher dynamic bending stresses due to the overhang of the mounting bosses from cam cover and intake
Soundarajan, Aravamuthan, Yadav, Vivek, K, Karthikeyan
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Abnormal Combustion in a SI Gasoline Engine with a Re-Entrant Piston Bowl and Swirl Flow2022-32-003801/09/2022
Some SI (spark-ignition) engines fueled with gasoline for industrial machineries are designed based on the conventional diesel engine in consideration of the compatibility with installation. Such diesel engine-based SI engines secure a combustion chamber by a piston bowl instead of a pent-roof combustion chamber widely applied for SI engines for automobiles. In the development of SI engines, because knocking deteriorates the power output and the thermal efficiency, it is essential to clarify causes of knocking and predict knocking events. However, there has been little research on knocking in diesel engine-based SI engines. The purpose of this study is to elucidate knocking phenomena in a gasoline engine with a re-entrant piston bowl and swirl flow numerically and experimentally. In-cylinder visualization and pressure analysis of knock onset cycles have been experimentally performed. Locations of autoignition have been predicted by 3D-CFD analysis with detailed chemical reactions. The
Matsuoka, Ayano, Shiraishi, Kentaro, Kishi, Shinji, Bae, Jaeok, Kaneko, Makoto, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo
Measurement of propagating flame in a gasoline engine under transient operating conditions using a multiple-ion probe2022-32-004501/09/2022
The propagating flame in a 2-stroke gasoline engine under WOT or transient operating conditions was measured with up to 12 ion probes. Flame arrival time data obtained from multiple-ion probes were statistically compared between arrival time data obtained by different ion probes or between data obtained by the same ion probe for different cycles to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of flame propagation behavior. Spatial statistical data analysis revealed that the propagating flame is strongly influenced by the in-cylinder flow prior to ignition. Temporal statistical data analysis revealed that the state of flame propagation, starting from any given cycle and continuing in subsequent cycles, shows a tendency similar to that of the initial cycle for some time, and that the original tendency is completely lost after about 50 cycles.
Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Goto, Yuki, Hiroi, Shota
E-Fuel applications in Non Road Mobile Machinery2022-32-007401/09/2022
Professional users in particular will continue to rely on internal combustion engine drives in the future due to high power requirements and high daily energy consumption. Especially if they have to work in rural areas without the possibility of recharging batteries, such as in forestry or maintenance of road verges or railway lines. For these applications, it must be possible to run sustainable fuels for defossilization and drastically reduced CO2 emissions. This paper provides insights into a possible future fuel market and describes its evolution towards a more sustainable future from the perspective of a handheld equipment manufacturer. As developments in the fuel market are currently difficult to predict, manufacturers of hand-held power tools with combustion engines need to be prepared for changes in the composition of fuels that might become available on the market. This paper presents the engine performance results of both a 2-stroke engine and a 4-stroke engine, each with
von Gaertringen, Christoph Hiller, Schwerin, René, Schweiger, Stefan, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Schmidt, Stephan, Zinner, Christian, Kirchberger, Roland, Gschanes, Dominik
Development of 1.5L Diesel Engine for Stage V with common rail system2022-32-005201/09/2022
Recently, EU StageV emissions regulations have been enforced in the European market since 2019, increasing environmental requirements for diesel engines. EU StageV has been tightened compared to EPA Tier4 regulation, which demand PM (Particulate Matter) reduction and added new PN (Particle Number) regulations. Until the previous regulation EU Stage IIIA, the power category of 19kW or more and less than 37 kW had adopted mechanical IDI (Indirect-Injection). This mechanical engine is characterized by compactness and lightweight because of simple structure. Therefore, this engine is appreciated by customer with easy installation. On the other hand, to achieve EU StageV, it is necessary to adopt the electronic direct injection common rail system with more precise fuel injection and advanced exhaust gas aftertreatment device. The newly developed V1505-CR-T engine is not only small displacement of 1.5L, but also four-cylinders, and it is low vibration in addition compactness and lightweight
Okimi, Shoichi, Nagai, Kentaro, Yoshida, Reo, Akitomo, Tomoya, Yamazaki, Takahiro
Experimental Analysis of Heavy Duty CNG Engine based on its Aspiration and Fuel System2021-26-011709/22/2021
Engine calibration involves the interaction of Electronic components with various engine systems like intake system, exhaust system, ignition system, etc. Emissions are the byproducts of combustion of fuel and air inside the combustion chamber. After-treatment systems generally take up the responsibility to scrape out harmful emissions from the engines. However, a good engine calibration will focus on emission reduction at source i.e. during the combustion itself. Thus, the intake of air and fuel in proper amount at each engine operating point is crucial for optimized engine performance and minimal emissions. The Intake system is an integral part of any internal combustion engine and it plays an important role to improve its performance and emission. Generally, for an SI engine, maintaining the stoichiometric A/F ratio is a challenging endeavor from an operational standpoint. Engine power, BSFC, torque and harmful emissions are much influenced by geometric aspect of intake manifold and
bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, S D, Kavathekar, Kishorkumar, Thipse, Sukrut S, Kshirsagar, Chinmay, Kale, Samir
Characterization and Comparison of Steady-Flow Techniques Used for Engine Airflow Development2021-01-115109/21/2021
This paper compares bulk impulse-torque and 2D planar PIV steady flow-field measurements created by an engine cylinder head and intake system model using a steady-flow bench and evaluates operational aspects of the steady-flow test system. The model included a full-sized intake manifold and cylinder head section from a Chrysler 2.4L PFI four-valve per cylinder engine mounted to an optical cylinder. Two test system operational aspects were evaluated: (1) upstream versus downstream engine location relative to the flowbench (operational modes corresponding to flow bench pulling or pushing through the system), (2) PIV seeding particulate choice. Several dry and oil fog particulates were assessed however, of the options tested, only laboratory grade glass and consumer grade talc allowed long enough operation for practical data acquisition. Tests were performed over lift-over-diameter (L/D) ratios spanning from 0.1 to 0.3. The results indicate that for the setup evaluated, the flowbench
Voris, Alex R., Puzinauskas, Paulius
Homogeneous Charge with Direct Multi-Pulse Injection - A Promising High Efficiency and Clean Combustion Strategy for Diesel Engines2021-01-115609/21/2021
Extensive experimental investigations done over a decade in different engine types demonstrated the capability of achieving high efficiency along with low levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions with low temperature combustion (LTC) modes. However, the commercial application of LTC strategies requires several challenges to be addressed, including precise ignition timing control, reducing higher unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The lower exhaust gas temperatures with LTC operation pose severe challenges for after-treatment control systems. Among the available LTC strategies, Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) has emerged as the most promising strategy due to better ignition timing control with higher thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, the complexity of engine system hardware due to the dual fuel injection system and associated controls, high HC and CO emissions are the major limiting factors in RCCI. Homogeneous Charge with
chaurasiya, rishabh, Krishnasamy, Anand
Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Direct and Port Water Injection in a Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engine2021-24-003509/05/2021
Water injection represents a promising tool to improve performance of spark-ignition engines. It allows reducing in-cylinder temperature, preventing knock risks. Optimizing the spark advance, water injection allows obtaining an increase of both efficiency and power output, particularly at medium and high loads. Water can be injected into the intake port or directly into the combustion chamber. In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of both direct and port water injection in a downsized PFI spark-ignition engine at high load operation. Different water-to-fuel ratios have been analyzed for both configurations. For the experimental analysis, low-pressure water injectors have been installed in the intake ports of the engine under study, upstream of the fuel injectors. Experimental tests have been carried out at various operating points. Furthermore, engine operation with port water injection has been simulated by means of the AVL Fire 3-D code. The numerical analysis has been
Lanni, Davide, Galloni, Enzo, Fontana, Gustavo, Erme, Giovanni
Utilizing Engine Dyno Data to Build NVH Simulation Models for Early Rapid Prototyping2021-01-106908/31/2021
As the move to decrease physical prototyping increases the need to virtually prototype vehicles become more critical. Assessing NVH vehicle targets and making critical component level decisions is becoming a larger part of the NVH engineer’s job. To make decisions earlier in the process when prototypes are not available companies need to leverage more both their historical and simulation results. Today this is possible by utilizing a hybrid modelling approach in an NVH Simulator using measured on road, CAE, and test bench data. By starting with measured on road data from a previous generation or comparable vehicle, engineers can build virtual prototypes by using a hybrid modeling approach incorporating CAE and/or test bench data to create the desired NVH characteristics. This enables the creation of a virtual drivable model to assess subjectively the vehicles acoustic targets virtually before a prototype vehicle is available. This approach can also be used with, but not limited to
Thom, Brian, Singh, Vinod, Newton, Gary, Rengarajan, Revathi, Radic, Nebojsa
Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle BodiesJ1223_202012 (Current)12/09/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice covers all carburetors and throttle bodies used on permanently installed gasoline marine engines.
Marine Engine Fuel Systems Committee
BMW reveals its first “M” performance-badged two-wheeler20AUTP11_1111/01/2020
BMW has revealed its first-ever M-badged motorcycle, the M 1000 RR superbike. A heavily reworked version of the already-capable S 1000 RR sportbike, the new machine is riding the trend of track-focused machines, as the motorcycle industry watches sportbike sales follow the same path as sedans in the automotive world. BMW's highly regarded Motorsports division produced its first racecar (the 3.0 CSL) in 1972 and its first road-going car with the mid-engine M1 in 1978. Since then, the Munich-based auto- and motorrad-maker has since produced an M version of nearly every car it has manufactured, the 7 Series being a notable exception.
Seredynski, Paul
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